Evropa konstitutsiyalarida lingvistik huquqlar ro'yxati - List of linguistic rights in European constitutions

Huquqlar
Nazariy farqlar
Da'vo huquqlari va erkinlik huquqlari Shaxsiy va guruh huquqlari Tabiiy huquqlar va qonuniy huquqlar Salbiy va ijobiy huquqlar
Inson huquqlari
Fuqarolik va siyosiy Iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va madaniy Uch avlod
Benefitsar tomonidan huquqlar
Ayblanmoqda Hayvonlar Bolalar Iste'molchilar Kreditorlar Karlar Nogironlar Oqsoqollar Fermerlar Odamlar Mahalliy aholi Interters Shohlar LGBT Erkaklar Ozchiliklar Ota-onalar (Onalar, Otalar ) Bemorlar Dehqonlar O'simliklar Mahbuslar Shtatlar Talabalar Jabrlanganlar Ayollar Ishchilar Yoshlik
Boshqa huquq guruhlari
Fuqarolik erkinliklari Raqamli Ovqat Bepul migratsiya Uy-joy Tilshunoslik Mulk Reproduktiv Dam olish va bo'sh vaqt O'zini himoya qilish Odamlarning o'zini o'zi belgilashi Jinsiy hayot Suv va kanalizatsiya

Til huquqlari yilda Evropa da ko'rsatilgan konstitutsiyalar qaysi mamlakatlar bo'yicha farq qiladi. Ushbu konstitutsiyalar odatda milliy til yoki rasmiy til, va mamlakatdagi boshqa tillarga aniq ruxsat berishi yoki bermasligi mumkin. Bu erda tilshunoslik huquqlarining aksariyati salbiy huquqlar bo'lib, ular o'z tillaridan foydalanish erkinligini beradi va tilga qarab kamsitishlarning oldini oladi. Ba'zi mamlakatlar ijobiy huquqlarni taklif qilishadi: masalan, Avstriya, Kipr, Finlyandiya, Vengriya, Moldova, Portugaliya, Ruminiya, Turkiya va Ukrainadagi davlat fondlari tomonidan til ta'limi berish.

Konstitutsiyalardagi lingvistik huquqlar (Evropa)

Albaniya

Konstitutsiya 1998 yil 4 avgustda qabul qilingan.^[1]

14-modda

(1) Albaniya Respublikasida rasmiy til Albancha.

18-modda

(2) Hech kim jinsi, irqi, dini, millati, tili, siyosiy, diniy yoki falsafiy e'tiqodlari, iqtisodiy holati, ma'lumoti, ijtimoiy mavqei yoki ajdodlari kabi sabablarga ko'ra adolatsiz kamsitilmasligi mumkin.

20-modda

(1) Milliy ozchiliklarga mansub shaxslar qonun oldida inson huquqlari va erkinliklarini to'la tenglikdan foydalanish huquqiga ega.

(2) Ular o'zlarining etnik, madaniy, diniy va lingvistik o'ziga xosliklarini erkin ifoda etish, saqlash va rivojlantirish, ona tilida o'qish va o'qitish huquqiga ega, shuningdek o'z manfaatlarini himoya qilish uchun tashkilotlar va jamiyatlarda birlashadilar. shaxsiyat.

28-modda

(1) Ozodligi tortib olingan har bir kishiga ushbu choraning sabablari va unga qo'yilgan ayblov to'g'risida darhol o'zi tushunadigan tilda xabar berish huquqiga ega. Erkinligi olib qo'yilgan har bir shaxsga deklaratsiya berish majburiyati yo'qligi va darhol advokat bilan muloqot qilish huquqiga ega ekanligi to'g'risida xabar beriladi va unga o'z huquqlarini amalga oshirish imkoniyati ham beriladi.

31-modda

Jinoyat ishini yuritish paytida har kimning huquqi:

c) tarjimon alban tilini bilmasa yoki tushunmasa, unga pul to'lamasdan yordam olish;

Andorra

Andorra Konstitutsiyasi 1993 yil 28 aprelda qabul qilingan.^[1]

2-modda

1. Kataloniya davlatning rasmiy tili hisoblanadi.

Armaniston

1995 yil 5 iyulda qabul qilingan konstitutsiya.^[1]

12-modda

Armaniston Respublikasining davlat tili Arman.

15-modda

Fuqarolar milliy kelib chiqishi, irqi, jinsi, tili, e'tiqodi, siyosiy yoki boshqa e'tiqodidan, ijtimoiy kelib chiqishi, boyligi yoki boshqa mavqeidan qat'i nazar, barcha huquq va erkinliklarga ega bo'lib, Konstitutsiya va qonunlarda belgilangan vazifalarga bo'ysunadilar.

37-modda

Milliy ozchiliklarga mansub fuqarolar o'z urf-odatlarini saqlab qolish va ularning tili va madaniyatini rivojlantirish huquqiga ega.

Avstriya

1929 yilda qabul qilingan konstitutsiya.^[1]

8-modda

Lingvistik ozchiliklar uchun federal qonunda ko'zda tutilgan huquqlarga ziyon etkazmasdan, Nemis Respublikaning rasmiy tili hisoblanadi.

14-modda

(6) Davlat maktablari - bu qonun bilan talab qilingan organlar tomonidan tashkil etilgan va saqlanadigan maktablar. Federatsiya, davlat maktablarini tashkil etish, saqlash va tugatish masalalarida qonunchilik va ijro Federatsiya ishi bo'lganligi sababli, qonun bilan talab qilingan vakolatdir. Shtat yoki qonun hujjatlariga muvofiq okrug yoki okrug uyushmasi qonunlar yoki qonunlarni amalga oshirish va davlat maktablarini tashkil etish, saqlash va tarqatib yuborish masalalarida ijro etilishi qonun tomonidan talab qilinadigan vakolatdir. Shtat. Davlat maktabiga kirish tug'ilganlar, jinsi, irqi, mavqei, sinflari, tili va dini va boshqa jihatlaridan qat'i nazar qonuniy talablar doirasida qabul qilinadi. Xuddi shu narsa bolalar bog'chalari, markazlar va talabalar turar joylariga nisbatan qo'llaniladi.

Avstriya davlat shartnomasi, 1955 yilda imzolangan va Konstitutsiyaga kiritilgan^[2]

7-modda

(1) Avstriya fuqarolari Slovencha va Xorvat ozchiliklar Karintiya, Burgenland va Shtiriya barcha boshqa avstriyaliklar singari teng huquqlarda, shu jumladan o'zlarining tashkilotlarida, yig'ilishlarida va matbuotlarida o'z tillarida bo'lish huquqidan foydalanadilar.

(2) Ular elementar ko'rsatmalarga ega Slovencha yoki Xorvat tillar va o'zlarining o'rta maktablarining mutanosib soniga; Shu munosabat bilan Sloveniya va Xorvatiya maktablari uchun maktab o'quv dasturlari qayta ko'rib chiqiladi va Ta'lim inspektsiyasining bo'limi tashkil etiladi.

(3) Karintiya, Burgenland va Shtiriya ma'muriy va sud okruglarida, u erda sloven, xorvat yoki aralash aholi yashaydigan joyda, nemis tilidan tashqari, sloven yoki xorvat tili ham rasmiy til sifatida qabul qilinadi. Bunday tumanlarda topografik terminologiya va yozuvlar sloven yoki xorvat tilida, shuningdek nemis tilida bo'lishi kerak.

(4) Karintiya, Burgenland va Shtiriyadagi Sloveniya va Xorvatiya ozchiliklarining Avstriya fuqarolari ushbu hududlarda madaniy, ma'muriy va sud tizimlarida boshqa Avstriya fuqarolari bilan teng sharoitlarda qatnashadilar.

(5) Maqsadlari Xorvatiya yoki Sloveniya aholisini ozchilik xarakteri yoki huquqlaridan mahrum etish bo'lgan tashkilotlarning faoliyati taqiqlanadi.

Ozarbayjon

1995 yil 12-noyabrdan Konstitutsiya.^[1]

21-modda

The Ozarbayjon tili Ozarbayjon Respublikasining davlat tili bo'lishi kerak. Ozarbayjon Respublikasi ozarbayjon tilining rivojlanishini ta'minlaydi. Ozarbayjon Respublikasi aholi so'zlashadigan boshqa tillardan erkin foydalanish va rivojlanishiga kafolat beradi.

25-modda

Har bir inson qonun va sudga tengdir.

Erkaklar va ayollar teng huquq va erkinliklarga ega.

Har bir inson irqi, millati, dini, jinsi, kelib chiqishi, mulkiy holati, ijtimoiy mavqei, e'tiqodi, siyosiy partiyasi, kasaba uyushma tashkiloti va ijtimoiy birlik mansubligidan qat'iy nazar teng huquq va erkinliklarga ega. Irqi, millati, ijtimoiy mavqei, tili, e'tiqodi va diniga qarab cheklashlar yoki huquq va erkinliklarni tan olish taqiqlanadi.

45-modda

Har bir inson o'z ona tilidan foydalanish huquqiga ega. Har bir inson ona tilida voyaga etish va ta'lim olish, ijodiy faoliyat bilan shug'ullanish huquqiga ega.

Hech kimni ona tilidan foydalanish huquqidan mahrum etish mumkin emas.

Belorussiya

1994 yil 15 martda qabul qilingan Konstitutsiya.^[1]

17-modda

1. Belorusiya Respublikasining rasmiy tili Belorussiya.

2. Belorussiya Respublikasi rus tilidan millatlararo muloqot tili sifatida erkin foydalanish huquqini kafolatlaydi.

50-modda

3. Har kim o'z ona tilidan foydalanish va aloqa tilini tanlash huquqiga ega. Qonunga muvofiq, davlat ta'lim va o'qitish tilini tanlash erkinligini kafolatlaydi.

Belgiya

1831 yil 7 fevraldagi Konstitutsiya, 1994 yil 17 fevralgacha qayta ko'rib chiqilgan.^[1]

2-modda

Belgiya uchta jamoadan tashkil topgan: Frantsiya hamjamiyati, Flamand hamjamiyati va nemis tilida so'zlashuvchi hamjamiyat.

4-modda

(1) Belgiyada to'rtta lingvistik mintaqa mavjud: frantsuz tilida so'zlashadigan mintaqa, golland tilida so'zlashadigan mintaqa, ikki tilli mintaqa - Bryussel-poytaxt va nemis tilida so'zlashuvchi mintaqa.

(2) Qirollikning har bir kommunasi ushbu tilshunoslik mintaqalarining bir qismidir.

(3) To'rt lingvistik mintaqaning chegaralari faqat har bir uyning har bir lingvistik guruhida ko'pchilik ovozi bilan qabul qilingan qonun bilan o'zgartirilishi yoki o'zgartirilishi mumkin, har bir guruh a'zolarining ko'pchiligi bir joyga to'plangan va shu paytdan boshlab. ikki lingvistik guruh tomonidan berilgan ijobiy ovozlarning umumiy miqdori berilgan ovozlarning kamida uchdan ikki qismiga teng ekanligi.

43-modda

(1) Konstitutsiyada belgilangan holatlar uchun har bir palataning saylangan a'zolari qonun bilan belgilangan tartibda frantsuz tilshunoslik guruhiga va golland tilshunoslik guruhiga bo'linadi.

(2) 67 (1) (2,4,7) moddasida ko'rsatilgan senatorlar Senatning frantsuz lingvistik guruhini tashkil qiladi. 67 (1) (1,3,6) moddasida ko'rsatilgan senatorlar Senatning golland lingvistik guruhini tashkil qiladi.

54-modda

(1) Byudjet va maxsus ko'pchilikni talab qiladigan qonunlar bundan mustasno, lingvistik guruhlardan biri a'zolarining kamida to'rtdan uch qismi tomonidan imzolangan va ma'ruza kiritilgandan so'ng va yakuniy ovoz berishdan oldin kiritilgan asosli taklif. ochiq sessiya, qonun loyihasi yoki taklifining qoidalari jamoalar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni jiddiy ravishda buzish xususiyatiga ega ekanligini e'lon qilishi mumkin.

(3) Ushbu protsedura lingvistik guruh a'zolari tomonidan bir xil qonun loyihasi yoki harakatga nisbatan faqat bir marta qo'llanilishi mumkin.

129-modda

(1) Frantsiya va Gollandiya Jamoatchilik Kengashlari farmon bilan, federal qonun chiqaruvchini hisobga olmaganda, quyidagilar uchun tildan foydalanish to'g'risida qaror qabul qiladi:

1) ma'muriy ishlar;

2) davlat organlari tomonidan yaratilgan, subsidiyalangan va tan olingan muassasalarda ta'lim olish;

3) qonun hujjatlarida va me'yoriy hujjatlarda talab qilingan korporativ aktlar va hujjatlardan tashqari, ish beruvchilar va ularning xodimlari o'rtasidagi ijtimoiy munosabatlar.

(2) Ushbu farmonlar frantsuz tilida va golland tilidagi mintaqalarda qonun kuchiga ega, bundan tashqari:

- boshqa lingvistik mintaqa bilan tutashgan va ular joylashgan hududga nisbatan boshqa tilni belgilaydigan yoki ulardan foydalanishga ruxsat beradigan kommunalar yoki kommuna guruhlari. Ushbu kommunalar uchun (1) da ko'rsatilganidek, tillardan foydalanishni tartibga soluvchi qoidalarni o'zgartirish faqat 4-moddaning oxirgi qismida ko'rsatilganidek, ko'pchilik ovozi bilan qabul qilingan qonun orqali amalga oshirilishi mumkin;

- faoliyati o'zlari tashkil etilgan lingvistik mintaqadan tashqariga chiqadigan xizmatlar;

- faoliyati bir nechta Hamjamiyat uchun umumiy bo'lgan qonun bilan belgilangan federal va xalqaro institutlar.

136-modda

(1) Bryussel-Poytaxt mintaqaviy kengashi tarkibida va boshqaruv organlari orasida Jamiyat masalalari bo'yicha malakali lingvistik guruhlar mavjud; ularning tarkibi, faoliyati va mas'uliyati hamda 175-moddaga ziyon etkazmasdan, ularni moliyalashtirish 4-moddaning oxirgi qismida ko'rsatilganidek, ko'pchilik ovoz bilan qabul qilingan qonun bilan tartibga solinadi.

138-modda

(1) Bir tomondan Frantsiya Jamoatchilik Kengashi va boshqa tomondan Valon Mintaqaviy Kengashi va Bryussel-Poytaxt Mintaqaviy Kengashining frantsuz lingvistik guruhi umumiy kelishuv to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishi va har biri farmon bilan Valon viloyat Kengashi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishi mumkin. va frantsuz tilida so'zlashadigan mintaqadagi hukumat va Bryussel-Capital mintaqaviy kengashi va ikki tilli Brussels-Capital poytaxtidagi boshqaruv organlari frantsuz hamjamiyatining vazifalarini to'liq yoki qisman amalga oshirishi mumkin.

(2) Ushbu farmonlar Frantsiya jamoatchilik kengashining uchdan ikki qismining ko'p ovozi bilan va Valon mintaqaviy kengashining mutlaq ko'pchilik ovozi bilan va Bryussel-poytaxt mintaqaviy kengashi tarkibidagi frantsuz lingvistik guruhi tomonidan qabul qilinadi, agar Kengashning ko'pchilik qismi bo'lsa. tegishli lingvistik guruh a'zolari yoki a'zolari ishtirok etishadi. Ular xodimlarni, mol-mulkni, ularga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan huquq va majburiyatlarni o'tkazishdan tashqari, o'zlari belgilagan majburiyatlarni moliyalashtirish bilan shug'ullanishlari mumkin.

139-modda

(1) O'z hukumatlarining iltimosiga binoan, nemis tilida so'zlashadigan Jamiyat kengashi va Valon mintaqaviy kengashi, farmon bilan, valon mintaqaviy vazifalarini nemis tilida so'zlashadigan jamoatchilik kengashi tomonidan to'liq yoki qisman bajarilishi mumkinligi to'g'risida umumiy qaror qabul qilishi mumkin. Nemis tilidagi mintaqada hukumat.

Bosniya va Gertsegovina

1995 yil 1 dekabrda qabul qilingan Konstitutsiya.^[1]

I modda

(7) Bosniya va Gertsegovinaning Parlament Assambleyasi tomonidan tartibga solinadigan va har bir Tashkilotning fuqaroligi, har bir Tashkilot tomonidan tartibga solinadigan:

(b) Hech kim Bosniya va Gersegovina yoki Tashkilot fuqaroligidan o'zboshimchalik bilan yoki uni fuqaroligi qoldirish huquqidan mahrum etilmasligi kerak. Jins, irq, rang, tili, dini, siyosiy yoki boshqa qarashlari, milliy yoki ijtimoiy kelib chiqishi, milliy ozchilik bilan birlashishi, mol-mulki, tug'ilganligi yoki boshqa maqomi kabi har qanday asosda hech kim Bosniya va Gersegovinadan yoki Tashkilot fuqaroligidan mahrum etilishi mumkin emas.

II modda

(4) Ushbu moddada yoki ushbu Konstitutsiyaning I ilovasida keltirilgan xalqaro shartnomalarda ko'zda tutilgan huquq va erkinliklardan foydalanish Bosniya va Gersegovinadagi barcha kishilarga jinsi, irqi, rangi, har qanday asosi bo'yicha kamsitilmasdan ta'minlanadi. tili, dini, siyosiy yoki boshqa fikri, milliy yoki ijtimoiy kelib chiqishi, milliy ozchilik bilan birlashishi, mulki, tug'ilganligi yoki boshqa holati.

Bolgariya

1991 yil 12 iyulda qabul qilingan konstitutsiya.^[1]

3-modda

Bolgar Respublikaning rasmiy tili hisoblanadi.

36-modda

1. Har bir fuqaro bolgar tilini o'rganish va undan foydalanish huquqiga va majburiyatiga ega.

2. Bolgar tili ona tili bo'lmagan fuqarolar, bolgar tilini o'rganish vazifasi bilan bir qatorda o'z tillarini o'rganish va ulardan foydalanish huquqiga ega bo'ladilar.

3. Faqatgina davlat tili qo'llanilishi kerak bo'lgan holatlar qonun bilan belgilanadi.

Xorvatiya

1990 yil 22-dekabrda qabul qilingan konstitutsiya.^[1]

12-modda

(1) The Xorvat til va Lotin yozuvi Xorvatiya Respublikasida rasmiy foydalanishda bo'lishi kerak.

(2) alohida mahalliy birliklarda boshqa til va Kirillcha yoki boshqa biron bir yozuv, xorvat tili va lotin yozuviga qo'shimcha ravishda, qonun bilan belgilangan sharoitlarda rasmiy foydalanishga kiritilishi mumkin.

14-modda

(1) Xorvatiya Respublikasi fuqarolari irqidan, rangidan, jinsidan, tilidan, dinidan, siyosiy yoki boshqa qarashlaridan, milliy yoki ijtimoiy kelib chiqishidan, mulkidan, tug'ilganligidan, ma'lumotidan, ijtimoiy mavqeidan yoki boshqa xususiyatlaridan qat'i nazar, barcha huquq va erkinliklardan foydalanadilar.

15-modda

(1) Xorvatiya Respublikasida barcha millat va ozchiliklarning a'zolari teng huquqlarga ega.

(2) Barcha millat va ozchiliklar a'zolariga o'z millatini ifoda etish erkinligi, o'z tili va yozuvidan foydalanish erkinligi va madaniy muxtoriyat kafolatlanadi.

17-modda

(1) Urush holatida yoki respublikaning mustaqilligi va birligiga bevosita xavf tug'dirganda yoki ba'zi bir tabiiy ofat yuz berganda, Konstitutsiya tomonidan kafolatlangan shaxsiy erkinliklar va huquqlar cheklanishi mumkin. Bu Xorvatiya Sabor tomonidan barcha vakillarning uchdan ikki qismining ko'pchiligining ovozi bilan yoki agar Xorvatiya Sabor bilan uchrashishga qodir bo'lmasa, Respublika Prezidenti tomonidan qaror qilinadi.

(2) Bunday cheklovlarning darajasi xavf xususiyatiga mos kelishi va fuqarolarning irqi, rangi, jinsi, tili, dini, milliy yoki ijtimoiy kelib chiqishi bo'yicha tengsizligiga olib kelmasligi mumkin.

24-modda

(2) ... Hibsga olingan kishiga hibsga olish sabablari va qonunda belgilangan huquqlari to'g'risida unga tushunarli tarzda darhol xabar beriladi.

Kipr

1960 yil 6 avgustda qabul qilingan konstitutsiya.^[1]

2-modda

Ushbu Konstitutsiyaning maqsadlari uchun:

1. yunon hamjamiyatiga kelib chiqishi yunon bo'lgan va ona tili yunon bo'lgan yoki yunon madaniy an'analariga ega bo'lgan yoki yunon pravoslav cherkovi a'zolari bo'lgan barcha fuqarolar kiradi;

2. Turk Hamjamiyati, kelib chiqishi turk bo'lgan va ona tili turkiy bo'lgan yoki turkiy madaniy urf-odatlariga sherik bo'lgan yoki musulmon bo'lgan Respublikaning barcha fuqarolarini o'z ichiga oladi.

3-modda

1. Respublikaning rasmiy tillari Yunoncha va Turkcha.

2. Qonun chiqaruvchi, ijro etuvchi va ma'muriy hujjatlar va hujjatlar har ikkala rasmiy tilda tuziladi va agar ushbu Konstitutsiyaning aniq qoidalariga binoan e'lon qilinishi kerak bo'lsa, respublikaning rasmiy gazetalarida ikkala rasmiy tilda nashr etish yo'li bilan e'lon qilinadi.

3. Yunon yoki turk nomiga yuborilgan ma'muriy yoki boshqa rasmiy hujjatlar navbati bilan yunon yoki turk tilida tuziladi.

4. Sud protsesslari o'tkaziladi yoki amalga oshiriladi va hukmlar yunon tilida, agar tomonlar yunon bo'lsa, turk tilida, agar tomonlar turk bo'lsa, shuningdek yunon va turk tillarida, agar taraflar yunon va Turkcha. Boshqa maqsadlarda ushbu maqsadlar uchun foydalaniladigan rasmiy til yoki tillar 163-moddaga binoan Oliy sud tomonidan qabul qilingan sud qoidalari bilan belgilanadi.

5. Respublika rasmiy gazetasidagi har qanday matn bir xil sonda ikkala rasmiy tilda ham nashr etiladi.

6.

(1) Respublikaning rasmiy gazetasida e'lon qilingan har qanday qonun chiqaruvchi, ijro etuvchi yoki ma'muriy hujjat yoki hujjatning yunoncha va turkcha matnlari o'rtasidagi har qanday farq vakolatli sud tomonidan hal qilinadi.

(2) Respublikaning rasmiy gazetasida e'lon qilingan har qanday qonun yoki Kommunal palataning qarorining amaldagi matni tegishli Kommunal palataning tilida bo'lishi kerak.

(3) Ijro etuvchi yoki ma'muriy hujjat yoki hujjatning yunoncha va turkcha matnlari, garchi respublikaning rasmiy gazetasida nashr etilmagan bo'lsa-da, boshqacha tarzda e'lon qilingan bo'lsa, Vazirning yoki boshqa tegishli organlarning bayonoti qaysi matn ustun bo'lishi kerak yoki qaysi biri to'g'ri bo'lishi kerak bo'lsa, yakuniy va yakuniy bo'lishi kerak.

(4) Vakolatli sud har qanday holatda ham, yuqorida aytib o'tilgan matnlarda farq bo'lgan taqdirda, shunday vositalarni taqdim etishi mumkin.

7. Rasmiy tillar tangalar, valyuta yozuvlari va shtamplarda qo'llaniladi.

8. Har bir inson respublika hokimiyat organlariga rasmiy tillardan birida murojaat qilish huquqiga ega.

11-modda

4. Har bir shaxs hibsga olinayotganda hibsga olinishining sabablarini tushunadigan tilda xabardor qilinadi va o'zi tanlagan advokat xizmatidan foydalanishga ruxsat beriladi ...

6. Hibsga olingan shaxs olib kelinadigan sudya zudlik bilan hibsga olingan shaxs tushunarli bo'lgan tilda hibsga olish asoslarini so'rashga kirishadi va imkon qadar tezroq va har qanday holatda bunday paydo bo'lganidan keyin uch kundan kechiktirmay, yoki hibsga olingan shaxsni u munosib deb topishi mumkin bo'lgan shartlar bilan ozod qilish yoki hibsga olingan jinoyatni tergov qilish tugallanmagan bo'lsa, uni hibsda ushlab turish va vaqti-vaqti bilan hibsda saqlashi mumkin. bir vaqtning o'zida sakkiz kundan ortiq bo'lmagan;

12-modda

5. Jinoyatda ayblangan har bir shaxs quyidagi minimal huquqlarga ega:

(a) zudlik bilan va o'zi tushunadigan tilda va unga nisbatan ilgari surilgan ayblovning mohiyati va asoslari to'g'risida batafsil ma'lumot olish; ...

(e) sudda ishlatiladigan tilni tushunmasa yoki gapira olmasa, tarjimonning bepul yordamidan foydalanish.

28-modda

2. Har bir inson ushbu Konstitutsiyada ko'zda tutilgan barcha huquq va erkinliklardan, biron bir shaxsga nisbatan o'z jamoasiga, irqiga, diniga, tiliga, jinsiga, siyosiy yoki boshqa e'tiqodlariga, milliy yoki ijtimoiy kelib chiqishiga qarab to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yoki bilvosita kamsitishlarsiz foydalanishi, agar tug'ilish, rang, boylik, ijtimoiy sinf yoki boshqa biron bir narsada, agar ushbu Konstitutsiyada aksincha aniq qoidalar mavjud bo'lmasa.

30-modda

3. Har bir inson huquqiga ega ...

(e) sudda ishlatiladigan tilni tushunmasa yoki gapira olmasa, tarjimonning bepul yordamidan foydalanish.

171-modda

1. Ovozli va vizual eshittirishlarda yunon va turk jamoalari uchun ko'rsatuvlar mavjud.

2. Turk hamjamiyati uchun ovozli eshittirish uchun ajratilgan vaqt etti kunlik haftada etmish besh soatdan kam bo'lmasligi kerak, shu kunning normal kunlarida shu haftaning barcha kunlariga tarqaladi:

• agar yunon hamjamiyati uchun dasturlarga ajratilgan vaqt yetti kunlik haftada yetmish besh soatdan pastga tushishi uchun translyatsiyalarning umumiy muddati qisqartirilishi kerak bo'lsa, u holda har qanday davrda turk hamjamiyati uchun dasturlarga ajratilgan vaqt. yunon hamjamiyati uchun dasturlarga ajratilgan vaqt shu soatlardan kam bo'lgan vaqt bilan bir xil soatga qisqartirilishi kerak;

• bundan tashqari, agar Yunon hamjamiyati uchun dasturlarga ajratilgan vaqt yetti kunlik haftada yuz qirq soatdan oshsa, u holda Turk hamjamiyati uchun dasturlarga ajratilgan vaqt uch soatlik nisbatda oshiriladi. Yunon hamjamiyati uchun har etti soatda turk hamjamiyati.

3. Ko'rgazmali eshittirishda har o'n kunlik ketma-ketlikda turk hamjamiyati uchun dasturlarga uchta uzatish kuni ajratiladi va shu o'n kunlik turk hamjamiyati uchun dasturlarga ajratilgan umumiy vaqt uch soatga to'g'ri keladi. yunon hamjamiyati uchun dasturlarga ajratilgan o'n soat ichida etti soatgacha.

4. Barcha rasmiy va ovozli eshittirishlar yunon va turk tillarida amalga oshiriladi va ushbu modda bo'yicha vaqtni hisoblash uchun hisobga olinmaydi.

180-modda

1. Ushbu Konstitutsiyaning yunoncha va turkcha matnlari ikkalasi ham asl nusxada va bir xil haqiqiylik va bir xil yuridik kuchga ega bo'ladi.

189-modda

3-moddada ko'rsatilgan har qanday narsaga qaramasdan, ushbu Konstitutsiya kuchga kirgan kundan boshlab besh yil mobaynida:

(a) 188-moddaga muvofiq amal qiladigan barcha qonunlar ingliz tilida davom etishi mumkin.

b) ingliz tilidan respublikaning har qanday sudida bo'lgan har qanday sud ishlarida foydalanish mumkin.

Chex Respublikasi

Ham Chexiya konstitutsiyasi na Nizom mamlakatning istalgan rasmiy tilini nomlash. Ma'muriy kod^[3] va sud protsessual qoidalari, ammo, belgilaydi Chex tili tegishli ravishda davlat boshqaruvi va sud protseduralari tili sifatida. Muayyan lingvistik huquqlar Ustavning quyidagi moddalariga kiritilgan:^[4]

25-modda

(1) Milliy yoki etnik ozchiliklarni tashkil etuvchi fuqarolarga har tomonlama rivojlanish, xususan ozchilikning boshqa a'zolari bilan birgalikda o'z madaniyatini rivojlantirish huquqi, o'z ona tilida ma'lumot tarqatish va olish huquqiva milliy assotsiatsiyalarda birlashish huquqi. Batafsil qoidalar qonun bilan belgilanadi.

(2) Milliy va etnik ozchilik guruhlariga mansub fuqarolar, shuningdek, qonun bilan belgilangan sharoitlarda kafolatlanadi:

a) o'z tillarida ta'lim olish huquqi,

b) mansabdor shaxslar bilan munosabatlarda o'z tilidan foydalanish huquqi,

v) milliy va etnik ozchiliklarga tegishli bo'lgan ishlarni hal etishda ishtirok etish huquqi.

37-modda

(...)

(4) Ish yuritilayotgan tilda gapirmasligini e'lon qilgan har bir kishi tarjimon xizmatidan foydalanish huquqiga ega.

Maxsus qonunlar ozchiliklarning yuqorida ko'rsatilgan konstitutsiyaviy huquqlari bilan bog'liq. Maxsus davolanish imkoniyati mavjud Slovak tili, bir qator aniq qonunlarga muvofiq ma'muriy va boshqa protsedura tili bo'lishi mumkin.^[3] Ozchiliklar a'zolarining huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan Chexiya Respublikasi hududida an'anaviy va uzoq muddatli istiqomat qiluvchi ozchiliklarga mansub fuqarolar o'zlarining tillaridan hokimiyat bilan aloqada va sud oldida foydalanish huquqidan foydalanadilar. qonun. Slovakiyadan tashqari Chexiya Respublikasida rasman tan olingan ozchiliklarning tillari Bolgar, Xorvat, Nemis, Yunoncha, Venger, Polsha, Romani, Ruscha, Rusyn, Serb va Ukrain.^[3][5] Ular bilvosita Xartiyaning 25-moddasi "Ozchiliklarning huquqlari to'g'risida" gi qonun va hukumat tomonidan rasmiy tan olinishi orqali konstitutsiyaviy himoya ostida. Ko'pgina boshqa Evropa mamlakatlaridan farqli o'laroq, ozchiliklarning lingvistik huquqlari mintaqaviy ravishda cheklanmagan va butun mamlakat hududida foydalanilishi mumkin. 2012 yilga kelib xuddi shu maqomga ega bo'lishni istagan ozchiliklar orasida Vetnam va Belorussiya.

Daniya

Milliy yoki rasmiy tillar: Daniya, Standart Nemis (mintaqaviy), Faro (mintaqaviy), Grenlandiyalik (mintaqaviy)^[6]

Estoniya

Konstitutsiya 1992 yil 28 iyunda qabul qilingan.^[1]

6-modda

Estoniyaning rasmiy tili Estoniya.

12-modda

(1) Barcha shaxslar qonun oldida tengdirlar. Hech kimni millati, irqi, rangi, jinsi, tili, kelib chiqishi, dini, siyosiy yoki boshqa e'tiqodlari, moliyaviy yoki ijtimoiy holati yoki boshqa sabablarga ko'ra kamsitish mumkin emas.

21-modda

(1) Erkinlikdan mahrum qilingan har qanday shaxs zudlik bilan o'zi tushunadigan tilda va tartibda hibsga olinish sababi va huquqlari to'g'risida xabardor qilinadi va ularga imkoniyat beriladi. hibsga olinganligi to'g'risida uning yaqin oilasiga xabar bering ...

(2) Hech kim sud tomonidan maxsus ruxsatisiz 48 soatdan ortiq hibsda saqlanishi mumkin emas. Bunday qaror zudlik bilan hibsda bo'lgan shaxsga tilda va u tushunadigan shaklda ma'lum qilinadi.

37-modda

(4) Barcha shaxslar eston tilida o'qitish huquqiga ega. Etnik ozchiliklar uchun tashkil etilgan ta'lim muassasalari o'zlarining o'qitish tillarini tanlaydilar.

51-modda

(1) Barcha shaxslar davlat yoki mahalliy davlat hokimiyati organlariga va ularning mansabdor shaxslariga eston tilida murojaat qilish va eston tilida javob olish huquqiga ega.

(2) Doimiy yashovchilarning kamida yarmi etnik ozchilikka tegishli bo'lgan joylarda barcha odamlar davlat va mahalliy davlat hokimiyati organlari va ularning mansabdorlaridan ushbu etnik ozchilik tilida javob olish huquqiga ega.

52-modda

(1) Davlat va mahalliy davlat hokimiyati organlarining rasmiy tili eston tilidir.

(2) Aholining aksariyat qismi tili Estoniyadan boshqa bo'lgan joylarda mahalliy davlat hokimiyati organlari ushbu hududning doimiy yashovchilarining ko'pchiligining tilidan ichki aloqa uchun, belgilangan tartibda va tartibda foydalanishlari mumkin. qonun.

(3) Chet tillardan, shu jumladan etnik ozchiliklarning tillaridan davlat hokimiyati organlari va sudda foydalanish va sudgacha protsessual harakatlar qonun bilan belgilanadi.

Finlyandiya

1919 yil 17-iyulda qabul qilingan konstitutsiya.^[1]

14-modda

(1)Finlyandiya va Shved respublikaning milliy tillari hisoblanadi.

(2) Finlyandiya fuqarolarining sud va ma'muriy organlar oldida o'zlarining ona tillaridan, xoh fin yoki shved bo'lishidan foydalanish huquqi va ulardan ushbu tillarda hujjatlarni olish huquqi kafolatlanadi; Finlyandiya aholisining huquqlari va mamlakatdagi shved tilida so'zlashuvchi aholining huquqlari davlat tomonidan bir xil asosda ilgari surilishi to'g'risida ehtiyot bo'lish kerak.

(3) Davlat Finlyandiya va shved tilida so'zlashuvchi aholining intellektual va iqtisodiy ehtiyojlarini xuddi shunday asosda ta'minlaydi.

22-modda

Qonunlar va farmonlar, shuningdek hukumat tomonidan parlamentga kiritilgan qonun loyihalari va parlament tomonidan hukumatga yuborilgan javoblar, tavsiyalar va boshqa hujjatlar fin va shved tillarida tuziladi.

50-modda

(3) Ma'muriy okruglar chegaralarini qayta ko'rib chiqishda, bu holatlar imkon qadar, faqat bitta tilda, ya'ni fin yoki shved tilida so'zlashadigan aholini o'z ichiga oladigan yoki til ozchiliklarini o'z ichiga olgan holda tashkil etilishini kuzatish kerak. imkon qadar kichik.

75-modda

(2) Har bir chaqiriluvchi, agar u boshqacha xohlamasa, iloji bo'lsa, oddiy askarlar o'z ona tilida (fin yoki shved) gaplashadigan harbiy qismga yozilishadi va shu tilda ta'lim oladi. Finlyandiya Qurolli Kuchlarni boshqarish tili hisoblanadi.

Frantsiya

1958 yil 4 oktyabrda qabul qilingan va 1992 yil 25 iyungacha o'zgartirilgan Konstitutsiya.^[1]

2-modda

Respublikaning tili Frantsuz.

Gruziya

1995 yil 24 avgustda qabul qilingan konstitutsiya.^[1]

8-modda

Gruziyaning davlat tili Gruzin; yilda Abxaziya, Abxaziya shuningdek, davlat tili hisoblanadi.

14-modda

Irqi, terisi, tili, jinsi, dini, siyosiy va boshqa e'tiqodlaridan, milliy, etnik va ijtimoiy kelib chiqishidan, zodagonlarning mol-mulki va unvonidan yoki yashash joyidan qat'i nazar, har kim erkin tug'iladi va qonun oldida tengdir.

38-modda

1. Gruziya fuqarolari ijtimoiy, iqtisodiy, madaniy va siyosiy hayotda milliy, etnik, diniy va tildan qat'i nazar tengdirlar. Xalqaro huquqning umume'tirof etilgan printsiplari va me'yorlariga muvofiq, har kim o'z madaniyatini hech qanday kamsitish va aralashuvsiz erkin rivojlantirish huquqiga ega. Ular o'z tillaridan shaxsiy va jamoat hayotida foydalanishlari mumkin.

85-modda

2. Yurisdiktsiya davlat tilida amalga oshiriladi. Sudning yuridik tilini bilmagan shaxslarga tarjimonlar beriladi. Aholisi davlat tilini bilmaydigan hududlarda davlat tomonidan davlat tilida o'qitish va uning vakolatiga taalluqli masalalarni tushuntirish ta'minlanadi.

Germaniya

1949 yil 23 mayda qabul qilingan va 1995 yilgacha tuzatilgan Konstitutsiya.^[1]

3-modda

3. Hech kimga jinsi, ota-onasi, irqi, tili, vatani va kelib chiqishi, e'tiqodi yoki diniy yoki siyosiy qarashlari sababli xurofot va xayrixohlik berilishi mumkin emas.

Gretsiya

1975 yil 11 iyunda qabul qilingan konstitutsiya.^[1]

3-modda

Muqaddas Bitikning matni o'zgartirilmagan holda saqlanadi. Yunoniston Avtosefal cherkovi va Konstantinopoldagi Buyuk Masihiy cherkovi tomonidan oldindan ruxsat olmasdan, matnni boshqa har qanday shaklga rasmiy tarjima qilish taqiqlanadi.

5-modda

Yunoniston hududida yashovchi barcha shaxslar, millati, irqi yoki tili va diniy yoki siyosiy e'tiqodidan qat'i nazar, o'z hayoti, sha'ni va erkinligi to'liq himoya qilinishiga ega. Istisnolarga faqat xalqaro huquqda nazarda tutilgan hollarda yo'l qo'yiladi.

Vengriya

1949 yil 20-avgustda qabul qilingan Konstitutsiya, 1996 yilgacha yangilandi.^[1]

68-modda

(2) Vengriya Respublikasi milliy va etnik ozchiliklarni himoya qilishni ta'minlaydi va ularning jamoat ishlarida jamoaviy ishtirokini, o'z madaniyatini rivojlantirishni, ona tillaridan foydalanishini, ona tillarida ta'lim olishini va ismlarini ishlatilishini ta'minlaydi. ularning ona tillari.

70A-modda

(1) Vengriya Respublikasi irqiga, rangiga, jinsiga, tiliga, diniga, siyosiy yoki boshqa qarashlariga, milliy yoki ijtimoiy kelib chiqishi, moliyaviy ahvoliga qarab kamsitilmasdan mamlakatdagi barcha odamlarning inson huquqlari va fuqarolik huquqlarini hurmat qiladi, tug'ilish yoki boshqa sabablarga ko'ra.

Islandiya

Til huquqlari bilan bog'liq konstitutsiya yoki konstitutsiyaviy qoidalarga ega emas.

Irlandiya

1937 yil 1-iyulda qabul qilingan konstitutsiya.^[7]

8-modda

1. The Irland tili chunki milliy til birinchi rasmiy tildir.

2. Ingliz tili ikkinchi rasmiy til sifatida tan olingan.

3. Shu bilan birga, ushbu tillarning har qandayidan biron bir yoki bir nechta rasmiy maqsadlarda, butun shtat bo'ylab yoki ularning biron bir qismida eksklyuziv foydalanish uchun qonunlar belgilanishi mumkin.

18-modda

7. Har bir umumiy saylov oldidan Shonad Éireann nomzodlar tarkibidan saylanish uchun qonun hujjatlarida belgilangan tartibda beshta nomzodlar hay'ati tegishli ravishda quyidagi manfaatlar va xizmatlarni biladigan va amaliy tajribaga ega bo'lgan shaxslarning ismlarini o'z ichiga olgan holda tuziladi:

(i) milliy til va madaniyat, adabiyot, san'at, ta'lim va ushbu hay'at uchun qonun bilan belgilanishi mumkin bo'lgan kasb manfaatlari;

25-modda

4.

(3) Har bir qonun loyihasi Prezident tomonidan imzolanadi, unda Oireachtas ikkala palatasi tomonidan qabul qilingan yoki qabul qilingan deb hisoblanadi va agar qonun loyihasi qabul qilingan yoki qabul qilingan deb hisoblansa, ikkala rasmiy tilda , Prezident ushbu tillarning har birida qonun loyihasining matnini imzolaydi.

(4) Prezident qonun loyihasining matnini faqat bitta rasmiy tilda imzolagan taqdirda, rasmiy tarjima boshqa rasmiy tilda beriladi.

(5) Qonun sifatida qonun imzolanganidan va e'lon qilinganidan so'ng, Prezident tomonidan imzolangan ushbu qonunning matni yoki agar Prezident ushbu qonunning matnini har bir rasmiy tilda imzolagan bo'lsa, imzolangan har ikkala matn ham Oliy sudning ro'yxatga olish idorasida yozish uchun yozilgan bo'lishi kerak, yoki ikkala matn ham, shuning uchun ro'yxatdan o'tgan ushbu qonun qoidalarining ishonchli dalili bo'lishi kerak.

(6) Ushbu bo'limga kiritilgan qonunlarning ikkala rasmiy tilda matnlari o'rtasida ziddiyat bo'lsa, milliy tilda matn ustunlik qiladi ...

5.

(1) Bu qonuniydir Taoiseach Vaqti-vaqti bilan, unga Konstitutsiyaning har ikkala rasmiy tilida ham, uning nazorati ostida ushbu Konstitutsiyaning barcha tuzatishlarini o'zida mujassam etgan matni tayyorlanishini talab qilishi kerak bo'lib tuyuladi ...

(4) In case of conflict between the texts of any copy of this Constitution enrolled under this section, the text in the national language shall prevail.

Italiya

Constitution as adopted on 22 December 1947.^[7]

3-modda

All citizens are invested with equal social status and are equal before the law, without distinction as to sex, race, language, religion, political opinions and personal or social conditions.

6-modda

The Republic shall safeguard linguistic minorities by means of special provisions.

Latviya

The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia was adopted by the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia on 15 February 1922 and it was last amended on 30 April 2002.^[7]

4-modda

The Latviya language is the official language in the Republic of Latvia.

Article 114

Persons belonging to ethnic minorities have the right to preserve and develop their language and their ethnic and cultural identity.

In addition the State Language Law provides further protection to Livon tili va Latgalian literary tradition and regards all other languages as a foreign. The law was adopted in December 1999 and entered into force on the 1st of September 2000.

Lixtenshteyn

Constitution as adopted on 6 October 1921.^[7]

6-modda

The Nemis tili is the national and official language.

Litva

Constitution as adopted on 25 October 1992.^[7]

14-modda

Litva shall be the state language.

29-modda

(2) A person may not have his rights restricted in any way, or be granted any privileges, on the basis of his or her sex, race, nationality, language, origin, social status, religion, convictions, or opinions.

37-modda

Citizens who belong to ethnic communities shall have the right to foster their language, culture, and customs.

117-modda

(2) In the Republic of Lithuania court trials shall be conducted in the State language.

(3) Persons who do not speak Lithuanian shall be guaranteed the right to participate in investigation and court proceedings through an interpreter.

Lyuksemburg

Constitution as adopted on 17 October 1868.^[7]

29-modda

The law will determine the use of languages in administrative and judicial matters.

Makedoniya Respublikasi

Constitution as adopted on 17 November 1991.^[7]

7-modda

(1) The Makedoniya language, written using its Cyrillic alphabet, is the official language in the Republic of Macedonia.

(2) In the units of local self-government where the majority of the inhabitants belong to a nationality, in addition to the Macedonian language and Cyrillic alphabet, their language and alphabet are also in official use, in a manner determined by law.

(3) the units of local self-government where there is a considerable number of inhabitants belonging to a nationality, their language and alphabet are also in official use, in addition to the Macedonian language and Cyrillic alphabet, under conditions and in a manner determined by law.

48-modda

(2) The Republic guarantees the protection of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of the nationalities.

(4) Members of the nationalities have the right to instruction in their language in primary and secondary education, as determined by law. In schools where education is carried out in the language of a nationality, the Macedonian language is also studied.

54-modda

(3) The restriction of freedoms and rights cannot discriminate on grounds of sex, race, color of skin, language, religion, national or social origin, property or social status.

Maltada

Constitution as adopted in 1964.^[7]

5-modda

1. The national language of Malta is the Malta til.

2. The Maltese and the English languages and such other languages as may be prescribed by Parliament, by a law passed by not less than two-thirds of all the members of the House of Representatives, shall be the official languages of Malta and the Administration may for all official purposes use any of such languages:

Provided that any person may address the Administration in any of the official languages and the reply of the Administration thereto shall be in such language.

3. The language of the courts shall be the Maltese language:

Provided that Parliament may make such provision for the use of the English language in such cases and under such conditions as it may prescribe.

4. The House of Representatives may, in regulating its own procedure, determine the language or languages that shall be used in parliamentary proceedings and records.

35-modda

2. Any person who is arrested or detained shall be informed, at the time of his arrest or detention, in a language that he understands, of the reasons for his arrest or detention:

Provided that if an interpreter is necessary and is not readily available or if it is otherwise impracticable to comply with the provisions of this subsection at the time of the person's arrest or detention, such provisions shall be complied with as soon as practicable.

75-modda

Save as otherwise provided by Parliament, every law shall be enacted in both the Maltese and English languages and, if there is any conflict between the Maltese and the English texts of any law, the Maltese text shall prevail.

Moldova

Constitution as adopted on 29 July 1994.^[7]

10-modda

(2) The State recognizes and guarantees all its citizens the right to preserve, develop and express their ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity.

13-modda

(1) The national language of the Republic of Moldova is Moldova, and its writing is based on the Latin alphabet.

(2) The Moldovan State acknowledges and protects the right to preserve, develop and use the Russian language and other languages spoken within the national territory of the country.

(3) The State will encourage and promote studies of foreign languages enjoying widespread international usage.

(4) The use of languages in the territory of the Republic of Moldova will be established by organic law.

16-modda

(2) All citizens of the Republic of Moldova are equal before the law and the public authorities, without any discrimination as to race, nationality, ethnic origin, language, religion, sex, political choice, personal property or social origin.

35-modda

(2) The State will enforce under the law the right of each person to choose his/her language in which teaching will be effected.

(3) In all forms of educational institutions the study of the country's official language will be ensured.

78-modda

(2) Any citizen of the Republic of Moldova over 35 years of age that has been living in the country for at least 10 years and speaks the state language can run for the office of President of the Republic of Moldova. The appropriate organic law shall determine the manner of selecting the candidates aspiring to this office.

Article 118

(1) Legal cases will be heard in the Moldovan language.

(2) Those persons who do not know or are unable to speak Moldovan have the right to take knowledge of all documents and items on file and to talk to the court through an interpreter.

(3) In accordance with the law legal hearings may also be conducted in a language that is found to be acceptable by the majority of the persons participating in the hearing.

Monako

Constitution as adopted on 24 December 1922.^[7]

8-modda

The French language is the official language of the state.

Chernogoriya

Chernogoriya became the official language of Montenegro with the ratification of a new constitution on 22 October 2007^[8] Next to it, Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian are recognized in usage.^[6]

Gollandiya

National or official languages: Golland, Achterhoeks, Drents, Western Frisian, Gronings, Limburgisch, Sinte Romani, Vlax Romani, Sallands, Stellingwerfs, Yigirma, Veluws, G'arbiy Yidishcha.^[9]

Norvegiya

Constitution as adopted on 17 May 1814.^[7]

92-modda

Only Norwegian citizens, men and women, who speak the language of the country, shall be appointed to official posts of the state,...

Article 110A

The state authorities have a duty to create conditions in order to make the Sami population able to secure and develop its language, culture and social life.

Polsha

Constitution as adopted on 2 April 1997.^[7]

27-modda

Polsha shall be the official language in the Republic of Poland. This provision shall not infringe upon national minority rights resulting from ratified international agreements

35-modda

(1) The Republic of Poland shall ensure Polish citizens belonging to national or ethnic minorities the freedom to maintain and develop their own language, to maintain customs and traditions, and to develop their own culture.

(2) National and ethnic minorities shall have the right to establish educational and cultural institutions, institutions designed to protect religious identity, as well as to participate in the resolution of matters connected with their cultural identity.

Article 233

(2) Limitation of the freedoms and rights of persons and citizens only by reason of race, gender, language, faith or lack of it, social origin, ancestry or property shall be prohibited.

Portugaliya

Constitution as adopted on 2 April 1976.^[7]

9-modda

The basic tasks of the State are:

f) To secure training on and constant valorization of the Portugal tili, to defend its use and promote its international circulation.

13-modda

(2) No one is privileged, favored, injured, deprived of any right, or exempt from any duty because of his ancestry, sex, race, language, territory of origin, religion, political or ideological convictions, education, economic situation, or social condition.

74-modda

(3) In the implementation of its educational policy it is a State duty to:

h) Secure for emigrants' children the teaching of the Portuguese language and access to Portuguese culture.

Ruminiya

Constitution as adopted on 8 December 1991.^[7]

4-modda

2. Romania is the common and indivisible homeland of all its citizens, without any discrimination on account of race, nationality, ethnic origin, language, religion, sex, opinion, political adherence, property or social origin.

6-modda

1. The state recognises and guarantees the right of persons belonging to national minorities, to the preservation, development and expression of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity.

7-modda

The state shall support the strengthening of links with the Romanians living abroad and shall act accordingly for the preservation, development and expression of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity, under observance of the legislation of the state of which they are citizens.

13-modda

In Romania, the official language is Rumin.

23-modda

5. Any person detained or arrested shall be promptly informed, in a language he understands, of the grounds for his detention or arrest, and notified of the charges against him, as soon as practicable; the notification of the charges shall be made only in the presence of a lawyer of his own choosing or appointed ex officio.

32-modda

2. Education of all grades shall be in Romanian. Education may also be conducted in a foreign language of international use, under the terms laid down by law.

3. The right of persons belonging to national minorities to learn their mother tongue, and their right to be educated in this language are guaranteed; the ways to exercise these rights shall be regulated by law.

Article 127

1. Procedure shall be conducted in Romanian.

2. Citizens belonging to national minorities, as well as persons who cannot understand or speak Romanian have the right to take cognisance of all acts and files of the case, to speak before the Court and formulate conclusions, through an interpreter; in criminal trials, this right shall be ensured free of charge.

148-modda

1. The provisions of this Constitution with regard to the national, independent, unitary and indivisible character of the Romanian state, the Republican form of government, territorial integrity, independence of the judiciary, political pluralism and official language shall not be subject to revision.

Rossiya

Constitution as adopted on 12 December 1993.^[7]

19-modda

2. The state shall guarantee the equality of rights and liberties regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property or employment status, residence, attitude to religion, convictions, membership of public associations or any other circumstance. Any restrictions of the rights of citizens on social, racial, national, linguistic, or religious grounds shall be prohibited.

26-modda

2. Everyone shall have the right to use his native language and to freely choose the language of communication, education, training and creative work.

29-modda

2. Propaganda or inciting social, racial, national, or religious hatred and strife is impermissible. The propaganda of social, racial, national, religious, or linguistic supremacy is forbidden.

68-modda

1. The state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory shall be the Ruscha til.

2. The republics shall have the right to institute their own state languages. They shall be used alongside the state language of the Russian Federation in bodies of state power, bodies of local self-government and state institutions of the republics.

3. The Russian Federation shall guarantee all its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create the conditions for its study and development.

San-Marino

Does not have constitutions or constitutional provisions related to linguistic rights.

Serbiya

The official and national language is Serb.^[10]

Slovakiya

Constitution as adopted on 3 September 1992.^[7]

6-modda

1. Slovak is the official language of the Slovak Republic.

2. The use of languages other than the official language in official communications shall be determined by law.

12-modda

2. Fundamental rights shall be guaranteed in the Slovak Republic to every person regardless of sex, race, colour, language, faith, religion, political affiliation or conviction, national or social origin, nationality or ethnic origin, property, birth or any other status, and no person shall be denied their legal rights, discriminated or favoured on any of these grounds.

26-modda

5. Government authorities and public administration shall be obligated to provide reasonable access to the information in the official language of their work. The terms and procedures of execution thereof shall be specified by law.

34-modda

1. Citizens of national minorities or ethnic groups in the Slovak Republic shall be guaranteed their full development, particularly the rights to promote their cultural heritage with other citizens of the same national minority or ethnic group, receive and disseminate information in their mother tongue, form associations, and create and maintain educational and cultural institutions. Details thereof will be determined by law.

2. In addition to the right to learn the official language, the citizens of national minorities or ethnic groups shall, under conditions defined by law, also be guaranteed:

(a) the right to be educated in a minority language,

(b) the right to use a minority language in official communications,

(c) the right to participate in decision-making in matters affecting the national minorities and ethnic groups.

47-modda

2. Every person shall have the right to counsel from the outset of proceedings before any court of law, or a governmental or public authority as provided by law...

4. A person who claims not to know the language used in the proceedings under section 2 of this Article shall have the right to an interpreter.

Sloveniya

Constitution as adopted on 23 December 1991.^[7]

11-modda

The Sloven language shall be the official language in Slovenia. In the municipalities with Italian or Hungarian populations, the Italyancha yoki Venger language shall also be the official language.

61-modda

Everyone has the right to freely express his belonging to his nation or nationality, to develop and express his culture and to use his language and alphabet.

Article 62

Everyone has the right, in the exercise of the rights and duties as well as in proceedings before state organs and public authorities, to use his own language and alphabet, in the manner determined by law.

Article 64

The avtonom Italian and Hungarian ethnic communities and their members are entitled freely to use their ethnic symbols in order to preserve their ethnic identity, they are entitled to establish organisations, develop economic, cultural, scientific and research activities, and activities in the fields of mass media and publishing. Further they are entitled, as determined by law, to education in their language or to bilingual education. Regions where bilingual schools are compulsory shall be determined by law. The two ethnic communities and their members are entitled to cultivate the relations with their two parent nations and their respective states. The state shall support the implementation of the aforementioned rights financially and morally.

Ispaniya

Constitution as adopted on 29 December 1978.^[7]

3-modda

1. Kastiliya is the official Spanish language of the state. Barcha ispanlar buni bilish va undan foydalanish huquqiga ega.

2. The other languages of Spain will also be official in the respective autonomous communities, in accordance with their statutes.

3. The richness of the linguistic modalities of Spain is a cultural patrimony which will be the object of special respect and protection.

20-modda

3. The law shall regulate the organization and parliamentary control of the means of social communication owned by the State or any public entity and shall guarantee access to those means by significant social and political groups, respecting the pluralism of society and the various languages of Spain.

148-modda

1. The Autonomous Communities may assume jurisdiction in the following matters...

(17) assistance to culture, research and, as the case may be, for the teaching of the language of the Autonomous Community;

Shvetsiya

Constitution as adopted on 1 January 1975.^[7]

1-bob

2-modda

(4) Opportunities should be promoted for ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities to preserve and develop a cultural and social life of their own.

Shveytsariya

National or official languages: Frantsuz, Standard Nemis, Italyancha, Romansch.^[11]

kurka

Constitution of 1982 as amended 17 October 2001.^[7]

3-modda

The Turkish State, with its territory and nation, is an indivisible entity. Its language is Turkcha.

10-modda

All individuals are equal without any discrimination before the law, irrespective of language, race, colour, sex, political opinion, philosophical belief, religion and sect, or any such considerations.

42-modda

...No language other than Turkish shall be taught as a mother tongue to Turkish citizens at any institutions of training or education. Foreign languages to be taught in institutions of training and education and the rules to be followed by schools conducting training and education in a foreign language shall be determined by law.

134-modda

The "Atatürk High Institution of Culture, Language and History" shall be established as a public corporate body, under the moral aegis of Otaturk, under the supervision of and with the support of the President of the Republic, attached to the Office of the Prime Minister, and composed of the Atatürk Centre of Research, the Turkish Language Society, the Turkish Historical Society and the Atatürk Cultural Centre, in order to conduct scientific research, to produce publications and to disseminate information on the thought, principles and reforms of Atatürk, Turkish culture, Turkish history and the Turkish language.

The financial income of the Turkish Language Society and Turkish Historical Society, bequeathed to them by Atatürk in his will are reserved and shall be allocated to them accordingly.

The establishment, organs, operating procedures and personnel matters of the Atatürk High Institution of Culture, Language and History, and its authority over the institutions within it, shall be regulated by law.

Ukraina

Constitution as adopted on 28 June 1996.^[7]

10-modda

The state language of Ukraine is the Ukrain til.

The State ensures the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of social life throughout the entire territory of Ukraine.

In Ukraine, the free development, use and protection of Russian, and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine, is guaranteed.

The State promotes the learning of languages of international communication.

The use of languages in Ukraine is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine and is determined by law.

53-modda

Citizens who belong to national minorities are guaranteed in accordance with the law the right to receive instruction in their native language, or to study their native language in state and communal educational establishments and through national cultural societies.

92-modda

The following are determined exclusively by the laws of Ukraine:

(3) the rights of indigenous peoples and national minorities;

(4) the procedure for the use of languages;

Article 103

A citizen of Ukraine who has attained the age of thirty-five, has the right to vote, has resided in Ukraine for the past ten years prior to the day of elections, and has command of the state language, may be elected as the President of Ukraine.

Article 138

The competence of the Autonomous Republic of Qrim tarkibiga quyidagilar kiradi:

(8) ensuring the operation and development of the state language and national languages and cultures in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea; protection and use of historical monuments;

148-modda

A citizen of Ukraine who has attained the age of forty on the day of appointment, has a higher legal education and professional experience of no less than ten years, has resided in Ukraine for the last twenty years, and has command of the state language, may be a judge of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine.

Birlashgan Qirollik

National or official languages: Ingliz tili, Uelscha, Frantsuz (regional).^[12]

Vatikan shahri

National or official language: Lotin.^[13]

Shuningdek qarang

• Til huquqlari
• Afrika konstitutsiyalarida lingvistik huquqlar ro'yxati
• Mamlakatlar bo'yicha inson huquqlari bo'yicha maqolalar ro'yxati
• Mintaqaviy yoki ozchilik tillar uchun Evropa Xartiyasi
• Milliy ozchiliklarni himoya qilish bo'yicha ramka konvensiyasi
• Evropa Kengashi
• Yevropa Ittifoqi
• Evropa Kengashi
• Evropa Ittifoqi Kengashi
• Evropa inson huquqlari sudi
• Evropada inson huquqlari
• Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Evropa konventsiyasi
• Mamlakatlar bo'yicha so'z erkinligi
• So'z erkinligi

Adabiyotlar