M2 Browning - M2 Browning

Ushbu maqola .50 kalibrli M2 avtomati haqida. Browning .30-06 avtomati uchun qarang M1919 Browning pulemyoti.
Browning pulemyoti, kal. .50, M2, HB
Musee de l Armee-IMG 7566-white.jpg-dagi M2 avtomati
M3 shtativiga o'rnatilgan M2HB og'ir pulemyot, ekranda Musée de l'Armée da Les Invalides, Frantsiya
TuriOg'ir pulemyot
Kelib chiqish joyiQo'shma Shtatlar
Xizmat tarixi
Xizmatda1933 - hozirgi kunga qadar
Tomonidan ishlatilganQarang Foydalanuvchilar
UrushlarIkkinchi jahon urushi
Koreya urushi
Birinchi Hindiston urushi
Suvaysh inqirozi
Vetnam urushi
Kambodja-Vetnam urushi
Fors ko'rfazi urushi
Somali fuqarolar urushi
Yugoslaviya urushlari
Afg'onistondagi urush[1]
Iroq urushi
Iroqdagi fuqarolar urushi (2014–2017)[2]
Ishlab chiqarish tarixi
DizaynerJohn M. Browning
Loyihalashtirilgan1918[3]
Ishlab chiqaruvchi
Ishlab chiqarilgan1921 yil - hozirgi (M2HB)
Yo'q qurilgan3 million[4]
Texnik xususiyatlari
Massa
  • 38 kg (83,78 funt)
  • Bilan 58 kg (127,87 lb) tripod va T&E (shpal va balandlik mexanizmi)
Uzunlik1,654 mm (65,1 dyuym)
Bochka uzunlik1,143 mm (45,0 dyuym)
Ultrium.50 BMG (12,7 × 99 mm NATO)
AmalQisqa orqaga chekinish
Yong'in darajasi
  • 450-600 tur / min (M2HB)[5][6]
  • 750–850 tur / min (AN / M2)
  • 1200–1300 tur / min (AN / M3)[7]
Jumboq tezligiM33 to'pi uchun 2,910 fut / s (890 m / s)
Samarali otish oralig'i1800 m (2000 yd)[5]
Maksimal otish oralig'i7400 m (8100 yd)
Oziqlantirish tizimiKamar bilan oziqlangan (M2 yoki M9 havolalari)

The M2 avtomati yoki Braunning .50 kalibrli pulemyot a og'ir pulemyot oxirigacha mo'ljallangan Birinchi jahon urushi tomonidan John Browning. Uning dizayni Browningnikiga o'xshaydi M1919 Browning pulemyoti uchun joylashtirilgan .30-06 patron. M2 juda katta va undan kuchliroq foydalanadi .50 BMG (12,7 mm) patron, u yonma-yon ishlab chiqilgan va o'z nomini qurolning o'zidan olgan (BMG turgan uchun) Browning pulemyoti). U "Ma Deuce" deb nomlangan,[8] uning M2 nomenklaturasiga nisbatan. Dizayn ko'plab o'ziga xos belgilarga ega edi; AQShning hozirgi piyoda qo'shinlari uchun rasmiy nomi Browning Machine Gun, kal. .50, M2, HB, moslashuvchan. Bu piyoda askarlarga, qurolsiz yoki engil zirhli transport vositalari va qayiqlarga, engil istehkomlarga va past uchadigan samolyotlarga qarshi samarali.

Browning .50 kalibrli pulemyot qurol sifatida va 1930-yillardan to hozirgi kungacha Qo'shma Shtatlar tomonidan samolyot qurollanishi sifatida keng qo'llanilgan. Bu paytida juda ko'p ishlatilgan Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Koreya urushi, Vetnam urushi, Folklend urushi, Sovet-afg'on urushi, Ko'rfaz urushi, Iroq urushi, va Afg'onistondagi urush 2000 va 2010 yillarda. Bu asosiy og'ir pulemyot NATO va boshqa ko'plab mamlakatlar ham foydalangan. M2 boshqalarga qaraganda uzoqroq ishlatilgan qurol AQSh inventarizatsiyasida bundan mustasno .45 ACP M1911 avtomati, shuningdek, John Browning tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan.

Hozirgi M2HB AQSh tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Umumiy dinamikasi[9] Ogayo shtati,[10] va AQSh ordeni[11] AQSh hukumati tomonidan foydalanish uchun va orqali ittifoqchilar uchun Xorijiy harbiy savdo kabi xorijiy ishlab chiqaruvchilar tomonidan FN Herstal.

Tarix

Birinchi jahon urushida pulemyotlardan juda ko'p foydalanilgan va to'qnashuvning ikkala tomonida miltiq kalibridan kattaroq qurollar paydo bo'la boshladi. Kattaroq turlar jang maydoniga tushirilayotgan zirhni ham quruqlikda, ham havoda yengish uchun zarur edi. Birinchi jahon urushi paytida nemislar juda zirhli samolyotni, Yunkers J.I. Zirh odatiy miltiq o'q-dorilaridan foydalangan holda samolyot pulemyotlarini yaratdi (masalan .30-06 ) samarasiz.[12]

Binobarin, Amerika ekspeditsiya kuchlari general qo'mondoni Jon J. Pershing kattaroq kalibrli pulemyot so'radi.[13] Pershing Armiya Ordnance Departamentidan kamida 0,50 dyuym (12,7 mm) kalibrli va sekundiga kamida 2700 fut (820 m / s) tezlik bilan avtomat ishlab chiqarishni so'radi.[12] AQSh polkovnigi Jon Genri Parker, Frantsiyadagi pulemyot maktabiga qo'mondonlik qilib, frantsuzcha 11 mm (0,43 dyuym) yoqib yuboradigan zirh-pirsing turining samaradorligini kuzatdi. Armiya Ordnance Departamenti frantsuzcha 11 mm patron uchun to'ldirilgan sakkizta eksperimental Colt avtomatiga buyurtma berdi.[14] Frantsuzlarning 11 mm dumaloqligi tezligi juda past bo'lgani uchun yaroqsiz deb topildi. Pershing kamida 670 gr (43 g) o'q va 2700 fut / s (820 m / s) tumshug'i tezligini xohlamoqda. Frantsuz turidagi rivojlanish to'xtatildi.[14]

1917 yil iyul atrofida Jon M. Brauning o'zining .30-06-ni qayta ishlashni boshladi M1917 kattaroq va kuchliroq o'q uchun avtomat. Vinchester .30-06 ning kattalashtirilgan versiyasi bo'lgan kartrijda ishlagan. Dastlab Vinchester kartrijga chekka qo'shib qo'ydi, chunki kompaniya kartridjni tankga qarshi miltiqda ishlatmoqchi edi, ammo Pershing kartrijning cheksiz bo'lishini talab qildi.[14] Birinchi .50 kalibrli pulemyot 1918 yil 15-oktabrda sinovlardan o'tkazildi. U daqiqasiga 500 martadan kam o'q otdi va tumshug'i tezligi atigi 2300 fut / s (700 m / s) ni tashkil etdi. Kartrijni yaxshilashga va'da berildi.[15] Qurol og'ir, uni boshqarish qiyin, piyodalarga qarshi rol uchun juda sekin o'q uzgan va zirhga qarshi etarlicha kuchga ega emas edi.[16]

.50 kalibrli ishlab chiqarilayotgan paytda, ba'zilari Nemis T Gewehr 1918 yil tankga qarshi miltiq va o'q-dorilar musodara qilindi. The Germaniya raundlari tumshug'i tezligi 2,700 fut / s (820 m / s), 800 gr (52 g) o'q va 250 yd (230 m) oralig'ida (25 mm) qalinlikdagi zirhga kira olgan.[17] Vinchester xuddi shunday ko'rsatkichga ega bo'lish uchun .50 kalibrli turni yaxshiladi. Oxir oqibat, tumshug'i tezligi 2,750 fut / s (840 m / s) ni tashkil etdi.[18]

Jon M. Braunning va Fred T. Murning sa'y-harakatlari natijasida .50 kalibrli suv bilan sovutilgan M1921 Browning pulemyoti va samolyot versiyasi. Ushbu qurollar 1921 yildan 1937 yilgacha eksperimental usulda ishlatilgan. Ularda engil tortilar va o'q-dorilar faqat chap tomondan oziqlangan. Xizmatga oid sinovlar qurollar samolyotga mos keladimi yoki zenitdan foydalanishga mos keladimi degan shubhalarni kuchaytirdi. M1921 og'ir bochkasi quruqlikdagi transport vositalari uchun ko'rib chiqildi.[19]

John M. Browning 1926 yilda vafot etdi. 1927-1932 yillarda S.H. Green M1921 dizayn muammolarini va qurolli xizmatlarning ehtiyojlarini o'rganib chiqdi. Natijada bitta plyonkali konstruktsiya paydo bo'ldi, uni har xil ko'ylagi, bochka va boshqa komponentlardan foydalangan holda etti turdagi .50 kalibrli pulemyotlarga aylantirish mumkin edi. Yangi qabul qilgich o'ngga yoki chapga uzatishga ruxsat berdi. 1933 yilda Colt bir nechta prototipli Browning pulemyotlarini ishlab chiqardi (shu jumladan M1921A1 va M1921E2). Dengiz kuchlari ko'magi bilan Colt 1933 yilda M2 ishlab chiqarishni boshladi.[20] FN Herstal (Fabrique Nationale) 1930 yildan beri M2 avtomatini ishlab chiqaradi.[21] General Dynamics, AQSh Ordnance va Ohio Ordnance Works Inc boshqa hozirgi ishlab chiqaruvchilar.[iqtibos kerak ]

Suv ko'ylagi bo'lmagan, ammo qalin devorli, havo bilan sovutilgan variant bochka M2 HB (HB uchun Og'ir barrel). Og'ir bochkaning qo'shimcha massasi va yuzasi suvning sovishini yo'qotishini bir oz qopladi, shu bilan birga og'irlik va og'irlikni kamaytirdi: M2 suv ko'ylagi bilan 121 funt (55 kg), ammo M2 HB 84 funt (38 kg) ). Barrelni almashtirishning uzoq protsedurasi tufayli QCB (tez o'zgaruvchan bochka) deb nomlangan takomillashtirilgan tizim ishlab chiqildi. Engil "Armiya / Dengiz kuchlari" prefiks bilan AN / M2 Browning M2 ning og'irligi 60 funt (27 kg) bo'lgan "engil-bochka" versiyasi ham ishlab chiqilgan va deyarli har qanday turdagi Amerika harbiy samolyotlari uchun Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davridagi standart .50 kalibrli aviatsiya pulemyotiga aylangan.[22] Browningnikini osongina almashtirish havo bilan sovutilgan .30 kalibrli pulemyot deyarli barcha Amerika samolyot inshootlarida dizayni.

Dizayn tafsilotlari

Browning M2 an havo bilan sovutilgan, kamar bilan oziqlangan avtomat. M2 yong'inlari a yopiq murvat, operatsiya qilingan qisqa orqaga qaytish tamoyil. M2 .50 BMG patronini yoqib yuboradi, bu uzoq masofa, aniqlik va ulkan imkoniyatlarni taqdim etadi to'xtatish kuchi. Yopiq murvat bilan o'q otish davri M2 ni Ikkinchi Jahon urushi oldidan va paytida samolyotlarda sinxronlashtirilgan pulemyot sifatida ishlatishga imkon berdi. Kurtiss P-40 qiruvchi.

M2 bu Jon Braunning kengaytirilgan versiyasidir M1917 .30 kalibrli pulemyot, hatto bir xil vaqt o'lchagichlari yordamida.

Xususiyatlari

M2 modelga qarab har xil tsiklli olov tezligiga ega. M2HB (og'ir bochka) havo bilan sovitiladigan er pulemyotining tsikli tezligi daqiqada 450-575 o'q.[23] Erta M2 suv bilan sovutilgan AA qurollari davriy tezligi 450-600 rpm atrofida edi.[24] AN / M2 samolyot qurolining davriy tezligi 750–850 rpm; bu AN / M3 samolyot qurollari uchun 1200 rpm ga ko'tariladi. Ushbu maksimal yong'in stavkalari odatda foydalanishda qo'lga kiritilmaydi, chunki bu darajadagi doimiy yong'in bir necha ming tur ichida teshikni eskiradi va almashtirishni talab qiladi. To'liq avtomatika bilan bir qatorda, M2HB bir martalik yoki bir daqiqada 40 martadan kam o'q otish yoki daqiqada 40 martadan ko'proq tez otish uchun tanlanishi mumkin. Sekin va tez otish rejimlarida portlashlar orasidagi pauzaning turli uzunlikdagi 5-7 dumaloq portlashlari qo'llaniladi.[25]

AQSh dengiz piyodasi xavfsizlik kuchlari tarkibida .50 kalibrli pulemyotni 2002 yil noyabr oyida 24-dengiz ekspeditsiya bo'limi bilan mashg'ulot paytida.

M2 samarali masofa 1830 metrni (2000 yd) va maksimal samarali masofa 2000 metrni (2200 yd) tashkil etadi. M3 shtativ. M2HB rolini bajaradigan portativ ekipaj vazifasida qurolning o'zi 84 funt (38 kg), yig'ilgan M3 tripod esa yana 44 funt (20 kg). Ushbu konfiguratsiyada V shaklidagi "kapalak" qo'zg'atuvchisi qurolning orqa tomonida joylashgan bo'lib, uning ikkala tomonida "belkurak tutqichi" tutqichi va markazda murvat qo'yilgan. Kurak tutqichlari ushlanib, kapalak qo'zg'atuvchisi bir yoki ikkala bosh barmog'i bilan bosiladi. So'nggi paytlarda yangi orqa tampon to'plamlarida kelebek tirgaklarini yo'q qilib, qo'l ushlagichlariga o'rnatilgan siqish tirgaklari ishlatilgan.

Vintni bo'shatish tampon naychasining yengidagi vintni mahkamlash qulfi bilan yopilganda, avtomat to'liq avtomatik rejimda ishlaydi. Aksincha, murvatni ochish holatini yuqoriga ko'tarish mumkin, natijada bir martadan o'q otish mumkin (o'q uzuvchi murvatni oldinga yuborish uchun murvat mandalini qo'yib yuborishi kerak). Boshqa barcha zamonaviy pulemyotlardan farqli o'laroq, uning xavfsizligi yo'q (garchi yaqinda siljiydigan xavfsizlik tugmasi qurollariga o'rnatish uchun USMC zirhli qurollariga etkazilgan va AQSh armiyasi uchun barcha M2lar uchun standart muammo bo'lsa ham). Dala ichidagi qo'shinlar tasodifiy o'q otishdan ehtiyotkorlik bilan xavfsizlik choralarini qo'shib, kelebek tirgagi ostiga sarflangan qobiq kassasini siljitishgan.[26] Yangilangan M2A1 qo'lda qo'zg'atuvchi blok xavfsizligiga ega.

Ikki dona M2HB pulemyoti 2005 yil may oyida harakatga qadar kalibrlash yong'inida (PACFIRE) mashq paytida

M2 ko'plab konfiguratsiyalarda ishlashga mo'ljallanganligi sababli, uni belbog'ni ushlab turgan panjalarini almashtirish orqali qurolning chap yoki o'ng tomonidan oziqlantirishga moslashtirilishi mumkin va old va orqa kartrij to'xtaydi (bog'lovchi striptizchini o'z ichiga olgan uch qismli to'plam) ), keyin murvat tugmachasini orqaga qaytaring. Bundan tashqari, operator yuqori qopqoqli kamarni uzatuvchi slaydni yig'ilishini chapdan o'ngga uzatishga, shuningdek besleme qo'lidagi kamon va pistonni o'zgartirishi kerak. Buning uchun yaxshi o'qitilgan shaxsni bajarish uchun ikki daqiqadan kam vaqt kerak bo'ladi.

Zaryadlash moslamasini chapdan o'ngga zaryadlash o'zgarishi mumkin. Buni amalga oshirish uchun o'ng qo'lni zaryadlovchi tutqichi kamon, qulflash simlari va ozgina "nou-xau" talab qilinadi. M2 qurol tizimining har ikkala tomonida tortib olinadigan slaydni yig'ish moslamasi bilan jihozlangan bo'lsa, jangga tayyor va osonlik bilan almashtirilishi mumkin. Bu ushbu vazifani bajarish uchun qurolni xizmatdan olib tashlash zaruratini yo'q qiladi.

Bir paytlar 2-jahon urushi paytida "Frankford Arsenal" a siqib chiqaradigan teshik o'q hajmini .50 dan .30 kalibrga tushirgan M2HB versiyasi.[27]

O'q-dorilar

A bo'yicha M2 Browning Samson RCWS ning Isroil mudofaa kuchlari
A Bangladesh dengiz floti M2 Browning-ni otayotgan kapitan BNS Bangabandxu yilda CARAT 2011

M2HB va AN samolyot qurollarida ishlatiladigan bir nechta turli xil o'q-dorilar mavjud. Kimdan Ikkinchi jahon urushi orqali Vetnam urushi, katta Browning standart to'p, zirh teshuvchi (AP), zirh bilan teshuvchi yoquvchi (API) va zirhli teshuvchi yoquvchi iz (APIT) turlarida ishlatilgan. "Zirhli teshish" uchun belgilangan barcha 50 ta o'q-dorilar, 0,875 dyuym (22,2 mm) po'latdan yasalgan zirhli plitani 100 metr (91 m) va 0,75 dyuym (19 mm) masofada 547 yard (500 m) masofada to'liq teshish uchun kerak edi. .[28] API va APIT turlarida dushmanlar nishonga berilgan zarbalarni aniqlashda foydali bo'lgan chaqnash, hisobot va tutun paydo bo'ldi; ular, birinchi navbatda, yoqilg'i idishlarini yoqish paytida ingichka teri va engil zirhli transport vositalari va samolyotlarni ishdan chiqarishga qaratilgan edi.[29]

Amaldagi o'q-dorilar turlariga M33 ball (706,7 don) xodimlar va yengil materiallar uchun mo'ljallangan maqsadlar, M17 tracer, M8 API (622.5 don), M20 API-T (619 don) va M962 SLAP-T kiradi. Oxirgi o'q-dorilar M903 SLAP (Saboted Light Armor Penetrator) dumaloq bilan 1,34 dyuym (34 mm) FHA (yuzi qattiq po'lat plitalar) 500 metr (550 yd), 0,91 dyuym (23 mm) 1200 metr () 1300 yd) va 1500 metr (1600 yd) da 0,75 dyuym (19 mm). Bunga 0,30 dyuymli diametrli (7,6 mm) volfram penetratori yordamida erishiladi. SLAP-T o'q-dorilarning asosiga izlovchi zaryad qo'shadi. Ushbu o'q-dorilar 1993 yilda tasniflangan.[30][31]

Blanklarni otishda katta bo'sh o'q adapteri Orqaga qaytariladigan harakatni aylanishiga imkon berish uchun maxsus turdagi (BFA) foydalanish kerak. Bu printsip asosida ishlaydi orqaga qaytarish kuchaytiruvchisi, qisqa orqaga harakatga ta'sir qiluvchi qaytarish kuchini oshirish. Bu $ a $ ning aniq antitezi tumshug'i tormoz. Ushbu adapter bo'lmasa, zaryadsizlangan bo'sh kartrij harakatni to'liq aylantirish uchun juda kam orqaga qaytishni rivojlantiradi. Adapter juda o'ziga xosdir, taglikka cho'zilgan uchta tayoq bilan og'izga yopishtirilgan. BFA tez-tez tinchlik davrida operatsiyalar paytida M2-larda ko'rish mumkin.

Joylashtirish

A dan otilgan M2 qattiq korpusli shishiriladigan qayiq.
B-25H To'rtta M2 ozuqani ko'rsatadigan "Barbie III" va 75 mm M5 qurol

M2 .50 Browning pulemyoti turli rollarda ishlatilgan:

Qo'shma Shtatlar

AQSh askari Normandiya M2HB-ni ikki maqsadli o'rnatishga o'rnatgan holda himoya qiladi.

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanganda Qo'shma Shtatlarda M2 versiyalari mavjud bo'lib, ular samolyot qurollari, zenitlarga qarshi mudofaa qurollari (samolyotlarda, kemalarda yoki qayiqlarda), piyoda (uchburchakda o'rnatilgan) qurollarda va ikkilangan maqsadda transport vositalaridagi zenit va piyodalarga qarshi qurollar.[32][33]

Samolyotlarda ishlatilgan .50 AN / M2 yengil bochkali Browning samolyoti yong'in tezligini daqiqada 800 o'qdan iborat bo'lgan va samolyotlar uchun yakka yoki sakkiztagacha qurol ishlatilgan. P-47 momaqaldiroq uchun B-25 Mitchell Mitchellning so'nggi J-versiyasida o'n to'rtta M2 zarbani erga hujum qilish missiyasi uchun oldinga otish mumkin bo'lgan bombardimonchi - sakkiztasi qattiq metall konstruktsiyali burunga, yana to'rttasi konformal egizak qurolga o'rnatilgan qurol qutilari pastki kabinaning yon tomonlarida va yana ikkita oldinga burnalgan burilmaning M2 qurollari ham oldinga yo'naltirilgan bo'lsa. Keyinchalik A-26 buni eng ko'pi 16/18 pulemyotga, burunida 8 ta, bitta qanotga yana to'rttasiga o'rnatiladigan podachalarga va ortiqcha dumaloq minorada 2 ta qurolga ega bo'ldi.

Ikki maqsadli avtoulovga o'rnatishda M2HB (og'ir bochka) AQSh xizmatida juda samarali bo'ldi: Browning .50 kalibrli AP va API turlari osongina kirib borishi mumkin dvigatel bloki yoki nemisning yonilg'i baklari Bf 109 qiruvchi past balandlikda hujum qilmoqda,[34] yoki nemisning korpus plitalari va yonilg'i idishlarini teshib qo'ying yarim yo'l yoki engil zirhli mashina.[28][35][36] Ikki maqsadli o'rnatish shubhasiz foydali bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, odatda operatorga M2-ni er osti rolida ishlatganda turishi kerak edi va unga o't o'chirishi mumkin edi.[37] Dashtdagi bo'linmalar tez-tez avtoulovlarga qarshi vositalar va piyodalarga qarshi rollarda ko'proq operator muhofazasini ta'minlash uchun avtoulovlarning o'rnatmalarini, ayniqsa tanklar va tanklarni yo'q qiluvchilarni o'zgartirgan.[38] Qurolni nemislar juda yomon ko'rar edilar, ularning hujumlari va pistirmalari aksincha to'xtab qolgan motorli avtoulovlarga qarshi .50 kalibrli pulemyot o'qi bilan tez-tez sindirib tashlandi.[39][40] M2 Browning yordamida transport vositalari tez-tez "olov bilan qaytadan" qaytishar edi, ya'ni ular hali ham dushman kuchlari joylashgan joylarda harakatlanayotganda pistirmaning gumon qilingan joylarida doimiy ravishda o'q uzar edi. Oldinga siljigan avtoulovning ikkala qanotini qoplash uchun bitta transport vositasi faqat o'ngga, keyingi transport vositasi chapga, keyingisi o'ngga va boshqalarga o't qo'yar edi.

Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi AQSh armiyasining piyoda batalyoni yoki polkidagi og'ir qurol-yarog 'kompaniyalariga transport vositalarida o'rnatilgan qurollardan tashqari, har biriga shtativ (yerga) o'rnatiladigan bitta M2 Browning chiqarildi.[41] Qattiq qum torli shtativga o'rnatilgan M2HB mudofaa vazifasini bajarishda yoki yo'l kesishmalariga to'siq qo'yish yoki to'sib qo'yish uchun juda foydali bo'ldi nemis piyoda va motorli kuchlari.[42] M2 ovozini eshitish ko'pincha dushman piyodalarini yashirishga olib kelishi mumkin.[43] M2 Browning-ning dushman xodimlariga, xususan piyoda askarlarning hujumlariga qarshi ishlatilishining ko'plab holatlari mavjud[44] yoki oddiy piyoda qurollari uchun juda katta masofada dushman artilleriya kuzatuvchilariga yoki merganlarga to'siq qo'yish yoki yo'q qilish uchun.[45][46][47]

Qaragan M2 Korengal vodiysi da Firebase Feniks, Afg'oniston, 2007 yilda

M2HB Tinch okeanidagi kampaniyada bir nechta sabablarga ko'ra keng qo'llanilmadi, shu jumladan qurolning og'irligi, piyodalar o'rmonidagi jangovar tabiati va yo'llarning kesishgan joylari odatda osonlikcha chetlab o'tilgan edi.[48] Biroq, bu Filippindagi tez harakatlanuvchi motorli kuchlar tomonidan Manilaga borishda Yaponiyaning blokirovka qiluvchi qismlarini yo'q qilish uchun ishlatilgan.[42] The to'rtburchak .50 shuningdek, yapon bosqinchilarini yo'q qilish uchun ishlatilgan.[49]

M2HB ishlatilgan Koreya va Vetnam va keyinchalik ikkalasida ham "Cho'l bo'roni" operatsiyasi, Afg'oniston teatri Doimiy erkinlik operatsiyasi va Iroq. 2003 yilda AQSh armiyasi SFC Pol Rey Smit uning an-ga o'rnatilgan M2HB ishlatilgan M113 zirhli transport vositasi AQSh zaxirasiga hujum qilgan, yordam stantsiyasining haddan tashqari ko'tarilishini oldini olgan va yarador askarlarni evakuatsiya qilishga imkon beradigan 20 dan 50 gacha dushmanlarni o'ldirish,[50] SFC Smit otishma paytida o'ldirilgan va o'limidan keyin mukofotlangan "Shuhrat" medali.

M45 Quadmount

Asosiy maqola: M45 Quadmount
M45 .50 AA Quad aka "go'sht maydalagich"

M45 Quadmount zirhli korpus orqasida joylashgan bitta qurolli to'rtta .50 M2HB qurolni o'rnatishi edi. Bu AQSh AA batalyonlari tomonidan tortib olingan treylerga o'rnatilgan yoki yarim yo'lli tashuvchiga (M16 AA yarim yo'l) o'rnatilgan. Harakatlantirilgan kuzatuv moslamasida bitta qurolga 200 ta o'q bilan, qurollar past uchadigan samolyotlarga qarshi juda samarali bo'ldi. To'rtta quroldan foydalanish M2HB ning yong'in tezligi (daqiqada 450-550 ta o'q) samolyotga qarshi samarali qurol uchun past bo'lganligi uchun etarli darajada qoplandi.[51]

Urushning oxiriga kelib Luftwaffe Hujumlar kamroq bo'lib qoldi, to'rtlik .50 (laqabli Go'sht maydalagich yoki Krautmower[51]) piyodalarga qarshi rolda tobora ko'proq foydalanilmoqda, xuddi ilgari kiritilgan (1940) va shunga o'xshash kuchliroq, ammo amalda o'q-dorilar bilan to'yingan bo'lish ancha qiyin - nemis 20 mm Flakvierling. Daraxtlardan o'q uzayotgan snayperlar to'rtburchkali avtomat tomonidan magistral darajasida qatnashgan; qurol butun daraxtni va u bilan birga snayperni kesib, yo'q qilar edi.[43][49]

M45 Quadmount hali ham Vetnam urushi paytida ishlatilgan.

Hamdo'stlik va boshqa kuchlar

Avstraliyalik M113 egizak o'rnatilgan M1919 Browning va M2 Browning Quick Change Barrel avtomatlari
Isroil mudofaa kuchlari M2HQCB

Hamdo'stlik M2 Browning .50 kalibrli pulemyotdan foydalanish (Buyuk Britaniya va Hamdo'stlik xizmatida .5 Browning nomi bilan tanilgan) Ikkinchi Jahon Urushida cheklangan edi, ammo 1942 yildan bu AQSh tomonidan qurilgan AFV-larda qarz berish sharti bilan taqdim etilgan standart qurol edi. M4 Sherman, M7 ruhoniy, M8 Greyhound, yoki M10 tankini yo'q qiluvchi turli xil inglizlar, kanadaliklar, Avstraliyalik, Janubiy Afrika va Yangi Zelandiya birliklari. Shunga qaramay, og'ir Browning samaradorligi piyoda, zirhli va qurol-yarog 'shoxlarida ko'plab Britaniya va Hamdo'stlik askarlari tomonidan yuqori baholandi.[52][53] Ko'plab qo'mondonlar .50 Browning o'z sinfidagi eng yaxshi qurol, albatta Amerika qurollarining eng yaxshisi, shu jumladan M1 Garand va M1 karbini.[53][54] Shimoliy Afrikada, Hamdo'stlik bo'linmalari yangi qurol uchun etarlicha ehtiyot qismlar, qo'llanmalar, o'lchov asboblari va o'q-dorilarni olishni boshlaganlaridan so'ng .50 Browning tobora ko'proq foydalanilib, oxir-oqibat 15 mm Besa o'rnini egalladi,[53] ammo Italiyada u tez-tez yuqori minorali montajlardan o'chirildi, chunki tog 'operatorni past shoxlarga va dushmanning oloviga duchor qildi.[55] Hammasi LRDGlar va ba'zilari SAS bo'linmalar qurolning samolyot (AN / M2) versiyasidan foydalangan, nurga / belga o'rnatilgan va minoraga o'rnatilgan Browninglar urushda keyinchalik bunday samolyotlarda ishlatilgan. Qisqa Sanderlend va Lancaster bombardimonchisi.

Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin .50 Brauning harakatlarni ko'rishda davom etdi Koreya va boshqa teatrlar, samolyotlarda, shtativda (zaminda), er usti AA (kestirib ring) va transport vositalarida. Uning asosiy rolidagi eng diqqatga sazovor harakatlaridan biri to'qqiz kishilik SAS jamoasi bilan bo'lgan qattiq jang edi Mirbat jangi yilda Ummon 1972 yil iyul oyida, og'ir Braunning va uning API o'q-dorilaridan 250 yamanlik hujumini qaytarishda yordam berilgan Adoo partizanlar, garchi jangdan eng mashhur qurol bu a 25 ta qurol.[56]

.50 kalibrli Browning .30 kalibrli Browning pulemyoti bilan birgalikda har bir ixcham bir kishilik minorada Janubiy Vetnamdagi Avstraliya Qirollik zirhli korpusi tomonidan ishlatiladigan M113 BTR-larida.

M2HB bilan xizmat qilgan Isroil mudofaa kuchlari tashkil topganidan beri va butun Isroilda xizmat qilgan urushlar, operatsiyalar va nizolar. 2012 yilda IDF M2HB pulemyotlarini M2HQCB modeliga modernizatsiya qildi va tez o'zgaruvchan o'q bilan. Bugungi kunda M2 piyodalar ekipaji tomonidan xizmat qiladigan og'ir pulemyot bo'lib, masofadan boshqariladigan tashqi sifatida xizmat qiladi koaksial qurol kuni Merkava asosiy jangovar tanklar, asosiy qurol sifatida Samson RCWS va ikkinchi darajali qurol sifatida Isroil dengiz korpusi qurolli qayiqlar va raketa qayiqlari.

Nigeriya qo'shinlari Otokar Cobra APC, Panhard VBL M11 va Landcruiser avtomatlariga o'rnatilgan 50 kalibrli Braunni Niger Delta, N.E Nigeria, Jos platosida va Malida qo'zg'olonchilarga qarshi operatsiyalarda keng tarqatdilar.

M2 snayper miltig'i sifatida

Leupold CQBSS o'zgaruvchan quvvat doirasi bilan jihozlangan USMC M2.

M2 pulemyoti ham uzoq masofaga ishlatilgan snayper miltig'i teleskopik ko'rinish bilan jihozlanganida. Koreya urushi paytida askarlar ko'lamli M2-lardan snayper miltig'i rolida foydalangan, ammo bu amaliyotni eng avvalo AQSh dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari snayperi ishlatgan. Karlos Xetkok Vetnam urushi paytida. Dan foydalanish Unertl teleskopik ko'rinish va o'z dizaynidagi montaj kassasi, Xetkok tezlik bilan M2-ni snayper miltig'iga aylantirishi mumkin edi, unga o'tish va ko'tarish (T&E) mexanizmidan foydalanilgan. tripod. Yarim avtomatik ravishda otish paytida Xetkok odam o'lchamidagi nishonlarni 1800 metrdan (2000 yd) uzoqroqqa urdi - bu o'sha paytdagi standart kalibrli snayper miltig'idan ikki baravar ko'p (a .30-06 Vinchester Model 70 ). Xetkok 2250 metrga (2460 yd) eng uzun tasdiqlangan qotillik rekordini o'rnatdi, a yozuv 2002 yilgacha, Afg'onistonda Kanada armiyasining snayperi tomonidan buzilgan Arron Perri.[57][58]

Jeneva konventsiyasining taqiqlanishini noto'g'ri tushunish

Ko'pincha aytiladi,[59] ba'zan hatto harbiy murabbiylar tomonidan,[60] ostida noqonuniy ekanligini Jeneva konventsiyasi M2 ni dushman xodimlariga qarshi ishlatish, chunki bu "keraksiz azoblarni" keltirib chiqaradi. Shu bilan birga, Jeneva konventsiyasida M2-ni xodimlarga ishlatishni taqiqlash to'g'risida hech qachon talqin qilingan biron bir qoidalar mavjud emas. Noto'g'ri tushuncha davomida paydo bo'lishi mumkin Koreys yoki Vetnam urushlari AQSh qo'shinlariga o'q-dorilar etishmasligi sababli o'zlarining M2-larini faqat dushman uskunalariga qarshi ishlatishni aytganda.[61] Bundan tashqari, keyingi davrda cheklovning foydalanishni cheklashi mumkin M40 qaytarilmas miltig'i.50 kalibrli aniqlovchi qurol faqat dushman uskunalarini yo'q qilish uchun, chunki M40 zirhga qarshi ishlatilishi kerak edi va miltiqni qurolga o'q uzish M40ni maqsadiga muvofiq ishlatilishidan oldin berib yuborgan bo'lar edi. ushbu darajadagi barcha qurollarga nisbatan qo'llaniladi va qonuniy asoslar berilgan.[60]

Variantlar va hosilalar

M2 variantlari

M2HB Frantsiya xorijiy legionining 2-piyoda polki jismoniy mashqlar paytida.
O'rmon piyodalari askar Braziliya armiyasi ichida M2HB mavjud Amazon yomg'ir o'rmonlari

Asosiy M2 AQSh xizmatida bir qancha subvarianlarda joylashtirilgan bo'lib, ularning barchasi AQSh armiyasi tizimiga binoan alohida to'liq nomlangan. Kirishda aytib o'tilganidek, asosiy belgi Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, boshqalar bilan quyida tasvirlangan.

Ning rivojlanishi M1921 M2 ga olib keladigan suv bilan sovutilgan pulemyot, dastlabki M2 lar aslida suv bilan sovutilganligini anglatardi. Ushbu qurollar Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, suv bilan sovutilgan, egiluvchan. Suv bilan sovutilgan sobit versiyasi yo'q edi.

Yaxshilangan havo sovutadigan og'ir barrel versiyalari uchta pastki turga ega edi. Asosiy piyoda model, Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, HB, Flexible, foydalanish uchun ishlab chiqilgan sobit M6 og'ir tank belgilangan Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, HB, Fixed va "turret turi", bunda "Moslashuvchan" M2lar tank minoralarida foydalanish uchun biroz o'zgartirilgan. Browning Machine Gun subvariant belgisi, Cal. .50, M2, HB, TT faqat ishlab chiqarish, etkazib berish va ma'muriyatni aniqlash va moslashuvchan M2lardan ajratish uchun ishlatilgan.

M2HB og'ir pulemyoti

Ikkinchi jahon urushi tugaganidan keyin bir qator qo'shimcha subvarianlar ishlab chiqildi. M2 og'ir barrel, M48 turret turi qo'mondon kubogi uchun ishlab chiqilgan M48 Patton tank. M48A2 va M48A3-dagi kupe montaji ko'pchilik tankerlarga yoqmadi, chunki u xizmat ko'rsatishda ishonchsiz edi.[62] Keyinchalik qo'mondonning holati uchun tashqi o'rnatilgan M2 qabul qilindi M1 Abrams tanklar. Uch subvariants ham foydalanish uchun ishlab chiqilgan AQSh dengiz kuchlari turli xil kemalarda va suv transportida, shu jumladan yumshoq montaj va turg'un turdagi versiyalar. A ning doimiy turlari elektromagnit ishga tushiring va Mk 56 Mod 0 dual montajida va boshqa o'rnatgichlarda foydalanish uchun chap yoki o'ng tomondan besleme variantlarini kiriting.

Huaqing Machinery kompaniyasi CS / LM6 deb nomlanuvchi M2HB klonini yaratdi, u 2010 yilda xorijiy qurol-yarog 'ko'rgazmalarida ommaviy ravishda chiqarildi.[63] Turli xil optikalarni tezkor o'rnatish uchun uni qabul qilgichdagi pikatinli temir yo'l bilan yasalgan.[63] Asl M2HB shtativi va uning qismlari CS / LM6 da ishlatilishi mumkin.[64]

M2A1

Tez o'zgaruvchan bochka bilan M2E2 modifikatsiyasi (QCB)

M2 birinchi bo'lib ishlab chiqilganida, Jon Braunning dizayndagi ikkita muammoga duch keldi. O'sha paytda mavjud bo'lgan dastgoh asboblari yordamida murvat yuzining joylashishini va kameraning chuqurligini o'rnatgan o'lchamlarni kartridjning kameraga moslashishini boshqarish uchun mahkam ushlab turolmasdi. Dumaloq kamerada juda qattiq bo'lishi mumkin va avtomat o'q otmaydi yoki kamerada juda bo'sh bo'ladi, natijada to'xtaydi yoki patron yorilib ketadi. Etarli darajada yaqin tutib bo'lmaydigan boshqa o'lchov - bu otash pimi qachon tushishi edi. Ushbu muammolarni hal qilish uchun vaqt va bosh oralig'i sozlanishi mumkin edi ("bosh bo'shliq" - bu boltning yuzi va gilzaning tagligi orasidagi masofa, kameraga to'liq joylashtirilgan); operator bochkani uzatma ichiga burab, operatorni kerakli o'lchamlarga moslashtirish uchun oddiy o'lchov moslamalari bilan kerakli bo'shliqqa etib borish uchun bochkani murvat yuziga qarab siljitishi kerak edi. 20-asrning oxiriga kelib, M2 AQSh inventarizatsiyasida boshqariladigan yagona bo'shliq qurolidir. Boshi noto'g'rilangan qurollardan yaralanishlar haqida xabarlar ko'payib borar ekan, AQSh harbiylari 1997 yilda belgilangan vaqt va bosh joylari bilan tez o'zgaruvchan bochkalarni konvertatsiya qilish to'plami uchun tanlov o'tkazdilar. Uchta kompaniya to'plamlarni taklif qildi va Saco mudofaasi tanlovda g'olib bo'ldi. Biroq, loyihani to'liq baholashdan va dastur tugashidan oldin mablag 'yo'qoldi. 2007 yilda harbiylar yangi musobaqani boshlash uchun pul topdilar. Saco Defence shundan beri sotib olingan edi Umumiy dinamikasi, tanlovda g'olib bo'lgan.[65]

AQSh armiyasi Ranger maxsus operatsiyalar vositasi (RSOV) RAMO M2HB-QCB avtomati bilan qurollangan

2010 yil 15 oktyabrda M2A1 og'ir pulemyot AQSh armiyasi tomonidan tasniflangan. Ilgari M2E2 nomi bilan tanilgan M2A1 dizayndagi yaxshilanishlarni, shu jumladan olinadigan ko'taruvchi tutqichli tez o'zgaruvchan bochkani (QCB), tumshug'ining chaqnashini 95 foizga kamaytiradigan yangi tirqishli fleshli supressorni, belgilangan bo'sh joy va vaqtni, o'zgartirilgan murvatni va qo'lda qo'zg'atuvchi blok xavfsizligi. "Vaqtni belgilash" - qurolni orqaga qaytaruvchi qismlar otish uchun to'g'ri holatidadir bo'lganda otish sodir bo'ladigan qilib sozlash. Standart M2-da barrel o'zgarganda, bo'sh joy va vaqtni qo'lda o'rnatish kerak edi. Noto'g'ri sozlash qurolga zarar etkazishi va foydalanuvchiga jiddiy shikast etkazishi mumkin. Belgilangan bo'sh joy va vaqtni belgilash xavfni kamaytiradi va yuk ko'tarish dastagi soniyani bir necha soniya ichida almashtirishga imkon beradi.[66][67] 2011 yil iyun oyida armiya M2HB pulemyotlarini M2A1larga aylantira boshladi.[68] M2A1 2011 yilning eng buyuk ixtirolaridan biri deb topildi.[69] 2012 yil 30-noyabr holatiga ko'ra, qurilgan yoki o'zgartirilgan 8300 ta M2A1 AQSh armiyasi tomonidan ekspluatatsiya qilingan; dastur armiyaning butun M2 inventarizatsiyasini 54000 dan ortiq qurolni yangilaydi.[70] The AQSh dengiz piyoda korpusi yerga o'rnatilgan barcha M2-larni 2016 yildan 2018 yilgacha M2A1 standartiga ko'tarishni rejalashtirmoqda.[71] Konversiyalarning birinchi bosqichi 2017 yil mart oyida yakunlandi, dengiz piyodalari tomonidan jami 3600 M2A1 uchirish rejalashtirilgan.[72] The Isroil mudofaa kuchlari 2012 yilda M2HB o'rnini bosuvchi sifatida M2-HQCB (M2A1 ning savdo versiyasi) ni qabul qildi.[73]

FN Browning M.1939

M2 Browning-ning muhim hosilasi bu Mitrailleuse d´Avion Browning - F.N. Kalibr 13,2 mm, ko'proq FN Browning M.1939 nomi bilan mashhur. FN Browning M.1939 tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan samolyotlardan foydalanish uchun juda o'zgartirilgan M2 Browning edi FN Herstal eksport uchun. Ularning maqsadi 20 mm avtomat avtomat bilan bir xil zararga ega bo'lgan engil, ishonchli og'ir pulemyotni yaratish edi. Bunga erishish uchun ular otishni o'rganish tezligini 1080 rpm ga ko'tarishdi va unga 13,2x99 mmli Hotchkiss shaklida yanada kuchli patron berishdi.[74] Ushbu kartrij asosan a .50 BMG ammo 13,2 mm o'q bilan (.52 dyuym) va undan portlovchi vosita. Yangi patrondan tashqari, ular faqat ushbu qurol uchun yangi o'q ishlab chiqdilar. O'q yuqori portlovchi turga ega bo'lib, bitta zarba bilan kichik samolyotni tushirishga mo'ljallangan. Sinovlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, mato va alyuminiy terisiga qarshi samolyotlarga qarshi juda samarali bo'lgan.[75]

Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan yaxshilanishlar tufayli qurol 1939 yilda eksport bozoriga kirganida ko'plab mamlakatlar tomonidan qiziqish uyg'otdi. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanishi va Belgiya u faqat eksport qilindi Ruminiya va Shvetsiya.[76] Shvetsiya qurolni litsenziyani to'lamasdan o'z-o'zidan ishlab chiqarish uchun qurol-yarog'larning ko'pini va loyihalari bilan sotib olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Shvetsiyada qurol Automatkanon m / 39 belgisini oldi, qisqa Akan m / 39, ya'ni Autocannon m / 39 degan ma'noni anglatadi va keyinchalik ishlab chiqarilgan Ericsson Akan m / 39A sifatida. Shvetsiya ham loyihalarni berdi Finlyandiya ular qurol ishlab chiqarishi mumkin edi. Finlyandiya allaqachon 12,7 mm o'q-dorilar ishlab chiqarganligi sababli, fin varianti 12,7 mm (.50 bmg) ga qayta tiklandi. Fincha variant VKT 12,70 LKk / 42 deb belgilangan va Finlyandiya davlati tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan.[77][tekshirish kerak ]

Samolyot qurollari

.50 Browning AN / M2

P-47 tungi otishma paytida o'zining sakkizta M2 .50 pulemyotini o'qqa tutmoqda

M2 pulemyoti Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davrida va urushdan keyingi keyingi mojarolarda uzoqdan yoki egiluvchan samolyot qurollari sifatida keng qo'llanilgan. Samolyotlarda ishlatiladigan turg'un (tajovuzkor) yoki egiluvchan (mudofaa) qurollar uchun ".50 Browning AN / M2" yoki "12,7 mm AN / M2" deb nomlangan maxsus M2 versiyasi ishlab chiqilgan.[76] "AN" "Armiya / Dengiz kuchlari" degan ma'noni anglatadi, chunki qurol ikkala xizmat tomonidan foydalanish uchun birgalikda ishlab chiqilgan. The AN / M2 Belgilanish boshqa samolyot qurollari uchun ham ishlatilgan va shuning uchun belgilashdan oldin kalibrni yozish muhimdir.

The 12.7 mm AN/M2 had a cyclic rate of 600–800 rounds per minute, with the ability to be fired from an electrically operated remote-mount solenoid trigger when installed as a fixed gun.[76] Cooled by the aircraft's slip-stream, the air-cooled 12.7 mm AN/M2 was fitted with a substantially lighter 36-inch (91 cm) length barrel, reducing the weight of the complete unit to 61 pounds (28 kg),[76][78] which also had the effect of increasing the rate of fire. The full official designation for this weapon was "Browning Machine Gun, Aircraft, Cal. .50, AN/M2" (Fixed) or (Flexible).

The 12.7 mm AN/M2 was used on many aircraft during Ikkinchi Jahon Urushi, as it served as the main aircraft armament in the US military. Most US fighter aircraft were armed with four, six or eight AN/M2 MGs mounted in the wings. Some famous examples being the P-40, P-47 va P-51 uchun USAAF va F4F, F6F va F4U uchun AQSh dengiz kuchlari. For bombers the AN/M2 was used in both flexible and fixed positions for both offensive and defensive use. In flexible defensive positions, the B-17G uchish qal'asi heavy bomber was armed with 13x AN/M2 guns in both turreted and flexible positions. In fixed offensive configurations, like on the B-25 Mitchell, commonly carried 6 to 12 fixed guns for strafing.

In foreign use the AN/M2 is often just referred to as the M2 Browning. In Sweden it was re-designated 12,7 mm automatkanon m/45 (qisqasi 12.7mm akan m/45) meaning 12.7 mm autocannon m/45.[76] Ga e'tibor bering Swedish Air Force used a different designation system which recognized the incendiary rounds as grenades, thus it was called autocannon.[76] The AN/M2 was also produced in Finland under the export name Colt MG 53-2.

M296

The XM296/M296 is a further development of the AN/M2 machine gun for the OH-58 Kiowa Warrior vertolyot. The M296 differs from previous remote firing variants in that it has adjustable firing rate (500–850 rpm), while lacking a bolt latch (allowing single-shot operation).[79] As an air-cooled gun used aboard a relatively slow rotary-wing aircraft, the M296 has a burst restriction rate of 50 rounds per minute sustained fire or 150 rounds per minute maximum while conducting peacetime training requirements; the combat firing rate is unrestricted but a ten-minute cooling period after prolonged firing is mandated to avoid stoppages due to overheating.[80]

XM213/M213, XM218, GAU-15/A, GAU-16/A, and GAU-18/A

The XM213/M213 was a modernization and adaptation of existing .50 caliber AN/M2s in inventory for use as a pintle -mounted door gun on helicopters using the M59 armament subsystem.

The GAU-15/A, formerly identified as the XM218, is a lightweight member of the M2/M3 family. The GAU-16/A was an improved GAU-15/A with modified grip and sight assemblies for similar applications. Both of these weapons were used as a part of the A/A49E-11 armament subsystem (also known as the Defensive Armament System).

The GAU-18/A is a lightweight variant of the M2/M3, and is used on the USAF's MH-53 past darajadagi yo'lak va HH-60 Pave Hawk vertolyotlar. These weapons use the M2HB barrel, and are typically set up as left-hand feed, right-hand charging weapons, but on the HH-60 Pave Hawks that use the EGMS (External Gun Mount System) the gun is isolated from the shooter by a recoil-absorbing cradle and all weapons are set up as right-hand charge but vary between left- and right-hand feed depending on what side of the aircraft it is on. A feed chute adapter is attached to the left- or right-hand feed pawl bracket allowing the weapon to receive ammunition through a feed chute system connected to externally mounted ammunition containers holding 600 rounds each.

AN/M3, GAU-21/A, and M3P

A Germaniya armiyasi ramp gunner mans an M3M on board a CH-53 vertolyot

During World War II, a faster-firing Browning was developed for aircraft use. The AN/M3 increased the rate of fire to around 1,200 rounds per minute, while firing the same round with minimal change in weight or size.[81] The AN/M3 was used in Korea on the P-51D-30, F-82 egizak Mustang (the XP-82 mounted a total of 14 AN/M3 machine guns), F-86 Saber, F-84 Thunderjet va F-80 Shooting Star, and in Vietnam in the XM14/SUU-12/A qurol qutisi. Today, it can be found on the Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano as designated as M3W with minor modification, which are installed in the wings (2 ea of M3Ws) with 250 rounds each.

The M3 series is used by the U.S. military in two versions, the M3M and M3P. The fixed, remote-firing version, the FN M3P, is employed on the Avenger Air Defense System, and is currently used on the OH-58D, augmenting the XM296 .50 cal. avtomat.[82] The M3M flexible machine gun has been adopted by USN under the designation GAU-21/A for use on helicopters. The GAU-21/A is also being used by the U.S. Marine Corps to upgrade from the XM-218/GAU-16 .50 cal. machine gun for the CH-53E,[83] on the UH-1Y Venom, and on the Canadian Forces' CH-146 Griffon via the INGRESS upgrade.[iqtibos kerak ] The Air Force is looking to replace the GAU-18 on the HH-60G Pave Hawk with the GAU-21 because of its higher 1,100 rpm rate of fire, longer 10,000-round barrel life, and lower recoil through use of a soft mount.[84] The M3M is also the primary machine gun used by the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm for helicopter armament on Yovvoyi mushuk va Merlin samolyot.[85]

Foydalanuvchilar

The M2 family has been widely used abroad, primarily in its basic infantry configuration. A brief listing of designations for M2 family weapons follows:

MamlakatNATO A'zoBelgilashTavsif
 Argentina[86]Yo'qM2HB12.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun
 Avstraliya[86]Global PartnerM2HB-QCB[87]
 Avstriya[86]Yo'qüsMG M2
 Bagama orollari[iqtibos kerak ]
 Bangladesh[iqtibos kerak ]
 Bahrayn[88](p77)
 Belgiya[86]Ha
 Benin[86]Yo'q
 Boliviya[86]
 Braziliya[86]mtr .50 M2 HB "BROWNING"
 Bolgariya[86]Ha
 Burkina-Faso[86]Yo'q
 Bosniya[86]
 Burundi[86]
 Kamerun[86]
 Kanada[86]HaFN M2HB-QCB, GAU-21
 Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi[89]Yo'q
 Chad[86]
 Chili[86]
 Kolumbiya[86]Global Partner
 Kot-d'Ivuar[86]Yo'q
 Xorvatiya[86]Ha
 Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi[86]Yo'q
 Daniya[86]Ham/50 TMG[90]
M/2001 TMG12.7 × 99 mm FNH M2HB-QCB[91]
12.7 × 99 mm FNH M3M machine gun[92]
 Kipr
 Chex Respublikasi[86]Ha12.7 × 99 mm FNH M2HB-QCB[93]
 Jibuti[86]Yo'q12.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun
 Dominika Respublikasi[86]
 Ekvador[86]
 Misr[86]
 Salvador[86]
 Estoniya[94]HaBrowning M2 ba'zan kabi Raskekuulipilduja Browning M212.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB. Usually mounted on vehicles, such as the pasi XA-180 and XA-188, but the tripod version is also in use.
 Efiopiya[86]Yo'q12.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun
 Frantsiya[86]Ha
 Finlyandiya[95]Yo'q12,7 RSKK 200512.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun in himoyachi remote weapon stations yilda Patria AMV APClar.[96]
 Gabon[86]12.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun
 Gambiya[86]
 Gana[86]
 Germaniya[97]Ham3M, MG50
 Gretsiya[86]
 Gvatemala[86]Yo'q
 Gonduras[86]
 Vengriya[iqtibos kerak ]Ha
 Hindiston[86]Yo'q
 Indoneziya[86]
 Eron[86]
 IroqYo'q
 Irlandiya[86].5 Heavy Machine Gun (HMG)[98]
 Isroil[86]מק"כ 0.512.7 × 99 mm M2HB-QCB, used by all ground forces (infantry, armored fighting vehicles and tanks) and naval forces
 Italiya[86]Ha12.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun
 Fil suyagi qirg'og'i[99]Yo'q
 Yamayka[86]
 Yaponiya[86]12.7mm Heavy Machine Gun M2
 Iordaniya[86]
 Katanga[100]
 Janubiy Koreya[86]K6 (standard HMG), MG50 (being phased out), M3M (used by Cheonghae birligi[101])12.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB with additional modification; tomonidan litsenziyalangan Yeohwa Shotgun
 Quvayt[86]12.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun
 Livan[86]
 Lesoto[102]
 Liberiya[86]
 Liviya12.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB and M3 machine guns[103]
 Latviya[104]HaM2HB-QCB12.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun
 Litva[105]
 Lyuksemburg[86]mitrailleuse .50 M2 HB[106]
 Madagaskar[86]Yo'q
 Malayziya[86]
 Mavritaniya[86]
 Mavrikiy[86]
 Meksika[86]
 Marokash[86]
 Myanma[86]
 NamibiyaYo'q
 Gollandiya[86]Ha
 Yangi Zelandiya[86]Global Partner
 Nicaragua[86]Yo'q
 Niger[86]
 Nigeriya[86]
 Norvegiya[86]Ha12,7 mitraljøse
 Ummon[86]Yo'q
 Pokiston[86]Global Partner
 Panama[86]Yo'q
 Paragvay[86]
 Peru[86]
 Filippinlar[86]
 Polsha[107]HaGAU-21
 Portugaliya[86]Ham / 951[108]
 Qatar[86]Yo'q
 Ruminiya[86]Ha
 Ruanda[86]Yo'q
 Saudiya Arabistoni[86]
 Senegal[86]
 Serbiya[86]
 Singapur[86]
 Somali[86]
 Janubiy Afrika[86]50 Browning
 Sovet IttifoqiYo'qM2 AA variant, Qarz berish, 3100 pieces[109]
 Ispaniya[86][110]HaM2HB-QCB, M3M
 Shvetsiya[111]Yo'qKulspruta 88 (Ksp 88)
  Shveytsariya[86]mG 64
 Tayvan[86]
 Tailand[86]
 Bormoq[86]
 Tonga[86]
 Tunis[86]
 kurka[86]Ha
 TurkmenistanYo'q
 Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari[86]
 Birlashgan Qirollik[86]HaL2A1
L6, L6A112.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun; miltiq uchun L7 105 mm tank gun on the Centurion tanki
L11, L11A112.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun; miltiq
L21A112.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun; ranging gun for the 120 mm tank gun on the Boshliq tanki
L111A1[112]12.7 × 99 mm M2QCB machine gun
M3M[113]12.7 × 99 mm FN Herstal built upgraded M2 for use on Qo'mondonlik vertolyot kuchlari and other units as helicopter door guns.
 Qo'shma Shtatlar[86]Browning Caliber .50 M2, M2HB, XM218/GAU-16, GAU-2112.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun
 Urugvay[86]Yo'q12.7 × 99 mm Browning M2HB machine gun
 Venesuela[86]
 Shimoliy Vetnam
 Janubiy Vetnam
 Vetnam
 Yaman[86]
 Zimbabve[86]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

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  7. ^ Chinn 1951, III pp. 315, 323–334. In 1939, H. Arnold sought a cyclic rate greater that 1000 rounds/minute. The T25E3 gun was standardized as M3, and 2,400 had been made by September 1945. "The standardized basic machine gun fired at the rate of 1,200 rounds per minute."
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Umumiy bibliografiya

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  • Dunlap, Roy F. (1948). Ordnance Went Up Front: Some Observations and Experiences of a Sergeant of Ordnance, who served throughout World War II with the United States Army in Egypt, the Philippines and Japan, including way stations. A Samworth Book on Firearms. Plantersville, SC: Small-Arms Technical Publishing Co. OCLC  6081851.
  • George, John B. (1981). Jahl bilan otilgan o'qlar, NRA Press, ISBN  0-935998-42-X
  • Gresham, John D. (December 2001). "Weapons". Harbiy meros. Volume 3, No. 3: 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 (John Browning's (M2) .50-caliber).
  • Xogg, Yan. (2001). The American Arsenal. Ian Hogg, ed. London, UK: Greenhill Books, ISBN  978-1-85367-470-9
  • MCWP 3-15.1: Machine Guns and Machine Gun Gunnery USMC (requires client certificate). Alternative via scribd
  • Yeide, Harry. (2004). The Tank Killers. Havertown, Penn.: Casemate, ISBN  978-1-932033-26-7
  • Zaloga, Stiven J. (2002). M8 Greyhound engil zirhli mashinasi 1941–91. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, ISBN  978-1-84176-468-9

Tashqi havolalar

Yozuvlar
Preceded by
 Longest confirmed combat sniper-shot kill
1967–2002
1.42 mi (2,286 m)
foydalanish .50 BMG tomonidan Karlos Xetkok		Muvaffaqiyatli
McMillan Tac-50