Islandiya - Iceland

Koordinatalar: 65 ° N 18 ° V / 65 ° N 18 ° Vt / 65; -18

Islandiya Orol
Bayroq Gerb
Madhiya:"Lofsöngur "
Globusni ko'rsating Evropa xaritasini ko'rsatish
Poytaxt va eng katta shahar	Reykyavik 64 ° 08′N 21 ° 56′W / 64.133 ° N 21.933 ° Vt / 64.133; -21.933
Rasmiy til va milliy til	Islandcha
Etnik guruhlar (2018)[a][1]	89% Islandcha 5% Polsha 1% Litvaliklar 5% boshqalar
Din	Islandiya cherkovi
Demonim (lar)	Island Islandcha
Hukumat	Unitar parlament respublika
• Prezident	Gudni Th. Jonanson
• Bosh Vazir	Katrin Yakobsdottir
• Parlament prezidenti	Steingrímur J. Sigfusson
• Oliy sud raisi	Þorgeir Örlygsson
Qonunchilik palatasi	Hamma narsa
Shakllanish
• Hisob-kitob	9-asr
• Hamdo'stlik Ning tashkil etilishi Hamma narsa	930–1262
• Norvegiya bilan ittifoq Imzosi Eski Ahd	1262–1397
• Kalmar ittifoqi	1397–1523
• Daniya - Norvegiya	1523–1814
• Kiel shartnomasi Yuborilgan Daniya	14 yanvar 1814 yil
• Konstitutsiya va cheklangan uy qoidasi Islandiya vaziri tayinlangan	5-yanvar, 1874 yil
• Kengaytirilgan uy qoidalari	1904 yil 1-fevral
• Suverenitet Daniya-Islandiya ittifoq qonuni	1918 yil 1-dekabr
• Respublika	1944 yil 17-iyun
• EFTAga qo'shilish	3 may 1960 yil
Maydon
• Jami	102,775[2] km2 (39,682 sqm mil) (106-chi )
• Suv (%)	2.07 (2015 yil holatiga ko'ra)[3]
Aholisi
• 2020 yilgi taxmin	364,134[4] (179-chi )
• 2011 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish	315,556[5]
• zichlik	3,5 / km2 (9,1 / kvadrat milya) (190-chi )
YaIM  (PPP )	2019 yilgi taxmin
• Jami	20 milliard dollar[6] (142-chi )
• Aholi jon boshiga	$56,066[6] (16-chi )
YaIM  (nominal)	2019 yilgi taxmin
• Jami	24 milliard dollar[6]
• Aholi jon boshiga	$67,037[6] (5-chi )
Jini  (2016)	24.1[7] past · 2-chi
HDI  (2018)	0.938[8] juda baland · 6-chi
Valyuta	Islandiya kroni (ISK )
Vaqt zonasi	UTC[b] (GMT /HAM )
Sana formati	dd / mm / yyyy
Haydash tomoni	to'g'ri
Qo'ng'iroq kodi	+354
ISO 3166 kodi	IS
Internet TLD	.bu

Islandiya (Islandcha: Orol; [ˈIstlant] (tinglang))^[c] a Shimoliy orol mamlakat ichida Shimoliy Atlantika okeani, 356.991 nafar aholi bilan^[4] va maydoni 103000 km² (40,000 sqm mil), bu eng yuqori natijani beradi aholisi kam mamlakat yilda Evropa.^[d][11] The poytaxt va eng katta shahar Reykyavik. Mamlakatning janubi-g'arbiy qismida Reykyavik va uning atrofidagi hududlarda aholining uchdan ikki qismidan ko'prog'i yashaydi. Islandiya vulqon va geologik jihatdan faol. Ichki qismi qum va bilan xarakterlanadigan platolardan iborat lava dalalari, tog'lar va muzliklar va ko'plab muzlik daryolari pasttekisliklar orqali dengizga oqib keladi. Islandiya Gulf Stream va undan tashqarida joylashgan baland kenglikka qaramay, mo''tadil iqlimga ega Arktika doirasi. Uning yuqori kengligi va dengiz ta'siri yozni sovuq tutadi, aksariyat hollarda arxipelag ega bo'lish qutbli iqlim.

Qadimgi qo'lyozma ma'lumotlariga ko'ra Landnamabok, Islandiyaning joylashishi milodiy 874 yilda boshlangan Norvegiya boshliq Ingólfr Arnarson orolda birinchi doimiy ko'chmanchiga aylandi.^[12] Keyingi asrlarda, Norvegiyaliklar, va boshqacha darajada Skandinaviyaliklar, ular bilan birga Islandiyaga hijrat qilgan gumbazlar (ya'ni qullar yoki krepostlar) ning Gael kelib chiqishi.

Orol an sifatida boshqarilgan mustaqil hamdo'stlik ostida Hamma narsa, dunyodagi eng qadimgi qonun chiqaruvchi yig'ilishlardan biri. Keyingi a fuqarolik nizolari davri, Islandiya XIII asrda Norvegiya boshqaruviga qo'shildi. Ning tashkil etilishi Kalmar ittifoqi 1397 yilda Norvegiya, Daniya va Shvetsiya qirolliklarini birlashtirdi. Shunday qilib, Islandiya Norvegiyaning ushbu ittifoqga qo'shilishini kuzatib bordi va 1523 yilda Shvetsiya ittifoqdan chiqqanidan keyin Daniya hukmronligi ostiga tushdi. Lyuteranizm 1550 yilda kuch bilan Islandiya uzoq yarim mustamlaka hududi bo'lib qoldi, u erda Daniya muassasalari va infratuzilmalari ularning yo'qligi bilan ajralib turardi.

Izidan Frantsiya inqilobi va Napoleon urushlari, Islandiyaning mustaqillik uchun kurashi shakllanib, avjiga chiqdi 1918 yilda mustaqillik va a respublika 1944 yilda. Garchi uning parlamenti (Alting) 1799 yildan 1845 yilgacha to'xtatib qo'yilgan bo'lsa-da, orol respublikasi dunyodagi eng qadimgi va eng uzoq muddatli parlamentni qo'llab-quvvatlagan.

20-asrga qadar Islandiya asosan baliq ovlash va qishloq xo'jaligiga tayangan. Baliqchilikni sanoatlashtirish va Marshall rejasi yordam quyidagi Ikkinchi jahon urushi farovonlik keltirdi va Islandiya dunyodagi eng boy va eng rivojlangan davlatlardan biriga aylandi. Bu qismning bir qismiga aylandi Evropa iqtisodiy zonasi 1994 yilda; bu iqtisodiyotni moliya, biotexnologiya va ishlab chiqarish kabi sohalarga yanada diversifikatsiya qildi.

Islandiyada a bozor iqtisodiyoti boshqalarga nisbatan nisbatan past soliqlar bilan OECD mamlakatlar,^[13] shuningdek dunyodagi eng yuqori kasaba uyushmalariga a'zolik.^[14] Bu a Nordic ijtimoiy ta'minot tizimi beradi universal sog'liqni saqlash va oliy ma'lumot uning fuqarolari uchun.^[15] Islandiya iqtisodiy jihatdan yuqori o'rinlarni egallaydi, demokratik, ijtimoiy barqarorlik va tenglik, tomonidan dunyoda uchinchi o'rinda turadi kattalar uchun o'rtacha boylik. 2018 yilda u dunyodagi eng rivojlangan oltinchi mamlakat sifatida qayd etildi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson taraqqiyoti indeksi va u birinchi o'rinda turadi Global tinchlik indeksi.^[16] Islandiya deyarli to'liq ishlaydi qayta tiklanadigan energiya.

Tomonidan qattiq urish butun dunyoda moliyaviy inqiroz, mamlakatning butun bank tizimi tizimli ravishda muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi iqtisodiy inqirozga olib keladigan 2008 yil oktyabrda^[17] va mamlakatning uchta yirik bankining qulashi.^[18] Inqiroz jiddiy sabab bo'ldi siyosiy notinchlik,^[19] The Icesave nizosi,^[20] va instituti kapitalni boshqarish (2008 yilda tayinlangan va 2017 yilda olib tashlangan).^[18][21] 2014 yilga kelib, Islandiya iqtisodiyoti sezilarli darajada tiklandi, asosan, o'sish tufayli turizm.^[22][23]

Islandiya madaniyati xalqning Skandinaviya merosiga asoslanadi. Islandiyaliklarning aksariyati avlodlari Norse va Gael ko'chmanchilar. Islandcha, a Shimoliy german tili, kelib chiqishi Qadimgi G'arbiy Norvegiya bilan chambarchas bog'liq Faro. Mamlakatning madaniy merosi an'anaviylarni o'z ichiga oladi Island oshxonasi, Islandiya adabiyoti va O'rta asr dostonlari. Islandiya aholisi orasida eng kam aholiga ega NATO a'zosi va u bilan yagona doimiy armiya yo'q, engil qurollangan qirg'oq qo'riqchisi.^[24]

Etimologiya

Norsmenlarning Islandiyaga tushishi - 19-asr tasviri Oskar Vergeland.

The Islandlarning sagalari ismli bir norvegiyalik deb ayt Naddod (yoki Naddador) birinchi edi Norseman Islandiyaga etib borish uchun va 9-asrda u qor yog'ayotgani sababli uni Snæland yoki "qorli er" deb nomlagan. Naddoddan keyin shved Gardar Svavarsson keldi va shu sababli orol o'shanda Gargarshulmur deb nomlangan, ya'ni "Gardar oroli" degan ma'noni anglatadi.

Keyin viking paydo bo'ldi Flóki Vilgerðarson; qizi marshrutda g'arq bo'lgan, keyin chorva mollari ochlikdan o'lgan. Dostonlarning aytishicha, umidsizlikka tushgan Floki toqqa chiqib, fyordni ko'rgan (Arnarfyordur ) aysberglarga to'la, bu uning orolga yangi va hozirgi nomini berishiga olib keldi.^[25] Islandiyaning Viking ko'chmanchilari o'zlarining oroli orollarini haddan tashqari ko'chib ketishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun ushbu nomni tanladilar degan fikr afsonadir.^[25]

Tarix

874–1262: Qarorgoh va Hamdo'stlik

Ingólfr Arnarson (zamonaviy islandcha: Ingolfur Arnarson), birinchi doimiy Skandinaviya ko'chmanchisi

Ikkalasiga ko'ra Landnamabok va Lslendingabók, sifatida tanilgan rohiblar Papar Skandinaviya ko'chmanchilari kelguniga qadar Islandiyada yashagan, ehtimol a Giberno-Shotlandiya missiyasi. Yaqinda arxeologik qazish ishlari natijasida idishni xarobalari aniqlandi Hafnir ustida Reykjanes yarimoroli. Uglerod bilan tanishish 770 va 880 yillar oralig'ida tark qilinganligini ko'rsatadi.^[26] 2016 yilda arxeologlar a uzun uy yilda Stodvarfjördur bu 800 yilga to'g'ri keladi.^[27]

Shved Viking kashfiyotchisi Gardar Svavarsson birinchi bo'lib 870 yilda Islandiyani aylanib chiqdi va uning orol ekanligini aniqladi.^[28] U qish paytida qoldi va uy qurdi Husavik. Gardar keyingi yozda jo'nab ketdi, ammo uning odamlaridan biri, Natfari, ikki qul bilan ortda qolishga qaror qildi. Natfari hozirgi Nattfaravik nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan joyga joylashdi va u va uning qullari Islandiyaning birinchi doimiy aholisi bo'lishdi.^[29][30]

Norvegiya va Norvegiya boshlig'i Ingólfr Arnarson uning uyini 874 yilda hozirgi Reykyavikda qurgan. Ingolfrdan keyin ko'plab boshqa ko'chmanchi ko'chmanchilar, asosan skandinaviyaliklar va ular gumbazlar, ularning aksariyati Irlandiyalik yoki Shotlandiya edi.^[31] 930 yilga kelib, ko'pchilik ekin maydonlari orolda da'vo qilingan edi; The Hamma narsa, Islandiya Hamdo'stligini tartibga solish uchun qonun chiqaruvchi va sud majlisi boshlandi. Ishga yaroqli erlarning etishmasligi ham sabab bo'ldi Grenlandiyaning joylashishi 986 yildan boshlab.^[32] Ushbu dastlabki aholi punktlari davri bilan mos tushdi O'rta asrlarning iliq davri, harorat 20-asrning boshlaridagi kabi bo'lganida.^[33] Ayni paytda Islandiyaning 25 foizga yaqini o'rmon bilan qoplangan, bugungi kunda bu ko'rsatkich 1 foizga teng edi.^[34] Xristianlik qabul qilindi konsensus asosida 999-1000 atrofida bo'lsa ham Norvegiya butparastligi Keyinchalik bir necha yil davomida aholi qatlamlari orasida saqlanib qoldi.^[35]

O'rta asrlar

Isvör, tashqarida joylashgan eski baliq ovlash punktining nusxasi Bolungarvik

The Islandiya Hamdo'stligi 13-asrga qadar davom etdi, o'sha davrda asl ko'chmanchilar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan siyosiy tizim islandiya boshliqlarining kuchayib borayotgan kuchiga bardosh bera olmagan.^[36] Ichki kurashlar va ichki nizolar Sturlungs yoshi imzolashga olib keldi Eski Ahd 1262 yilda, bu Hamdo'stlikni tugatdi va Islandiyani Norvegiya toji ostiga oldi. Islandiyani egallash Norvegiya qirolligi (872–1397) uchun Kalmar ittifoqi 1415 yilda, qachon Norvegiya, Daniya va Shvetsiya birlashgan edi. 1523 yilda ittifoq parchalanganidan keyin u Norvegiyaga qaram bo'lib qoldi Daniya - Norvegiya.

Bepusht tuproq, vulqon otilishi, o'rmonlarning kesilishi va kechirimsiz iqlim, tirikchilik deyarli butunlay qishloq xo'jaligiga bog'liq bo'lgan jamiyatda qattiq hayot kechirishga olib keldi. The Qora o'lim birinchi marta 1402-1404 yillarda va yana 1494–1495 yillarda Islandiyani ikki marta supurib tashladi.^[37] Avvalgi epidemiya aholining 50% dan 60% gacha, ikkinchisi esa 30% dan 50% gacha o'lgan.^[38]

Islohot va dastlabki zamonaviy davr

Taxminan 16-asrning o'rtalarida, qismi sifatida Protestant islohoti Shoh Daniyalik nasroniy III majburlashni boshladi Lyuteranizm uning barcha mavzularida. Jon Arason, oxirgi katolik episkopi Xolar, 1550 yilda uning ikki o'g'li bilan birga boshi kesilgan. Keyinchalik mamlakat rasman lyuteranga aylandi va lyuteranizm hukmron din bo'lib qoldi.

Tomonidan 17-asrning boshlarida nashr etilgan Islandiyaning xaritasi Gerardus Mercator

17-18 asrlarda Daniya majbur qildi tijoratning qattiq cheklovlari Islandiyada. Tabiiy ofatlar, shu jumladan vulqon otilishi va kasalliklar aholining kamayishiga yordam berdi. Bir necha mamlakatlardan kelgan garovgirlar, shu jumladan Barbari qirg'og'i, Islandiyaning qirg'oq bo'yidagi aholi punktlariga bostirib kirib, odamlarni qullikka olib qochgan.^[39][40] Ajoyib chechak 18-asrda epidemiya aholining uchdan bir qismini o'ldirdi.^[41][42] 1783 yilda Laki halokatli ta'sirga ega bo'lgan vulqon otilib chiqdi.^[43] Portlashdan keyingi yillarda, deb nomlanuvchi Tuman qiyinchiliklari (Islandcha: Moguharðindin), mamlakatdagi barcha chorva mollarining yarmidan ko'pi nobud bo'ldi. Keyingi yillarda aholining to'rtdan bir qismi ochlikdan o'ldi ochlik.^[44]

1814–1918: Mustaqillik harakati

1814 yilda, quyidagilarga rioya qilgan holda Napoleon urushlari, Daniya-Norvegiya ikki orqali alohida qirolliklarga bo'lindi Kiel shartnomasi ammo Islandiya Daniyaga qaram bo'lib qoldi. 19-asr davomida mamlakatning iqlimi sovuqlashishda davom etdi, natijada bu erga ommaviy ko'chish bo'ldi Yangi dunyo, ayniqsa mintaqaga Gimli, Manitoba ba'zan deb nomlangan Kanadada Yangi Islandiya. Jami 70 ming aholidan taxminan 15000 kishi ko'chib ketgan.^[45]

Ilhomlanib, milliy ong 19-asrning birinchi yarmida paydo bo'ldi romantik va millatchi Evropa materikidagi g'oyalar. 1850-yillarda Islandiya mustaqilligi harakati boshchiligida shakllandi Jon Sigurdsson, ilhomlanib rivojlanayotgan Island millatiga asoslangan Fyolnismenn va Daniyada o'qigan boshqa Islandiyalik ziyolilar. 1874 yilda Daniya Islandiyaga konstitutsiya va cheklangan uy boshqaruvi berdi. Bu 1904 yilda kengaytirildi va Hannes Xafshteyn birinchi bo'lib xizmat qilgan Islandiya vaziri Daniya kabinetida.

1918–1944 yillar: Islandiya mustaqilligi va qirolligi

HMSBervik inglizlarni boshqargan Islandiyani bosib olish

The Daniya-Islandiya ittifoq qonuni, Daniya bilan 1918 yil 1-dekabrda imzolangan va 25 yil davomida amal qilgan kelishuv Islandiyani to'liq suveren va mustaqil davlat sifatida tan oldi. shaxsiy birlashma Daniya bilan. Islandiya hukumati Kopengagendagi elchixonasini tashkil qildi va Daniyadan Alting bilan maslahatlashib, uning nomidan ba'zi mudofaa va tashqi ishlar bilan shug'ullanishni so'radi. Daniyaning dunyodagi elchixonalari ikki dona gerb va ikkita bayroqni namoyish qildilar: Daniya qirolligi va Islandiya qirolligi. Islandiyaning huquqiy mavqei Kanada kabi Millatlar Hamdo'stligiga kiruvchi davlatlar bilan taqqoslanadigan bo'lib, ularning suvereniteti qirolicha Yelizaveta II.

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Islandiya betaraflikni tasdiqlash uchun Daniyaga qo'shildi. Keyin Germaniyaning Daniyani bosib olishi 1940 yil 9-aprelda Alting qirolni regent bilan almashtirdi va Islandiya hukumati o'zining mudofaasi va tashqi ishlarini o'z qo'liga olishini e'lon qildi.^[46] Bir oy o'tgach, Britaniya qurolli kuchlari Faoliyat, Islandiya tilini buzgan holda mamlakatni bosib olish va bosib olish betaraflik.^[47] 1941 yilda Buyuk Britaniyaga do'stona Islandiya hukumati o'sha paytda betaraf bo'lgan AQShni mudofaasini o'z zimmasiga olishga taklif qildi, shunda Britaniya o'z qo'shinlarini boshqa joyda ishlatishi mumkin edi.^[46]

1944 yil - hozir: Islandiya Respublikasi

Angliya va Islandiya kemalari to'qnashadi Atlantika okeani davomida Cod urushlari (Islandiya kemasi chapda, Britaniya kemasi o'ngda)

1943 yil 31-dekabrda Daniya-Islandiya ittifoq qonuni 25 yildan keyin muddati tugagan. 1944 yil 20-maydan boshlab Islandiyaliklar Daniya bilan shaxsiy ittifoqni tugatish, monarxiyani bekor qilish va respublika tuzish to'g'risida to'rt kunlik plebisitda ovoz berishdi. Ovoz berishda ittifoqni tugatish uchun 97%, yangi respublika konstitutsiyasi uchun 95% ovoz berildi.^[48] Islandiya 1944 yil 17-iyunda rasmiy ravishda respublikaga aylandi Sveynn Byornsson uning birinchi prezidenti sifatida.

1946 yilda AQSh mudofaa kuchlari ittifoqchisi Islandiyani tark etdi. Millat rasmiy ravishda a'zosi bo'ldi NATO 1949 yil 30 martda ichki qarama-qarshiliklar va tartibsizliklar. 1951 yil 5-mayda AQSh bilan mudofaa to'g'risidagi bitim imzolandi. Amerika qo'shinlari Islandiyaga qaytib kelishdi Islandiya mudofaa kuchlari va davomida qoldi Sovuq urush. AQSh 2006 yil 30 sentyabrda so'nggi kuchlarini olib chiqib ketdi.

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Islandiya gullab-yashnagan. Urushdan keyingi bevosita davr sezilarli darajada davom etdi iqtisodiy o'sish, baliq ovlash sanoatining va AQShning sanoatlashtirilishi bilan bog'liq Marshall rejasi dastur, bu orqali Islandiyaliklar Evropaning har bir mamlakatida jon boshiga eng ko'p yordam olishgan (209 AQSh dollarida, urush vayron qilingan holda) Gollandiya uzoq soniyada 109 AQSh dollari).^[49][50]

1970-yillar Cod urushlari - bilan bir nechta nizolar Birlashgan Qirollik Islandiyaning baliq ovlash chegaralarini 200 nmi (370 km) dengizgacha kengaytirishi. Islandiya mezbonlik qildi 1986 yilda Reykyavikdagi sammit Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti o'rtasida Ronald Reygan va Sovet Bosh vaziri Mixail Gorbachyov, ular davomida muhim qadamlarni tashladilar yadroviy qurolsizlanish. Bir necha yil o'tgach, Islandiya mustaqilligini tan olgan birinchi mamlakat bo'ldi Estoniya, Latviya va Litva ular kabi uzildi SSSRdan. 1990 yillar davomida mamlakat xalqaro rolini kengaytirdi va gumanitar va tinchlikparvarlik maqsadlariga yo'naltirilgan tashqi siyosatini ishlab chiqdi. Shu maqsadda Islandiya NATO boshchiligidagi turli aralashuvlarga yordam va tajriba taqdim etdi Bosniya, Kosovo va Iroq.^[51]

Islandiya qo'shildi Evropa iqtisodiy zonasi 1994 yilda, undan keyin iqtisodiyot juda diversifikatsiya qilindi va liberallashtirildi. Xalqaro iqtisodiy aloqalar 2001 yildan so'ng, Islandiyaning yangi tartibga solinadigan banklari katta miqdordagi mablag'larni jalb qila boshlaganidan keyin yanada oshdi tashqi qarz, Islandiyaning 32 foizga o'sishiga hissa qo'shmoqda yalpi milliy daromad 2002 yildan 2007 yilgacha.^[52][53]

Iqtisodiy o'sish va inqiroz

2003-2007 yillarda hukumat qoshidagi bank sektori xususiylashtirilgandan so'ng Devid Oddsson, Islandiya xalqaro investitsiya banki va moliyaviy xizmatlariga asoslangan iqtisodiyotga ega bo'lishga intildi.^[54] U tezda dunyoning eng gullab-yashnagan mamlakatlaridan biriga aylandi, ammo a tomonidan qattiq zarba berildi katta moliyaviy inqiroz.^[54] Inqiroz natijasida Islandiyadan 1887 yildan buyon eng katta migratsiya yuz berdi, 2009 yilda aniq 5 ming kishi ko'chib ketdi.^[55] Islandiya hukumati davrida iqtisodiyot barqarorlashdi Jonna Sigurdalottir, va 2012 yilda 1,6% ga o'sdi.^[56] Markaziy o'ng Mustaqillik partiyasi bilan koalitsiyada hokimiyatga qaytarildi Progressive Party 2013 yilgi saylovlarda.^[57] Keyingi yillarda Islandiyada sayyohlik rivojlandi, chunki mamlakat mashhur dam olish joyiga aylandi. 2016 yilda Bosh vazir Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson ga aloqador bo'lganidan keyin iste'foga chiqdi Panama hujjatlari janjal.^[58] 2016 yildagi erta saylovlar natijasida o'ng qanot koalitsiya hukumati tuzildi Mustaqillik partiyasi, Islohot partiyasi va Yorqin kelajak.^[59] Ushbu hukumat "Yorqin kelajak" koalitsiyani tark etgach, o'sha paytdagi Bosh vazir bilan bog'liq mojaro tufayli qulab tushdi Bjarni Benediktsson sudlangan bolani jinsiy jinoyatchini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun otasining maktubi.^[60] 2017 yil oktyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan navbatdan tashqari saylovlar Mustaqillik partiyasi, Taraqqiyot partiyasi va Chap-yashil harakat boshchiligidagi Katrin Yakobsdottir.^[61]

Geografiya

Umumiy topografik xarita

Islandiya Shimoliy Atlantika va Shimoliy Muz okeanlari tutashgan joyda. Asosiy orol butunlay janubda joylashgan Arktika doirasi, kichik Islandiyaning orolidan o'tadi Grimsey asosiy orolning shimoliy qirg'og'ida. Mamlakat kenglik oralig'ida joylashgan 63 va 68 ° N va uzunliklar 25 va 13 ° V.

Islandiya yaqinroq Evropa qit'asi Shimoliy Amerika materikiga qaraganda, garchi u eng yaqin bo'lsa Grenlandiya (290 km, 180 milya), Shimoliy Amerika oroli. Islandiya odatda geografik, tarixiy, siyosiy, madaniy, lingvistik va amaliy sabablarga ko'ra Evropaga kiritilgan.^{[62][63][64][65]} Geologik jihatdan orol ikkala qit'a plitalarining qismlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Evropadagi eng yaqin er tanalari bu Farer orollari (420 km, 260 mil); Jan Mayen Orol (570 km, 350 milya); Shetland va Tashqi gibridlar, ikkalasi ham taxminan 740 km (460 milya); va Shotlandiya materik va Orkney, ikkalasi ham taxminan 750 km (470 milya). Kontinental Evropaning eng yaqin qismi Norvegiya materikidir, taxminan 970 km (600 milya) uzoqlikda, Shimoliy Amerika materiki esa 2070 km (1290 mil) uzoqlikda, shimoliy uchida joylashgan. Labrador.

Islandiyaning uchta odatiy manzarasi

Islandiya bu dunyodagi eng katta 18-orol va Evropaning Buyuk Britaniyadan keyingi ikkinchi yirik orolidir. (Orol Irlandiya uchinchi.) Asosiy orol 101,826 km² (39 315 kv. Mil), ammo butun mamlakat 103000 km² (40,000 sqm mil), ularning 62,7% tashkil etadi tundra. Islandiyada 30 ga yaqin kichik orollar, shu jumladan oz sonli aholi yashaydigan Grimsey va Vestmannaeyjar arxipelag. Uning sirtining 14,3% ko'llar va muzliklar egallaydi; atigi 23% o'simlik bilan qoplangan.^[66] Eng katta ko'llar Risórisvatn suv ombori: 83–88 km² (32-34 kvadrat milya) va Nilufar: 82 km² (32 kvadrat milya); boshqa muhim ko'llar kiradi Lagarfljot va Myvatn. Jokulsarlon eng chuqur ko'l bo'lib, uning balandligi 248 m (814 fut).^[67]

Geologik jihatdan Islandiya O'rta Atlantika tizmasi, bo'ylab joylashgan tizma okean qobig'i tarqaladi va yangi okean qobig'ini hosil qiladi. O'rta okean tizmasining bu qismi mantiya shlyuzi ustida joylashgan bo'lib, Islandiyani keltirib chiqaradi subaerial (dengiz sathidan yuqorida). Tog'lar orasidagi chegarani belgilaydi Evroosiyo va Shimoliy Amerika plitalari, va Islandiya tomonidan yaratilgan rifting va ko'payish tog 'tizmasi bo'ylab vulkanizm orqali.^[68]

Ko'pchilik fyordlar Islandiyaning 4970 km uzunlikdagi (3088 milya) sohilini punktuatsiya qiling, u ham ko'pgina aholi punktlari joylashgan joyda. Orolning ichki qismi Islandiyaning tog'li joylari, qum, tog'lar va ning sovuq va yashash uchun yaroqsiz birikmasidir lava dalalari. Yirik shaharlari - poytaxt Reykyavik, uning chekka shaharlari bilan bir qatorda Kopavogur, Hafnarfyörhur va Gargabær, yaqin Reykjanesbær xalqaro aeroport joylashgan shaharcha Akureyri shimoliy Islandiyada. Arktika doirasidagi Grimsey oroli Islandiyaning shimoliy qismida joylashgan Kolbeinsey Islandiyaning eng shimoliy nuqtasini o'z ichiga oladi.^[69] Islandiyada bor uchta milliy bog ': Vatnayokull milliy bog'i, Snæfellsjokull milliy bog'i va Velingvellir milliy bog'i.^[70] Mamlakat atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha "kuchli ijrochi" hisoblanadi, 13-o'rinni egallagan Yel universiteti 2012 yil atrof-muhit samaradorligi ko'rsatkichi.^[71]

• 

  Islandiya 2004 yil 29 yanvarda kosmosdan ko'rinib turibdi

• 

  Sudureyri

• 

  Nordfjördur

• 

  The Eyjafjallajökullning otilishi

• 

  Ko'rinib turganidek landshaft Laugavegur piyoda yurish yo'li

Geologiya

Portlash Geysir yilda Xaukadalur vodiy, ma'lum bo'lgan eng qadimgi geyzer dunyoda

Gullfoss, Islandiyaning ramziy sharsharasi

Geologik jihatdan yosh er, Islandiya Islandiya platosi, a katta magmatik viloyat vulkanizmi natijasida hosil bo'lgan Islandiyaning qaynoq nuqtasi va bo'ylab O'rta Atlantika tizmasi, ikkinchisi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri u orqali o'tadi.^[72] Bu shuni anglatadiki, orol ko'plab vulkanlar bilan yuqori geologik faoldir, shu jumladan Hekla, Eldgja, Herðubreið va Eldfell.^[73] Vulkanik otilishi Laki 1783–1784 yillarda orol aholisining qariyb to'rtdan bir qismini o'ldirgan ocharchilikka sabab bo'ldi.^[74] Bundan tashqari, otilish natijasida bir necha oydan beri Evropaning aksariyat qismi va Osiyo va Afrikaning ba'zi joylarida chang bulutlari va tumanlar paydo bo'ldi va boshqa mintaqalardagi iqlim sharoitlariga ta'sir ko'rsatdi.^[75]

Islandiyada juda ko'p geyzerlar, shu jumladan Geysir, qaysi inglizcha so'zi kelib chiqqan va mashhur Strokkur, har 8-10 daqiqada otilib chiqadi. Faoliyatsizlik bosqichidan so'ng Geysir a dan keyin yana otila boshladi 2000 yildagi qator zilzilalar. Geysir o'shandan beri jim bo'lib qoldi va tez-tez otilib chiqmaydi.^[76]

Ning keng tarqalganligi bilan geotermik quvvat va ko'plab daryo va sharsharalardan foydalanish gidroelektr, aksariyat aholi arzon issiq suv, isitish va elektr energiyasidan foydalanish imkoniyatiga ega. Orol asosan iborat bazalt, pastkremniy bilan bog'liq bo'lgan lava effuziv vulkanizm kabi sodir bo'lgan Gavayi. Islandiya, ammo turli xil vulkanik turlarga ega (kompozitsion va yoriq), ko'pchilik rivojlangan lavalarni ishlab chiqaradi. riyolit va andezit. Islandiyada 30 ga yaqin faol vulqon tizimiga ega yuzlab vulqonlar mavjud.^[77]

Surtsi, dunyodagi eng yosh orollardan biri, Islandiyaning bir qismidir. Nomlangan Surtr, 1963 yil 8-noyabr va 1968 yil 5-iyun kunlari orasida bir qator vulqon portlashlarida okean ustida ko'tarildi.^[69] Orolga faqat yangi hayotning o'sishini o'rganadigan olimlar tashrif buyurishlari mumkin.^[78]

2010 yil 21 martda, a Eyjafjallajökulldagi vulqon Islandiyaning janubida 1821 yildan beri birinchi marta otilib chiqdi va 600 kishini uylarini tark etishga majbur qildi.^[79] 14 aprelda yuz bergan qo'shimcha portlashlar yuzlab odamlarni uylarini tark etishga majbur qildi.^[80] Natijada paydo bo'lgan bulut vulkanik kul olib keldi havo qatnovining katta buzilishi Evropa bo'ylab.^[81]

Reykir atrofidagi maydonlarning yuqori obzori

2011 yil 21 mayda yana bir katta otilish sodir bo'ldi. Bu safar Grimsvotn vulkan, Evropaning eng katta muzligining qalin muzi ostida joylashgan, Vatnajökull. Grímsvötn - Islandiyaning eng faol vulqonlaridan biri va bu portlash 2010 yildagi Eyjafjallajokull faoliyatiga qaraganda ancha kuchliroq edi, kul va lava atmosferaga 20 km (12 milya) tashlab, katta bulut hosil qildi.^[82]

Islandiya uchun eng baland balandlik 2110 m (6923 fut) balandlikda qayd etilgan Xvannadalshnukur (64 ° 00′N 16 ° 39′W).

Iqlim

Köppen iqlim tasnifi Islandiyaning turlari

Eyjafjallajökull kichikroq muzliklardan biri Islandiya muzliklari

Islandiya qirg'og'ining iqlimi subarktika. Issiq Shimoliy Atlantika oqimi dunyodagi o'xshash kenglikdagi ko'p joylarga qaraganda odatda yuqori haroratni ta'minlaydi. Dunyoda iqlimi o'xshash mintaqalarga quyidagilar kiradi Aleut orollari, Alyaska yarim oroli va Tierra del Fuego, garchi bu mintaqalar ekvatorga yaqinroq bo'lsa ham. Arktikaga yaqin bo'lishiga qaramay, orol qirg'oqlari qishda muzsiz qoladi. Muzga hujumlar kamdan-kam uchraydi, oxirgi marta shimoliy qirg'oqda 1969 yilda sodir bo'lgan.^[83]

Orolning turli qismlarida iqlim o'zgarib turadi. Umuman aytganda, janubiy sohil shimolga qaraganda issiq, namroq va shamolli. Markaziy tog'lar mamlakatning eng sovuq qismidir. Shimolda joylashgan pastroq ichki hududlar eng qurg'oqchil. Qishda qor yog'ishi janubga qaraganda shimolda ko'proq uchraydi.

Havoning eng yuqori harorati 1939 yil 22-iyun kuni janubi-sharqiy qirg'oqdagi Teigarhornda 30,5 ° S (86,9 ° F). Eng pasti -18 ° C (-36,4 ° F) 1918 yil 22-yanvarda shimoliy-sharqiy ichki qismdagi Grimsstagir va Modrudalurda bo'lgan. Reykyavik uchun harorat ko'rsatkichlari 2008 yil 30-iyulda 26,2 ° C (79,2 ° F), 1918 yil 21-yanvarda -24,5 ° C (-12,1 ° F).

O'simliklar

Fitogeografik jihatdan, Islandiya Arktika viloyatiga tegishli Circumboreal viloyati ichida Boreal Qirolligi. Orolning taxminan to'rtdan uch qismi bepusht o'simlik hisoblanadi; o'simlik hayoti asosan chorvachilik bilan muntazam boqiladigan o'tloqlardan iborat. Islandiyada tug'ilgan eng keng tarqalgan daraxt shimoliy qayin (Betula pubescens ), ilgari Islandiyaning ko'p qismida o'rmonlar va aspenlar bilan birga hosil bo'lgan (Populus tremula ), rovonlar (Sorbus aucuparia ), oddiy archa (Juniperus communis ) va boshqa mayda daraxtlar, asosan tollar.

Orol birinchi marta joylashtirilganida, u keng o'rmon bilan qoplangan, erlarning 30% atrofida daraxtlar bilan qoplangan. 12-asrning oxirida, Ari Dono da tasvirlangan Lslendingabók sifatida "tog'dan dengiz qirg'og'igacha o'rmon".^[86] Odamlarning doimiy joylashishi yupqa, vulqonli tuproqlarning cheklangan va cheklangan ekotizimini juda bezovta qildi turlarning xilma-xilligi. Asrlar davomida o'rmonlar o'tin va yog'och uchun juda ko'p ekspluatatsiya qilingan.^[87] O'rmonlarni yo'q qilish, davomida iqlimning yomonlashishi Kichik muzlik davri va ko'chmanchilar tomonidan olib kelingan qo'ylarning haddan tashqari o'tlab ketishi juda muhim tuproq qatlamini yo'qotishiga olib keldi eroziya. Bugungi kunda ko'plab fermer xo'jaliklari tashlab ketilgan. Islandiyaning 100000 kvadrat kilometr maydonining to'rtdan uch qismi 18000 km tuproq eroziyasi ta'sirida² (6,900 sqm) erni yaroqsiz holga keltiradigan darajada jiddiy.^[86] Hozirda bir nechta kichik qayin stendlari alohida zaxiralarda mavjud. Yangi o'rmonlarning ekilishi daraxtlar sonini ko'paytirdi, ammo natija asl o'rmonlar bilan taqqoslanmaydi. Ekilgan o'rmonlarning ayrimlari kiradi kiritilgan turlar.^[87] Islandiyadagi eng baland daraxt - bu a sitka archa 1949 yilda ekilgan Kirkjubæjarklaustur; u 2013 yilda 25,2 m (83 fut) da o'lchangan.^[88]

Hayvonlar

The Arktik tulki Islandiyadagi yagona mahalliy sutemizuvchidir va odamlar kelgunga qadar quruqlikdagi yagona sutemizuvchi bo'lgan

An Islandiyalik qo'ylar

An Islandiyalik ot

Odamlar kelganda yagona ona sutemizuvchisi bu edi Arktik tulki,^[87] muzlik davri oxirida orolga kelgan, muzlagan dengiz ustida yurgan. Kamdan-kam hollarda, ko'rshapalaklar shamol bilan birga orolga olib borilgan, ammo ular u erda ko'payish imkoniga ega emaslar. Polar ayiqlar vaqti-vaqti bilan kelgan Grenlandiya, lekin ular shunchaki mehmonlar, va Islandiyalik aholi yo'q.^[89] Orolda mahalliy yoki erkin yashaydigan sudralib yuruvchilar yoki amfibiyalar yo'q.^[90]

Islandiyaning hayvonlariga quyidagilar kiradi Islandiyalik qo'ylar, qoramol, tovuqlar, echkilar, mustahkam Islandiyalik ot, va Islandiyalik qo'ylar, evropaliklar tomonidan olib kirilgan hayvonlarning barcha avlodlari. Yovvoyi sutemizuvchilarga Arktika tulkisi, norka, sichqonlar, kalamushlar, quyonlar va kiyik. Oq ayiqlar vaqti-vaqti bilan Grenlandiyadan aysberglarda sayohat qilib, orolga tashrif buyurishadi. 2008 yil iyun oyida xuddi shu oyda ikkita oq ayiq keldi.^[91] Dengiz sutemizuvchilar o'z ichiga oladi kulrang muhr (Halichoerus grypus) va port muhri (Foka vitulina).

Baliqlarning ko'p turlari Islandiyani o'rab turgan okean suvlarida yashaydi va baliq ovlash sanoati Islandiya iqtisodiyotining asosiy qismidir, mamlakat eksportining qariyb yarmiga to'g'ri keladi. Qushlar, ayniqsa dengiz qushlari Islandiyaning hayvonot dunyosining muhim qismidir. Atlantika puffinlari, skuas va qora oyoqli kittiwakes uning dengiz qoyalarida uya.^[92]

Tijorat ovi vaqti-vaqti bilan mashq qilinadi^[93][94] ilmiy kit ovlari bilan birga.^[95] Kitlarni tomosha qilish 1997 yildan beri Islandiya iqtisodiyotining muhim qismiga aylandi.^[96]

Islandiyada hasharotlarning 1300 ga yaqin turi ma'lum. Bu boshqa mamlakatlar bilan taqqoslaganda past (dunyo bo'ylab milliondan ortiq turlari tavsiflangan). Islandiya aslida chivinlardan xoli.^[97]

Siyosat

Islandiyaning siyosiy tizimi

Islandiyada a chap, o'ng ko'p partiyali tizim. Keyingi 2017 yilgi parlament saylovlari, eng katta partiyalar - markazning o'ng tomoni Mustaqillik partiyasi (Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn), the Chap-yashil harakat (Vinstrixreyfingin - ramka) va Progressive Party (Framsóknarflokkurinn). Ushbu uch partiya chap qanot boshchiligidagi kabinetda hukmron koalitsiyani tashkil qiladi Katrin Yakobsdottir.Da joylashgan boshqa siyosiy partiyalar Hamma narsa (Parlament) Sotsial-demokratik ittifoq (Samfilkingin), the Markaz partiyasi (Miðflokkurinn), Islandiyaning Qaroqchilar, Xalq partiyasi (Flokkur folksinlari), va Islohot partiyasi (Vidreisn).

Islandiya dunyoda birinchi bo'lib siyosiy partiyani tashkil etgan va uni butunlay ayollar boshqargan.^[98] Nomi bilan tanilgan Ayollar ro'yxati yoki ayollar alyansi (Kvennalistin), 1983 yilda ayollarning siyosiy, iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun tashkil etilgan. Birinchi parlament saylovlarida qatnashgandan so'ng, Ayollar ro'yxati ayol parlamentariyalar ulushini 15 foizga oshirishga yordam berdi.^[99] 1999 yilda u tarqatib yuborildi va kelgusi yilda rasmiy ravishda Sotsial-Demokratik Ittifoq bilan birlashdi, ammo uning a'zolarining qariyb yarmi o'rniga "Yashil-Yashil" harakatiga qo'shilishdi. Bu Islandiya siyosatiga doimiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi: har bir asosiy partiyada ayollar uchun 40 foizli kvota mavjud va 2009 yilda parlament a'zolarining deyarli uchdan bir qismi ayollar edi, dunyo bo'yicha o'rtacha 16 foiz.^[100] 2016 yilgi saylovlardan so'ng, parlament a'zolarining 48 foizi ayollardir.^[101]

2016 yilda Islandiya o'zining demokratik institutlari kuchi bo'yicha ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi^[102] hukumat oshkoraligida esa 13-o'rin.^[103] Mamlakat fuqarolarning yuqori darajadagi ishtirokiga ega, so'nggi saylovlarda saylovchilarning 81,4% ishtirok etdi.^[104] OECD o'rtacha 72% bilan taqqoslaganda. Biroq, Islandiyaliklarning atigi 50% o'zlarining siyosiy institutlariga ishonishini aytmoqda, bu Iqtisodiy hamkorlik va taraqqiyot tashkilotining o'rtacha 56% dan bir oz pastroq (va, ehtimol, bu siyosiy janjallarning oqibati Islandiyadagi moliyaviy inqiroz ).^[105]

Hukumat

The Islandiya parlamenti yilda Reykyavik

The Islandiya kabineti va Bosh vazirning idorasi yilda Reykyavik

XIX asrda tasvirlangan Alshingi ning Hamdo'stlik sessiyada Velvelvell

Islandiya - bu vakillik demokratiyasi va a parlament respublikasi. Zamonaviy parlament, Alshingi (Inglizcha: Hamma narsa ), 1845 yilda Daniya monarxining maslahat organi sifatida tashkil etilgan. 930 yilda tashkil etilgan yig'ilishni qayta tiklash sifatida keng ko'rilgan Hamdo'stlik 1799 yildan 1845 yilgacha vaqtincha to'xtatildi. Binobarin, "bu dunyodagi eng qadimgi hisoblanadi parlament demokratiyasi."^[106] Uning 63 a'zosi bor, ular maksimal to'rt yilga saylanadi.^[107]

Hukumat boshlig'i - bosh vazir kabinet, uchun javobgardir ijro etuvchi hukumat.

Prezident, aksincha, xalq ovoz berish yo'li bilan to'rt yil muddatga muddatsiz cheklanmagan holda saylanadi. Prezident, Alting va mahalliy munitsipal kengashlar uchun saylovlar har to'rt yilda alohida o'tkaziladi.^[108] The Islandiya prezidenti asosan tantanali ravishda davlat rahbaridir va diplomat vazifasini bajaradi, ammo parlament tomonidan qabul qilingan qonunlarga veto qo'yishi va ularni umumxalq referendumiga qo'yishi mumkin.^{[109][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]} Prezident Gudni Th. Jonanson.

Vazirlar Mahkamasi Altingga umumiy saylovlardan so'ng prezident tomonidan tayinlanadi; ammo, tayinlash, odatda, siyosiy partiyalar rahbarlari tomonidan muhokama qilinadi, ular muhokamalardan so'ng Altingda ko'pchilikni qo'llab-quvvatlashi sharti bilan kabinetni qaysi partiyalar tuzishi va uning o'rindiqlarini qanday taqsimlash to'g'risida o'zaro qaror qabul qilishadi. Faqatgina partiya rahbarlari o'rtacha vaqt ichida yakka xulosaga kela olmagan taqdirdagina, prezident ushbu vakolatni amalga oshiradi va vazirlar mahkamasini shaxsan tayinlaydi. Bu respublika 1944 yilda tashkil etilganidan beri sodir bo'lmadi, lekin 1942 yilda regent Sveynn Byornsson 1941 yilda Althing tomonidan ushbu lavozimga tayinlangan, parlamentdan tashqari hukumatni tayinlagan. Regent barcha amaliy maqsadlarda prezident lavozimiga ega edi va keyinchalik Sveynn 1944 yilda mamlakatning birinchi prezidenti bo'ladi.

Islandiyaning hukumatlari har doim ham koalitsiya hukumatlari bo'lib kelganlar, bunda ikki yoki undan ortiq partiyalar ishtirok etgan, chunki biron bir siyosiy partiya respublika davrida Althingda ko'pchilik o'rinlarni olmagan. Prezident devoni egallagan siyosiy hokimiyat doirasi huquqshunos olimlar tomonidan bahslanadi^{[qaysi? ]}, Islandiyada; Konstitutsiyaning bir nechta qoidalari prezidentga muhim vakolatlar berganga o'xshaydi, ammo boshqa qoidalar va urf-odatlar boshqacha yo'l tutadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} 1980 yilda Islandiyaliklar saylandi Vigdís Finnbogadóttir prezident sifatida dunyodagi birinchi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylangan ayol davlat rahbari. U o'z lavozimidan 1996 yilda nafaqaga chiqqan. 2009 yilda Islandiya qachon geylar hukumatining ochiq boshlig'i bo'lgan birinchi mamlakat bo'ldi Jonna Sigurdalottir bosh vazir bo'ldi.^[110]

Ma'muriy bo'linmalar

Islandiya mintaqalarga, saylov okruglariga va munitsipalitetlarga bo'linadi. Sakkizta mintaqa asosan statistik maqsadlarda ishlatiladi. Tuman sudlarining yurisdiktsiyalari ushbu bo'limning eski versiyasidan ham foydalanadilar.^[69] 2003 yilgacha parlament saylovlari uchun okruglar mintaqalar bilan bir xil bo'lgan, ammo konstitutsiyaga kiritilgan o'zgartirishlar bilan ular hozirgi oltita saylov okrugiga o'zgartirildi:

• Reykyavik shimol va Reykyavik janubi (shahar viloyatlari);
• Janubi-g'arbiy (to'rt qo'shni bo'lmagan Reykyavik atrofidagi shahar atrofi hududlari);
• Shimoli g'arbiy va Shimoli-sharq (Islandiyaning shimoliy yarmi, bo'lingan); va,
• Janubiy (Islandiyaning janubiy yarmi, Reykyavik va shahar atrofi bundan mustasno).

Qayta taqsimlash o'zgarishi mamlakatning turli tumanlari vaznini muvozanatlash maqsadida amalga oshirildi, chunki ilgari mamlakat atrofida aholi kam bo'lgan joylarda o'tkazilgan ovozlar Reykyavik shahar hududida berilgan ovozlarga qaraganda ancha ko'proq hisoblanardi. Yangi tizim tufayli tumanlar o'rtasidagi nomutanosiblik kamaytirildi, ammo baribir mavjud.^[69]

Islandiyadagi 74 ta munitsipalitet maktablar, transport va rayonlashtirish kabi mahalliy masalalarni boshqaradi.^[111] Bu haqiqiy ikkinchi darajali bo'linmalar Islandiya, chunki saylov okruglari saylovlardan tashqari va statistik maqsadlar uchun ahamiyatga ega emas. Reykyavik hozirgacha aholisi eng ko'p bo'lgan munitsipalitet bo'lib, aholisidan to'rt baravar ko'p Kopavogur, ikkinchisi.^[69]

• 

  Islandiya mintaqalari

• 

  Islandiya okruglari

• 

  Islandiyaning munitsipalitetlari

Tashqi aloqalar

Shimoliy shimoliy bosh vazirlar va Finlyandiya prezidenti 2016 yilda Islandiya bilan birga Oq Uyga tashrif buyurgan Sigurdur chapdan ikkinchi

A'zosi bo'lgan Islandiya BMT, NATO, EFTA, Evropa Kengashi va OECD, deyarli barcha davlatlar bilan diplomatik va tijorat aloqalarini olib boradi, ammo Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlari, Germaniya, AQSh, Kanada va boshqa NATO davlatlari bilan aloqalari ayniqsa yaqin. Tarixiy jihatdan madaniy, iqtisodiy va lingvistik o'xshashliklar tufayli Islandiya a Shimoliy mamlakat va u orqali hukumatlararo hamkorlikda ishtirok etadi Shimoliy Shimoliy Kengash.

Islandiya a'zosi Evropa iqtisodiy zonasi (EEA), bu mamlakatning Evropa Ittifoqi (Evropa Ittifoqi) yagona bozoriga kirishiga imkon beradi. Bu Evropa Ittifoqining a'zosi emas edi, ammo 2009 yil iyul oyida Islandiya parlamenti, Alting, Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo bo'lish uchun ariza berish uchun ovoz berdi^[112] va rasmiy ravishda 2009 yil 17 iyulda murojaat qilgan.^[113] Biroq, 2013 yilda o'tkazilgan ijtimoiy so'rovlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, hozirda ko'plab Islandiyaliklar Evropa Ittifoqiga kirishga qarshi bo'lishgan; quyidagilarga rioya qilish 2013 yil Islandiyadagi parlament saylovlari orolning yangi hukumatini tuzgan ikki partiya - markazchi Taraqqiyot partiyasi va o'ng qanot Mustaqillik partiyasi - Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo bo'lish bo'yicha referendum o'tkazishini e'lon qildi.^[114][115]

Harbiy

Islandiyada yo'q doimiy armiya, lekin bor Islandiya sohil xavfsizligi bu ham saqlaydi Islandiya havo hujumidan mudofaa tizimi va Islandiya inqiroziga qarshi kurash bo'limi tinchlikparvarlik missiyalarini qo'llab-quvvatlash va harbiylashtirilgan vazifalarni bajarish.

The Islandiya mudofaa kuchlari (IDF) edi a harbiy buyruq ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qurolli kuchlari 1951 yildan 2006 yilgacha. IDga binoan tuzilgan NATO, Qo'shma Shtatlar Islandiya mudofaasini ta'minlash to'g'risidagi bitimni imzolaganidan keyin paydo bo'ldi. IDF, shuningdek, tinch Islandiya va boshqa NATO davlatlarining harbiy a'zolaridan iborat edi. ID tugagandan so'ng qisqartirildi Sovuq urush va AQSh havo kuchlari to'rtdan oltitagacha saqlangan tutuvchi samolyot da Keflavik dengiz havo stantsiyasi, ular 2006 yil 30 sentyabrda olib qo'yilgunga qadar. 2008 yil may oyidan boshlab NATO davlatlari vaqti-vaqti bilan Islandiya havo maydonini patrul qilish uchun jangchilarni joylashtirmoqdalar. Islandiya havo politsiyasi missiya.^[116][117] Islandiya qo'llab-quvvatladi 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirish ichki qarama-qarshiliklarga qaramay, a Sohil xavfsizligi EOD guruh Iroqqa,^[118] keyinchalik uning a'zolari tomonidan almashtirildi Islandiya inqiroziga qarshi kurash bo'limi. Islandiya ham davom etmoqda Afg'onistondagi mojaro va 1999 yil Yugoslaviyani NATO tomonidan bombardimon qilish.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Davom etayotgan moliyaviy inqirozga qaramay, birinchi yangi patrul kemasi o'n yilliklarda 2009 yil 29 aprelda ishga tushirildi.^[119]

Islandiya tarixiy 1986 yil betaraf mezbon bo'lgan Reygan-Gorbachyov sammiti oxiriga zamin yaratgan Reykyavikda Sovuq urush. Islandiyaning asosiy tarixiy xalqaro mojarolari kelishmovchiliklarni o'z ichiga olgan baliq ovlash huquqlari.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Birlashgan Qirollik bilan ziddiyatlar deb nomlangan qatorlarga olib keldi Cod urushlari Islandiya qirg'oq qo'riqchisi va Qirollik floti ingliz baliqchilari ustidan: 1952-1956 yillarda Islandiyaning baliq ovi zonasi 3 dan 4 gacha kengaytirilganligi sabablinmi (5,6 dan 7,4 km gacha; 3,5 dan 4,6 miligacha), 1958-1961 yillarda 12 nmi (22,2 km; 13,8 milya) gacha kengaytirilganidan so'ng, 1972-1973 yillarda yana 50 nmi (92,6 km; 57,5 ​​mil) gacha kengaytirilgan va 1975-1976 yillarda 200 nmi (370,4 km; 230,2 milya) gacha kengaytirilganidan keyin.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

2011 yilga ko'ra Global tinchlik indeksi, Islandiya qurolli kuchlari etishmasligi, jinoyatchilik darajasi pastligi va ijtimoiy-siyosiy barqarorlikning yuqori darajasi tufayli dunyodagi eng tinch mamlakat hisoblanadi.^[120] Islandiya Ginnesning rekordlar kitobi "mamlakat tinchlik darajasi bo'yicha" va "jon boshiga eng past harbiy xarajatlar" deb nomlangan.^[121]

Iqtisodiyot

Akureyri - Islandiyaning tashqarisidagi eng katta shahar Poytaxt viloyati. Qishloq shaharlarning aksariyati Islandiya eksportining 40 foizini ta'minlaydigan baliqchilik sanoatiga asoslangan

2007 yilda Islandiya jon boshiga to'g'ri keladigan dunyodagi ettinchi eng samarali mamlakat (54,858 AQSh dollari) ni tashkil etdi va beshinchi o'rinda eng samarali hisoblanadi YaIM da sotib olish qobiliyati pariteti (40,112 dollar). Jami 85 foiz asosiy energiya Islandiyada ta'minot mahalliy ishlab chiqarilgan qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalaridan olinadi.^[122] Mo'l-ko'l foydalanish gidroelektr va geotermik quvvat aholi jon boshiga Islandiyani elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha dunyodagi eng yirik davlatga aylantirdi.^[123] Qayta tiklanadigan energetikaga bo'lgan sadoqati natijasida 2016 yilgi Yashil Iqtisodiyot global indeksi Islandiya dunyoning eng yashil iqtisodiyoti bo'yicha eng yaxshi 10 mamlakati qatoriga kirdi.^[124] Tarixga nazar tashlaydigan bo'lsak, Islandiya iqtisodiyoti asosan baliq ovlashga bog'liq edi, u hali ham eksport daromadining 40 foizini ta'minlaydi va ishchi kuchining 7 foizini ish bilan ta'minlaydi.^[69] Iqtisodiyot baliq zaxiralarining kamayib ketishiga va uning asosiy eksport qilinadigan mahsulotlari: baliq va baliq mahsulotlari, alyuminiy va boshqa mahsulotlarning jahon narxlarining pasayishiga ta'sir qiladi. ferrosilikon. Islandiyada kit ovlash tarixiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan. Iceland still relies heavily on fishing, but its importance is diminishing from an export share of 90% in the 1960s to 40% in 2006.^[125]

Until the 20th century, Iceland was a fairly poor country. It is now one of the most developed countries in the world. Strong economic growth had led Iceland to be ranked birinchi ichida Birlashgan Millatlar ' Inson taraqqiyoti indeksi report for 2007/2008,^[16] although in 2011 its HDI rating had fallen to 14th place as a result of the economic crisis. Nevertheless, according to the Economist Intelligence Index of 2011, Iceland has the second-highest quality of life in the world.^[126] Asosida Jini koeffitsienti, Iceland also has one of the lowest rates of income inequality in the world,^[127] va qachon adjusted for inequality, its HDI ranking is 6th.^[128] Iceland's unemployment rate has declined consistently since the crisis, with 4.8% of the labour force being unemployed as of June 2012^[yangilash], compared to 6% in 2011 and 8.1% in 2010.^{[69][129][130]}

Many political parties remain opposed to EU membership, primarily due to Icelanders' concern about losing control over their natural resources (particularly fisheries).^[131] The national currency of Iceland is the Islandiya kroni (ISK). Iceland is the only country in the world to have a population under two million yet still have a floating exchange rate and an independent monetary policy.^[132]

A poll released on 5 March 2010 by Capacent Gallup showed that 31% of respondents were in favour of adopting the evro and 69% opposed.^[133] Another Capacent Gallup poll conducted in February 2012 found that 67.4% of Icelanders would reject EU membership in a referendum.^[134]

Graphical depiction of Iceland's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories

Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, including software production, biotexnologiya, and finance; industry accounts for around a quarter of economic activity, while services comprise close to 70%.^[135] The tourism sector is expanding, especially in ekoturizm and whale-watching. On average, Iceland receives around 1.1 million visitors annually, which is more than three times the native population.^[105] 1.7 million people visited Iceland in 2016, 3 times more than the number that came in 2010.^[136] Iceland's agriculture industry, accounting for 5.4% of GDP,^[69] consists mainly of potatoes, green vegetables (in issiqxonalar ), qo'y go'shti and dairy products.^[69] The financial centre is Borgartun in Reykjavík, which hosts a large number of companies and three investment banks. Islandiyaning fond bozori, Iceland Stock Exchange (ISE), was established in 1985.^[137]

Iceland is ranked 27th in the 2012 Iqtisodiy erkinlik ko'rsatkichi, lower than in prior years but still among the freest in the world.^[138] 2016 yildan boshlab^[yangilash], it ranks 29th in the Jahon iqtisodiy forumi 's Global Competitive Index, one place lower than in 2015.^[139] Ga binoan INSEAD "s Global innovatsiyalar indeksi, Iceland is the 11th most innovative country in the world.^[140] Unlike most Western European countries, Iceland has a yagona soliq system: the main personal income tax rate is a flat 22.75%, and combined with municipal taxes, the total tax rate equals no more than 35.7%, not including the many deductions that are available.^[141] The korporativ soliq rate is a flat 18%, one of the lowest in the world.^[141] Shuningdek, a qo'shilgan qiymat solig'i, whereas a net boylik solig'i was eliminated in 2006. Employment regulations are relatively flexible and the labour market is one of the freest in the world. Property rights are strong and Iceland is one of the few countries where they are applied to baliqchilikni boshqarish.^[141] Boshqalar singari ijtimoiy davlatlar, taxpayers pay various subsidies to each other, but with spending being less than in most European countries.

Despite low tax rates, agricultural assistance is the highest among OECD countries and a potential impediment to structural change. Also, health care and education spending have relatively poor returns by OECD measures, though improvements have been made in both areas. The OECD Economic Survey of Iceland 2008 had highlighted Iceland's challenges in currency and macroeconomic policy.^[142] Bor edi valyuta inqirozi that started in the spring of 2008, and on 6 October trading in Iceland's banks was suspended as the government battled to save the economy.^[143] An assessment by the OECD 2011^[144] determined that Iceland has made progress in many areas, particularly in creating a sustainable fiscal policy and restoring the health of the financial sector; however, challenges remain in making the fishing industry more efficient and sustainable, as well as in improving monetary policy to address inflation.^[145] Iceland's public debt has decreased since the economic crisis, and as of 2015^[yangilash] is the 31st-highest in the world by proportion of national GDP.^[146]

Iqtisodiy qisqarish

2009 yil Islandiyadagi moliyaviy inqirozga qarshi norozilik namoyishlari

Iceland had been hit especially hard by the Katta tanazzul that began in December 2007, because of the failure of its banking system and a subsequent economic crisis. Before the crash of the country's three largest banks, Glitnir, Landsbanki va Kaupthing, their combined debt exceeded approximately six times the nation's gross domestic product of €14 billion ($19 billion).^[147][148] In October 2008, the Icelandic parliament passed emergency legislation to minimise the impact of the financial crisis. The Financial Supervisory Authority of Iceland used permission granted by the emergency legislation to take over the domestic operations of the three largest banks.^[149] Icelandic officials, including central bank governor Devid Oddsson, stated that the state did not intend to take over any of the banks' foreign debts or assets. Instead, new banks were established to take on the domestic operations of the banks, and the old banks were to be run into bankruptcy.

On 28 October 2008, the Icelandic government raised interest rates to 18% (as of August 2019^[yangilash], it was 3.5%), a move forced in part by the terms of acquiring a loan from Xalqaro valyuta fondi (XVF). After the rate hike, trading on the Icelandic króna finally resumed on the open market, with valuation at around 250 ISK per euro, less than one-third the value of the 1:70 exchange rate during most of 2008, and a significant drop from the 1:150 exchange ratio of the week before. On 20 November 2008, the Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar agreed to lend Iceland $2.5 billion.^[150]

On 26 January 2009, the coalition government collapsed due to the public dissent over the handling of the financial crisis. A new left-wing government was formed a week later and immediately set about removing Central Bank governor Davíð Oddsson and his aides from the bank through changes in law. Davíð was removed on 26 February 2009 in the wake of protests outside the Central Bank.^[151]

Thousands of Icelanders left the country after the collapse, many of those moving to Norvegiya. In 2005, 293 people moved from Iceland to Norway; in 2009, the figure was 1,625.^[152] In April 2010, the Icelandic Parliament's Special Investigation Commission published the findings of its investigation,^[153] revealing the extent of control fraud in this crisis.^[154] By June 2012, Landsbanki managed to repay about half of the Muzqaymoq qarz.^[155]

Ga binoan Bloomberg, Iceland is on the trajectory of 2% unemployment as a result of crisis-management decisions made back in 2008, including allowing the banks to fail.^[156]

Transport

The Ring Road of Iceland and some towns it passes through: 1. Reykyavik, 2. Borgarnes, 3. Blönduos, 4. Akureyri, 5. Egilsstagadir, 6. Höfn, 7. Selfoss

Iceland has a high level of car ownership per capita, with a car for every 1.5 inhabitants; it is the main form of transport.^[157] Iceland has 13,034 km (8,099 mi) of administered roads, of which 4,617 km (2,869 mi) are paved and 8,338 km (5,181 mi) are not. A great number of roads remain unpaved, mostly little-used rural roads. The road speed limits are 30 km/h (19 mph) and 50 km/h (31 mph) in towns, 80 km/h (50 mph) on gravel country roads and 90 km/h (56 mph) on hard-surfaced roads.^[158]

Marshrut 1, or the Ring Road (Icelandic: Ijodvegur 1 yoki Xringvegur), was completed in 1974, and is a main road that runs around Iceland and connects all the inhabited parts of the island, with the interior of the island being uninhabited. This paved road is 1,332 km (828 mi)^[159] long with one lane in each direction, except near larger towns and cities and in the Hvalfyordur tunnel where it has more lanes. Many bridges on it, especially in the north and east, are single lane and made of timber and/or steel.

Keflavik xalqaro aeroporti (KEF)^[160] is the largest airport and the main aviation hub for international passenger transport. It serves several international and domestic airline companies.^[161] KEF is in the vicinity of the larger metropolitan capital areas, 49 km (30 mi)^[162] to the WSW of Reykjavík center, and public bus services are available.^[163]

Iceland has no passenger railways.

Reykjavík Airport (RKV)^[164] is the second-largest airport, located just 1.5 km from the capital centre. RKV serves general aviation traffic, and has daily or regular domestic flights to 12 local townships within Iceland.^[165] RKV also serves international flights to Grenlandiya va Farer orollari, business and private airplanes along with aviation training.

Akureyri Airport (AEY)^[166] va Egilsstadir aeroporti (EGS)^[167] are two other domestic airports with limited international service capacity. There are a total of 103 registered airports and airfields in Iceland; most of them are unpaved and located in rural areas. The second-longest runway is at Geitamelur, a four-runway glider field around 100 km (62 mi) east of Reykjavík.

Six main ferry services provide regular access to various outpost communities or shorten travel distances.^{[168][dairesel ma'lumotnoma ]}

Energiya

The Nesjavellir geotermik elektr stantsiyasi xizmatlar Poytaxt viloyati 's hot water and electricity needs. Virtually all of Iceland's electricity comes from renewable resources.^[169]

Qayta tiklanadigan manbalar —geotermik va gidroenergetika —provide effectively all of Iceland's electricity^[169] and around 85% of the nation's total primary energy consumption,^[170] with most of the remainder consisting of imported oil products used in transportation and in the fishing fleet.^[171][172] A 2000 report from the University of Iceland suggested that Iceland could potentially convert from oil to hydrogen power by 2040.^[173] Iceland's largest geothermal power plants are Hellisheiði va Nesjavellir,^[174][175] esa Krahnjukar gidroelektr stantsiyasi is the country's largest hydroelectric power station.^[176] When the Kárahnjúkavirkjun started operating, Iceland became the world's largest electricity producer per capita.^[177] Iceland is one of the few countries that have filling stations dispensing hydrogen fuel for cars powered by yonilg'i xujayralari.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} It is also one of a few countries capable of producing vodorod in adequate quantities at a reasonable cost, because of Iceland's plentiful renewable sources of energy.^{[qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ]} The ranking of geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition (GeGaLo Index) places Iceland first out of 156 countries, making it the main geopolitical winner in the global energy transition.^[178]

Despite this, Icelanders emitted 16.9 tonnes of CO₂ per capita in 2016, the highest in EFTA, mainly resulting from transport and aluminium smelting.^[179] Nevertheless, in 2010, Iceland was noted by Guinness World Records as "the Greenest Country", reaching the highest score by the Atrof-muhit barqarorligi ko'rsatkichi, which measures a country's water use, biodiversity and adoption of clean energies, with a score of 93.5/100.^[180]

On 22 January 2009, Iceland announced its first round of offshor licences for companies wanting to conduct uglevodorodlarni qidirish and production in a region northeast of Iceland, known as the Dreki area.^[181] Three exploration licenses were awarded but all were subsequently relinquished.^[182]

2012 yildan boshlab^[yangilash], the government of Iceland was in talks with the government of the United Kingdom about the possibility of constructing Icelink, a yuqori voltli to'g'ridan-to'g'ri oqim connector for transmission of electricity between the two countries.^[183] Such a cable would give Iceland access to a market where electricity prices have generally been much higher than those in Iceland.^[184] Iceland has considerable renewable energy resources, especially geothermal energy and hydropower resources,^[185] and most of the potential has not been developed, partly because there is not enough demand for additional electricity generation capacity from the residents and industry of Iceland; the United Kingdom is interested in importing inexpensive electricity from renewable sources of energy, and this could lead to further development of the energy resources.

Ta'lim va fan

Reykjavík Junior College (Menntaskólinn - Reykyavik ), located in downtown Reykjavík, is the oldest gimnaziya Islandiyada

The Ta'lim, fan va madaniyat vazirligi is responsible for the policies and methods that schools must use, and they issue the National Curriculum Guidelines. However, playschools, primary schools, and lower secondary schools are funded and administered by the municipalities. The government does allow citizens to uyda o'qitish their children, however under a very strict set of demands.^[186] Students must adhere closely to the government mandated curriculum, and the parent teaching must acquire a government approved teaching certificate.

Nursery school, or leykskoli, is non-compulsory education for children younger than six years, and is the first step in the education system. The current legislation concerning playschools was passed in 1994. They are also responsible for ensuring that the curriculum is suitable so as to make the transition into compulsory education as easy as possible.

Compulsory education, or grunnskoli, comprises primary and lower secondary education, which often is conducted at the same institution. Education is mandatory by law for children aged from 6 to 16 years. The school year lasts nine months, beginning between 21 August and 1 September, ending between 31 May and 10 June. The minimum number of school days was once 170, but after a new teachers' wage contract, it increased to 180. Lessons take place five days a week. All public schools have mandatory education in Christianity, although an exemption may be considered by the Ta'lim vaziri.^[187]

Upper secondary education, or framhaldsskóli, follows lower secondary education. Ushbu maktablar, shuningdek, sifatida tanilgan gimnaziya inglizchada. Though not compulsory, everyone who has had a compulsory education has the right to upper secondary education. This stage of education is governed by the Upper Secondary School Act of 1996. All schools in Iceland are mixed sex schools. The largest seat of higher education is the Islandiya universiteti, which has its main campus in central Reykjavík. Other schools offering university-level instruction include Reykyavik universiteti, Akureyri universiteti, Islandiyaning qishloq xo'jaligi universiteti va Bifrost universiteti.

An OECD assessment found 64% of Icelanders aged 25–64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is lower than the OECD average of 73%. Among 25- to 34-year-olds, only 69% have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, significantly lower than the OECD average of 80%.^[105] Nevertheless, Iceland's education system is considered excellent: the Xalqaro talabalarni baholash dasturi ranks it as the 16th best performing, above the OECD average.^[188] Students were particularly proficient in reading and mathematics.

2013 yilga ko'ra Eurostat tomonidan hisobot Evropa komissiyasi, Iceland spends around 3.11% of its GDP on scientific research and development (R&D), over 1 percentage point higher than the EU average of 2.03%, and has set a target of 4% to reach by 2020.^[189] 2010 yil YuNESKO report found that out of 72 countries that spend the most on R&D (100 million US dollars or more), Iceland ranked 9th by proportion of GDP, tied with Taiwan, Switzerland, and Germany and ahead of France, the UK, and Canada.^[190]

Demografiya

Reykyavik, Iceland's largest metropolitan area and the centre of the Poytaxt viloyati which, with a population of 233,034, makes for 64% of Iceland's population. (numbers from 2020)

The original population of Iceland was of Shimoliy va Gael kelib chiqishi. This is evident from literary evidence dating from the settlement period as well as from later scientific studies such as qon guruhi and genetic analyses. One such genetic study indicated that the majority of the male settlers were of Nordic origin while the majority of the women were of Gaelic origin, meaning many settlers of Iceland were Norsemen who brought Gaelic slaves with them.^[191]

Iceland has extensive genealogical records dating back to the late 17th century and fragmentary records extending back to the Age of Settlement. The biopharmaceutical company deCODE genetics has funded the creation of a nasabnoma database that is intended to cover all of Iceland's known inhabitants. It views the database, called Lslendingabók, as a valuable tool for conducting research on genetic diseases, given the relative isolation of Iceland's population.

The population of the island is believed to have varied from 40,000 to 60,000 in the period ranging from initial settlement until the mid-19th century. During that time, cold winters, ash fall from volcanic eruptions, and bubonic plagues adversely affected the population several times.^[12] 37 bor edi ochlik years in Iceland between 1500 and 1804.^[192] The first census was carried out in 1703 and revealed that the population was then 50,358. After the destructive volcanic eruptions of the Laki vulqoni during 1783–1784, the population reached a low of about 40,000.^[193] Improving living conditions have triggered a rapid increase in population since the mid-19th century—from about 60,000 in 1850 to 320,000 in 2008. Iceland has a relatively young population for a developed country, with one out of five people being 14 years old or younger. With a fertility rate of 2.1, Iceland is one of only a few European countries with a birth rate sufficient for long-term population growth (quyidagi jadvalga qarang).^[194][195]

In December 2007, 33,678 people (13.5% of the total population) living in Iceland had been born abroad, including children of Icelandic parents living abroad. Around 19,000 people (6% of the population) held foreign citizenship. Polsha people make up the largest minority group by a considerable margin, and still form the bulk of the foreign workforce. About 8,000 Poles now live in Iceland, 1,500 of them in Fjarðabyggð where they make up 75% of the workforce who are constructing the Fjarðarál aluminium plant.^[196] Large-scale construction projects in the east of Iceland (see Krahnjukar gidroelektr stantsiyasi ) have also brought in many people whose stay is expected to be temporary. Many Polish immigrants were also considering leaving in 2008 as a result of the Islandiyadagi moliyaviy inqiroz.^[197]

The southwest corner of Iceland is by far the most densely populated region. It is also the location of the capital Reykjavík, the northernmost national capital in the world. More than 70 percent of Iceland's population live in the southwest corner (Buyuk Reykyavik va yaqin Southern Peninsula ), which covers less than two percent of Iceland's land area. The largest town outside Greater Reykjavík is Reykjanesbær, which is located on the Southern Peninsula, less than 50 km (31 mi) from the capital. The largest town outside the southwest corner is Akureyri shimoliy Islandiyada.

Some 500 Icelanders under the leadership of Erik Qizil joylashdi Grenlandiya 10-asr oxirida.^[198] The total population reached a high point of perhaps 5,000, and developed independent institutions before disappearing by 1500.^[199] People from Greenland attempted to set up a settlement at Vinland in North America, but abandoned it in the face of hostility from the indigenous residents.^[200]

Emigration of Icelanders to the United States and Canada began in the 1870s. 2006 yildan boshlab^[yangilash], Canada had over 88,000 people of Islandcha kelib chiqishi,^[201] while there are more than 40,000 Americans of Islandcha descent, according to the 2000 US census.^[202]

Urbanizatsiya

Iceland's 10 most populous urban areas:

Largest cities or towns in Iceland statika.bu
	Rank	Ism	Mintaqa	Pop.
Reykyavik Kopavogur	1	Reykyavik	Poytaxt viloyati	128,793	Hafnarfyörhur Reykjanesbær
	2	Kopavogur	Poytaxt viloyati	36,975
	3	Hafnarfyörhur	Poytaxt viloyati	29,799
	4	Reykjanesbær	Southern Peninsula	18,920
	5	Akureyri	Northeastern Region	18,925
	6	Gargabær	Poytaxt viloyati	16,299
	7	Mosfellsbær	Poytaxt viloyati	11,463
	8	Arborg	Janubiy mintaqa	9,485
	9	Akranes	G'arbiy mintaqa	7,411
	10	Fjarðabyggð	Sharqiy mintaqa	5,070

Til

Iceland's official written and spoken language is Islandcha, a Shimoliy german tili kelib chiqqan Qadimgi Norse. In grammar and vocabulary, it has changed less from Old Norse than the other Nordic languages; Icelandic has preserved more verb and noun burilish, and has to a considerable extent developed new vocabulary based on native roots rather than borrowings from other languages. The puristic tendency in the development of Icelandic vocabulary is to a large degree a result of conscious language planning, in addition to centuries of isolation. Icelandic is the only living language to retain the use of the runik xat Þ yilda Lotin yozuvi. The closest living relative of the Icelandic language is Faro.

Islandiya imo-ishora tili was officially recognised as a minority language in 2011. In education, its use for Iceland's deaf community is tartibga solingan tomonidan National Curriculum Guide.

English and Danish are compulsory subjects in the school curriculum. English is widely understood and spoken, while basic to moderate knowledge of Danish is common mainly among the older generations.^[203] Polsha is mostly spoken by the local Polish community (the largest minority of Iceland), and Danish is mostly spoken in a way largely comprehensible to Swedes and Norwegians—it is often referred to as skandinavíska (i. e. Skandinaviya) Islandiyada.^[204]

Foydalanishdan ko'ra familiyalar, as is the usual custom in most Western nations, Icelanders carry otasining ismi yoki matronimik surnames, patronyms being far more commonly practiced. Patronymic last names are based on the first name of the father, while matronymic names are based on the first name of the mother. These follow the person's given name, e.g. Elísabet Jónsdóttir ("Elísabet, Jón's daughter" (Jón, being the father)) or Ólafur Katrínarson ("Ólafur, Katrín's son" (Katrín being the mother)).^[205] Consequently, Icelanders refer to one another by their given name, and the Icelandic telephone directory is listed alphabetically by first name rather than by surname.^[206] All new names must be approved by the Islandiya nomlash qo'mitasi.

Sog'liqni saqlash

Iceland has a universal sog'liqni saqlash system that is administered by its Ministry of Welfare (Islandcha: Velferðarráðuneytið)^[207] and paid for mostly by taxes (85%) and to a lesser extent by service fees (15%). Unlike most countries, there are no private hospitals, and private insurance is practically nonexistent.^[208]

A considerable portion of the government budget is assigned to health care,^[208] and Iceland ranks 11th in health care expenditures as a percentage of GDP^[209] and 14th in spending per capita.^[210] Overall, the country's health care system is one of the best performing in the world, ranked 15th by the Jahon Sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti.^[211] According to an OECD report, Iceland devotes far more resources to healthcare than most industrialised nations. 2009 yildan boshlab^[yangilash], Iceland had 3.7 doctors per 1,000 people (compared with an average of 3.1 in OECD countries) and 15.3 nurses per 1,000 people (compared with an OECD average of 8.4).^[212]

Icelanders are among the world's healthiest people, with 81% reporting they are in good health, according to an OECD survey.^[105] Although it is a growing problem, semirish is not as prevalent as in other rivojlangan mamlakatlar.^[212] Iceland has many campaigns for health and wellbeing, including the famous television show Lazytown, starring and created by former gymnastics champion Magnus sxemasi. Bolalar o'limi is one of the lowest in the world,^[213] and the proportion of the population that smokes is lower than the OECD average.^[212] Almost all women choose to terminate pregnancies of children with Daun sindromi Islandiyada.^[214] O'rtacha umr ko'rish davomiyligi is 81.8 (compared to an OECD average of 79.5), the fourth-highest in the world.^[215]

Iceland has a very low level of pollution, thanks to an overwhelming reliance on cleaner geothermal energy, a low population density, and a high level of environmental consciousness among fuqarolar.^[216] According to an OECD assessment, the amount of toxic materials in the atmosphere is far lower than in any other industrialised country measured.^[217]

Din

A church in the northwest of Iceland

Icelanders have freedom of religion guaranteed under the Konstitutsiya, ammo Islandiya cherkovi, a Lyuteran body, is the davlat cherkovi:

The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the State Church in Iceland and, as such, it shall be supported and protected by the State.

— Article 62, Section IV of Islandiya konstitutsiyasi^[219]

The Registers Iceland keeps account of the religious affiliation of every Icelandic citizen. In 2017, Icelanders were divided into religious groups as follows:

• 67.22% members of the Islandiya cherkovi;
• 11.56% members of other Nasroniy denomination;
• 11.29% other religions and not specified;
• 6.69% unaffiliated;
• 1.19% members of Germanic Heathen groups (99% of them belonging to Ásatrúarfélagið );
• 0.67% members of the Islandiyalik axloqiy gumanistlar uyushmasi;
• 0.55% members of Zuist guruhlar.

Iceland is a very dunyoviy mamlakat; as with other Nordic nations, cherkovga tashrif buyurish nisbatan past.^[220][221] The above statistics represent administrative membership of religious organisations, which does not necessarily reflect the belief demographics of the population. According to a study published in 2001, 23% of the inhabitants were either ateist yoki agnostik.^[222] A Gallup poll conducted in 2012 found that 57% of Icelanders considered themselves "religious", 31% considered themselves "non-religious", while 10% defined themselves as "convinced atheists", placing Iceland among the ten countries with the highest proportions of atheists in the world.^[223] Registration of Icelanders in the state church, the Church of Iceland, is declining at a rate of more than 1% per year.

Madaniyat

Icelandic culture has its roots in North Germanic traditions. Islandiya adabiyoti is popular, in particular the dostonlar va eddas that were written during the Yuqori va So'nggi o'rta asrlar. Centuries of isolation have helped to insulate the country's Nordic culture from external influence; a prominent example is the preservation of the Island tili, which remains the closest to Old Norse of all modern Nordic languages.^[224]

In contrast to other Nordic countries, Icelanders place relatively great importance on independence and self-sufficiency; in a public opinion analysis conducted by the Evropa komissiyasi, over 85% of Icelanders believe independence is "very important", compared to 47% of Norwegians, 49% of Danes, and an average of 53% for the EU25.^[225] Icelanders also have a very strong work ethic, working some of the longest hours of any industrialised nation.^[226]

According to a poll conducted by the OECD, 66% of Icelanders were satisfied with their lives, while 70% believed that their lives will be satisfying in the future. Xuddi shu tarzda, 83% o'rtacha bir kunda IECHning o'rtacha 72% bilan solishtirganda, salbiy holatlarga qaraganda ijobiy tajribalarga ega ekanligini qayd etishdi, bu esa Islandiyani eng baxtli mamlakatlar OECD da.^[105] So'nggi 2012 yildagi so'rov natijalariga ko'ra, respondentlarning to'rtdan uch qismi o'zlarining hayotlaridan qoniqish hosil qilganliklarini bildirgan, dunyo bo'yicha esa bu ko'rsatkich o'rtacha 53 foizni tashkil etgan.^[227]

Islandiya bu borada liberaldir LGBT huquqlar bilan bog'liq muammolar. 1996 yilda Islandiya parlamenti yaratish uchun qonunlar qabul qildi ro'yxatdan o'tgan hamkorlik bir jinsli juftliklar uchun, deyarli barcha huquq va imtiyozlarni berish. 2006 yilda parlament bir jinsli juftliklarga heteroseksual juftlarga farzand asrab olish, ota-onalar va urug'lantirish usulida yordam berishda heteroseksual juftliklar bilan bir xil huquqlarni berishga bir ovozdan ovoz berdi. 2010 yilda Islandiya parlamenti nikoh to'g'risidagi qonunni o'zgartirdi, bu jinsni neytral holatga keltirish va nikohni ikki shaxs o'rtasida belgilash, Islandiya dunyodagi birinchilardan bo'lib qonuniylashtirgan bir jinsli nikohlar. Qonun 2010 yil 27 iyunda kuchga kirdi.^[228] Qonunga kiritilgan o'zgartish, endi bir jinsli juftliklar uchun ro'yxatdan o'tgan sheriklik endi mumkin emasligini anglatadi va nikoh ularning yagona variantidir - qarama-qarshi jinsdagi juftliklar uchun mavjud vaziyat bilan bir xil.^[228]

Islandiyaliklar o'zining kuchli jamoatchilik hissi va etishmasligi bilan tanilgan ijtimoiy izolyatsiya: OECD so'rovi shuni ko'rsatdiki, 98% ehtiyoj sezadigan odamni taniydi, deb ishonadi, boshqa har qanday sanoat rivojlangan mamlakatlarga qaraganda. Xuddi shu tarzda, atigi 6% boshqalar bilan "kamdan-kam" yoki "hech qachon" muloqot qilmaganligini bildirgan.^[105] Ushbu yuqori darajadagi ijtimoiy birlashma aholining kichikligi va bir xilligi, shuningdek, uzoq vaqt davomida izolyatsiya qilingan sharoitda qattiq omon qolish tarixi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, bu birlik va hamkorlik muhimligini kuchaytirdi.^[229]

Egalitarizm daromadlari tengsizligi dunyodagi eng past ko'rsatkichlarga ega bo'lgan Islandiyaning aholisi orasida juda qadrlanadi.^[127] Konstitutsiya olijanob imtiyozlar, unvon va lavozimlarni joriy etishni aniq taqiqlaydi.^[230] Har kimga o'z ismlari bilan murojaat qilishadi. Boshqa shimoliy mamlakatlarda bo'lgani kabi, jinslar o'rtasidagi tenglik juda yuqori; Islandiya doimiy ravishda ayollar yashash uchun dunyodagi eng yaxshi uchta mamlakat qatoriga kiradi.^{[231][232][233]}

Adabiyot

2011 yilda Reykyavik YuNESKOning Adabiyot shahri etib tayinlandi.^[234]

Ning sahifasi Njáls saga dan Möhruvallabok. Dasturlar Islandiyalik merosning muhim qismidir

Islandiyaning eng taniqli mumtoz adabiyot asarlari Islandlarning sagalari, Islandiyaning yashash davrida o'rnatilgan nasriy eposlar. Ularning eng mashhurlari orasida Njáls saga, epik qon janjallari haqida va Grnlendinga saga va Eiriks dostoni, Grenlandiya va Vinlandning kashf etilishi va joylashishini tavsiflovchi (zamonaviy Nyufaundlend ). Egils dostoni, Laxdæla saga, Grettis saga, Gisla saga va Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu mashhur va mashhur Islandiyalik dostonlardir.

XVI asrda Injilning tarjimasi nashr etilgan. XV asrdan 19 asrgacha bo'lgan muhim kompozitsiyalar orasida eng mashhurlari muqaddas oyat bor Ehtiros madhiyalari ning Hallgrimur Petursson va rimur, epik she'rlarni qofiyalash. XIV asrda paydo bo'lgan, rimur XIX asrda, yangi adabiy shakllarning rivojlanishi nufuzli shaxslar tomonidan qo'zg'atilgan paytda mashhur bo'lgan, Milliy-romantik yozuvchi Yonas Xallgrimsson. So'nggi paytlarda Islandiyada ko'plab buyuk yozuvchilar etishib chiqdi, ular orasida eng taniqli bo'lganlari shubhasizdir Xalldor dangasalik, kim olgan Adabiyot bo'yicha Nobel mukofoti 1955 yilda (hozirgacha Nobel mukofotini olgan yagona Islandiyalik). Steinn Steinarr 20-asr boshlarida nufuzli modernist shoir bo'lib, mashhur bo'lib qolmoqda.

Islandiyaliklar adabiyotning ashaddiy iste'molchilari bo'lib, dunyoda jon boshiga kitob do'konlari soni eng ko'p. O'zining kattaligi bo'yicha Islandiya boshqa millatlarga qaraganda ko'proq xalqaro adabiyotlarni import qiladi va tarjima qiladi.^[230] Islandiya, shuningdek, jon boshiga kitob va jurnallarning nashr etilishi bo'yicha eng yuqori ko'rsatkichga ega,^[235] va aholining taxminan 10% hayoti davomida kitob nashr etadi.^[236]

Islandiyadagi aksariyat kitoblar sentyabr oyining oxiridan noyabr oyining boshigacha sotiladi. Bu vaqt nomi ma'lum Jolabokaflod, Rojdestvo kitobidagi toshqin.^[234] To'fon Islandiyaning nashriyotchilar uyushmasining tarqatishidan boshlanadi Bokatidindi, Islandiyaning har bir uyi uchun bepul bo'lgan barcha yangi nashrlarning katalogi.^[234]

San'at

Islandiya landshaftining rassomlarining o'ziga xos xususiyatlarini millatchilik va uchun harakat bilan bog'lash mumkin uy boshqaruvi va mustaqillik, 19-asr o'rtalarida juda faol bo'lgan.

Zamonaviy Islandiyalik rassomchilik odatda asarlari bilan bog'liq Rarórarinn Þorláksson, 1890-yillarda san'at bo'yicha rasmiy mashg'ulotlardan so'ng Kopengagen, Islandiyaga qaytib keldi va 1900 yildan 1924 yilda vafot etganigacha asarlarini namoyish qildi va deyarli faqat Island landshaftini tasvirladi. Islandiyalik yana bir necha erkak va ayol rassomlar tahsil olishdi Daniya Qirollik tasviriy san'at akademiyasi o'sha paytda, shu jumladan Asgrímur Yonsson Loran bilan birgalikda Islandiya landshaftining o'ziga xos tasvirini romantik naturalistik uslubda yaratgan. Boshqa landshaft rassomlari tezda Lorann va Osgrimur izidan borishdi. Bularga kiritilgan Yoxan Kjarval va Juliana Sveinsdóttir. Xususan, Kjarval o'ziga xos xususiyatni ko'rsatish uchun birgalikda harakat qilgan holda, bo'yoqni bo'yashning o'ziga xos texnikasi bilan ajralib turadi. vulkanik tosh Islandiya muhitida hukmronlik qiladi. Einar Xakonarson bu ekspressionistik va obrazli rassom bo'lib, uni ba'zi birlari Islandiya rasmiga qaytargan deb hisoblashadi. 1980-yillarda ko'plab Islandiyalik rassomlar o'z asarlarida yangi rasm mavzusi bilan ishladilar.

So'nggi yillarda badiiy amaliyot ko'payib ketdi va Islandiyaning san'at sahnasi ko'plab yirik loyihalar va ko'rgazmalar uchun maydonga aylandi. Rassom Kling og Bang galereya maydonini boshqaradi, keyinchalik uning a'zolari studiya majmuasi va ko'rgazma joyi Klink og Bankni boshqargan, o'z-o'zini tashkil etgan makonlar, ko'rgazmalar va loyihalar trendining muhim qismi bo'lib kelgan.^[237] Jonli san'at muzeyi, Reykyavik shahar san'at muzeyi, Reykyavik san'at muzeyi va Islandiya milliy galereyasi katta, ko'proq tashkil etilgan muassasalar, kuratorlik shoulari va festivallari.

• 

  Velvelvell tomonidan Þórarinn B. lorláksson

• 

  Haykali Torfinn Karlsefni Islandiyalik haykaltarosh tomonidan Einar Xonson yilda Filadelfiya

• 

  Yozuvchi Xalldor dangasalik tomonidan Einar Xakonarson, 1984

• 

  An'anaviy Islandiya maysazor uylari. 20-asrga qadar Islandiyaliklarning katta qismi qishloq joylarda yashagan

• 

  Menntaskoli eski binosi (Gamli Skoli), ya'ni Aküreyridagi o'rta maktab uchastkasi

Musiqa

Byork, eng taniqli Islandiyalik musiqachi

Islandiya musiqasining ko'p qismi bog'liqdir Shimoliy musiqa va o'z ichiga oladi xalq va pop urf-odatlar. O'rta asr musiqa guruhi Islandiyaning taniqli musiqiy aktlariga kiradi Vokes Thules kabi muqobil va indie rok aktlari Shakar kublari, Soley va Monsters va Erkaklar, jaz fuzion guruhi Mezzoforte kabi estrada xonandalari Hafdis Xuld, Emiliana Torrini va Byork, yakka ballada qo'shiqchilari yoqadi Bubbi Mortens va post-rok kabi guruhlar Amiina va Sigur Rus. Mustaqil musiqa kabi guruhlar bilan Islandiyada kuchli múm va yakka rassomlar.

An'anaviy Islandiyalik musiqa qat'iy diniydir. Diniy va dunyoviy madhiyalar Islandiya tarixining ko'p qismida musiqa asboblarining kamligi tufayli juda yaxshi rivojlangan musiqa turidir. Hallgrimur Petursson 17-asrda ko'plab protestant madhiyalarini yozgan. 19-asrda Islandiya musiqasi modernizatsiyalashgan, Magnus Stivensen truba a'zolarini olib kelgan va keyinchalik ular garmoniyalar. Island musiqasining boshqa hayotiy an'analari epik alliterativ va qofiyali balladalardir rimur. Rimur epik ertaklar, odatda kapella, bu orqada kuzatilishi mumkin skaldik murakkab metafora va murakkab qofiya sxemalaridan foydalangan holda she'riyat.^[238] XIX asrning eng taniqli rimur shoiri edi Sigurður Breiðfjörð (1798–1846). An'anani zamonaviy qayta tiklash 1929 yilda Igunnning shakllanishi bilan boshlandi.^{[tushuntirish kerak ]}

Islandiyaning eng taniqli klassik bastakorlari orasida Daniel Bjarnason va Anna S. Jorvaldsdóttir (Anna Thorvaldsdottir), kim 2012 yilda olgan Nordic Council musiqiy mukofoti va 2015 yilda tanlangan Nyu-York filarmoniyasi Kravisning Rivojlanayotgan Bastakori, 50 ming dollarlik pul mukofoti va orkestr uchun kompozitsiya yozish uchun komissiyani o'z ichiga olgan sharaf; u ikkinchi qabul qiluvchi.^[239]

The milliy madhiya Islandiyaning Lofsöngur, tomonidan yozilgan Matias Joxumsson, musiqa bilan Sveynbyorn Sveynbyornsson.^[240]

OAV

Islandiyalik rejissyor Baltasar Kormakur, filmlar bilan tanilgan 101 Reykyavik, Jar Siti va Kontrabanda va teleseriallar Tuzoqqa tushdi

Islandiyaning eng yirik televizion kanallari davlatga qarashli Sjonvarpið va xususiy mulk egalari Shtat 2 va SkjarEinn. Kichik stantsiyalar mavjud, ularning aksariyati mahalliy. Radio butun respublika bo'ylab, shu jumladan ichki qismning ayrim qismlariga uzatiladi. Asosiy radiostansiyalar Rás 1, Rás 2, X-i 977, Bylgjan va FM957. Kundalik gazetalar Morgunblagid va Fértablagid. Eng ommabop veb-saytlar yangiliklar saytlari Visir va Mbl.is.^[241]

Islandiyaning uyi LazyTown (Islandcha: Latibur) tomonidan yaratilgan bolalar uchun musiqiy komediya dasturi Magnus Scheving. Bu bolalar va kattalar uchun juda mashhur dasturga aylandi va 100 dan ortiq mamlakatlarda, shu jumladan Amerika, Buyuk Britaniya va Shvetsiyada namoyish etiladi.^[242] The LazyTown studiyalari joylashgan Gargabær. 2015 yilgi televizion jinoyatchilik seriyasi Tuzoqqa tushdi 2016 yil fevral va mart oylarida Buyuk Britaniyada BBC4 orqali namoyish etildi, tanqidlarga sazovor bo'ldi va Guardianning so'zlariga ko'ra "yilning eng yoqimsiz televizion xiti".^[243]

1992 yilda Islandiyaning kino sanoati shu paytgacha eng katta tan olinishiga erishdi Friðrik Fór Friðriksson nomzodi ko'rsatildi Eng yaxshi chet tilidagi film uchun Oskar mukofoti uning uchun Tabiat bolalari.^[244] Unda fermer xo'jaligini davom ettira olmaydigan cholning hikoyasi keltirilgan. Shaharda qizi va qaynotasining uyida kutib olinmagach, uni qariyalar uyiga joylashtiradilar. U erda u yoshligidagi eski sevgilisi bilan uchrashadi va ikkalasi ham Islandiyaning yovvoyi tabiati bo'ylab sayohatni birga boshlashadi. Bu ilgari Islandiya filmiga nomzod bo'lgan yagona film Akademiya mukofoti.^[245]

Qo'shiq muallifi Byork Daniya musiqiy dramasida bosh rolni ijro etgani uchun xalqaro e'tirofga sazovor bo'ldi Zulmatda raqqosa, rejissor Lars fon Trier, unda u Selma Ježkovaning rolini o'ynaydi, u o'g'lining ko'zini operatsiya qilish uchun pul to'lashga qiynaladi. Filmning premerasi 2000 yil Kann kinofestivali, u erda u eng yaxshi aktrisa mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi. Film shuningdek, Byorkni nomzodlarga da'vat qildi Eng yaxshi original qo'shiq da 73-chi Oskar mukofotlari, qo'shiq bilan Men hammasini ko'rganman va a "Oltin Globus" mukofoti - "Drama" filmidagi eng yaxshi aktrisa.^[246]

Islandiyalik Gudrun S. Gisladottir, rus kinorejissyoridagi asosiy rollardan birini o'ynagan Andrey Tarkovskiy 1986 yilgi film Qurbonlik. Anita Briem, uning ishlashi bilan tanilgan Vaqtni ko'rsat "s Tudorlar, shuningdek, Islandiyalik. Briem 2008 yilda suratga tushgan Yerning markaziga sayohat, bu Islandiyada sahnalarni suratga olgan. 2002 yil Jeyms Bond kino Yana bir kun o'l Islandiyada katta qismi uchun o'rnatilgan. Kristofer Nolan 2014 yilgi film Yulduzlararo bo'lgani kabi Islandiyada ham ba'zi sahnalari uchun suratga olingan Ridli Skott "s Prometey.^[247]

2010 yil 17 iyunda parlament parlamentni qabul qildi Islandiyaning zamonaviy media tashabbusi, so'z erkinligi huquqlari va jurnalistlar va hushtak chaluvchilarning shaxsini yanada ko'proq himoya qilishni taklif qilish - dunyodagi eng kuchli jurnalistlarni himoya qilish qonuni.^[248] Tomonidan 2011 yilgi hisobotga ko'ra Freedom House, Islandiya matbuot erkinligi bo'yicha eng yuqori o'rinlardan birini egallaydi.^[249]

CCP o'yinlari, taniqli EVE Online va Dust 514 dasturchilarining shtab-kvartirasi Reykyavikda joylashgan. CCP Games aholisi soni bo'yicha uchinchi o'rinni egallaydi MMO dunyoda, shuningdek, onlayn o'yin uchun eng katta o'yin maydoniga ega.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Islandiya juda rivojlangan Internet madaniyati aholining 95 foizga yaqini Internetga ega bo'lib, bu dunyodagi eng yuqori ko'rsatkichdir.^[250] Islandiya 2009–2010 yillarda bo'lib o'tgan Jahon iqtisodiy forumida 12-o'rinni egalladi Tarmoq tayyorligi ko'rsatkichi, bu mamlakatning aloqa texnologiyalaridan raqobatbardosh foydalanish qobiliyatini o'lchaydi.^[251] The Birlashgan Millatlar Xalqaro Telekommunikatsiya Ittifoqi 2008 yildan 2010 yilgacha to'rt pog'onaga ko'tarilib, mamlakat axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalarini rivojlantirish bo'yicha uchinchi o'rinda turadi.^[252] 2013 yil fevral oyida mamlakat (Ichki ishlar vazirligi) Internet pornografiyasida bolalarni himoya qilishning mumkin bo'lgan usullarini o'rganib chiqdi, chunki pornografiya onlayn ravishda bolalar uchun tahdiddir, chunki u bolalarning qulligi va suiiste'mol qilinishini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Jamiyat ichidagi kuchli ovozlar bundan xavotir bildirib, so'z erkinligiga ziyon etkazmasdan pornografiyaga kirishni taqiqlash mumkin emasligini aytdi.^{[253][254][255]}

Oshxona

Odatda Þorramatur assortiment

Islandiyaning ko'plab taomlari baliqlarga asoslangan, qo'zichoq va sutli mahsulotlar, o'tlar yoki ziravorlardan ozgina foydasiz. Orolning iqlimi tufayli meva va sabzavotlar odatda an'anaviy taomlarning tarkibiy qismi emas, garchi issiqxonalardan foydalanish ularni zamonaviy oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarida keng tarqalgan. Þorramatur ko'plab taomlardan tashkil topgan an'anaviy oshxona tanlovi bo'lib, odatda, taxminan oyda iste'mol qilinadi Þorri, 19 yanvardan keyingi birinchi juma kuni boshlanadi. An'anaviy taomlarga quyidagilar kiradi skyr (qatiqga o'xshash pishloq), hákarl (shifobaxsh akula), davolovchi qo'chqor, kuylangan qo'y boshlari va qora puding, Flatkaka (yassi non), quritilgan baliq va geotermik joylarda an'anaviy ravishda erga pishirilgan qora javdar noni.^[256] Puffin ko'pincha broyler orqali tayyorlanadigan mahalliy noziklik hisoblanadi.

Nonushta odatda pancake, yorma, meva va qahvadan iborat, tushlik esa a shaklida bo'lishi mumkin smörgåsbord. Aksariyat Islandiyaliklar uchun kunning asosiy taomlari kechki ovqat bo'lib, unda odatda baliq yoki qo'zichoq asosiy taom sifatida ishlatiladi. Islandiya taomlarini tayyorlashda, ayniqsa, dengiz mahsulotlari muhim o'rin tutadi cod va haddock Biroq shu bilan birga go'shti Qizil baliq, seld va paltus. Ko'pincha füme, tuzlangan, qaynatilgan yoki quritilgan turli xil usullar bilan tayyorlanadi. Qo'zi eng keng tarqalgan go'sht bo'lib, u tutundan qutulishga moyil (nomi ma'lum hangikjot ) yoki tuzdan saqlangan (salkjöt). Ko'plab eski taomlar qo'ylarning har bir qismidan foydalanadi, masalan slatur tarkibiga kiradi ichki qism (ichki organlar va ichaklar) qon bilan maydalangan va qo'y oshqozonida xizmat qilgan. Bundan tashqari, qaynatilgan yoki kartoshka pyuresi, tuzlangan karam, yashil loviya va javdari nonlari keng tarqalgan garnitür hisoblanadi.

Qahva Islandiyada eng mashhur ichimlik hisoblanadi, chunki mamlakat 2016 yilda dunyo bo'ylab jon boshiga iste'mol qilish bo'yicha uchinchi o'rinda turadi,^[257] va nonushta paytida, ovqatdan so'ng va tushdan keyin engil atıştırmalık bilan mast bo'ladi. Coca Cola mamlakatda jon boshiga iste'mol qilish darajasi bo'yicha dunyoda eng yuqori ko'rsatkichlarga ega deb aytilgan darajada keng iste'mol qilinadi.^[258]

Islandiyaning alkogolli ichimliklar imzosi brennivin (so'zma-so'z "kuydirilgan [ya'ni, distillangan] sharob"), bu ta'mga o'xshash akvavit Skandinaviya varianti brnnvin. Bu turi schnapps distillangan kartoshkadan tayyorlanadi va ikkalasiga ham xushbo'ylashtiriladi kimyo urug'lar yoki Anjelika. Uning kuchi uni taxallusga sazovor qildi svarti dauði ("Qora o'lim"). Islandiyadagi zamonaviy distillash zavodlari ishlab chiqaradi aroq (Reyka ), jin (Afsafold), mox schnapps (Fjallagrasa) va a qayin - xushbo'y shnapps va likyor (Foss distillery's Birkir va Björk). Martin Miller Islandiyalik suvni orolda Angliyada distillangan paxta bilan aralashtiradi. Kuchli pivo edi 1989 yilgacha taqiqlangan, shuning uchun byorlíki, qonuniy, kam alkogolli ichimliklar aralashmasi pilsner pivo va aroq, mashhur bo'ldi. Hozir Islandiyaning pivo zavodlari tomonidan bir nechta kuchli pivo ishlab chiqarilmoqda.

Sport

The Islandiya gandbol milliy jamoasi (rasmda) kumush medalni qo'lga kiritdi da 2008 yil yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari. Gandbol Islandiyaning milliy sporti hisoblanadi.^[259]

Sport Islandiya madaniyatining muhim qismidir, chunki aholi odatda ancha faol.^[260] Islandiyada asosiy an'anaviy sport turi Glima, shakli kurash O'rta asrlarda paydo bo'lgan deb o'ylagan.

Islandiya muxlislari 2018 FIFA Jahon chempionati Rossiyada

Ommabop sport turlari qatoriga kiradi futbol, yengil atletika, gandbol va basketbol. Gandbol ko'pincha milliy sport turi deb nomlanadi.^[259] The Islandiya futbol terma jamoasi uchun malakali 2016 UEFA Evropa futbol chempionati birinchi marta. Keyinchalik g'oliblarga qarshi durang qayd etishdi Portugaliya guruh bosqichida va mag'lubiyatga uchradi Angliya Gollar bilan 16-turda 2-1 Ragnar Sigurdsson va Kolbeinn Sigshirsson. Keyin ular mezbonlarga va keyinchalik finalchilarga yutqazdilar Frantsiya chorak finalda.^[261] Buning ortidan Islandiya debyutini 2018 FIFA Jahon chempionati. Ham Evropa, ham jahon chempionati uchun Islandiya aholisi soni bo'yicha eng kichik davlatga to'g'ri keladi.

Islandiya, shuningdek, hozirgi kunga qadar eng kichik mamlakat hisoblanadi Eurobasket. Ular buni 2015 va 2017 yillarda ham qilishdi. Garchi Islandiya saralash bosqichida katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishgan bo'lsa ham Eurobasket, ular Evropa basketbolining so'nggi bosqichlarida bitta o'yinda ham g'alaba qozona olishmadi.

Islandiya uchun juda yaxshi sharoitlar mavjud chang'i, baliq ovlash, snoubord, muzga chiqish va qoyalarga chiqish sporti, garchi toqqa chiqish va piyoda yurish keng jamoatchilik tomonidan afzal ko'riladi. Islandiya, shuningdek, tog 'chang'i safari uchun jahon darajasidagi manzil va Telemark chang'i, Shimoliy Islandiyadagi Trol yarimoroli faoliyatning asosiy markazi. Garchi mamlakat atrof-muhit golf o'ynashga umuman yaroqsiz bo'lsa-da, shunga qaramay orol bo'ylab ko'plab golf maydonchalari mavjud va Islandiyada golf o'ynaydigan aholining ko'proq qismi Shotlandiyaga qaraganda 17000 dan ortiq golfchilar ro'yxatdan o'tgan Shotlandiya bilan taqqoslaganda taxminan 300000 kishidan iborat.^[262] Islandiyada har yili Arktika Ochiq deb nomlanuvchi golf bo'yicha xalqaro turnir bo'lib o'tadi. Akureyri golf klubi.^[263][264] Islandiya ham ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi Dunyoning eng kuchli odami to'qqizta, shu jumladan ikkalasida to'rttadan unvonga ega bo'lgan har qanday mamlakat musobaqalari Magnus Ver Magnusson va Jon Palm Sigmarsson va yaqinda Xafşur Xulis Byurnsson 2018 yilda.

Islandiya ham etakchi davlatlardan biri okean eshkak eshish. Islandiyalik kashfiyotchi va chidamlilik sportchisi Fiann Polxolds ishlashga asoslangan eng yuqori raqam Ginnesning rekordlar kitobi bitta sport intizomi doirasida. 2020 yilga kelib, u erishgan birinchi va yagona shaxs Ocean Explorers Grand Slam (inson tomonidan boshqariladigan kemalar yordamida beshta okeanning har birida ochiq suvdan o'tishni amalga oshirish) va barcha to'rtta okeanning (Atlantika, Hindiston, Tinch okeani va Arktik) eng tez eshkak eshish bo'yicha umumiy tezligini Ginnesning Rekordlar kitobiga kiritdi. inson tomonidan boshqariladigan qatorli qayiq. U jami 41 ta yutuqqa erishdi, shu jumladan 2020 yilga qadar 33 ta Ginnesning Rekordlar kitobiga asoslangan.^{[265][266][267][268][269]}

Suzish Islandiyada mashhur. Geotermik isitiladigan ochiq hovuzlar keng tarqalgan va suzish kurslari milliy o'quv dasturining majburiy qismidir.^[264] Otga minish tarixan orolda eng keng tarqalgan transport shakli bo'lgan, ko'plab Islandiyaliklar uchun odatiy izlanish bo'lib qolmoqda.

Islandiyadagi eng qadimgi sport assotsiatsiyasi - 1867 yilda tashkil etilgan Reykyavik otish uyushmasi. 19-asrda Islandiya mustaqilligini qo'lga kiritgan siyosatchilar va millatchilarning rag'batlantirishi bilan miltiq otish juda mashhur bo'ldi. Bugungi kunga qadar bu muhim o'yin-kulgi bo'lib qolmoqda.^[270]

Islandiyada ko'plab shaxmat ustalari yetishib chiqqan va tarixiy tarixga mezbonlik qilgan Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempionati 1972 yil balandligi paytida Reykyavikda Sovuq urush. 2008 yildan boshlab^[yangilash], Islandiya shaxmatining to'qqizta grossmeysterlari bo'lgan, bu aholining ozligini hisobga olgan holda juda ko'p.^[271] Ko'prik shuningdek, Islandiya bir qator xalqaro turnirlarda qatnashganligi bilan mashhur. Islandiya ko'prik bo'yicha jahon chempionligini qo'lga kiritdi (the Bermud kosasi ) 1991 yilda Yaponiyaning Yokohama shahrida va 1950 yilda Bermudning Hamilton shahrida (Shvetsiya bilan) ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi.

Shuningdek qarang

• Islandiyaga oid maqolalar indeksi
• Islandiyaning tashqi ko'rinishi

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

• Islandiyaga yo'l
• Islandiyaning hukumat idoralari
• Icelandic Government Information Center & Icelandic Embassies
• Visit Iceland – the official Icelandic Tourist Board
• "Iceland". Jahon Faktlar kitobi. Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi.
• Islandiya kirish Britannica entsiklopediyasi
• Islandiya da Curlie
• Islandiya dan BBC yangiliklari
• Islandiyaning Vikimedia atlasi
• Ga tegishli geografik ma'lumotlar Islandiya da OpenStreetMap
• Incredible Iceland: Fire and Ice - slayd-shou Hayot jurnal
• A Photographer's View of Iceland Hujjatli film tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Prairie Public Television
• Arason Steingrimur Writings on Iceland Dartmut kolleji kutubxonasida