Hindiston sud tizimi - Judiciary of India

Hindiston sud tizimi
(भारतीय न्यायपालिका)
Hindiston Oliy sudining gerbi.svg
Shiori: यतो मर्मस्ततो जयः॥ (IAST: Yato Dharmastato Jayaḥ)
Qayerda solihlik (dharma) bo'lsa, g'alaba ham o'sha erda (jaya)
Xizmatga umumiy nuqtai
Ilgari sifatida tanilganMustamlaka sud tizimi
Tashkil etilganMadras shahar merining sudi (1726)
Mamlakat Hindiston
O'quv instituti1. Milliy sud akademiyasi (Bhopal)[1]
2. Davlat sud akademiyasi
Nazorat qiluvchi hokimiyatOliy sud
Oliy sud
Yuridik shaxsSud hokimiyati
Sud xizmati
VazifalarJabrlanuvchini adolat bilan ta'minlash
Jinoyatchilarni jazolang
Hindistondagi sudlar ierarxiyasi1.Oliy sud
2. Oliy sudlar
3.Quyi sudlar - Fuqarolik va jinoiy
4. Ijro etiladigan / daromadlar sudi
Postni belgilashadolat
Hakam
Magistrat - sud va ijroiya
Kadr kuchi23.790 sudyalarning kuchi (Oliy sudda 34, Oliy sudda 1079, quyi sudda 22677)
Tanlash / tayinlash1. Hindiston Prezidenti SC & HC sudyalari uchun (Kollegiya tavsiyalariga binoan)
2. Hokim bo'ysunuvchi sud organlari uchun (sud xizmati imtihonini topshirgandan so'ng)
AssotsiatsiyaBarcha Hindiston sudyalar assotsiatsiyasi
Sud tizimi boshlig'i
Hindistonning bosh sudyasiadolat Sharad Arvind Bobde, CJI

Sud tizimi - bu tizim sudlar sharhlaydigan va qo'llaydigan qonun. Sudlarning roli - tegishli masalalarni aniqlash orqali ishlarni hal qilish faktlar va tegishli qonun va tegishli narsalarni qo'llash faktlar tegishli qonun. The Hindiston sud tizimi boshqaradi a umumiy huquq tizimi unda Bojxona, qimmatli qog'ozlar va qonunchilik, barchasi kodlash er qonuni. Aslida, u tomonidan o'rnatilgan huquqiy tizim merosini meros qilib oldi o'sha paytdagi mustamlakachi kuchlar va shahzodalar 19-asrning o'rtalaridan boshlab, qadimgi davrlardan beri odatlarning xususiyatlarini saqlab qoldi[2] va o'rta asrlar davri.[3]

Hindiston sud tizimi sud boshqarmasi xodimlari tomonidan to'liq boshqariladi va boshqariladi davlat xizmati ofitserlar ham sud tizimining bir qismi bo'lgan. Shunga ko'ra Hindiston konstitutsiyasi, Hindistonda sud xizmati - bu qo'l Hindistonning barcha xizmatlari ammo, turli sabablarga ko'ra sudyalar tegishli orqali tayinlanadi davlat xizmatlari bo'yicha davlat komissiyalari yoki tomonidan Oliy sud tuman sudyasi lavozimigacha. Oliy sud sudyalari va Oliy sud tomonidan tayinlanadi Hindiston Prezidenti tavsiyasiga binoan a kollegiya. Hindiston sud tizimi yordamchi qismlari bilan uch darajaga bo'linadi.

The Hindiston Oliy sudi, shuningdek, Apex sudi deb nomlanuvchi, eng yuqori sud va oxirgi apellyatsiya sudi Hindistonda va Hindistonning bosh sudyasi uning eng yuqori vakolatidir. Oliy sudlar shtatlarning bosh sudyalari tomonidan boshqariladigan va boshqariladigan shtatlarning yuqori sud organlari. Oliy sudning pastki qismida tuman sudlari joylashgan bo'lib, ular tuman sudlari tomonidan boshqariladigan va boshqariladigan subordinatsiya sudlari sifatida ham tanilgan. Subordinatsiya qilingan sud tizimi yana ikkiga bo'linadi: fuqarolik ishlari bo'yicha sud sud raisi, undan keyin quyi pog'onadagi munsif sudi va jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha sud sud boshlig'i / Metropolitan Magistrati boshchiligida, so'ngra ACJM / ACMM & JM / MM pastki darajasida.

Boshqa sud ijroiya va daromadlar sudi bo'lib, ular shtat hukumati tomonidan tuman Magistrati va Komissari orqali boshqariladi va nazorat qilinadi. Ijro etuvchi sudlar sud hokimiyatining tarkibiy qismi emasligiga qaramay, turli qoidalar va qarorlar Oliy sudlarga va sudya sudyalariga ijro sudlarining faoliyatini tekshirish yoki yo'naltirish huquqini beradi.

The Qonun va Adliya vazirligi oldin Ittifoq darajasida muammolarni ko'tarish uchun javobgardir parlament sud tizimining to'g'ri ishlashi uchun. Qonun va Adliya vazirligi Hindiston sudlaridan tortib to quyi va ijro etuvchi sudlariga qadar bo'lgan har qanday sud ishlarini ko'rib chiqish uchun to'liq vakolatlarga ega. Shuningdek, u Oliy sudlar va Oliy sud sudyalarini tayinlash bilan bog'liq. Shtatlarning huquq departamentlari davlat darajasida Oliy sud va bo'ysunuvchi sudlar masalalari bilan shug'ullanadi, konstitutsiya Hindistonda yagona yagona sud tizimini tashkil etadi.

Konstitutsiya va sud hokimiyati

Sud hokimiyati va Konstitutsiya o'rtasidagi munosabatlar shundan iboratki, Konstitutsiya sud hokimiyatiga qonunning qo'riqchisi sifatida harakat qilish huquqini beradi. Shuning uchun umumiy tilda sud hokimiyatining o'zi konstitutsiyadir, deyish mumkin, ammo bu sudning cheksiz vakolatlarga ega ekanligini anglatmaydi, chunki Hindistonda konstitutsionizm doktrinasi ham qo'llaniladi. Shu bilan birga, hind sud hokimiyatining roli, vakolati va vazifasi va ofitserni tayinlash bilan bog'liq bir qator qoidalar mavjud. Ostida Hindiston konstitutsiyasi asosiy qoidalar -

  • V qism - IV bob - Ittifoq sud tizimi bilan aloqalar, ya'ni Oliy sud - tayinlash va olib tashlash, roli va vazifasi
  • VI qism - V bob - Oliy sud bilan muomala - tayinlash va olib tashlash, roli va vazifasi
  • VI qism - VI bob - Quyi sudlar bilan muomala - tayinlash va olib tashlash, roli va vazifasi
  • 50-modda - Sud hokimiyatining mustaqilligi - bu sud hokimiyatini ijro etuvchidan ajratib turadi
  • Boshqa qoidalar, shuningdek, sudning javobgarligini ko'rib chiqadigan turli qismlarga va maqolalarga tegishli.

Sud hokimiyati yakuniy hakam sifatida talqin qiladi. Konstitutsionizmning ichki qarama-qarshiliklari: sud tekshiruvi va "asosiy tuzilish" (Kitob - Hindistonning Kiting Konstitutsiyasi: Konstitutsiya, uning qo'riqchisi bo'lishi uchun, qonun chiqaruvchi yoki ijro etuvchi hokimiyatning har qanday harakatini tekshirishga chaqirish orqali. aks holda, ularni Konstitutsiyada belgilangan chegaralarni chetlab o'tishdan ozod qilish yoki amalga oshirish erkin.[4] U odamlarning Konstitutsiyada belgilangan asosiy huquqlarini davlatning har qanday organi tomonidan buzilishidan himoya qilishda qo'riqchi vazifasini bajaradi. Shuningdek, u Konstitutsiya tomonidan ularga berilgan markaz va davlat o'rtasidagi yoki davlatlar o'rtasidagi ziddiyatli hokimiyatni muvozanatlashtiradi.

Konstitutsiyaviy vakolatiga binoan qarorlarni qabul qilar ekan, davlatning boshqa tarmoqlari, fuqarolar yoki manfaatdor guruhlar tomonidan tortishish va tazyiqlar ta'sir qilmasligi kutilmoqda. Va eng muhimi, sud hokimiyatining mustaqilligi Konstitutsiyaning asosiy xususiyati bo'lib hisoblanadi,[5][6] va bu ajralmas bo'lib, qonun chiqaruvchi yoki ijro etuvchi hokimiyat tomonidan biron bir akt yoki tuzatish bilan uni olib qo'yib bo'lmaydigan narsani anglatadi.[7] Ushbu mustaqillik quyidagi shaklda namoyon bo'ladi: biron bir vazir, hattoki ijro etuvchi hokimiyat birgalikda sudya lavozimiga tayinlash uchun biron bir nomni Prezidentga taklif qila olmaydi,[8][9] oxir-oqibat ularni faqat tomonidan tavsiya etilgan ismlar ro'yxatidan tayinlashga qaror qiladi kollegiya sud tizimining. Shuningdek, Oliy Majlis yoki Oliy sud sudyalari tayinlanganidan keyin, agar parlament palatalarining biron bir a'zosi uchdan ikki qismining ko'pi bu harakatni qo'llab-quvvatlamasa va faqat xatti-harakatlari isbotlanganligi yoki muomalaga layoqatsizligi sababli o'z lavozimidan chetlashtirilishi mumkin emas.[10][11] Sud sudyasi bo'lgan shaxsga ushbu sudning yurisdiksiyasida amal qilish taqiqlanadi[iqtibos kerak ].

Konstitutsiya va shu sababli sud hokimiyati o'z ahamiyatini yo'qotmasliklari uchun, hozirgi zamon bilan va o'zgaruvchan zamon bilan hamohang bo'lishini ta'minlash uchun doimiy ravishda qayta ko'rib chiqilishi kerak. Hindistonda (va butun dunyoda) sud tizimi elektron sudlarni va shu sababli elektron sudlarni kompyuterlashtirishga harakat qilmoqda, ammo buning uchun mavjud sud resurslaridan, ya'ni sudyalardan, hakamlar hay'atidan maksimal foyda olish uchun sud tizimini qayta ko'rib chiqish va qayta qadoqlash talab etiladi. ..Hindistondagi elektron sudlar

Uchrashuv

Qonuniy qoidalarga muvofiq, quyidagilarni tayinlash:

  • Oliy sud va Oliy sud sudyasini Hindiston Prezidenti V va VI qismlarga muvofiq Hindiston Bosh sudyasining roziligi bilan amalga oshirishi kerak.

Ammo Hindistonda mavjud me'yorga rioya qilingan Uch sudya ishi - (1982, 1993, 1998), sudya tomonidan Oliy sud va Oliy sudlarga tayinlanadi Hindiston Prezidenti tomonidan tavsiya etilgan ismlar ro'yxatidan kollegiya - Oliy sudga tayinlash uchun Hindiston Bosh sudyasining va Oliy sudning eng katta sudyalarining yopiq guruhi va ular Oliy sud raisi va uning eng katta sudyalari bilan birgalikda o'sha sud. Natijada, lavozimga tayinlash bo'yicha protsedura memorandumi imzolandi. Sudyalar ilgari Prezident tomonidan taklif bilan tayinlanar edi. Uyushma kabineti. 1993 yildan so'ng, Ikkinchi sudyalar ishida ko'rib chiqilganidek, sud hokimiyati tomonidan tavsiya etilgan ismni rad etish huquqi ijro hokimiyatiga berildi. Biroq, ba'zilarning fikriga ko'ra, ijro etuvchi hokimiyat tavsiya etilgan nomzodlarning nomlarini rad etish uchun ushbu kuchdan foydalanishda g'ayratli emas.[12][13][14]

Avvalroq, kollegiyaning bitta tavsiyanomasi sudda shikoyat qilinishi kerak edi. Sud sudya kim bo'lishi mumkinligi haqiqat masalasidir va har qanday shaxs uni so'roq qilishga haqli edi. Ammo kim sudya bo'lishi kerakligi masalasi edi va uni so'roq qilish mumkin emas edi. Ushbu fikrga kelish uchun kollegiya tarkibida samarali maslahatlashuv bo'lib o'tgan ekan, fikrni shakllantirish uchun uning oldiga qo'yilgan tarkib yoki material sudda tekshiruvga chaqirilishi mumkin emas edi.[15]

  • Biroq, SC va HC sudyalarining quyi sud sudyalarini tayinlashlari ehtimoldan yiroq, tayinlashlar Konstitutsiya va boshqa qonunlar / kodekslarda ko'rsatilgan qonun hujjatlariga muvofiq amalga oshiriladi. Uchrashuv, odatda, davlat xizmatlari bo'yicha davlat komissiyasi tomonidan amalga oshiriladi, biroq bir nechta shtatlarda Oliy sud ham tayinlaydi, ammo tayinlash tartibi bir xil, ya'ni tanlov asosida o'tkaziladi. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri uchrashuv ikki postda amalga oshirildi -

1. Fuqarolik sudyasi (kichik bo'lim) - viloyat davlat xizmati (sud)
2. Tuman sudyasi (kirish darajasi) - Oliy sud xizmati imtihoni [nomzod Barda 7 yildan ortiq tajribaga ega bo'lishi kerak]

Tarix

Hakamlar hay'ati sudi

Birinchi sudyalar sudi Hindistondagi ingliz hakamlar hay'ati tomonidan 1665 yilda Madrasda (hozirgi Chennay) sodir bo'lgan, bu uchun Ascentia Dawes (ehtimol ingliz ayol) katta hakamlar hay'ati tomonidan qulini o'ldirganlikda va kichik hakamlar hay'ati olti ingliz va olti portugaliyalik, uni aybsiz deb topdi.[16] Hindistondagi East India Company imperiyasining rivojlanishi bilan sudlar tizimi sudlarning ikkilangan tizimida amalga oshirildi: Prezidentlik shaharlarida (Kalkutta, Madras, Bombay) toj sudlari mavjud edi va jinoiy ishlar bo'yicha sudlar ingliz va evropaliklarni sud qilishlari kerak edi. odamlar (imtiyoz sifatida) va ba'zi hollarda hind xalqi; va Prezidentlik shaharchalari tashqarisidagi hududlarda ("moffussil" deb nomlangan) mahalliy fuqarolarni nazarda tutadigan aksariyat ishlarni sud qilish uchun sudlar tarkibisiz Kompaniya sudlari (kompaniya rasmiylari tarkibiga kiritilgan) mavjud edi.[16]

Hindiston valiahd hukumati (Raj) Hindiston Jinoyat kodeksini (1860) va Hindiston Jinoyat-protsessual kodeksini (1861, 1872, 1882, 1898 yillarda o'zgartirilgan) qabul qilganidan so'ng, jinoiy sud hay'ati faqat Prezidentlik shaharlari Oliy sudlarida majburiy bo'lgan. ; boshqa joyda, u ixtiyoriy va kamdan-kam ishlatilgan.[16] Jinoyat-protsessual kodeksining 274 va 275-bo'limlariga binoan hakamlar hay'ati 3 kishidan (sud majlislarida sud qilingan kichik jinoyatlar uchun) 9 kishidan (Oliy sud sudyalari og'ir sudyalar uchun) iborat edi; va ayblanuvchi ingliz va evropalik bo'lganida, sudyalarning kamida yarmi ingliz va evropalik erkaklar bo'lishi kerak edi.[16]

Hakamlar hay'ati 1950 yilgi Hindiston Konstitutsiyasida joy topolmadi va ko'plab Hindiston shtatlarida unga e'tibor berilmadi.[16] Qonun komissiyasi 1958 yilda uni 14-hisobotida bekor qilishni tavsiya qildi.[16] Hindistonda hakamlar hay'ati sudlari 1960 yillar davomida juda alohida jarayon bilan bekor qilindi va oxiriga etkazildi 1973 yil Jinoyat-protsessual kodeksi, bu hali ham amalda.[16]

Kavas Nanavatining 8: 1 oqlanishi K. M. Nanavati va Maxarashtra shtati hakamlar hay'ati raislik qiluvchi tomonidan chalg'itilganligi va ommaviy axborot vositalari va jamoatchilik ta'siriga ta'sirchan bo'lganligi sababli yuqori sudlar tomonidan bekor qilingan. Elisabet Kolskiy tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatadiki, ko'plab "buzuq hukmlar" hindularning qotilligi, tajovuzi va qamoqxonasida ayblangan "Evropaning ingliz sub'ektlari" ustidan sud jarayonida oq tanli sudyalar tomonidan chiqarilgan.[16]

Mustaqil sud hokimiyatining rivojlanishi

1945 yilda chop etilgan Sapru qo'mitasining hisobotida, sud hokimiyati masalasi batafsil ko'rib chiqilib, 1935 yilgi Hindiston hukumati to'g'risidagi qonuni nimani nazarda tutganligi yana bir bor ta'kidlangan: Hindiston Federal sudi bo'lib, u Oliy sudning boshlovchisi bo'ladi. Sud hokimiyatini ijro etuvchidan ajratish uchun Sapru qo'mitasi sudyalarga belgilangan ish haqi va ish haqi belgilanishi kerakligini va ularni faqat qo'pol xatti-harakatlari uchun olib tashlashni taklif qildi. Sudyalarni CJI bilan kelishgan holda prezident tayinlashi kerak edi. 1946 yilda Ta'sis yig'ilishining bir qismi sifatida sud bilan bog'liq masalalarni hal qilish uchun tayinlangan qo'mitaga Sapru hisoboti ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ammo prezident irodasiga berilgan vakolat darajasidan xavotirda edi. Nehru Biroq Sapru qo'mitasining takliflarini qo'llab-quvvatladi. 1949 yilda Neru Ta'sis yig'ilishining sudyalari "ijro etuvchi hukumatga qarshi tura oladigan va ularning yo'lida kim ham to'sqinlik qila oladigan" "eng yuqori darajadagi" shaxslar bo'lishi kerakligini aytdi. BR Ambedkar sudlarning mustaqilligi ham zarurligini ta'kidlab, shunday dedi: "Palatada bizning sud hokimiyatimiz ham ijro etuvchidan mustaqil bo'lishi, ham o'zi vakolatli bo'lishi kerakligi to'g'risida har qanday fikr bo'lishi mumkin emas". Va nihoyat, konstitutsiyada «Oliy sudning har bir sudyasi Prezident tomonidan uning qo'li va muhri ostida Prezident tomonidan tayinlanishi mumkin bo'lgan Oliy sud sudyalari va shtatlarning Oliy sudlari bilan maslahatlashgandan so'ng tayinlanadi. maqsad uchun zarur "," "agar" Bosh sudyadan tashqari sudya tayinlangan bo'lsa, Hindiston Bosh sudyasi bilan doimo maslahatlashamiz ".[17]

Ishga qabul qilish

Sud amaldorining martaba o'sishi Hindiston Bosh sudyasiga etib borishi mumkin. Biroq, hozirgi kunga qadar biron bir sud xodimi bu darajaga ko'tarilmagan, ammo bir nechtasi Oliy sud sudyasiga etib kelgan. Sud xodimi kariyerasini fuqarolik sudyasi (kichik bo'lim) sudyasida birinchi darajali sud magistri sifatida boshlaydi. Nomzodlar, shuningdek, tuman sudyasi lavozimiga tayinlanadi (kirish darajasi) xuddi shu tanlov imtihonidan, ammo Hindistonning har qanday sudida etti yillik tajribaga ega bo'lishi sharti bilan.

Sud magistraturasining ikkinchi toifasidagi lavozimi sinov muddati yoki o'qitish lavozimi deb hisoblanadi va o'quv muddati tugagandan so'ng ular sud magistrining birinchi toifasi sifatida joylashtiriladi. Birlik davlat xizmati xodimlaridan farqli o'laroq, sud lavozimi asosan dala lavozimidir. Yaxshi va kengroq tajriba uchun quyi sud hokimiyati uchun yuqori sud zobitlariga ko'p sonli deputatlik lavozimlari yaratildi. Faoliyatining boshida ular deputatlikka joylashtirilmaydi, biroq sud zalida bir necha yillik tajribadan so'ng, talabga binoan ular deputatlikka joylashadilar.

Besh yildan ko'proq vaqtni kichik bo'limda o'tkazgandan so'ng, fuqarolik sudyasi (Katta bo'lim) darajasiga ko'tarilish huquqiga ega. Birinchi sud ish haqi bo'yicha milliy komissiyasi (NJPC), lavozimini ko'tarish jarayoni sustligi sababli, ko'plab ofitserlar sud hokimiyatining yuqori bosqichiga chiqmasdan oldin iste'foga chiqadilar yoki xuddi shu kadrda uzoq vaqt turishadi, ammo amaldor besh yildan keyin lavozimidan ko'tarilish huquqiga ega bo'lishi kerakligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi. ushbu kadrda ishlash tajribasi.

NJPC tomonidan tavsiya etilgan tavsiyanoma bilan, sud lavozimidagi sud xodimi uchun lavozimini ko'tarishda kechikish bo'lsa, ularning martaba istiqbollarini ta'minlash uchun Ishonchli martaba taraqqiyoti (ACP) sxemasi joriy etildi. Unga ko'ra, agar lavozim ko'tarilishida sustkashlik bo'lsa, unda har besh yillik ish stajidan so'ng tegishli sinfda ular keyingi besh yil uchun ACP ish haqi o'lchovining birinchi bosqichini olish huquqiga ega, bu ularning ish haqi shkalasi avtomatik ravishda ko'payishini va keyinchalik ikkinchi ACPga amal qilishini anglatadi. agar keyingi reklama lavozimiga ish haqiga teng keladigan yana bir besh yillik tanaffusdan o'tib ketsa.

Xuddi shu metodologiya tuman sudyasi darajasida ham qo'llaniladi. Oliy sudning yuqori bo'limida talab qilingan ish yillarini tugatgandan so'ng, tegishli davlat gubernatorining roziligi bilan ular tuman sudyasi lavozimiga (kirish darajasi), ya'ni bo'sh ish o'rinlari bo'yicha qo'shimcha okrug va sessiya sudyasiga ko'tariladi. DJ darajasidagi sudyalarga ma'muriy vakolat berilganida, ular tegishli okrug (asosiy) okrug va sessiyalar sudyasi sifatida tanilgan.

Kichik va katta bo'linma xodimi umumiy nazorat ostida va tuman va sessiya sudyalariga, shuningdek CJMlarga bo'ysunadi. ADJlar tegishli yuqori sudlarning umumiy nazorati ostida. Shuningdek, ular temir yo'l magistrasi, CBI sudyasi / magistrasi va boshqalar bilan shug'ullanish kabi muayyan yoki muayyan masalalarni hal qilish uchun maxsus sudya / magistr sifatida maxsus kuchga ega. Umuman olganda, JM-1 sinfidan keyin ish faoliyatini boshlagan sud xodimi kam Oliy sud sudyalari tarkibiga ko'tarilish imkoniyati, ammo agar ular xizmatga erta qo'shilsa, yuqori darajaga ko'tarilish imkoniyati yuqori. Shu bilan birga, Oliy sud sudyalari lavozimining 60 foizi bo'ysunuvchi sud tizimidan to'ldirilgan. Ammo Oliy sud sudyasi lavozimiga tayinlanish uchun juda qattiq jarayon tufayli, bu ko'p vaqt talab etadi. Biroq, Prafulla Chandra Pant singari Hindiston Oliy sudiga ko'tarilgan sudyalar kam edi. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri tuman sudyasi lavozimidan tayinlangan sud xodimlarining aksariyati, ya'ni yuqori sud xizmati yuqori sudga murojaat qilish ehtimoli yuqori va agar xizmatlar hattoki Oliy sudgacha bo'lsa.

Sudyalarning malakasini va tajribalarini oshirish maqsadida ular shuningdek, Oliy sudning maslahati bilan davlat va kasaba uyushma hukumatining turli bo'limlari / vazirliklariga ajratilgan. Shtatda kotib o'rinbosaridan tortib shtatlarning asosiy kotibigacha bo'lgan sud amaldorlari uchun ko'plab lavozimlar yaratilgan. Shuningdek, ular Ittifoq vazirliklarida GI darajasida kotib o'rinbosari - kotib darajasida joylashtirilgan. Ular asosan Oliy sudlar va Oliy sudga deputatlikka yuborilganlar, ularga teng keladigan lavozimlarda ish haqi miqdori bo'yicha vazirliklarning davlat xizmatlari xodimlari mavjud. Quyidagi jadvalda keltirilgan muhim deputatlik lavozimi. Faqatgina ushbu lavozim bilan cheklanib qolmasdan, sudlarning vaqtincha asosida tuzilgan (shunga o'xshash imtiyozlar, davlat xizmatlarining boshqa xodimlariga beriladigan nafaqalar) tegishli ravishda tuzilgan ko'plab deputatlik postlari mavjud.

Sud ierarxiyasi

Sud ierarxiyasi va ish haqi ko'lami

RankSud postiShtat / Oliy sudning deputatiMarkaziy / Oliy sudning deputatiKadrJoriy to'lov darajasi (darajasi)Taklif qilingan to'lovlar ko'lami
1Hindistonning bosh sudyasiOliy sud va yuqori sud sudyalari uchun deputat lavozimlari yo'qAdliya kadrlari₹ 2,80,000 (NA)To'lov miqdori allaqachon oshdi
2Oliy sudning odil sudlovi₹2,50,000(18)
3Oliy sudning bosh sudyasi₹2,50,000(18)
4Oliy sudning odil sudlovi₹2,25,000(17)
5

- Pr. Sek sekretari Shtat -

  • Bosh kotib va ​​yuqori sudlarda ro'yxatdan o'tkazuvchi
  • Turli sudlarning raisi
  • Lokayukta sud a'zosi
  • A'zo kotibi / asosiy kotibi davlat yuridik xizmati vakolatxonasi
  • Sud akademiyalari direktori
  • Bosh kotib Shtatlarning yuridik bo'limlariga yuridik yodgorlik [18][19]
  • Bosh kotib davlat qonunchilik yig'ilishlariga [20]

- GoI kotibi -

  • Oliy sudning bosh kotibi
Tuman va sessiyalar sudyasi kadrlari
  • Tuman sudyasi [Kirish darajasi] - 51550 dan 63070 gacha (13A)
  • Tuman sudyasi [Tanlov darajasi] - 57700 dan 70290 gacha (14)
  • Tuman sudyasi [Super Time Scale] - 70290 dan 76450 gacha (15)
  • Tuman sudyasi [Kirish darajasi] - 1,44,840 dan 9 1,94,660 gacha
  • Tuman sudyasi [Tanlov darajasi] - 1,63,030 dan 19 2,19,090gacha
  • Tuman sudyasi [Super Time Scale] - 1,99,100 dan 2,24,100 gacha
6

- Pr-ga qo'shilish. Sek. Shtat -

  • Sud akademiyasining qo'shimcha direktori
  • Registrator / Addl. Oliy sudlarda ro'yxatdan o'tkazuvchi
  • Inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiyaning kotibi
  • Yuridik maslahatchi shtat hukumatiga, gubernatorga
  • Davlat PSU / kompaniyalarida mustaqil direktor / bosh menejer (qonun)
  • Davlat yuridik xizmat organining a'zosi yoki qo'shimcha kotibi
  • Maxsus kotib / qo'shma kotib / davlatlar huquq departamentiga qo'shimcha huquqiy yodgorlik

-Adl.Sec-ga qo'shiling. GoI-

  • Union Lokayukta kompaniyasining ro'yxatdan o'tkazuvchisi
  • Oliy sudda qo'shimcha ro'yxatga oluvchi
  • GoIga qo'shimcha huquq kotibi
  • DRT-ning raisi
7
  • Bosh sud magistrasi / Bosh Metropolitan Magistrati
  • Maxsus sud / metropolitan magistrati - temir yo'l magistrasi, CBI sudi va boshqalar.
  • Qo'shimcha C.J.M / Qo'shimcha C.M.M.
  • Sessiya sudyasi yordamchisi / bosh hakam
  • Sub-sudya (fuqarolik tomoni)

- Bo'shliqdan sek. Shtat -

  • Oliy sudda qo'shma / ro'yxatdan o'tkazuvchi o'rinbosari
  • Sud akademiyasi direktorining o'rinbosari
  • Davlat yuridik xizmat organida ro'yxatdan o'tkazuvchi
  • Yuridik yodgorning o'rinbosari
  • Har xil tribunalning ro'yxatga oluvchisi
  • Kotib DLSA
  • Shtat hukumatidagi huquqshunos

- Qo'shma sek.

  • Joint / Addl. / Oliy sudda ro'yxatga oluvchining muovini [23]
  • Spl. Oliy sud kotibi
  • DRT & Lokayukta kompaniyasining yuridik xodimi / ro'yxatdan o'tkazuvchisi
Fuqarolik sudyasi (katta bo'lim)
  • Kirish darajasi - 5 39530 dan ₹ 54010 (12) gacha
  • Ist-bosqich ACP (5 yillik kirish darajasi) - 43690 dan 56470 gacha (13)
  • Ikkinchi bosqich ACP (Ist ACPda 5 yil) - ₹ 51550 dan ₹ 63070 (13A) gacha
  • Kirish darajasi - ₹ 1,11000 dan 63 1,63,030 gacha
  • Ist Stage ACP (5 yillik ish haqi darajasida 5 yil) - ₹ 1,22,700 dan 80 1,80,200 gacha
  • Ikkinchi bosqich ACP (Ist ACPda 5 yil) - 1,44,840 dan 1,94,660 gacha
8

- Davlat kotibining o'rinbosari -

  • Sud akademiyasi direktori yordamchisi
  • O.S.D shtat hukumatiga
  • Oliy sudda kotib yordamchisi
  • Sud akademiyalarining bosh ma'muriy xodimi
  • Yo'q
Fuqarolik sudyasi (Junior Division)
  • To'lovni boshlash - 27700 dan 44770 gacha (10)
  • ACPning birinchi bosqichi (10 yillik ish haqi darajasida 5 yil) - ₹ 33090 dan ₹ 45480 (11) gacha
  • Ikkinchi bosqich ACP (Ist ACPda 5 yil) - 39530 dan 54010 gacha (12)
  • To'lovni boshlash - 77840 to dan 1,36,520 gacha
  • ACPning birinchi bosqichi (10 yillik ish haqi darajasida 5 yil) - 92960 ₹ dan 1336,520 gacha
  • Ikkinchi bosqich ACP (Ist ACPda 5 yil) - ₹ 1,11000 dan 63 1,63,030 gacha
9Sud sudyasi 2-sinf
  • Yo'q
  • Yo'q
Fuqarolik sudyasi (kirish / sinov muddati / trening) darajasi

Sud komissarlari va qo'shimcha sud komissarlari lavozimlari mustaqillikka qadar bo'lgan va 1973 yilda CrPC qabul qilingunga qadar davom etgan va Hindiston Konstitutsiyasining 50-moddasi. Sud hokimiyati ijro etuvchi hokimiyatdan ajratilgunga qadar, ushbu lavozimlarni Hindiston fuqarolik (ma'muriy) xizmatlarining yuqori darajadagi a'zolari (bosh kotib darajasida) yoki okrug sudyalari (Super Time Scale darajasida) egallashgan. Shu bilan birga, Sud Komissarlari sudlari butunlay bekor qilindi va bitta tumanlardan tashqari tumanlar va sessiyalar sudyasi lavozimi bilan almashtirildi.[24] Currenlty, Ranchi, Jarxand Hindistonda ushbu lavozim hanuzgacha mavjud bo'lgan yagona tuman, garchi u hozirda Jarxand sud tizimining Oliy sud xizmatlari xodimlari tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan bo'lsa. [25].

Hindiston Oliy sudi

Asosiy maqola: Hindiston Oliy sudi

Oliy sud Konstitutsiya bilan belgilangan mamlakatning eng yuqori sudidir. Konstitutsiyada ta'kidlanishicha, Oliy sud federal sud, Konstitutsiyaning homiysi va yuqori apellyatsiya sudi hisoblanadi. Konstitutsiyaning 124-147-moddalarida sud tarkibi va yurisdiksiyasi belgilangan. Birinchi navbatda, bu davlatlar va hududlar Oliy sudlarining qarorlariga qarshi shikoyatlarni ko'rib chiqadigan apellyatsiya sudi. Shu bilan birga, inson huquqlarini jiddiy ravishda buzilishi yoki konstitutsiyaviy himoya qilish huquqiga ega bo'lgan 32-moddaga binoan berilgan har qanday iltimosnomada yoki ish zudlik bilan hal etishni talab qiladigan jiddiy masalani o'z ichiga olgan bo'lsa, yozma ravishda iltimosnoma oladi.[26]

Hindiston konstitutsiyasi kuchga kirgan kundan boshlab, uning ochilish marosimi 1950 yil 26-yanvarda bo'lib o'tdi.[27] va shundan beri 24000 dan ortiq xabar qilingan hukmlarni taqdim etdi. Oliy sud tarkibiga Bosh sudya va boshqa 33 sudya kiradi.

Oliy sud ishi faqat ingliz tilida olib boriladi. Oliy sudning 1966 yildagi qoidalari Konstitutsiyaning 145-moddasi asosida ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, u Oliy sud amaliyoti va tartibini tartibga solishga qaratilgan.[28][29] 145-modda o'zgartirilgan va hozirda Oliy sudning 2013 yildagi qoidalari bilan tartibga solingan.[30]

Oliy sudlar

Asosiy maqola: Hindistondagi yuqori sudlarning ro'yxati

Davlat darajasida 25 ta Oliy sud mavjud. 141-modda Hindiston Konstitutsiyasining qarorlariga binoan ular sud qarorlari va buyruqlari bilan bog'liqdir Hindiston Oliy sudi ustunlik bo'yicha. Ushbu sudlar davlat, ittifoq hududi yoki davlatlar guruhi va ittifoq hududlari ustidan yurisdiktsiyaga ega. Oliy sudlar quyida fuqarolik ishlari bo'yicha sudlar, oilaviy sudlar, jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha sudlar va boshqa turli xil subordinatsiya sudlarining ierarxiyasi mavjud. tuman sudlari. Oliy sudlar tashkil etildi konstitutsiyaviy sudlar ostida VI qism, V bob, 214-modda Hindiston konstitutsiyasi.

Oliy sudlar fuqarolik sudlarining asosiy sudlari hisoblanadi asl yurisdiktsiya shtatda (bo'ysunuvchi tuman sudlari bilan birgalikda). Shu bilan birga, Oliy sudlar dastlabki fuqarolik va jinoiy yurisdiksiyani faqat shtatdagi bo'ysunuvchi sudlar moddiy yoki hududiy yurisdiksiyaning etishmasligi masalalarini ko'rib chiqishga vakolatli bo'lmagan taqdirda (qonun bilan vakolat berilmagan) amalga oshiradilar. Oliy sudlar, shuningdek, muayyan shtat yoki federal qonunda belgilangan bo'lsa, ba'zi masalalarda asl yurisdiksiyadan foydalanishlari mumkin. Masalan, kompaniya qonunlari bo'yicha ishlar faqat yuqori sudda qo'zg'atiladi.

Biroq, aksariyat Oliy sudlarning asosiy ishi quyi sudlarning apellyatsiya shikoyatlaridan iborat bo'lib, ular bo'yicha ariza yozadi 226-modda ning Hindiston konstitutsiyasi. Yozma yurisdiktsiya, shuningdek, Oliy sudning asl vakolatidir. Har bir Oliy sudning aniq hududiy yurisdiksiyasi viloyatlarga qarab farq qiladi.

Ushbu sudlarning sudyalarini Prezident sudlar bilan maslahatlashgandan so'ng tayinlaydi Hindistonning bosh sudyasi, Oliy sudning bosh sudyasi va shtat gubernatori. Suddagi sudyalar soni so'nggi besh yil ichida asosiy ishlarning o'rtacha tashkil etilishini mamlakat o'rtacha ko'rsatkichiga yoki sudyalarning har bir sudyasiga to'g'ri keladigan o'rtacha ish stavkasini ajratish yo'li bilan hal qilinadi. Oliy sud, qaysi biri balandroq bo'lsa.[iqtibos kerak ]

The Kalkutta Oliy sudi mamlakatdagi eng qadimgi Oliy sud bo'lib, 1862 yil 2-iyulda tashkil etilgan va Ollohobod Oliy sudi 160 sudyadan iborat bo'lgan eng katta kuchga ega.

Muayyan mintaqadagi ko'plab ishlarni ko'rib chiqadigan Oliy sudlar doimiy ish yuritadilar skameykalar (yoki sudning filiali) u erda tashkil etilgan. Uzoq viloyatlarning sud protsesslari uchun sudyalar tashrif buyurgan oyning o'sha kunlari uchun ishlaydigan "ko'chma o'rindiqlar" tashkil etilgan.[31]

Tuman / bo'ysunuvchi sudlar

Asosiy maqola: Hindistonning tuman sudlari

The Hindistonning tuman sudlari tomonidan belgilanadi Hindistonning davlat hukumatlari har bir tuman uchun yoki bir yoki bir nechta tumanlar uchun birgalikda kasallik sonini hisobga olgan holda, tuman aholisining taqsimlanishi. Ular Hindistonda adolatni a tuman Daraja. Ushbu sudlar ma'muriy nazorat ostida Oliy sud ning Shtat tegishli tuman tegishli bo'lgan. Tuman sudining qarorlari tegishli Oliy sudning apellyatsiya sudloviga tegishli.[32]

Tuman sudiga Oliy sudning maslahati bilan viloyat hokimi tomonidan tayinlanadigan bitta tuman sudyasi rahbarlik qiladi. Tuman sudyasidan tashqari ish hajmiga qarab qo'shimcha sudya sudyalari va tuman sudyalarining yordamchilari ham bo'lishi mumkin. Qo'shimcha tuman sudyasi va sud raisligi tuman sudyasi va uning tuman sudi bilan teng yurisdiktsiyaga ega.[33] Tuman sudyasi, shuningdek, davlat hukumati tomonidan "Metropolitan area" deb belgilangan shaharning tuman sudiga raislik qilganda, "Metropolitan sessiya sudyasi" deb nomlanadi.[34]

Tuman sudi fuqarolik va jinoiy ishlar bo'yicha tumanda joylashgan barcha bo'ysunuvchi sudlar ustidan apellyatsiya sudloviga ega. Fuqarolik ishlari bo'yicha kichik sudlar, fuqarolik ishlari bo'yicha kichik sudya sudi, fuqarolik ishlari bo'yicha sudyalarning asosiy sudi, fuqarolik ishlari bo'yicha sudyalarning katta sudi (sub-sud deb ham yuritiladi). Subordinatsiya sudlari, jinoiy tomondan (ortib boruvchi tartibda) Ikkinchi toifadagi sud magistrat sudi, birinchi darajali sud magistrat sudi, bosh sud magistr sudi. Bundan tashqari, "oilaviy sudlar" faqat nikoh nizolarini ko'rib chiqish uchun tashkil etilgan.

Oilaviy sud va Mahila sudi asosiy sudya tomonidan kelishilgan. Ushbu lavozimga tuman sudyasi lavozimidan tayinlangan sudyalar. Maxarashtra, Andra-Pradesh singari bir nechta shtatlarda u alohida (sobiq) kadrlar lavozimiga ega bo'lib, sudyalar doimiy xizmatdan emas, balki nafaqaga chiqqan sud xodimi havzasidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yoki imtihon orqali tayinlanishini anglatadi.

Ijroiya va daromadlar sudi

Sud iyerarxiyasidan keyin ijro etuvchi ierarxiya boshlanadi. Cr.P.C.-ga binoan Ijro etuvchi Magistratlar sudiga, hattoki murakkablashadigan xususiyatdan pastroq bo'lgan mayda huquqbuzarliklarni ko'rib chiqish huquqini beradi, ammo hokimiyat ularning sud magistrlik hokimiyatini qanday qilib bo'lishiga imkon yaratmadi. CrPC ning 3-qismida ikkala magistrat tomonidan ko'rib chiqilishi kerak bo'lgan masalani aniq bifurkatsiya qilingan. CrPC-ning 20-bo'limi davlat hukumatiga har bir metropoliten va har bir tumanda ijro etuvchi magistrlarni tayinlash huquqini berdi. U Ijroiya Magistratidan birini tuman Magistrati etib tayinlash vakolatiga ega va u har qanday Ijro Magistratini Qo'shimcha Tuman Magistrati sifatida tayinlashi mumkin va bunday magistrat CrPC huzuridagi Tuman Magistratiga ega bo'lgan kuchga ega.

Agar tuman sudi vakolatxonasi bo'sh bo'lsa, tuman ijroiya ma'muriyatiga vaqtincha etib kelgan har qanday ofitser CrPC huzuridagi tuman sudi tomonidan berilgan vakolatlardan foydalanadi. Shtat hukumati Ijro etuvchi Magistratga quyi bo'limni topshirish vakolatiga ega. Sub-bo'limga mas'ul bo'lgan Ijroiya Magistrati sub-bo'lim magistrati deb nomlanadi. Ijro etuvchi magistratning roli odatda CrPC-ning 107-110, 133, 144, 145 va 147-bo'limlariga muvofiq litsenziyalashni bekor qilish yoki berish, er sotib olish masalalari yoki boshqa davlat hukumati xabar beradigan boshqa qonun va tartibni saqlashi kerak.

21-bo'lim shtat hukumatiga maxsus Ijro Magistraturasini tayinlash huquqini beradi (Sp. EM). Crpc-ning 20-moddasi 5-qismiga binoan, Politsiya Komissari (CP) Ijro etuvchi Magistrat lavozimiga tayinlanishi mumkin, ammo faqat tuman davlat hukumati tomonidan Komissarat deb e'lon qilinganda. Shuni ham ta'kidlash kerakki, davlatlarning DG (P) CP darajasiga ega, ammo u CP ga aylanmaguncha EM (maxsus) kuchidan foydalana olmaydi.

BuyurtmaIjroiya sudi
1Tuman Magistrati / ADM / Politsiya komissari
2Sub-Divisional Magistratura
3Boshqa ijrochi magistratura

Daromadlar sudi - Yer daromadlari masalalarini hal qilish maqsadida har bir shtat hukumati Daromadlar sudini tashkil qildi. Ushbu sudlar quyidagilar bilan bog'liq masalalarni hal qilishadi:

  • Yer daromadi
  • ijaraga berish masalalari (egalik - erkin ma'noda)
  • qishloq xo'jaligi erlarining chegaralari
  • vorislik
  • erni o'tkazish
  • xoldingning bo'limi
  • chegaralarni belgilash
  • tajovuzlarni olib tashlash, buzg'unchilarni chiqarib yuborish va ba'zi shtatlarda deklaratsiya da'volari.


Daromadlar sudi kvazi sud organidir va Fuqarolik protsessual kodeksining 5-qismining 2-qismiga binoan ijara, sotib olish va boshqalar kabi o'ziga xos xususiyatga ega bo'lgan fuqarolik ishlari bilan shug'ullanish uchun cheklangan vakolatlarga ega. Daromadlar sudi - bu qishloq xo'jaligi maqsadlarida foydalaniladigan erlarning ijarasi, daromadi yoki foydasi bilan bog'liq da'volarni ko'rib chiqish uchun har qanday qonunga binoan yurisdiktsiyaga ega bo'lgan sud, ammo dastlabki yurisdiktsiyaga ega bo'lgan fuqarolik sudini o'z ichiga olmaydi. Shu sababli, daromadlar sudlarining ayrim masalalari Fuqarolik ishlari sudlarining yurisdiktsiyasidan chetlatilgan, ammo kodeksda aytib o'tilganlarga qadar. Qo'shimcha komissar sudi va yuqorisi apellyatsiya sudi hisoblanadi. Biroq, bu davlat tomonidan boshqariladigan tashkilotdir, shuning uchun odatda Kollektsioner va undan yuqori darajadagi ofitserlar Hindiston ma'muriy xizmati havzasidan va Asstdan pastroq bo'lishi kerak. Kollektor ikkala xizmatdan ham IAS yoki SAS dan bo'lishi mumkin va undan pastroq bo'lgan ma'muriy xizmat tomonidan.[35]

BuyurtmaDaromadlar sudiKadr
1Daromadlar kengashiHindiston ma'muriy xizmati
2(Bo'lim / daromad) komissari
3Qo'shimcha komissar
4Kollektor
5Addl. KollektorIAS / SAS (Super Katta)
6Daromadlar bo'yicha bosh direktor
7Kollektsioner yordamchisi
8Hisob-kitob bo'yicha mas'ulDavlat ma'muriy xizmati
9Hisob-kitob bo'yicha yordamchi
10Yozuvlar bo'yicha mutaxassis
11Ass. Yozuvlar bo'yicha mutaxassis
12Tahsildarlar
13Naib taxsildarlar

Qishloq sudlari / Panchayat / Qishloq sudi

qishloq sudlari, Lok Adalat (xalq sudi) yoki Nyaya panchayat (qishloqlarning adliya), tizimini tuzing nizolarni muqobil hal qilish.[16]Ular 1888 yilgacha tan olingan Madras qishloq sudi to'g'risidagi qonun, keyinchalik (1935 yildan keyin) turli viloyatlarda va (1947 yildan keyin) Hindiston shtatlarida rivojlangan.[16] Gujarat shtatining modeli (sudya va ikkita baholovchi bilan) 1970-yillardan boshlab ishlatilgan.[16] In 1984 the Law Commission recommended to create Panchayats in rural areas with laymen ("having educational attainments").[16] 2008 yil Gram Nyayalayas Act had foreseen 5,000 mobile courts in the country for judging petty civil (property cases) and criminal (up to 2 years of prison) cases.[16] However, the Act has not been enforced properly, with only 151 functional Gram Nyayalayas in the country (as of May 2012) against a target of 5000 such courts.[36] The major reasons behind the non-enforcement includes financial constraints, reluctance of lawyers, police and other government officials.[36]

Pay Procedure

Supreme Court & High Court Judges

The payment of President of India, Vice-President, Supreme Court & High Court Judges & other constitutional authorities are paid from the Consolidated fund.[37] There are two separate Act's which deals with the pay & condition of Judges of SC & HC. The Supreme Court Judges (Salaries & Condition) Act, deals with the procedure of pay and all allowances for Supreme Court Judges.[38] Similary, High Court Judges (Salaries & Condition) Act,1954 regulate the pay and all allowances & condition of High Court Judges.[39] Whenever the salary or any condition required to amend, the Central Government present it like normal bill i.e., (Salary & Condition) Amendment Bill before Parliament and follow same procedure what followed in bill to become an Act.[40]

Subordinate Judiciary

National Judicial Pay Commission (NJPC) is currently the pay commission which decide the uniform pay scale, allowances, facilities, etc of subordinate judiciary throughout Country.[41] This commission is set up by the Central Government when Supreme Court order. Currently 1st NJPC is prevaling but the Second National Judicial Commission has all set to implement in 2-3 month.[42] The recommendations of NJPC when accepted by Supreme Court (after hearing any objection of Central or State Govt. if any) then it become binding on all state to implement the same accepted. Although it is legal commission but till now it has not got permanent recognition. The commission set up when All Indian Judges Association(is an association which work for betterment of subordinate judiciary through out of country) [43] approach apex court for such. However the Chief Justice of India has many time instructed the central government to constitute permanent body in order to avoid the unnecessary delay in pay scale implementation.

Tarix

The first NJPC was constituted in 21 March, 1996 on the order of Supreme Court in the landmark judgemet for judicial reform All India Judges Association v UOI. The commission was headed by Justice K. J. Shetty (Ex- Supreme Court Judge) and thus it was later known as Shetty Commission. The commission submitted its report in 1999 which hiked the salary of subordinate judiciary and fixed the pay scale, allowances, facilities, etc. Thereafter nearly 10yr Second NJPC set up headed by the P.V. Reddi (Ex-Judge SC).[44]

Judicial Academies

A National Judicial Academy is a country level judicial training institute located in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.[1] The institute provide training to the officers of Subordinate Judiciary on topics which State Judicial Academies didn't cover. It also offer training to the High Court Judges of States and Judges / Judicial Officers of Foreign Nation (on specific topic). A list of judicial academies is in the table below.

Academy National / State
National Judicial Academy
Andhra Pradesh Judicial Academy
Judicial Academy Assam & North Eastern Judicial Officers' Training Institute (NEJOTI)
Bihar sud akademiyasi
Chhattisgarh State Judicial Academy
Gujarat State Judicial Academy
Chandigarh Judicial Academy
Himachal Pradesh Judicial Academy
Judicial Academy Jharkhand
Karnataka Judicial Academy
Kerala Judicial Academy
Madhya Pradesh State Judicial Academy
Maharashtra Judicial Academy and Indian Mediation Centre and Training Institute
Manipur Judicial Academy
Meghalaya Judicial Academy
Odisha sud akademiyasi
Rajasthan State Judicial Academy
Sikkim sud akademiyasi
Tamil Nadu State Judicial Academy
Telangana State Judicial Academy
Tripura Judicial Academy
Judicial Training Institute, Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand Judicial and Legal Academy
West Bengal Judicial Academy

Muammolar

According to the World Banks, "although India's courts are notoriously inefficient, they at least comprise a functioning independent judiciary"[45] A functioning judiciary is the guarantor of fairness and a powerful weapon against corruption. But people's experiences fall far short of this ideal. Corruption in the judiciary goes beyond the bribing of judges. Court personnel are paid off to slow down or speed up a trial, or to make a complainant go away.

Citizens are often unaware of their rights, or resigned, after so many negative experiences, to their fate before an inefficient court.[46] Court efficiency is also crucial, as a serious backlog of cases creates opportunities for demanding unscheduled payments to fast-track a case.[47]

Indian Judiciary Issues have been depicted in several films, one of them being a 2015, Marathi film, Sud.

Pendency of cases

Indian courts have millions of pending cases.[48] On an average about 20% of the sanctioned positions for judges are vacant, whereas the annual increase in pendency is less than 2%. If the vacancies were filled, pendencies would go down and make the justice system deliver efficiently.[49][50] Yo'l harakati challans, politsiya challans and cheque bounce cases make up nearly half of all pending cases.[51][52]

In 2015, it was reported that there were close to 400 vacancies for judge's post in country's 24 high courts. Arrears in the Supreme Court have mounted to around 65,000. There are some 30 million cases in various courts. Budget allocation for judiciary is a miserly 0.2 per cent of the gross domestic product. The judge-population ratio is 10.5 to one million, which should be 50 to one million.[53]

The government has been the largest, single party litigating before the courts, and has kept adding cases to the over-burdened courts despite losing most, and then on losing, has relentlessly taken them to the next court,[54] much of this being avoidable, according to the Law Commission[55][56] The vast number of cases pending in the Supreme Court as well as the other lower courts has defeated the very purpose of the judicial system. For justice delayed, is in effect justice denied. Judiciary is no longer attracting the best legal talent because of disparity in the income of bright young lawyers and the emoluments of judicial officers. To attract persons of the right calibre to the judicial cadre, System must improve their service conditions, particularly of the trial court judges. In recent years scandals about lack of integrity have besmirched the reputation of the judiciary. The sub-ordinate judiciary works in appalling conditions. Any reform undertaken must be in its totality rather than in isolation.[57]

On 12 January 2012, a Supreme Court bench said that people's faith in judiciary was decreasing at an alarming rate, posing a grave threat to constitutional and democratic governance of the country. It acknowledged some of the serious problems of a large number of vacancies in trial courts, unwillingness of lawyers to become judges, and the failure of the apex judiciary in filling vacant HC judges posts.

It wanted to seek answers from the government on amicus curiae 's suggestion that access to justice must be made a konstitutsiyaviy huquq and consequently the executive must provide necessary infrastructure for ensuring every citizen enjoyed this right. It also wanted the Government of India to detail the work being done by the National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms.[58][59][60]

Undertrials outnumber convicts in the prison population of Indian jails. There have been cases where ordinary citizens have been charged for espionage while overstaying their visa or straying across the international land or maritime boundary and languishing in prison for years due to the slow redressal process.[61]

To reduce pendency, 'Fast-track courts', 'Evening courts/Morning courts' were set up and have met with mixed success so far.[62][63] 'Mobile courts' are being set up to bring 'justice at the doorsteps'[64] of litigants of far-flung remote and backward rural areas.[65]

However, Lok Adalats an informal, alternative mechanism has been a phenomenal success in tackling pendency, especially in pre-litigation matters, settling fresh cases before they become full-blown disputes and enter the courts.[66][67][68]

According to a report released by Centre for Public Policy Research and British Deputy High Commission "here are a total of 16,884 commercial disputes pending in High Courts with original jurisdiction. Of these Madras High court tops with 5,865. With the number of commercial disputes growing rapidly, facilitating a seamless dispute resolution system through alternate means has become crucial."[69]

The poor state of the judiciary and the huge pendency of cases has also led to increased instances of squatting by tenants refusing to vacate the property rented by them from the property owners. On an average, to get a defaulting tenant evicted in India can take decades, so if a tenant is illegally occupying a property, the property owner essentially has no recourse under the legal system. This has led to increased instances of tenants refusing to vacate premises and then asking for huge sums of money to vacate the place rightfully owned by the property owners.[iqtibos kerak ]

Sud korrupsiyasi

Corruption is rampant in India's court. Ga binoan Transparency International, judicial corruption in India is attributable to factors such as "delays in the disposal of cases, shortage of judges and complex procedures, all of which are exacerbated by a preponderance of new laws".[70] Most disturbing is the fact that corruption has reached the highest judicial forum i.e. Hindiston Oliy sudi. Some notable cases include:

  1. In April 2017, A judicial Magistrate Debanjan Ghosh gave bail to a murder accused, and it is alleged that it is unusual unless huge money is involved.
  2. In December 2015, the Jail strength occupancy at Bagrakot correction home in Darjeeling District reduced to its lowest. It was later analysed that this was due to large number of undeserving acquittals and undeserving bails by then Additional Chief JM .[71]
  3. In December 2009, legal activist and Supreme Court lawyer Prashant Bhushan stated in court, "out of the last 16 to 17 Chief Justices, half have been corrupt"[72][73] In November 2010, former Law Minister, Shanti Bxushan aks-sado berdi Prashant Bhushan 's claim.[74]
  4. There have been allegations that judges with doubtful integrity were elevated within the higher judiciary and campaigns held for their impeachment.[75]
  5. In November 2011, a former Supreme Court Justice Ruma Pal slammed the higher judiciary for what she called the seven sins. She listed the sins as:
    1. Turning a blind eye to the injudicious conduct of a colleague
    2. Hypocrisy – the complete distortion of the norm of judicial independence
    3. Secrecy – the fact that no aspect of judicial conduct including the appointment of judges to the High and Supreme Court is transparent
    4. Plagiarism and prolixity – meaning that very often SC judges lift whole passages from earlier decisions by their predecessors and do not acknowledge this – and use long-winded, verbose language
    5. Self Arrogance – wherein the higher judiciary has claimed crass superiority and independence to mask their own indiscipline and transgression of norms and procedures
    6. Professional arrogance – whereby judges do not do their homework and arrive at decisions of grave importance ignoring precedent or judicial principle
    7. Nepotism – wherein favours are sought and dispensed by some judges for gratification of varying manner.[76]
  6. 2011 yilda, Soumitra Sen, former judge at the Kalkutta Oliy sudi became the first judge in the India to be impeached by the Rajya Sabha for misappropriation of funds.[11]
  7. Former Chief Justice of Odisha Justice Quddusi was also involved in huge corruption.

Islohot

E-Courts Mission Mode Project

Asosiy maqola: E-courts in India

The E-courts project was established in the year 2005.[77] According to the project, all the courts including taluk courts will get computerised. As per the project in 2008, all the District courts were initialised under the project. In 2010, all the District court were computerised. The entry of back log case has started. The IT department had one system officer and two system assistants in each court. They initiated the services in the Supreme Court in June 2011. The case lists and the judgements of most district courts were available in http://lobis.nic.in. yilda http://judis.nic.in is used to connect all High Courts and Supreme Court judgements and cause list. These websites are updated daily by a technical team. Now by and large all the District and Taluka Courts in the country are computerised. Cause list of each of the Court can be seen on https://districts.ecourts.gov.in. Similarly on this site you can check your cases status, your can see judgments and orders. For searching cases status, judgments, or cause lists various search options are given. Besides this http://njdg.ecourts.gov.in is National Judicial Data Grid which gives pendency figures and other relevant information in statistical form.

The project also includes producing witnesses through videokonferentsiyalar. Filing cases, proceedings, and all other details will be in computers. Each district court contains 1 system officer and 2 system assistants. This technical manpower is involved in training the staff, updating web sites.[iqtibos kerak ]

Judicial Service Centre

This is a part of e-court project. The judicial service centres are available in all court campus. The Public as well as the advocates can walk in directly and ask for the case status, stage and next hearing dates. This service is provided for free.[iqtibos kerak ]


Shuningdek qarang

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