Freedomland AQSh - Freedomland U.S.A.

Freedomland deb nomlangan boshqa narsalar uchun qarang Ozodlik (ajralish).

Freedomland AQSh
Manzil"Baychester", Bronks, Nyu York, Qo'shma Shtatlar
Koordinatalar40 ° 52′19 ″ N 73 ° 49′39 ″ V / 40.87194 ° N 73.82750 ° Vt / 40.87194; -73.82750Koordinatalar: 40 ° 52′19 ″ N 73 ° 49′39 ″ V / 40.87194 ° N 73.82750 ° Vt / 40.87194; -73.82750
MavzuAmerika tarixi
ShiorDunyodagi eng yangi va eng yirik tashqi ko'ngilochar markaz
Dunyodagi eng katta ko'ngilochar markaz
Dunyodagi eng katta oilaviy ko'ngilochar markaz
Dunyodagi eng katta ochiq ko'ngilochar markaz
EgasiWebb & Knapp (shu jumladan, National Development Corporation va Freedomland, Inc filiallari)
Tomonidan boshqariladiVeb va Knapp
Ochildi1960 yil 19 iyun
Yopiq1964 yil sentyabr
Maydon85 gektar (34 ga)
Ko'rgazmalar
Jami40+
HolatYopiq

Freedomland AQSh (odatda chaqiriladi Ozodlik) edi a mavzu parki ichida "Baychester" shimoli-sharqiy qismi Bronks, Nyu-York shahri. Bag'ishlangan Amerika tarix, u 1960 yildan 1964 yilgacha faoliyat yuritgan.

Freedomland Webb & Knapp ishlab chiqish kompaniyasiga tegishli bo'lgan botqoq traktida qurilgan Uilyam Zekendorf Sr. asosiy egasi edi. Zeckendorf Freedomlandga oid rejalarini 1959 yil may oyida e'lon qildi. Bog'ning rejasi ishlab chiqilgan va qurilgan C. V. Vud, va katta xaritasi shaklida joylashtirilgan 40 dan ortiq diqqatga sazovor joylardan iborat edi qo'shni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari. Ozodlik uchun poydevor qo'yish marosimlari 1959 yil oxirida bo'lib o'tdi va Freedomland 1960 yil 19 iyunda katta olomon uchun ochildi.

Freedomlandning 65 million dollarlik xarajati tufayli, park ochilish paytidayoq moliyaviy muammolarga duch keldi va 1961 yil mavsumining oxiriga kelib Freedomland 8 million dollar qarzga aylandi. Daromad olish uchun bog'da ko'proq eksponatlar va an'anaviy o'yin-kulgilar qo'shildi. 1963 yilga kelib boshqa moliyaviy muammolar egalarini Freedomland partiyasining bir qismini pensiya jamg'armasiga sotishga olib keldi Teamsters Union, shuningdek, parkning bir qismini yoping. Freedomlandning rejalashtiruvchilari park oxir-oqibat o'yin-kulgi maydoniga aylantirilishini taxmin qilishgan bo'lsa ham, u 1964 yilgi mavsum oxirida so'nggi marta yopildi. 1964 yil 14 sentyabrda Freedomland bankrotlik to'g'risida sudga murojaat qildi.

1960-yillarning oxiri va 70-yillarning boshlarida Freedomland sayti qayta ishlab chiqilgan Kooperativ shahar, dunyodagi eng yirik uy-joy kooperativi. Shuningdek, saytda qurilgan Bay Plaza savdo markazi va yopiq savdo markazi.[1] Freedomlandning ko'plab diqqatga sazovor joylari va dizayn xususiyatlari kim oshdi savdosida sotilgan yoki boshqa bog'larga sotilgan va bu sayohatlar ko'pi endi mavjud emas. Ozodlikning ozgina ashyoviy dalillari qolgan bo'lsa-da, bir nechta ommaviy axborot vositalari sobiq ko'ngilochar parkni yodga olishdi.

Yaratilish

Freedomland tomonidan o'ylab topilgan va qurilgan C. V. Vud, rejalashtirish, qurish va boshqarishda ishlagan tekxonlik Disneylend ichida ochilgan Anaxaym, Kaliforniya, 1955 yilda.[2][3][4] Disneylend ochilgandan so'ng, Vud bilan Birodarlar Disney turli mojarolar tufayli og'irlashdi va u 1956 yil boshida Disneylend boshqaruvidan chetlashtirildi. Tez orada u o'zining Marko Engineering kompaniyasi ostida Qo'shma Shtatlar bo'ylab boshqa ko'ngilochar bog'larni yaratishda ishtirok etdi.[5] Vud 1957 yilidayoq, keyinchalik Freedomland Inc kompaniyasining prezidenti bo'lgan Milton Ted Raynor bilan birgalikda Amerika tarixiy parki rejalarini tuzgan edi.[6][7] Dastlab to'rtta alohida maydonni o'z ichiga olgan Disneylend maketining tarixiy jihatdan aniqroq versiyasida yangi istirohat bog'i butunlay Amerika tarixi atrofida bo'ladi: Sarguzashtlar, Tomorrowland, Fantasyland va Chegaralar.[3]

Sayt

Freedomland AQShning joylashuvi.

Marko injiniring kompaniyasining ikkita maslahatchisi Vud tomonidan taklif qilingan Amerika-tarixiy parkining joylashuvi bo'yicha texnik-iqtisodiy asoslarni ishlab chiqdilar. 1958 yil oxiriga kelib, Vud o'zining Amerika-tarixiy parki kontseptsiyasini Webb & Knapp rivojlantirish kompaniyasiga taklif qildi.[8] Keyingi yil boshida sayt tanlandi: Nyu-York shahrining shimoliy-sharqidagi Bronksda Webb & Knappga qarashli 400 gektarlik (160 ga) uchastkaning bir qismi.[6] Bronksning shimoli-sharqida joylashgan joy sobiq shahar axlatxonasi edi,[9] dastlab botqoq tomonidan oziqlangan Rattlesnake Creek va Xatchinson daryosi.[10] Bu yilning ba'zi davrlarida chivinlarning mo'l-ko'l bo'lishiga olib keldi.[9]

Xalqaro Rekreatsiya Korporatsiyasi (ARM) tarkibiga kiritilgan Boston, Massachusets shtati, 1959 yil aprel oyida taklif qilingan parkning rivojlanishini nazorat qilish uchun.[11] Webb & Knappning asosiy egasi, Uilyam Zekendorf Sr., 1959 yil 30 aprelda Freedomland rejalarini e'lon qildi.[6][12][13] Tematik parkni boshqarish va boshqarish uchun Webb & Knapp sho'ba korxonasi bo'lgan National Development Corporation (NDC), shuningdek, IRCning sho'ba korxonasi Freedomland Inc.[14][15] Freedomland Inc ushbu saytning taxminan 205 gektarini (83 ga) ijaraga oldi[6][15][16] 50 yillik muddatga.[17] Shundan parkning o'zi uchun taxminan 85 gektar (34 ga) maydon va 125 gektar (51 gektar) maydonda avtoturargohlar, texnik xizmat ko'rsatish joylari va boshqa xizmat ko'rsatish joylari joylashtirilishi kerak edi.[18] ARM bir millionga yaqin nashr qildi ulushlar, keyinchalik NDC va Freedomland Inc.kompaniyalariga sotilgan.[18][17] Ijara shartnomasi shartlariga ko'ra, park birinchi besh yil uchun yillik 600 ming dollar, keyingi o'n yil uchun 750 ming dollar va undan keyin 1 million dollar miqdorida ijara haqini to'lashi kerak edi.[17] 1959 yil oxirida Vud Zeckendorf Sr va uning o'g'liga bog'ning rejalarini taqdim etdi Kichik Uilyam Zekendorf[19]

Qurilish

Dastlab Freedomland uchun poydevor qo'yish marosimi 1959 yil 4-iyulga to'g'ri kelib, rejalashtirilgan edi Mustaqillik kuni.[13][20] Oxir oqibat, marosim 1959 yil 26 avgustda bo'lib o'tdi.[21][22][23] Tantanada parkni qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar uchun vertolyot bilan sayohat qilish va maxsus zaxiraga olinganlarni yollash metro marosimga odamlarni olib borish uchun poezd. Bayramda kovboylar va shou qizlarning chiqishlari namoyish etildi; skautlar va skautlar; kostyumli aktyorlarning chiqishlari; va musiqiy raqam Nyu-York shahar sanitariya boshqarmasi 60 qismli guruh.[21][24] Marosimda homiylar va ijrochilarni hisobga olmaganda atigi 19 kishi ishtirok etdi.[21]

Keyingi oylarda asosan ikki yirik pudratchilar tomonidan 2000 dan ortiq ishchilar yollandi, Turner Construction va Aberthaw Construction. Ish deyarli 300 kun ichida yakunlandi.[22] 10,2 million AQSh gallon (39 000 000 L) kanal yaratish uchun 10 gektar er (4,0 ga) qazilgan.[17] Parkning tabiiy ko'rinishini yaratish uchun erlar 15 metrgacha ko'tarildi.[3] Rekvizitlar va diqqatga sazovor joylarni, shu jumladan, jihozlash uchun yirik pudratchilar yollandi Oklar dinamikasi (kuzatilgan diqqatga sazovor joylarni kim taqdim etgan), Enco National Corporation (esdalik sovg'alarini tayyorlagan), Brass Rail (imtiyozlarni ishlatgan) va Todd kemasozlik zavodlari (g'ildiraklarni kim ishlab chiqargan).[25] 1960 yil 24 martda qurib bitkazilmagan oltita kichik binolar vayron qilingan va vayron qilingan; ammo, bu parkning qolgan qismidagi taraqqiyotga ta'sir ko'rsatmadi.[26][27] Kuydirilgan inshootlar Freedomland-ning Chikagodagi otashni diqqatga sazovor joylari sifatida qayta ishlatilgan.[27][28]

Ochilish

E'lon qilinganda, Freedomland 1960 yil iyun oyida 15,5 million dollar qiymatida qurilishi kerak edi va bu mablag 'Freedomland Inc aktsiyalari orqali to'langan.[16][13][19] Yakuniy qiymati ancha yuqori bo'lib, 65 million dollarni tashkil etdi;[29][30] er 30 million dollarga, manzaralar esa yana 33 million dollarga baholandi.[30] Ovqatlanish korxonalari xarajatlarning yana bir million dollarini tashkil etdi.[17] Haqiqiy park parki 85 gektardan (340,000 m) iborat edi2) ARM tomonidan ijaraga olingan 205 gektar maydonning.[6] Ochilish kunidan oldin Freedomland agressiv reklama kampaniyasini boshladi. Birinchi bosqich, Nyu-York shahridan 80 milya uzoqlikda yashovchi 10 million odamga qaratilgan bo'lib, shahar gazetalarida, radio va telekanallarda va metro vagonlarida har kuni e'lonlardan iborat edi.[31] Reklama Bronksdan 160 km uzoqlikda joylashgan bo'lib, Nyu-York shahrining katta qismida Freedomland uchun bir nechta tanlov va aktsiyalar o'tkazildi.[32] Freedomlandni reklama qilish uchun bir nechta taglavhalar ishlab chiqilgan, jumladan "Dunyodagi eng yangi va eng yirik tashqi ko'ngilochar markaz", "Dunyodagi eng katta ko'ngilochar markaz", "Dunyodagi eng katta oilaviy ko'ngilochar markaz" va "Dunyodagi eng katta tashqi ko'ngilochar markaz". Reklamachilar, shuningdek, "Hamma uchun o'yin-kulgi dunyosi" degan umumiy shiorni ishlatgan bo'lsa, ishlatilmagan bitta shior - "Ozodlik - ellikta baxt baxtidir!". Freedomland uchun reklama jingli ham ishlab chiqilgan.[33]

Freedomlandning ochilishi dastlab 1960 yil 1 iyunda bo'lib o'tdi; keyinchalik park kutilgan olomonga tayyor bo'lishi uchun uni 1-iyulga qaytarib oldilar va keyin marketing kampaniyasi natijasida yuzaga kelgan yuqori hayajon tufayli yana 18-iyunga ko'chirildi.[34] 1960 yil 18-iyun kuni Freedomland 25000 kishi ishtirok etgan marosimga va mahalliy yoshlar dasturlari uchun mablag 'yig'adigan maxsus kunga bag'ishlandi.[34][35] Ertasi kuni, 19 iyun kuni park rasmiy ravishda ochildi.[36] Ko'proq mehmonlarni jalb qilish uchun Freedomland o'sha kuni 125 kilometr (201 km) radiusdagi o'nta yirik aholi punktlarini nishonga olib, ikkinchi reklama kampaniyasini boshladi.[31] Kattalar uchun kirish 1,50 dollarni tashkil etdi, ba'zi bir sayohatlar uchun 50 sentgacha qo'shimcha qo'shimcha haq olindi.[30]

Ishning birinchi kunida odamlar parkning rasmiy ochilishidan soat 9:00 dan ikki yarim soat oldin kirish uchun saf tortdilar.[37][19][36] Lentani qo'shiqchi rasman kesib tashladi Pat Boon soat 8:30 da[37] Yo'l harakati tez ko'tarildi va tushga qadar radio diktorlari odamlarni Freedomlandga bormaslik haqida ogohlantirdilar; to'xtash joyi to'lgan va mehmonlar asosiy darvozadan 1 milya (1,6 km) uzoqlikdagi yon ko'chalarda to'xtashganligi xabar qilingan.[38] 14:05 ga qadar Freedomland parkga olib boradigan avtomobil yo'llari va mahalliy yo'llarda tirbandligi sababli chiptalarni sotishni to'xtatdi. Oxir oqibat, bog 'kutilgan maksimal hajmdan uchdan bir qismiga kam bo'lgan 61,500 mehmonni qayd etdi va soat 21:00 da yopilishidan uch soat oldin yopildi.[19][36][39] O'sha paytda Freedomland tugallanmagan sifatga ega deb ta'riflangan edi: bitta qo'riqchining so'zlariga ko'ra, ichimlik favvoralari ishlamayapti, hojatxonalar juda kam, konsessionerlar ishlash uchun yomon jihozlangan va ko'plab eksponatlar mavjud emas. hali bo'yalgan yoki bezatilgan.[40] Sun'iy yo'ldosh Siti va Chikagodagi yong'in ochilish kunidan bir necha hafta o'tgach, avvalgi "elektr quvvati" sababli ishlamadi.[38][41] Umuman olganda, Freedomland ochilgan paytda atigi 85% ni bajargan.[13][19] Freedomland Inn va kinostudiya kabi dastlabki taklifning qismlari tugallanmagan.[18]

Hududlar va diqqatga sazovor joylar

Freedomland AQSh xaritasi ochilishidan oldin.

Vud boshchiligidagi Freedomland dizaynerlari Qo'shma Shtatlar tarixiga asoslanib etti mavzuli maydonga bo'lingan holda tarixiy kontseptsiyani yaratdilar. Har bir bo'limda ushbu bo'lim mavzusiga mos keladigan diqqatga sazovor joylar, do'konlar va restoranlar namoyish etildi. Mulk tartibi katta xarita shaklida joylashtirilgan qo'shni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va a kabi yaratilgan filmlar to'plami. Avtoturargohdan mehmonlar kirib kelishganda, ular 1890-yillarning Kichik Eski Nyu-Yorkiga yurishdi. Parkning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Baychester avenyusi va Nyu-England Thruway Freedomlandning Kanada bilan chegarasini aks ettiradi.[17][42] Dizaynerlar eski bino reklamalari va tungi yorug'lik tizimi kabi dekorlarni qo'shdilar.[43] Ochilishidan so'ng, Freedomland-ning diqqatga sazovor joylari dastlab rejalashtirilganidan sezilarli darajada farq qiladi. 1959 yil avgust oyida bo'lib o'tgan press-relizda e'lon qilingan 16 ta maydon va diqqatga sazovor joylardan 12 tasi ochilish kunida faoliyat ko'rsatgan, ularning ba'zilari asl rejaga qaraganda butunlay boshqacha vaqt oralig'ida bo'lgan.[44] Tasavvur qilinganidek, park shuningdek, tarixga katta vaqt oralig'ida emas, balki taxminan 1850 va 1900 yillarda bo'lgan tor vaqt oralig'ida e'tibor qaratdi.[45]

Bog'da bir vaqtning o'zida 32000 ta yoki kuniga 90000 ta mehmon tashrif buyurishi mumkin edi.[3][29] Binolarga 8 milya (13 km) suzib yuruvchi suv yo'llari va ko'llar, 10 mingta yangi ekilgan daraxtlar, 18 dan ortiq restoran va snack barlar, mehmonlar uchun 7200 va xodimlar uchun 1800 avtomobil uchun to'xtash joylari kiritilgan.[3][17][29] Freedomland ochilishida 41 ta attraktsion mavjud edi,[16][22] shuningdek 2000 dan ortiq aktyorlar tomonidan sahnalashtirilgan spektakllar.[17] Dasturlar interaktiv bo'lishi uchun yaratilgan:[46] Masalan, bolalar reenaktatsiya qilingan jangda qatnashish uchun jalb qilingan Buyuk Chikagodagi olov.[39] Ochilish marosimlarining hech biri an'anaviy yarmarkaning diqqatga sazovor joylari bo'lmagan roliklar.[31] Dam olish operatorlarning umidlarini qondira olmaganligi sababli, keyingi ochilish mavsumlarida parkga umumiy ko'rgazma attraktsionlari qo'shildi,[22] va parkda 1962 yilga qadar 45 ta attraksion va 200 dan ortiq ijro dasturlari mavjud edi.[30] Disneylend singari, Freedomlandning ko'plab diqqatga sazovor joylari qabul qilindi korporativ homiylik,[47] va Freedomlandda alkogolli ichimliklar taqiqlangan edi.[17]

Saytga shaharning qolgan qismidan Nyu-York metrosi "s Pelham Bay Park stantsiyasi tomonidan xizmat qilingan 6 va <6>Poezdlar va Gun Hill Road stantsiyasi tomonidan xizmat qilingan 5 poezd.[16][17][43] Bundan tashqari, kabi bir necha magistral yo'llarning mavjudligi Yangi Angliya Thruway, saytni atrofdan kirish imkoniyatiga ega qildi metropoliten maydoni, aholisi 10 milliondan oshdi.[6][43] Tez avtobus xizmati ko'rsatildi Manxetten, shuningdek, Pelham Bay Park va Gun Hill Road metro stantsiyalariga.[17][43] Boy odamlar uchun Flotair a dengiz samolyoti Manxettenga besh daqiqada etib borishi mumkin bo'lgan xizmat.[43]

Park ichidagi transport

Freedomland AQSh temir yo'l va an havo ko'tarish bog'ning turli qismlari o'rtasida yo'lovchilarni olib yurish.[17] The 2 fut (610 mm) tor o'lchagich Santa Fe temir yo'li bog'ning Chikago va San-Frantsisko hududlari o'rtasida sayohat qilgan. Safar taxminan olti daqiqa davom etdi va taxminan 1 mil (1,6 km) ga cho'zilgan ko'chadan iborat edi. 3-sonli Monson va 4-sonli Monson nomli ikkita lokomotiv, shuningdek yo'lovchilar vagonlari va yotoq joylari ijaraga olingan. Edavill temir yo'li Massachusetsda va yana mavsumlar oralig'ida yuk mashinasi orqali Edavil temir yo'liga etkazilgan.[48]

Ikki kishilik ikki kishilik Fon SUM (VR101) osmonga uchish, Tuscon Mining Company Sky Ride, parkning Eski Janubi-G'arbiy va Old Chikago qismlari o'rtasida sayohat qilgan.[17][44] Safarda Gangloff Cabins tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan, go'yo 1958 yil Butunjahon Bryussel ko'rgazmasi, va ma'danli vagonlarning nusxalari sifatida yaratilgan. Oltmish to'rtta gondol ishlatilgan. Jozibasi kompaniyaning birinchi "Double Von Roll 101" osmonga uchishi edi. Jozibada ikkita kengaytirilgan kabel bor edi, garchi mehmonlar ularni to'rtta kabel sifatida qabul qilishgan bo'lsa, ikkitasi har tomonga sayohat qilishgan. 1960 va 1961 yilgi mavsumlar uchun osmonga sayohat faqat sayohat edi, ammo 1962 yildan boshlab mehmonlar Chikagoga chiqishlari mumkin edi.[49]

Kichik Old Nyu-York (1850–1900)

Ushbu bo'lim geografik jihatdan bog'ning shimoliy qismida joylashgan bo'lib, Nyu-York shahrini 19-asr oxirida paydo bo'lganligi bilan tasvirlagan. Kichik Old Nyu-York geografik jihatdan asosiy kirish joyiga eng yaqin bo'lgan va shu sababli tarkibida axborot kabinasi, aravachalarni ijaraga olish va shkaflar joylashgan.[50] Ko'rgazmalar:

  • Otsiz arava - 1909 yilgi modelda antiqa avtoulov Kadillak orqali Yangi Angliya Qishloq joy.[51][17]
  • Nyu-York Makoni tortma kemalari "Totsi" va "Pert" - Nyu-York Makonidan qayiqda sayohat.[52][53]
  • Yo'llarda ishlaydigan va Nyu-Yorkdan Eski Chikago hududiga boradigan otli aravachasi.[52][54]
  • The Nyu-York banki - Valyuta haqidagi ko'rgazma sifatida ikki barobar ko'p bo'lgan ishlaydigan bank filiali.[52][54]

Restoranlar va ichimliklar:

  • Bordenning eskirgan muzqaymoqxona[55]
  • F&M Schaefer Brewery - homiylik qilgan eski uslubdagi pivo zavodi Schaefer pivosi.[56]
  • Kandy King shirinlik do'koni[57]
  • Lipton's Inn / Lipton's choyxona[55]
  • Nyu-York kofe uyi[55]
  • Welch's Grape Juice Bar - Yangi Angliya uzumzori yaqinida joylashgan ichimlik bar.[55]

Do'konlarda vintage uslubidagi plakatlar, apoteka do'koni, shisha puflagich do'koni va boshqa do'konlarni sotib olish uchun bosmaxona bor edi. Do'konlar, odatda shahar ko'chalaridagi haqiqiy do'konlar singari, bir-biridan ajratilgan, ammo Disneylenddan farqli o'laroq, do'konlar bir-biriga bog'langan. Macy o'zining asl Manxetten do'konini qayta yaratdi, Macy's Herald Square.[57] Shuningdek, 1880-yillarning nemis guruhini o'z ichiga olgan jonli ko'cha shousi mavjud edi Tammany nutq, siyosiy miting, tashviqot sufragetlar Little Old New York Bankni Nyu-Yorkdagi to'dalar tomonidan talon-taroj qilish.[17]

Eski Chikago (1871)

Ushbu bo'lim parkning g'arbiy chegarasida, Eski Nyu-Yorkning janubida joylashgan edi. Old Chikagoning asosiy geografik xususiyatlaridan biri bu ga taqlid qilish edi Buyuk ko'llar. Ushbu suv havzasi 1,8 m chuqurlikda, 10 gektar maydonni (4,0 ga) qoplagan va 10 000 000 AQSh gallon (38 000 000 L) sig'dira olgan.[58]

Ko'rgazmalar:

  • Chikagodagi yong'in - belgilangan vaqtlarda Chikagodagi bino "yonib" ketar edi va alangalar o't o'chiruvchilarni tasvirlaydigan aktyorlar bilan birgalikda 1800 yillarning qadimgi suv pompasi yordamida park kvestlari orasida ko'ngillilar bilan birga o'chirildi. Jozibasi Buyuk Chikagodagi olov 1871 yil[17][22][59]
  • Chippewa War Kanoes [1960-1961 yillarda faoliyat yuritgan] - mehmonlar mahalliy amerikalik yo'riqchilar boshchiligidagi beshta 19 yo'lovchidan iborat kanoedan birini haydashgan diqqatga sazovor joy.[60]
  • Great Lakes Cruise - Buyuk ko'llar bo'ylab 110 metrlik, 400 yo'lovchi qattiq g'ildirakli qayiqlardan birida qayiqda sayohat. kalliopes.[17][22][58]
  • Indian Village - Amerikalik tub aholi bilan savdo-sotiq uchun qo'l san'atlari yaratadigan va an'anaviy raqslarni namoyish etadigan teepee qishlog'i.[17][61] U "bir necha fasldan keyin" Buyuk tekislikka ko'chirilgan.[61]
  • Santa Fe temir yo'l stantsiyasi[48]
  • Midway shtatidagi yarmarka [1962-1964 yillarda ishlagan] - 1962 yilgi mavsumda qo'shilgan odatiy attraktsionlar seriyasi. Ular orasida Meteor Monorail roller coaster bor edi Mack Rides; Astro Ride; bamperli skuter; go-kart trekka; va miltillovchi qurt. Kichkina bolalar uchun mo'ljallangan "Santa Fe" poyezdi va boshqa bir qancha attraksionlar bilan bolalar bo'limiga kiritilgan. Nyu-York Makoni Tug Boats uchun dock qo'shildi.[62][63]

Restoran va ichimliklar tarkibiga steyk restorani - Brass Rail Stockyards restorani kiradi. Bu Freedomlandning 300 dan ortiq o'rindiqli eng katta restoran hisoblangan.[55]

Do'konlar kiradi:

  • Hallmark Card Do'kon - yodgorlik postkartalarini sotadigan do'kon. Shuningdek, Freedomlandning aloqa markazi sifatida xizmat qilgan.[63]
  • Relic do'koni - Chikago Fire attraktsioni yaqinida joylashgan yodgorlik do'koni.[63]

Buyuk tekisliklar (1803–1900)

Ushbu qism Eski Chikagodan janubda joylashgan. Ko'rgazmalar:

  • Borden's Barn Boudoir - uchun to'liq jihozlangan kvartira Borden kompaniyasi maskot, Elsi sigir.[64]
  • Borden fermasi - otlar, sigirlar, qo'ylar, cho'chqalar, parrandalar, makkajo'xori va pichanlarni o'z ichiga olgan ishlaydigan ferma ko'rgazmasi.[64]
  • Otliq miltiqlar - otishma galereyasi.[65]
  • Kavaler Fort - AQSh armiyasi stokining log-by-nusxasi.[44][65]
  • Fort otliqlar bosqichi chizig'i - A sahna murabbiyi buffalo podasi yonidan o'tib, orqali Toshli tog'lar Bunga noqonuniy shaxslarni tasvirlaydigan aktyorlar tomonidan soxta talonchilik kiritilgan.[17][61] Haydovchi va to'rtta ot murabbiylarning har birini boshqargan va to'rtdan sakkizgacha murabbiy ishlatilgani aytilmoqda.[61]
  • Xachir-o'tish - A xushchaqchaq g'arbiy xachirlar tomonidan tortilgan.[65]
  • Pony Express - Chavandoz ofisdan xabar olib, uni parkning mehmoni tomonidan qabul qilish uchun Eski Janubi-G'arbiy qismga etkazadi.[17]

Restoranlar va ichimliklar:

  • Borden's Milk Bar - ichimliklar uchun bar.[55]
  • Chak vagonli snack stendi - snack bar.[55]

San-Fransisko (1906)

Ushbu bo'lim bog'ning janubiy qismida joylashgan. Ko'rgazmalar:

  • Barbary Coast - San-Frantsisko ko'ngilochar tumanining dam olish joyi.[17]
  • Chinatown - San-Frantsiskoning Xitoy tumanidagi dam olish, do'konlari va xitoylik restoran homiysi Chun King.[17] Shuningdek, ikkita ishlamay qolgan junks Gonkongda qurilgan.[66]
  • Gollivud Arenasi [1961 yilda qo'shilgan] - Hayvonlar aktyorlari va katta stuntslar bilan jihozlangan amfiteatr, shuningdek, televizion shaxslarning chiqishlarini namoyish etgan. Sonni Foks, Djo Bolton, Klod Kirchner va Fred Skott.[67]
  • Otli surreyslar - Janubi-g'arbiy hududga transport sayohati.[68]
  • Shimoli-g'arbiy mo'ynali kiyim-kechak - qayiqda sayohat qilish sarguzashtlari Lyuis va Klark Disneylendnikiga o'xshash hudud Jungle Cruise.[44][69][70]
  • Santa Fe temir yo'l stantsiyasi[48]
  • San-Fransisko zilzilasi - A qorong'u sayohat simulyatsiya qilgan Arrow Dynamics tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan 1906 yil San-Frantsiskodagi zilzila.[17][71]
  • Seal Pool - Haqiqiy Tinch okeanidagi port muhrlarining namoyishi.[66]

Restoranlar va ichimliklar:

  • A&W Root Beer [1962-1964 yillarda ishlaydi] - homiylik qilingan ko'rgazma va restoran A & W ildizi pivosi.[55]
  • Chun-King Shangri-La restorani - Chinatown dam olish maskanida joylashgan.[55]
  • Baliqchilar iskanasi - Qari sho'r dengizchi kabi kiyingan aktyor bilan hikoyalar aytib beradigan gazak stendi.[68]

Do'konlar kiradi:

  • Indian Trading Post - yodgorlik do'koni.[68]
  • Sovg'alar do'koni biriktirilgan italyan restorani.[68]

Eski janubi-g'arbiy (1890)

Ushbu bo'lim parkning sharqiy chegarasida, Eski San-Frantsisko shimolida joylashgan edi. Ko'rgazmalar:

  • Burro Trail - haqiqiy burrosda parkning Rokki tog'lari bo'ylab ochiq sayohat.[72]
  • Casa Loca - qiyshiq ko'rinadigan qiyshiq uy tortishish qonuni.[73]
  • Qurolbozlik - G'arbda qurolli kurash bilan shug'ullanadigan aktyorlar ishtirokidagi jonli ko'cha namoyishi.
  • Minalar g'orlari - A qorong'u sayohat lava chuqurlari orqali er osti koni poezdida ulkan ko'rshapalaklar va g'or jonzotlarini ochib berdi. O'n to'rtta transport vositasidan foydalanilgan, har bir transport vositasiga to'rtta yo'lovchi to'g'ri kelgan.[74]
  • Texas Longhorns - haqiqiy podasi boshqaradi.[72]
  • Tucson Mining Company - Gondol safari.[49]

Restoranlar va ichimliklar:

  • Meksika restorani (Libby's Hacienda yoki Libby's Frito House) - tezkor xizmat ko'rsatuvchi taomlar va shu jumladan bir nechta "maxsus" taomlar bilan ta'minlangan restoran. Fritos.[75]
  • Santa Fe opera teatri va saloni - alkogolsiz ichimliklar majmuasi, unda to'rt kishilik guruh, shou qizlari, qo'shiqchilar va hajvchilar ishtirokidagi 30 daqiqalik sahna namoyishi namoyish etildi. Nyu-York shahridagi ba'zi radio disk-jokeychilar va dastur xostlari sahnadan efirga uzatilardi.[55][76]

Do'konlar kiradi:

  • Meksika bozori - yodgorliklar do'koni.[72]
  • Western Trading Post - yodgorlik do'koni.[72]

Yangi Orlean - Mardi Gras

Ushbu qism Eski Janubi-G'arbiyning shimolida joylashgan. Ko'rgazmalar:

  • Qaroqchilar - Disneyning asl rejalari asosida pirat mavzusidagi qayiqda sayohat Karib dengizi qaroqchilari minmoq.[17][77]
  • Fuqarolar urushi - sulh bayrog'i ostidagi otli muxbirlar vagonlari istirohat bog'i mehmonlarini olib kelishdi Amerika fuqarolar urushi jang maydonlari, lagerlar, izdan chiqqan poyezdlar va yonayotgan uylar. Bu taslim bo'lganda tugadi Appomattox sud uyi.[44][78]
  • Kristal labirint - Dunyodagi birinchi shisha devor bilan o'ralgan nometall uyi labirint.[79]
  • Danny Dragon - Storybook Land orqali 74 metrlik (23 m) uzunlikdagi olovli nafas oluvchi ajdarhoning dumiga tramvayga o'xshash sayohat. Freedomlandda yashil Denni va qizil Denni bor edi.[1][17][80]
  • Kendi Keyn Leyn - vertolyotda sayr qilish, oqqushlar qayig'ida sayr qilish, o'yinchoqlar ko'rgazmasi va qum uyumi bilan bolalar o'yin maydonchasi.[79]
  • King Rex Carrousel - Dentzel xushchaqchaq taxminan 1912 yilga tegishli.[81]
  • Popeye muzeyi [faqat 1962 yilda ishlaydi] - Multfilm qahramoniga bag'ishlangan muzey Popeye[82]
  • Pirate Gun Gallery - Otish galereyasi.[79]
  • Spin-A-Top - Disneynikiga o'xshash aylanuvchi sayr Telba choy kuboklari uch aylanma stolda 18 ta "tepalik" bilan yurish.[79]
  • Tornado sarguzashtlari - A qorong'u sayohat Tornado xiyoboni burama bo'lsa ham, simulyatsiya qilingan haydash.[17][82]
  • Mum muzeyi [1963–1964 yillarda ishlagan] - A mum muzeyi dan olib kelingan 21-asr ko'rgazmasi yilda Sietl.[83]

Restoranlar va ichimliklar:

  • Jesse Jewell Plantation House restorani - Qovurilgan tovuqlarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan oziq-ovqat maydoni.[55]
  • Mardi Gras trotuar kafesi[79]
  • Jolly Roger atıştırmalıklar maydoni[55]

Do'konlarda King Rex Carrousel yonida joylashgan Carousel Toy Shop bor edi.[79]

Sun'iy yo'ldosh shahri - kelajak

Ushbu bo'lim bog'ning janubi-sharqiy qismida joylashgan edi. Ko'rgazmalar:

  • Blast-Off bunkeri - a-ning haqiqiy nusxasi Kanaveral burni mehmonlar boshidan oxirigacha simulyatsiya qilingan raketa uchirilishiga guvoh bo'lishlari mumkin bo'lgan nazorat xonasi.[84]
  • Braniff Space Rover - 250 kishilik teatrda kosmik kema sifatida ko'rinishga mo'ljallangan kosmik sayohatni simulyatsiyasi. British Airways homiysi.[85]
  • Moon Bowl [1961-1964 yillarda ishlagan] - Sahna va 15000 kvadrat metr (1400 m)2) taniqli ijrochilar va mehmonlar qatnashgan raqs maydonchasi.[86][87][88]
  • Ko'chada harakatlanish - sun'iy ko'l bo'ylab avtomatlashtirilgan harakatlanuvchi piyodalar yo'lagi. 1961 yilgi mavsum uchun ko'l olib tashlandi va uning o'rniga Moon Bowl o'rnatildi, ammo piyodalar yo'lagi qoldi.[88]
  • Sun'iy yo'ldosh shahar aylanmasi - futuristik avtoulovlarda miniatyurali avtoulov.[89]
  • Zamonaviy ilm-fan va ishlab chiqarish haqida maxsus eksponatlar.[84]

Restoran va ichimliklar tarkibida Satellite City Snack Bar hamda Coca-Cola alkogolsiz ichimliklar bor.[55]

Qurilmagan joylar va diqqatga sazovor joylar

  • Florida - Nyu-Orlean va Satellit Siti yaqinidagi Florida yarim orolini qayta tiklaydigan maydon.[90]
  • Film Lot - San-Frantsisko yaqinida joylashgan Gollivud to'plamining dam olish joyi.[90]
  • Xotirasini o'z ichiga olgan Yangi Angliya bo'limining kengayishi Bunker tepasidagi jang, baliqchilar qishlog'i va a Plimut Rok dam olish.[90]

Bundan tashqari, parkni parkning janubida joylashgan Freedomland Inn mehmonxonasi, 300 dan 600 gacha bo'lgan xonalar bilan to'ldirgan bo'lar edi.[18][a] Me'mor Uilyam B. Tabler bog'ning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri janubida joylashgan mehmonxonani loyihalash uchun yollangan va suzish havzasi, Olimpiya miqyosidagi suzish havzasi, restoran va qahvaxona. 1963 yilda Webb & Knapp taklif qilingan mehmonxonaning saytini kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yganida, faqat plita ishlab chiqilgan edi va parkning yo'q bo'lib ketishi bilan ba'zi rekvizitlar plita ustiga tashlanib, axlatxona sifatida ishlatilgan.[91]

Amaliyotlar

1960 va 1961 yillar

Freedomland AQShning hozirgi Co-op City-dagi plakati

Boshidanoq Freedomlandning yuqori narxi uni ochilgan kundan boshlab 7 million dollar qarzga olib keldi,[19] va uni "qimor" deb ta'riflashga olib keldi.[17] Bosh menejer Frederich V. Shumaxer Freedomland Nyu-York shahrining ramzi kabi katta bo'lishiga umid qildi Markaziy Park yoki Ozodlik haykali.[46] Biroq, optimistik prognozlar yiliga 5 milliongacha tashrif buyurishni talab qilsa ham,[17][69] Buning uchun Freedomland birinchi mavsumida ikki million mehmonni ko'rishi kerak edi beziyon.[17] Mavsum oxiriga kelib, tashriflarning birinchi yil prognozlari uchdan ikki qismga kamaydi, ya'ni 4,8 milliondan 1,7 milliongacha;[92] park oxir-oqibat 1,5 million tashrif buyuruvchini ko'rdi, bu keyingi mavsumlarda hech qachon oshib ketmaydigan statistika.[69] 1960 ish mavsumi uchun Freedomland haftaning etti kunida 18 sentyabrga qadar ochiq edi, u erda ish vaqti faqat mavsumning qolgan qismida dam olish kunlariga qadar qisqartirildi.[93] 1960 yilgi mavsumning so'nggi ish kuni oktyabr oyining oxirida edi.[94]

1960 yil 28 avgustda uchta qurollangan kishi 28000 AQSh dollaridan ziyod kunlik kvitansiyani o'g'irlashdi, garchi ko'p o'tmay o'g'rilar ushlanib, pulning katta qismi qaytarib olindi.[95][96] Bir oy o'tgach, 30 sentyabr kuni The New York Times Freedomland shaharga umumiy qiymati 148,200 dollar bo'lgan 5% o'yin-kulgi solig'ini to'lamaganligi haqida xabar berdi;[97] to'lanmagan soliq keyingi haftaga qadar hal qilindi.[98] 1960 yilgi mavsum ham patronlarning shikastlanishi bilan bog'liq bir nechta voqealar bilan ajralib turardi. 1960 yil 25 iyunda, tantanali ochilishidan bir necha kun o'tgach, parkning Buyuk tekislik qismida otli stagecoach ag'darilib, 10 kishiga jarohat etkazdi.[99] Yana bir hodisa 1960 yil 24 oktyabrda sodir bo'lgan, bolalar poezdida ketayotganda ag'darilib, ikki o'g'il yaralangan.[100] Ushbu homiylik sudlari, shuningdek pudratchilarning qo'shimcha da'volari (shu jumladan, Turner Construction kompaniyasining 3,6 million dollarlik da'vosi) bog'ni qarzga botirgan.[22][101] Mavsum oxiriga kelib, Freedomland aktsiyalarni sotolmay, moliyaviy jihatdan qiynaldi. Webb & Knapp loyihadagi 40 foiz ulushni sotib oldi, faqat aktsiyalarning deyarli uchdan ikki qismiga tushishi uchun, aksiya 17,50 dollardan 6,25 dollargacha.[92][96] Zeckendorf Sr., marketing bo'yicha ekspert Art K. Mossni ishga yolladi, u haftalik ish haqi miqdorini 150 ming dollarni 20 foizga kamaytirish va xodimlarga yig'ishni taqiqlash orqali xarajatlarni kamaytirdi. vaqt o'tishi bilan.[69]

1960 yilgi mavsum oxirida park operatorlari dastlab park 1961 yil may oyida qayta ochilishini bashorat qilishgan,[94] keyinchalik ochilish sanasi iyun oyiga qaytarilgan bo'lsa-da.[102] Freedomland moliyaviy muammolarni boshdan kechirishda davom etdi: 1961 yilgi mavsum boshlanishidan oldin bu 8 million dollar qarz edi. Bu IRC tomonidan Zeckendorfning bir nechta Manxettendagi mehmonxonalar ijarasini "Freedomland Inc" ga 16,35 million dollarlik ipoteka kuponiga sotishni taklif qilishiga sabab bo'ldi.[103] Ushbu reja yangi operatsion mavsum boshlanishidan oldin tasdiqlangan.[104] Zeckendorf bilan birlashishga urinish ham muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi Yonkers Raceway & Empire City kazino.[105] Yonkers Raceway egalari rad etishdi, garchi IRC oktabr oyida avtoyo'lning nazorat paketini sotib olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.[106]

Park 1961 yil 10-iyunda qayta ochildi. O'sha paytda park bo'ylab kirish chiptasi uchun kirish to'lovlari 2,95 AQSh dollarigacha ko'tarildi va sayr uchun pullik kirish bekor qilindi.[22][107][41] Freedomland tashrif buyuruvchilarni jalb qilish uchun Moon Bowl raqs maydonchasi kabi an'anaviy o'yin attraksionlarini qo'shishni boshladi, shuningdek chiqish dasturlarini kengaytirdi.[69][22][108] Parkning ikkinchi mavsumida ochilishi rejalashtirilgan Freedomland Inn mehmonxonasi qurilishni boshlamagan edi.[103] 1961 yilgi mavsumda Freedomlandga 1,7 milliondan ziyod mehmon tashrif buyurdi.[109] Bog'da hali ham son-sanoqsiz muammolar mavjud edi: masalan, ishchilarning ish haqini oshirish talablarini qondirish uchun xavfsizlik byudjeti kamaytirildi, natijada odamlar kirish biletisiz parkga yashirin kirishdi.[92] Parkning obro'sining pasayishiga qarshi kurashish uchun Moss buni e'lon qildi Nyu-York shahrining taksik haydovchilari va ularning oilalari Freedomlandga bepul kirishlari mumkin edi.[69]

1962 va 1963 yillar

1962 yilgi mavsumgacha Freedomland o'z takliflarini qo'shish va kengaytirish uchun 1 million dollar sarflagan.[22][109] Obodonlashtirish ishlari 5000 o'rinli arena va bolalar attraksionlari bilan o'rtada joylashgan maydonni,[109] shuningdek Astro-Ride roller coaster va Wiggly-Worm tırtıl safari.[62] 1962 yilgi mavsum o'sha yilning 27 mayida boshlangan; u faqat birinchi oy uchun dam olish kunlari ochiq bo'lib, jadvalini iyun oyining oxirida haftaning etti kunigacha kengaytirdi.[109] Yangi mavsum uchun Freedomland barcha attraksionlarga kirish uchun kirish to'lovlarini 3,50 dollarga ko'targan edi.[30][41] Iqtisodiy jihatdan yaxshi ishlayotgani ko'rinib turibdi portativ radiolar, park shu mavsumda 3000 ishchisidan 700 nafarini ishdan bo'shatishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.[30] Bundan tashqari, u soat 18.00 dan keyin tashrif buyurgan mehmonlar uchun 2,50 dollarlik chipta taklif qila boshladi.[110] Uzoq muddatda Freedomlandni yil bo'yi boradigan joyga aylantirish rejalari bor edi.[30]

O'zgarishlar sud jarayoni bilan yakunlandi: 1962 yil 5 sentyabrda, Benjamin Mur, Satellite City-dagi ko'rgazma homiysi bo'lgan bo'yoq kompaniyasi, muvaffaqiyatsiz ravishda Freedomland-dan 150 ming dollar tovon puli talab qildi. Kompaniya parkning xarakteridagi "tarixiy va ma'rifiy" o'zgarishlarni aytib, ko'rgazma maydonini ijaraga olishni bekor qilmoqchi bo'ldi.[111] Da da'vo rad etildi Nyu-York Oliy sudi.[112] Konsessiya egalari, shuningdek, har bir kvadrat metr uchun 20 dan 25 dollargacha (220 dan 270 dollar / m gacha ko'tarilgan) yuqori ijaraga shikoyat qila boshladilar.2), ko'plab sotuvchilar past daromadlari bilan to'lay olmagan narx. 1962 yil uchun umumiy qabul 1,4 millionga baholandi.[69]

1963 yilgi mavsum o'sha yilning 21 aprelida boshlangan, o'sha dam olish kunlari faqat o'sha iyun oyigacha bo'lgan.[113] Kirish bir dollarga tushirilgan edi.[41] O'sha vaqtga kelib, o'yin-kulgilar va voqealar mavzulari umuman Amerika tarixi bilan bir qatorda tarix bilan umuman aloqasi yo'q edi.[92] Bog'da reklama qilingan tadbirlar orasida bolalar hayvonot bog'i, qo'g'irchoq teatrlari, DJ-shoular, masxarabozlar va tsirk paradlari namoyish etildi.[86] Parkda, shuningdek, Meteor yagona temir yo'l qirg'og'i qo'shilgan, bamperli mashinalar, yon ko'rgazmalar, mum namoyishi va rekonstruksiya qilingan karusel dan Dentzel Carousel kompaniyasi.[114][115] Umuman olganda, Freedomland 1962 va 1963 yilgi mavsumdagi qabullardan jami 3 million dollar ishlab topdi.[116] Biroq, Freedomland hali ham katta miqdordagi qarzga ega edi. 1963 yil dekabrda Zekendorf Freedomland mulkining bir qismini pensiya jamg'armasiga sotdi Teamsters Union, o'sha yilning dekabr oyida parkga 25 million dollarlik ipoteka krediti bergan va shu bilan qisqa muddatli qarzini hal qilgan.[117][118] Zeckendorf shuningdek, Freedomlandni yil bo'yi ochiq saqlash yo'llarini ko'rib chiqar edi, chang'i yugurish pisti, ot poygasi, bouling va bir qator Rojdestvo tadbirlari kabi g'oyalarni taklif qilar edi.[108]

1964

Freedomlandning beshinchi va pirovardida yakuniy operatsiya mavsumi 1964 yil 16 mayda boshlandi, park faqat iyun oyigacha dam olish kunlari ishladi.[119] Freedomland 1964 yilgi mavsumda ochilgandan so'ng, uning San-Frantsiskodagi mavzusi park mehmonlari uchun allaqachon devor bilan o'ralgan edi.[69][120] 1964 yilgi mavsum boshlanishidan bir necha oy oldin, Freedomland Florida shtatiga ko'chiriladi, u erda u butun yil davomida ishlashi mumkin edi.[121][122] Xodimlar a'zolariga 1965 yil uchun faqat Kichik Old Nyu-York, Old Chikago va Satellit Siti ochilishi mumkinligi va parkning qolgan qismi rivojlantirilishi haqida aytilgan.[122]

Iyul oyida ARM "Freedomland Inc" kompaniyasining boshqaruv paketini sotib oldi va "National Development Corporation" prezidenti Hyman Green "Zeckendorf" dan aktsiyalarning nazorat paketini sotib oldi. Ushbu bitimlar Webb & Knapp kompaniyasining o'tgan yili IRC va Freedomland Inc kompaniyalariga kiritilgan 17,9 million dollarlik sarmoyalarni hisobdan chiqargandan so'ng yuzaga kelgan katta qarzidan xalos etishga qaratilgan edi.[117][123] Keyinchalik Zeckendorf Webb & Knappning Freedomlandga aloqadorligi "biz qilgan barcha narsalardan ko'ra Uebb va Knappning moliyaviy ahvoliga zarar etkazganini" aytdi.[69] 1964 yilgi operatsiya mavsumi oxiriga kelib, Freedomland kirish uchun faqatgina 738000 dollar yig'di, ammo kelgusi yilda yana ochilishi kutilgandi. Biroq, uning chuqur moliyaviy muammolarini ko'rsatib, The New York Times Freedomland Inc o'z xodimlariga 60 ming dollar miqdorida yomon cheklar bilan maosh berganligi haqida xabar berdi.[124]

Demish

Bankrotlik

Freedomland avtoturargohi o'rnida qurilgan Co-op City-ning havodan ko'rinishi
Kooperativ shahar Freedomland avtoturargohi joyida qurilgan

1964 yil 13 sentyabrda Freedomland oxirgi marta yopildi.[122] Ertasi kuni, Freedomland Inc. 11-bob dan raqobatni keltirib, bankrotlik 1964 yil Nyu-Yorkdagi Butunjahon ko'rgazmasi.[86][114][125] O'sha paytda Freedomland Inc. majburiyatlar $ 27.041 millionni tashkil etdi va uning aktivlar 9,741 million dollarni tashkil etdi, ya'ni uning tenglik manfiy 17,3 million dollarni tashkil etdi. Buyurtma bo'yicha eng katta kreditorlar ARM, MDM, Zeckendorf va Ichki daromad xizmati. Freedomland Inc. had never earned a net profit in each of its five operating seasons, but with a downsize to 30 acres (12 ha), Freedomland estimated that it could possibly earn a $25,000 profit if it were to reopen in 1965.[116][126]

Freedomland never reopened, and Freedomland attractions, buildings and other features were auctioned and sold during 1965.[114] At the time, the traditional New York City amusement area of Koni oroli was also in a state of decline:[1] its last integrated amusement park, Steeplechase Park, had also shuttered for the last time in 1964.[127] Michael Virgintino, who authored a book about Freedomland's history, wrote that the World's Fair was unlikely to be the main reason for Freedomland's bankruptcy: it had been announced in 1959, and many of the fair's visitors only attended that event a few times.[128]

There have been several other theories proposed for Freedomland's failure. First, it only operated seasonally, thus reducing potential income; this contrasted with Disneyland, which operated year-round.[114][128] Disneyland had seen 6 million guests in all of 1964, while Freedomland was only open for three or four months a year, and thus could only potentially see a fraction of that visitation amount.[69][128] Second, the marshland was unstable and contributed to damage to many of the structures, requiring additional repair costs. A third factor was the weak sense of identity in Freedomland, as people wishing for more traditional attractions could go to other places like Coney Island or Javdar Playland.[114][128] A fourth explanation suggested that Freedomland was never intended to last long from the outset. As William Zeckendorf Sr. said in a 1970 interview, Freedomland was a "placeholder" to obtain land variances to permit more lucrative residential and commercial development of the marshland; the durability of the amusement structures obviated the need to undergo a proper monitoring period of 15 to 20 years.[129][130]

Qayta ishlab chiqish

Most of the Freedomland site was quickly developed. The NDC sold the property to the Birlashgan uy-joy fondi,[69][131] which in February 1965 announced plans for the residential Co-op City development, the world's largest uy-joy kooperativi, saytda.[132][133] Even as these plans were announced, Freedomland was still negotiating to operate 30 acres adjacent to Co-op City.[132] The plans for Co-op City were announced in May 1965, with no provisions for an amusement park.[134] By early the next year, most remaining portions of Freedomland were destroyed.[114] During the late 1960s, Co-op City was constructed on Freedomland's parking lot and the Little Old New York and Satellite City areas of the park.[135] The construction of Co-op City contributed to large areas of salt marsh degradation, exacerbating a process that had commenced with Freedomland's initial construction.[9]

The rest of the park remained decrepit and undeveloped through the 1970s, and some of the park's abandoned buildings remained on site. 1980-yillarning boshlarida, Bay Plaza Shopping Center was constructed on the land that featured the additional five themed areas of the park.[136] In nearby neighborhoods such as Uilyamsbridj, motels built primarily for Freedomland remained operational, despite the dearth of visitor attractions in the northeast Bronx.[137][138] A small part of the Freedomland development—a tract at the convergence of the New England Thruway and Hutchinson River Parkway, which had been intended for the Freedomland Inn—remained undeveloped until 2012, when an expansion of Bay Plaza Shopping Center opened at the site.[136]

Tanqidiy ko'rib chiqish

The areas were not completely historically or geographically accurate,[3] and primarily depicted events from the late 19th century.[45] A writer for The New York Times stated that the themed lands were "perhaps not quite acceptable to the Geodetic Survey because so many dull places have been left out",[29] va Vaqt magazine called the park "nothing less than a replica of the continental U.S.A., 833 yds from parkway to shining parkway".[139] Furthermore, most of the attractions were themed on the Amerika chegarasi,[45] a factor influenced by Wood's and Raynor's respective upbringings in Texas and Chicago,[140] as well as Zeckendorf's grandfather's adventures in Arizona hududi.[141] This led writer Paul D. Naish to state that "The photographed streetscapes at Freedomland have a distinctly generic quality".[45]

Freedomland in general received negative attention from members of the media. For instance, at the groundbreaking ceremony, writer Gay Talese observed that the park, characterized by its backers as the future "'greatest outdoor entertainment center in the history of man'", was to be built on such a "vast wasteland".[21] Tarixchi Uolter Muir Uaytxill described Freedomland as an operation with a "veneer of pseudo history" whose main purpose was to make money.[142] Vaqt magazine wrote of the simulated attractions in the park, which included "an electromagnetic dragon [and] real buffalo grazing the prairies", as well as so-called "birch-bark Chippewa war canoes" that were actually fiberglass Cherokee ships.[139] However, the magazine also stated that the public did not initially seem to mind these false representations.[39][139] Soon after the park's opening, it also gained a negative reputation among the public: toward its final years, mention of Freedomland was generally said to garner reactions of either "ridicule or apathy". After the park closed, a Yangiliklar kuni writer called Freedomland a "flop" and said of many of the opening day visitors: "They came. They saw. They left. And most never came back."[19]

1993 yilda, Uolt Disney kompaniyasi proposed to build Disney's America, an American history theme park near Manassas, Virjiniya.[143] The proposal bore large similarities to the Freedomland concept,[7] but was abandoned only the following year after massive opposition.[144] Rassel Miller, one of the critics of Disney's America, found that plan deficient compared to Freedomland. Miller praised Freedomland as "an open-air theatre [that] promised not historical truth but national myth, infused with a spirit", while he questioned whether Disney's America was "a theme park or a bad night on PBS".[86][145]

Meros

Sayt

In August 2013, a plaque commemorating the park was installed near the site of its flagpoles.[42][146] During mid-2019, remnants of Totsi, one of the New York Harbor tugboats, were placed near the plaque. Ning qoldiqlari Totsi were donated by Rob Friedman, an unofficial archivist of Freedomland history.[147]

A small portion of the former park site, at the northeast corner of Bartow and Baychester Avenues, remains zoned as a C7 district.[148] Such districts are reserved "for large open amusement parks";[149] Coney Island is the only other such district in the city.[150] The zoning district is a holdover from Freedomland's operation.[151][152] Due to its C7 zoning, the lot lacked any restrictions for the surface areas of signs located within its limits,[149] but following a 2019 controversy involving a tall billboard on the lot, Co-op City residents proposed changing the lot's zoning to a standard commercial use.[150][152]

Attractions moved to other parks

Cedar Point Pirate Ride (formerly of Freedomland)

Many Freedomland attractions and design features were auctioned or sold to other parks. Many no longer exist.[153]

Tarixiy xotira

Freedomland's history has been the subject of several historical writings, including:

  • Two books were published by Acorn Press in the Amerika tasvirlari seriya; ikkinchi kitob, Freedomland: 1960-1964 by Robert McLaughlin, was published in 2015.[165]
  • A detailed book about the park's history, Freedomland AQSh: aniq tarix by Michael Virgintino, was published in 2019.[166]
  • C. V. Wood's life and contributions to Disneyland are recalled in the book Three Years In Wonderland (2016) by Todd James Pierce.[167]

In 1999, a website dedicated to the history of Freedomland was set up by Friedman. The New York Times reported at the time that "the site quickly became a lightning rod for Freedomland enthusiasts, receiving 6 to 10 E-mail messages a week with reminiscences and offers of material for its creator's growing collection."[168]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ According to author Michael Virgintino, accounts vary on whether the inn would have had 300, 350, 400, and 600 rooms.[18]
  2. ^ Virgintino (2018) writes that there is confusion between the fate of the two sternwheelers. U buni ta'kidlaydi Kanadalik ko'chirildi Johnsonville Village, Konnektikut, and was likely destroyed in 2005. According to Virgintino, the restaurant boat was Amerika, which was destroyed in late 2018 while being transferred to a ship.[157][159] Gottlock & Gottlock (2013), shuningdek Bronx Times (2019), say that Kanadalik was the restaurant boat.[153][158] Ga ko'ra Bronx Times, Kanadalik still serves as a restaurant.[158]

Iqtiboslar

  1. ^ a b v Gonzalez, David (June 19, 2010). "Celebrating the Short, Sweet Ride of Freedomland". Shahar xonasi. Olingan 7 yanvar, 2020.
  2. ^ Lambert, Bruce (March 16, 1992). "C. V. Wood Jr., Who Pioneered Large Theme Parks, Is Dead at 71". The New York Times.
  3. ^ a b v d e f Naish 2001, p. 262.
  4. ^ Rosenberg, George J. (June 5, 1960). "Texan Wood Grows in the Bronx". New York Mirror Magazine.
  5. ^ Virgintino 2018, pp. 11–13.
  6. ^ a b v d e f Gottlock va Gottlock 2013, p. 105.
  7. ^ a b Schmidt, Chuck (May 15, 2009). "Part 2: a Common Thread: The ties that bind Disneyland, Freedomland, the New York World's Fair and Walt Disney World". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 10 yanvar, 2020.
  8. ^ Virgintino 2018, p. 20.
  9. ^ a b v Kachejian, Brian (March 1, 2019). "Freedomland AQSh: aniq tarix Is A Book Not To Miss". Classic New York History.
  10. ^ Dumonski, Beverly; Mascia, Sara (June 26, 2001). "Phase 1a Archaeological Assessment; P.S. 189 - X; Steenwick Avenue and Reeds Mill Lane Bronx, New York" (PDF). New York City School Construction Authority. p. 12 (PDF p. 16). Olingan 16 iyun, 2020.
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