Mafiya (partiyalar o'yini) - Mafia (party game)

Mafiya
Mafia game.jpg o'ynash
O'yinda ayblovlar qo'yayotgan futbolchilar Mafiya
Boshqa ism (lar)Kurt-bo'ri
Dizayner (lar)Dimitriy Devidoff
AktyorlarKlassik uchun kamida 6 ta[1]
O'rnatish vaqti< 6 daqiqa
O'ynash vaqti15-60 daqiqa
Malaka (lar) talab qilinadiStrategik fikr, jamoaviy o'yin, ijtimoiy ko'nikmalar, rol oy'namoq

Mafiya, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Kurt-bo'ri, a ijtimoiy chegirma o'yini, Dimitriy Devidoff tomonidan 1986 yilda yaratilgan.[2] O'yin ikki guruh o'rtasidagi mojaroni modellashtiradi: xabardor ozchilik (mafiosi yoki bo'rilar) va xabardor emas ko'pchilik (qishloq aholisi). O'yin boshida har bir o'yinchiga maxfiy ravishda ushbu jamoalardan biriga bog'liq bo'lgan rol beriladi. O'yin ikkita o'zgaruvchan bosqichga ega: birinchidan, tungi rol, unda tungi o'ldirish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lganlar boshqa o'yinchilarni yashirincha o'ldirishi mumkin, ikkinchidan, tirik qolgan o'yinchilar o'yinchilarning kimligi haqida bahslashib, gumon qilinuvchini yo'q qilish uchun ovoz berishgan kunlik rol. O'yin fraksiya erishmaguncha davom etadi yutish sharti; qishloq uchun bu odatda yovuz ozchilikni yo'q qilishni anglatadi, ozchilik uchun bu odatda qishloq bilan sonli tenglikka erishish va har qanday raqib yovuz guruhlarni yo'q qilishni anglatadi.

Tarix

Dimitriy Devidoff (Ruscha: Dḿtriy Davydov, Dmitriy Davydov) odatda o'yin yaratuvchisi sifatida tan olinadi. U birinchi o'yinni o'tkazadi Mafiya 1987 yil bahorida Psixologiya Kafedrasi Moskva davlat universiteti, qaerdan u sinflarga, yotoqxonalarga va yozgi lagerlarga tarqaldi Moskva universiteti.[3][Izoh 1] Simli Yaratilish Davidoffga tegishli, ammo birinchi o'yin 1987 yilga to'g'ri keladi,[4] 1986 yil - Devidoff ishlab chiqarishni boshlagan yil Mafiya. U psixologiya tadqiqotlarini o'z vazifalarini o'qitish bilan birlashtirish uchun o'yinni ishlab chiqdi o'rta maktab talabalar.[4] O'yin boshqa Sovet kollejlari va maktablarida mashhur bo'lib, ko'pincha juda mashhur teleseriallar bilan bog'liq edi La Piovra 1990 yildan boshlab Evropaning boshqa qismlarida va keyin Qo'shma Shtatlarda ijro etila boshlandi. 1990-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib o'yinning versiyasi a ga aylandi Latviya televideniesi ketma-ket (parlament sozlamalari bilan va Latviya mashhurlari ijro etgan).[5]

Endryu Plotkin qoidalarini berdi a bo'ri 1997 yilda mavzu,[6] mafiya unchalik katta madaniy ma'lumotnoma emasligi va bo'ri tushunchasi kunduzi odatdagidek ko'rinadigan yashirin dushman g'oyasiga mos kelishini ta'kidlab.[4] Mafiya va "Thing" deb nomlangan variant[Izoh 2] 1998 yildan beri fantastika yozuvchilarining ustaxonalarida o'ynab kelmoqda,[7] va yillik Klarionning ajralmas qismiga aylandi[8] va jonli jannat[9] ustaxonalar. Mafiyaning Werewolf varianti yirik texnologik tadbirlarda keng tarqaldi, shu jumladan O'yin ishlab chiquvchilar konferentsiyasi, ETech, Foo lagerlari va Janubi-g'arbiy tomonidan.[4] 1998 yilda Kaliningrad Oliy maktab Ichki ishlar vazirligi uslubiy darslikni nashr etdi Og'zaki bo'lmagan aloqalar. "Mafiya" va "Qotil" rolli o'yinlarini rivojlantirish vizual psixodiagnostika kursi uchun, o'qishning turli usullarini o'rgatish tana tili va og'zaki bo'lmagan signallar.[10] 1998 yil sentyabr oyida mafiya aspirant kollejiga tanishdi Princeton universiteti, bu erda bir qator variantlar ishlab chiqilgan.[11] Kurt-bo'ri mavzusi, shuningdek, Mafiyaning frantsuzcha moslashuviga kiritilgan, Tegirmonchilarning bo'rilari ichi bo'sh.

2000 yil avgust oyida jumboq va jumboqlarni echishga bag'ishlangan Grey Labyrinth veb-saytining "mithrandir" taxallusi ostida foydalanuvchi forum taxtasida o'ynash uchun moslashtirilgan mafiya o'yinini o'tkazdi.[12] Ikkala kul labirinti[13] va opa-singil sayt MafiaScum[14] ushbu forum mafiyaning birinchi forumi forum taxtasida o'tkazilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. U erdan mafiya ko'plab onlayn jamoalarga tarqaldi.

2006 yil mart oyida Ernest Fedorov mafiya klubini boshqargan Kiyev, o'zinikidan foydalanib patentlangan qoidalarning o'zgarishi. Klub o'yinlarni tashkil qiladi, futbolchilarga baho beradi va mukofotlarni mukofotlaydi (shu jumladan a Sitsiliya ularning turkumidagi chempioni uchun safar).[15]

2006 yil iyun oyida a Rokingem ota-onalar Mafiya xonasi ularga ta'sir o'tkazayotgani haqida shikoyat qilgandan keyin maktabda so'rov o'tkazildi beshinchi sinf bolalar. Devidoff hisobotlarga javob berib, o'qigan ota-ona sifatida aytdi bolalar psixologiyasi 25 yil davomida u o'yin "bolalarni yaxshi va yomonni ajratishga o'rgatishi" mumkinligini va halol bo'lish haqidagi ijobiy xabar "yomon hikoyachi" ning o'yinni xuddi dahshatli hikoya kabi boshqarayotganining salbiy ta'sirini engib chiqishi mumkinligini his qildi.[16]

Mafiya 1890 yildan beri nashr etilgan eng tarixiy va madaniy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan 50 ta o'yinlardan biri deb nomlangan about.com.[17]

O'yin

Mafiyaning "Kurt-bo'ri" versiyasi uchun kartalar o'yin boshida diler tomonidan saqlanadi.

Oddiy shaklda Bo'rilarni ikkita jamoa o'ynaydi: bo'rilar va qishloq aholisi. Jonli o'yinlarda o'yinchi sifatida qatnashmaydigan moderator talab qilinadi va identifikatorlar kartalar tarqatish orqali belgilanadi. O'yin boshida har bir bo'ri odamga ularning jamoadoshlarining shaxsi beriladi, holbuki, begunohlar faqat o'yinda bo'rilar sonini olishadi va qaysi o'yinchilar bo'ri, qaysilari qishloq aholisi ekanligini bilishmaydi.

Ochiq sozlamada o'yinda mavjud bo'lgan har bir kuch rolining (masalan, militsiya) raqamlari o'yinchilarga ma'lum, yopiq sozlamada esa bu ma'lumotlar oshkor qilinmaydi, yarim ochiq tizimda esa faqat cheklangan yoki taxminiy ma'lumotlar kuch rollari haqida ma'lumot berilgan. Shunday qilib, ochiq yoki yarim ochiq tizimda, agar o'yinda hech qanday militsiya yo'qligi aniqlansa, bo'ri uchun militsiya rolini ishonib topshirish mumkin bo'lmaydi.

Ikki bosqich mavjud: kecha va kun. Kechasi ba'zi o'yinchilar yashirincha maxsus harakatlarni amalga oshiradilar; kun davomida futbolchilar bitta o'yinchini yo'q qilish uchun muhokama qilishadi va ovoz berishadi. Ushbu fazalar bir-biri bilan barcha bo'rilar yo'q qilinmaguncha yoki ular begunohlar bilan sonli tenglikka erishguncha o'zgarib turadi.

Ba'zi o'yinchilarga alohida qobiliyatlarga ega rollar berilishi mumkin. Umumiy maxsus rollarga quyidagilar kiradi:

  • ko'ruvchi - har oqshom bitta o'yinchining jamoasini o'rganishi mumkin bo'lgan qishloq aholisi;
  • himoyachi - har oqshom o'yinchini o'ldirishdan himoya qilishi mumkin bo'lgan, ammo har bir o'yinda bir martagina qila oladigan qishloq aholisi;
  • masonlar - bir-birini taniy oladigan, qishloqqa moslashtirilgan o'yinchilar

Endryu Plotkin aynan ikkita mafiozga ega bo'lishni tavsiya qiladi,[3] Holbuki Davidoffning asl qoidalari o'yinchilarning uchdan bir qismini (butun songa yaxlitlash) mafiosi bo'lishini taklif qiladi. Devidoffning o'ziga xos o'yinida maxsus qobiliyatlarga ega rollar mavjud emas.[1] Plotkin "Kurt-bo'ri" uchun o'z qoidalarida birinchi bosqichni tunda bo'lishini va g'alati sonda (shu jumladan moderator) o'yinchilar bo'lishini tavsiya qiladi. Ushbu spetsifikatsiyalar o'yinlarni yo'q qilish uchun ovozlarning teng bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymaydi va o'yin oldindan rejalashtirilgan qotillik bilan emas, balki antitlimaktika bilan emas, balki eliminatsiya bilan keskin yakunlanishini ta'minlaydi.[3]

Kecha

Barcha futbolchilar ko'zlarini yumishadi. Keyin moderator barcha bo'ri odamlarga ko'zlarini ochib, sheriklarini tan olishni buyuradi. Kurt-bo'rilar maqsadini ko'rsatish va ko'rsatish uchun jimgina imo-ishoralar bilan "qurbon" ni tanlaydilar birdamlik keyin yana ko'zlarini yuming.

Shunga o'xshash jarayon tungi harakatlar bilan boshqa rollar uchun ham sodir bo'ladi. Ko'ruvchiga nisbatan moderator bosh irg'ash yoki bosh chayqash kabi imo-ishoralar yordamida nishonning aybsizligini yoki aybini ko'rsatishi mumkin.

Kechasi kimni o'ldirishni muhokama qiladigan bo'rilar

Kechada imo-ishora orqali chiqarilgan tovushlarni niqoblash uchun o'yinchilar sekin urish bilan birga bo'lishi mumkin.[18]

Kun

"Kun" bosqichida o'yinchilar kimni yo'q qilish uchun ovoz berishadi

Moderator o'yinchilarga ko'zlarini ochishni buyuradi va kecha kim "vafot etganini" e'lon qiladi. Tirik futbolchilar o'rtasida munozara boshlanadi. Har qanday vaqtda, o'yinchi birovni bo'ri deb ayblashi va boshqalarni ularni yo'q qilish uchun ovoz berishga undashi mumkin. Agar o'yinchilarning yarmidan ko'pi shunday qilsa, ayblanuvchi yo'q qilinadi va tun boshlanadi. Aks holda, faza yo'q bo'lguncha davom etadi.[3]

Ba'zi qoidalarga ko'ra, o'lik o'yinchilarning roli ochiladi; boshqalarga ko'ra, u emas.[6][18] Ikkala holatda ham, o'lik futbolchilarga o'yinning qolgan qismiga ta'sir o'tkazishga urinish taqiqlanadi.

O'yinchilarda qasddan o'ylash erkinligi ko'proq bo'lgani uchun, kunlar tunlardan uzoqroq bo'ladi.

O'yin nazariyasi

Matematik o'rganish

Mafiya modellashtirish uchun murakkab o'yin, shuning uchun maqbul o'yinlarning ko'pgina tahlillari (a) faqat shahar aholisi va mafiosi borligini va (b) shahar aholisi hech qachon tasodifdan yaxshiroq bo'lgan mafiyani aniqlash ehtimoli mavjud emasligini taxmin qilgan. O'yinni erta davolashga qaratilgan simulyatsiya,[19] yaqinda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar mukammal o'yin uchun yopiq shakldagi muvozanat echimlarini olishga harakat qildilar.

2006 yilda kompyuter olimlari Braverman, Etesami va Mossel buni detektivlarsiz va mukammal futbolchilar tasodifiy strategiya ham fuqarolar, ham mafiya uchun maqbul. Qachon etarlicha katta raqam bo'lsa O'yinchilar ikkala guruhga ham xuddi shunday g'alaba qozonish ehtimolini berishdi, ular mafiosi boshlang'ich sonini ko'rsatdilar m o'yinchilarning umumiy sonining kvadrat ildiziga mutanosib bo'lishi kerak P, anavi .[20] Simulyatsiya bilan ular 50 mafiosi 10000 orasida g'alaba qozonish uchun deyarli 50% imkoniyatga ega bo'lishini tasdiqladilar. Mafiyaning g'alaba qozonish ehtimoli shu

V (m, P) ≈ m/√P,

bu o'ng tomon 40% dan past bo'lganida yaxshi taxmin. Agar o'yinga biron bir detektiv qo'shilsa, Braverman va boshq. Mafiosi soni a da qolishi kerakligini isbotladi qat'iy nisbat g'alaba qozonish imkoniyati uchun doimiy bo'lgan o'yinchilarning umumiy sonidan.[3-eslatma]

2008 yilda Erlin Yao hech qanday detektivlar bo'lmaganida mafiyaning g'alaba qozonish ehtimoli uchun aniq analitik chegaralarni keltirib chiqardi.[21]

Qog'ozda[22] 2010 yildan boshlab mafiya g'alaba qozonish ehtimoli aniq formulasi topildi. Bundan tashqari, bu ko'rsatildi tenglik o'yinchilarning dastlabki sonidan muhim rol o'ynaydi. Xususan, mafiosi soni aniqlanganda va g'alati o'yinchi o'yinga qo'shilganda (va aloqalar hal qilinadi tanga aylanmoqda ), mafiya yutadigan imkoniyat tushmaydi, balki taxminan bir marta ko'tariladi. (tenglik chegara cheksiz sonli o'yinchilarning soni).

Jonli o'yin natijalari

Jonli efirda (yoki videokonferentsiya[23]) real vaqtda o'ynash, aybsizlar odatda ko'proq g'alaba qozonishadi o'yin nazariyasi taklif qiladi. Buning bir nechta sabablari keltirilgan:

  • Uzluksiz yolg'on gapirishning fiziologik stressi mafiozning begunohlarni aldash qobiliyatini pasaytiradi, aksincha mukammal o'yin bashorat qilgan bo'lardi, ayniqsa, begunohlar o'yin natijasiga shaharni hissiy aralashishi mumkin bo'lsa:

Agar siz shok yoki g'azabni his qilmoqchi bo'lsangiz, uzoq vaqt davomida qilish juda qiyin. Yashirmoqchi bo'lgan biron bir narsada ayblangan odamlar g'azablanishni boshlashadi - "Qanday qilib mendan buni so'rashga jur'at etyapsiz?" Ammo bu shokdan ko'ra e'tirozga o'zgarishni boshlaydi, chunki hissiyotga taqlid qilish psixologik jihatdan juda qiyin.

— Doktor Simon Mur, Simli Buyuk Britaniya[4]
  • Mafiosi ovoz berish tartib-qoidalari tomonidan aniqlangan ma'lumotlar o'yinning keyingi qismida ularga qarshi chiqadi. O'yin muxlislaridan biri Maks Ventilla, "Agar qishloq aholisiga qalam va qog'oz saqlashga ruxsat berilsa, ular doimo g'alaba qozonishadi", deb aytgan.[24]
  • O'yinchilar ko'proq tajribaga ega bo'lgach, ularning strategik nafosati va aldovni aniqlash va undan foydalanish qobiliyati ortadi.[25] Ular odatda mafiozlarga qaraganda tez-tez qishloq aholisi bo'lib, begunohlarni tezroq o'ynash uchun zarur bo'lgan ko'nikmalarga ega bo'lishadi.
  • The Metagame jihat: Dimma Devidoffning aytishicha, o'tmishdagi aloqalar kelajakdagi hamkorlikka doimo mahrum bo'ladi.[4] O'ynayotganda bir nechta Xuddi shu odamlar bilan mafiya o'yinlari, taniqli bo'lish foydaliroq halollik yolg'ondan ko'ra. Devidoff buni juda muhim deb hisoblaydi, chunki u mafioz rolini halol o'ynashning afzalliklari, kamchiliklaridan ustunroq deb o'ylaydi.

Ammo, mafiya mumkin jonli o'yinda g'alaba qozonish; g'alaba qozonish uchun ularning eng yaxshi imkoniyatlari mafiozaga to'g'ri keladi bog'lanish ularning begunohlari bilan qo'shnilar va bu qo'shnilarni ushbu munosabatni beparvolik tahliliga nisbatan qadrlashga ishontirish.[24][26] O'yin dizaynerlari Salen va Zimmerman chuqur deb yozishgan favqulodda mafiyadagi ijtimoiy o'yin (yo'q qilish qo'rquvi bilan birgalikda) buning uchun ideal sharoit yaratadi.[27]

Ixtiyoriy rollar

Ushbu qo'shimcha rollar mafiyaning ko'plab versiyalarida boshqacha nomlangan tematik lazzat yoki tarixiy sabablar. Shuningdek, bir xil rol nomi o'yinning turli versiyalarida turli xil funktsiyalarga ega bo'lishi mumkin.[28] Quyidagi rollarning umumiy ro'yxati keltirilgan turlari mafiya variantlarida topilgan; chunki aniq nomlar o'zgaradi muhit u to'liq bo'lmagan bo'lishi kerak.

Tergov rollari

Ushbu rollarga ega bo'lgan o'yinchilar boshqa o'yinchilar haqida biron bir narsani bilish uchun o'zlarining tungi bosqichidan foydalanadilar. Garchi standart o'yin hozirda asosiy detektivni o'z ichiga olgan bo'lsa-da, bu rollar ixtiyoriydir va o'yinlar ularni butunlay chiqarib tashlashi mumkin (masalan, najas kabutarining varianti yoki Davidoffning asl qoidalari).

Tergov rollari (standart)

  • —Detektiv, Ko'ruvchi, Komendant,[29] Sherif,[30] va Politsiya va boshqalar.
Masumlar bilan ittifoqdoshlar, Detektiv futbolchining mafioz ekanligini aniqlay oladi. Ular odatda uyg'onishadi va bitta odamga ishora qiladilar; rivoyatchi detektivga indamay o'sha o'yinchining mafiya yoki begunohligini ko'rsatib beradi. O'yinning ba'zi versiyalarida Detektivning tergov natijalari, masalan, Narrator tomonidan ommaviy ravishda e'lon qilinadi detektiv Mafiozni topdi!. Odatda, hech qanday e'lon qilinmaydi. Boshqa rollarda bo'lgani kabi, detektivning qaysi o'yinchisi ekanligi umuman ma'lum emas, shuning uchun har kimga o'zini Detektiv qilib ko'rsatish imkoniyati qoldiriladi.
Detektiv odatda zamonaviy o'yinlarga kiritilgan. Masalan, kimdir shunday har doim barcha tijorat filmlarida ushbu rolni tayinlagan karta o'yini versiyalar,[4-eslatma] va deyarli barcha internetga asoslangan va ko'pchilik yuzma-yuz o'yinlar kamida bitta detektiv bilan boshlanadi.[5-eslatma] Bir nechta detektivlar yoki alohida tungi bosqichlarda harakat qilishadi (boshqa detektivlarning shaxsiyatidan bexabar)[31] yoki politsiya sifatida birgalikda ishlash (an assotsiatsiya roli ).

Tergov rollari (kamroq tarqalgan)

  • —Ruhiy, sehrgar, Folbin bashoratchi, Oracle, Kuzatuvchi, kuzatuvchi, va boshqalar.
Ruhiy, Psixolog yoki Sehrgar tipidagi tergovchilar boshqa o'yinchilarning rollarini emas, balki ularning hizalanishini belgilashlari mumkin.[28] Boshqa rollarni aniqlaydigan rollar odatda detektivning hizalanishni aniqlash qobiliyatiga o'xshash tarzda amalga oshiriladi. Masalan: the Psixolog agar Vigilante ko'rsatilsa, moderatordan bosh barmog'ini ko'tarish uchun o'yinchiga (tunda) ishora qiladi.[6-eslatma] Kuzatuvchi birovning tungi harakati nima ekanligini yoki uning harakatining maqsadini ko'rishi mumkin, Kuzatuvchi esa tunda kimnidir ziyorat qilganlarning hammasini ko'rishi mumkin.
Tergovchilarga aniqlangan ma'lumotlar xato (murakkabroq variantlarda). Onlayn versiyalar a bilan ma'lumot berishi mumkin ishonch daraja va boshqa variantlarda rivoyatchi detektivni aldab, barcha o'yinchilarni aybsiz deb ko'rsatib, teskari natija yoki tasodifiy ma'lumot beradi (ularni sodda deb atash mumkin,[32] Paranoid, telba yoki tasodifiy). Bundan tashqari, ba'zi Alignment rollari muvaffaqiyatli tekshiruvga daxlsizlik beradi.[7-eslatma]
Ba'zi o'yinlarda oddiy detektiv kuchiga ega bo'lgan, ammo mafiya tomonida bo'lgan mafiya detektivlari mavjud. Super Komendant detektivning standart kuchiga ega, shu bilan birga uni himoya qiladi tekshirildi tungi hujumdan.

Hamma narsani biladigan rollar

  • —Guvoh, Bola, Qizaloq, va boshqalar.
Tergov qilish o'rniga, ba'zi aybsiz rollar butun mafiya to'g'risida to'liq ma'lumot beradi: The guvoh birinchi tunda mafiya kim ekanligi aytiladi, mafiyaga guvohning shaxsi aytilmaydi (mafiya tarkibiga kirmasligi bilan najas kaptaridan farq qiladi).
Kichkina qiz Kurt-bo'ri va Millerning ichi bo'shligidagi bo'ri-bo'rilar maxfiy ravishda qarashga va bo'rilar o'z qurbonini tanlashini kuzatishga ruxsat beriladi; agar buni Kurtlar Kurtlari aniqlasa, u qo'rqib o'ladi.[8-eslatma]

Himoya rollari

  • —Qo'riqchi farishta, Doktor, Qo'riqchi, Qahramon, qamoqxonachi, va boshqalar.
Mas'uliyatsizlar bilan ittifoqdosh bo'lib, shifokor tipidagi rol kechasi boshqalarni himoya qiladi.[9-eslatma] Odatda, ular mafiya yana uxlagandan keyin uyg'onishadi va himoya qilish uchun bir kishiga ishora qiladilar; u kishi kechasi qilingan har qanday hujumdan omon qoladi.[10-eslatma] Ular odatda o'zlarini himoya qilishga ruxsat berishadi va odatda ketma-ket kechalarda bir xil nishonni himoya qilish taqiqlanadi.[33] Guardian Angel nafaqat boshqalarni himoya qilishi mumkin. Agar shifokor vafot etsa, hamshira shifokorning qobiliyatlarini oshiradi.[11-eslatma] Qamoqchi xuddi shifokor singari begunohlarni himoya qiladi, lekin ayni paytda ularning tungi harakatlarini to'sadi. Yong'in o'chiruvchi,[34] yoki O'simlikshunos ba'zi tungi hujumlardan himoya qilishi mumkin, boshqalari esa emas (masalan, Kurtadam) ular himoya qilish uchun bitta kishini tanlaydi bo'ri, ammo u odam hali ham Serial Qotil tomonidan o'ldirilishi mumkin). Boshqa o'yinlar ushbu qobiliyatni ma'lum marta cheklaydi.[12-eslatma]

Rollarni o'ldirish

  • —Vigilante, Veteran, Ovchi, Bomba, Yog'och kesuvchi, va boshqalar.
Mafiya, Bo'rilar va Serial qotillardan tashqari (aybdor shaxslar), begunohlar tunda o'ldirish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lgan ba'zi rollarga ega bo'lishlari mumkin. The Vigilante har kecha, o'z tungi bosqichida o'ldiradigan begunohdir,[13-eslatma] ba'zi o'zgarishlarda, butun o'yin uchun cheklangan o'q ta'minotiga ega. Ba'zi tafovutlar Qotil rolidagi o'yinchi yana o'ldirish huquqidan yoki gunohsizni o'ldirsa, o'ldirish qobiliyatini yo'qotishi yoki keyingi kecha aybdorlikdan o'lish xususiyatidan foydalanishi uchun ikki kecha vaqtni belgilaydi. Veteranga nisbatan ular o'zlarining qobiliyatlaridan foydalanishlari mumkin (cheklangan sonlar, odatda 3 marta), agar ularni nishonga olgan kishi (do'sti yoki dushmani) o'ldirilsa. Bomba faqat tunda (o'lim uchun emas) boshqa rolni nishonga olgan taqdirda boshlanishi mumkin. Variantlar, bu kishi kunduzgi tsiklda o'ldirishi mumkin (masalan, Terrorist / Gravedigger), ba'zan faqat kunduzi ijro etilsa. Yog'och kesuvchi yoki Ovchi har doim vafot etganda o'zlari bilan birga boshqa odamni olib ketishi mumkin.[14-eslatma]

Hizalama rollari

  • —Miller, Xudo otasi, Alfa bo'ri, Joker belgilar, va boshqalar.
Ba'zi rollar aldanishi mumkin ularning uyg'unligini aniqlash bo'yicha tekshiruvlar: Miller aybsiz ko'rinadigan begunoh (odatda ular begona bo'lganligi sababli); xudojo'y ota esa mafiya rahbari bo'lishiga qaramay begunoh ko'rinadi.[15-eslatma] "Alpha Wolf" yoki "Master Werewolf" da xuddi Xudoning otasi kabi rol o'ynaydi Kurt-bo'ri sozlamalar.

Ikki agentlik rollari

  • —Xoin, Egalik qiladi, Yashirin politsiya, Xudo otasi, va boshqalar.
Xoin mafioz emas (u tunda uxlamaydi va detektiv rollarda mafioz sifatida namoyon bo'lmaydi), lekin ularni himoya qilish va shaharni kunduzgi tsikli davomida xalaqit berish bilan ishlaydi va faqat mafiya g'alabasi bilan g'alaba qozonadi.[35] Aksincha, yashirin politsiya a mol mafiya bilan ish tutadigan, ammo aybsizlar bilan g'alaba qozonadigan mafiya guruhi ichida. Najas kabutari o'yinda yagona ixtiyoriy rol bo'lishi mumkin,[36] va tergov rolisiz o'ynaladigan bir nechta zamonaviy o'yin shakllaridan birini tashkil etadi.
Xuddi otashin rolidan farqli o'laroq, ikki razvedka otasi o'zini odatiy mafioz sifatida tutadi, lekin yana qotillik qilish uchun yana uyg'onadi (mafiya uyqusidan keyin). Bu Xudoning otasi roli omon qolgandagina yutadi.

Rol manipulyatorlari

  • —Rol-bloker, Avtobus haydovchisi, O'g'ri, Barmen, Jodugar, va boshqalar.
Ushbu rollar boshqalarning tungi harakatlarini to'xtatishi yoki o'zgartirishi mumkin; masalan, ular himoya yoki tergov o'tkazilishining oldini olishlari yoki maqsadni o'zgartirishi mumkin.[37] Role-bloker Vigilante-ni bir kecha-kunduzda to'sib qo'yishi mumkin, o'g'ri, fohishaboz yoki gipnoz qiluvchi har qanday tanlangan maqsadning kuchini o'chirib qo'yishi mumkin.[16-eslatma]
O'g'rida ishlatilganda Kurtlar, muomaladan oldin qo'shimcha shahar kartasi qo'shiladi va o'g'ri birinchi kechada boshqa o'yinchining rolini o'g'irlashni yoki foydalanilmagan rol kartasini olishni tanlashi mumkin. Rolini o'g'irlagan o'yinchi foydalanilmagan rol kartasini oladi va o'g'ri kartasi olib tashlanadi.

Ishga qabul qilish rollari

  • —Xudo otasi, Psixiatr, Piper, Kult rahbari, va boshqalar.
Mafiya Xudo otasi ba'zi bir sharoitlarda begunoh o'yinchilarni o'z guruhiga jalb qilishi mumkin. The Yakuza qo'shimcha kuchga ega bo'lgan doimiy mafiya o'yinchisidir: ular ikkinchi kechadan boshlab (tunda) o'zlarini qurbon qilishlari va mafiyaga qo'shilish uchun begunoh odamni tanlashlari mumkin.[17-eslatma]
Har kecha, olim uchun o'yinchini tanlaydi davolash; agar mafioz davolansa, ular begunoh bo'lib uyg'onishadi.[38] The Psixiatr konvertatsiya qilish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lgan aybsizdir Serial qotil oddiy begunohga.[39]
Kult rahbarlari o'ldirish o'rniga tunda izdoshlarini yollash; ular odatda tunda gaplashish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lgan mustaqil fraksiya vazifasini bajaradilar.
The Piper omon qolgan har bir o'yinchini maftun etish orqali g'alaba qozonadi; u tunda bir-birlarini biladigan (ammo naychani emas), ammo boshqacha ta'sir o'tkazmaydigan o'yinchilarni sehrlaydi.[33]

Assotsiatsiya rollari

  • —Masonlar (masonlar), Birodarlar, Sevishganlar, Politsiya, va boshqalar.
Ushbu rollarning egalari bir-birlarini va ularning rollarini bilishadi.[40] Aybsizlar tomonida, a Meyson odatda maxsus qobiliyatlarga ega emas, ammo boshqa barcha masonlarning kimligini va barcha masonlar ham aybsizligini biladi.[41] Detektivlarning har bir a'zosi yoki politsiya qolganlarning hammasini biladi, chunki ular birovni tergov qilish uchun tunda hamkorlik qilishadi (ular orasida Detektiv rolining vakolatlarini bo'lishish).[42]
Birodar juftliklar odatda bitta mafiya va bitta begunoh kishidan iborat; aksariyat versiyalarda, agar biri o'ldirilsa, ikkinchisi ham o'ladi.[43]Cupid yilda Kurt-bo'ri birinchi kechada Sevishganlar juftligini tanlaydi.[44] Ushbu variantda, Sevishganlar, shuningdek, o'yinda g'alaba qozonishlari mumkin (ular mafiya, aybsizlar yoki ikkalasi bo'lishidan qat'i nazar) oxirgi ikki o'rinda bo'lishlari mumkin. Birodarlar singari, agar juftlikdan biri vafot etsa, ikkinchisi ham o'ladi.

Saylovdagi rollar

  • —Doublevoter, Ruhoniy, Rabble Ruzer, Yurist, va boshqalar.
Gacha Rabble Ruzer kuniga ikki marta yo'q qilish mavjud.[33]
Ba'zi o'yinlarda ovozlar sonini o'zgartirishi mumkin bo'lgan futbolchilar bor. Ba'zi o'yinchilar 2 ovozga ega (Doublevoter); ba'zi o'yinchilar faqat bitta o'yinchini o'ldirish uchun yakuniy ovoz berishlari mumkin (Aktyor); yo'q qilish uchun ovoz berolmaydi (Ovozsiz begunoh);[45] ularga ovoz berish uchun boshqa birovni tayinlashi kerak (Ahmoq),[46] yoki yo'q qilish uchun kamroq ovoz berishni talab qilish (nafratlangan begunoh). Ruhoniy yakuniy ovoz berolmaydi (bu roli Reanimatsiya roli bilan bir xil bo'lishi shart emas). The yurist tunda kimnidir tanlaydi va agar u ertasi kuni ovoz berishda birinchi o'rinni egallasa, uni saqlab qoladi (boshqacha) yurist rolini chiqaradi vasiyatnomalar o'sha paytgacha o'ldirilgan futbolchilar tomonidan yozilgan, u vafot etganida).[46]

Ommaviy rollar

  • —Shahar hokimi, Hakam, Sherif, Prezident, va boshqalar.
Ushbu rol tayinlangan rolga qo'shimcha ravishda olinadi va u o'yinchiga qo'shimcha, ochiq, kuchlar (ayniqsa, kunduzi). Imkoniyatlar tasodifiy bo'lishi mumkin, lekin odatda ovoz berish yo'li bilan amalga oshiriladi. Masalan, shahar hokimi yoki sherifi har kuni ertalab saylanib, ikkita ovoz berish huquqiga ega bo'lishi mumkin,[47] yoki sudya o'rtacha munozarani olib borishi mumkin parlament moda (ularning jamoasi foydasiga). Saylanganlar Prezident yagona ovoz berish huquqiga ega.[48]

Yilda Salem shahri, mafiya versiyasi, sherif - bu tunda odamlarni so'roq qilish va ularning roli bilan tanishish mumkin bo'lgan rol. Cho'qintirgan otasi va o't qo'yuvchisi sherifni aniqlashga qarshi immunitetga ega va Framer o'yinchini mafioz ko'rinishida ko'rsatishi mumkin.

Nogironlarning rollari

  • —Murr, Mast, Qishloq ahmoq, O'smir bo'ri, va boshqalar.
Bu tayinlangan rolga qo'shimcha ravishda olingan ikkinchi darajali rol bo'lishi mumkin. Biroq, bu teskari ta'sirga ega bo'lib, tashuvchiga faqat gapirish kabi nogironlik beradi gibberish Qishloq ichkilikbozligi holatida va boshqalar.
Shu bilan bir qatorda, bu ma'lum bir cheklov bilan standart rol bo'lishi mumkin, masalan, har kuni kamida bir marta bo'ri so'zini aytishi kerak bo'lgan o'spirin bo'ri.[49]

Handikapper rollari

  • —Susturucu, Tish shifokori, Fohisha, Tuman, va boshqalar.
Tish shifokori tunda boshqa istalgan o'yinchini tanlab olishi va ertasi kuni gaplashishiga yo'l qo'ymasligi mumkin.[33] Silencer bir xil kuchga ega mafiozdir, faqat ular ketma-ket kunlarda bitta o'yinchini o'chira olmasliklari mumkin. Jim bo'lgan kishi ertalab uyg'onadi va darhol kun oxirigacha gaplashmaslikka buyruq beriladi. Ular jonli o'yinlarda ovoz berish uchun hali ham qo'llarini ko'tarishlari mumkin (garchi, agar ular fohishaning ovozini o'chirgan bo'lsa, ularga ovoz berishga ruxsat berilmaydi).[50]

O'limdan keyingi rollar

  • —To'q fon, Ruhoniy, O'rta, Koroner, va boshqalar.
Qorong'i fon rollari standart (mafiya yoki begunoh) o'ldirilganda aldamchi yo'nalishni aniqlashdan tashqari. The M.E. gunohsizlarga yordam berishi mumkin bo'lgan qotilliklardan ma'lumot to'playdi, ruhoniy esa o'lganlarning uyg'unligi haqida xuddi Detektiv tiriklar haqida bilib olganidek bilib oladi.[51] The O'rta o'lik futbolchilarni so'roq qilishi mumkin.[18-eslatma] Da sud tekshiruvchisi tirik qoladi, rivoyatchi tunda o'ldirishda o'lim vositalarini tushuntiradi.[38]

Reanimatsiya rollari

  • —Tiriltiruvchi, Hokim, Shahid, Jodugar, va boshqalar.
Revivers va Master Revivers qodir tirilish o'lik futbolchilar, Master Revivers jonlantirilganlarni o'z uyushmalariga qo'shishi mumkin (masalan, masonlar: qarang Assotsiatsiya rollari). A tomonidan tirilgan futbolchilar Nekromant nekromanserning yo'nalishiga aylantiriladi; tomonidan tiklanganlar vuduist alohida zombi guruhiga qo'shiling.[38] Hokim mumkin muhlat berish kunduzi o'ldirilganlar, agar shahid o'zini qurbon qilsa. Jodugarda (bitta ishlatiladigan) mavjud tiklanish iksiri. Kechasi, unga ertalab kim o'lishini va ularni qutqarishni tanlashi mumkinligini ko'rsatib berishdi.[19-eslatma]

Qoidalarga qarshi immunitet rollari

  • —O'q o'tkazmaydigan, Oracle, Oqsoqol, va boshqalar.
O'q o'tkazmaydigan aybsiz daxlsiz tunda,[20-eslatma] odatda cheklovlar bilan bo'lsa ham; masalan, oqsoqol birinchi tunda qilingan hujumda omon qoladi, ammo ikkinchisida emas.[33]
The Oracle bor tergov roli Ko'ruvchiga o'xshash, ammo harakatsiz bo'lsa ham gaplashish qobiliyatiga ega (uxlash bosqichida gaplashish odatda qoidalarni buzadi).

Maxsus rollar

  • —Novvoy, oshpaz, Qishloq ahmoq, Poyabzal, va boshqalar.
Nonvoy begunohlarning tarafida. Kecha davomida novvoy bitta o'yinchiga non berib, ularning kimligini oshkor qilishi mumkin. Agar novvoy o'lsa, aybsizlar mafiyani yoki aybsizlarni yo'q qilish uchun atigi uch kecha bor ochlik va mafiya g'alaba qozonadi. Oyoqchi,[33] Qishloq ahmoq yoki Jester shaharchani ularni o'ldirishga ishontirish maqsadiga ega yoki barcha taklif qilingan olib tashlashlar uchun ovoz berishni talab qiladi. Ba'zan, Village Idiotni muvaffaqiyatli yo'q qilish natijasida mafiya shu kecha ikki kishini o'ldirishi mumkin.

Murakkab rollar

Qo'shimcha tafovutlar mavjud, ba'zida undan ham ixtisoslashgan yoki murakkab qobiliyatlar mavjud. Ko'plab maxsus rollar mavjud va ko'plab moderatorlar har bir o'yin uchun yangi rollarni ishlab chiqadilar. Ba'zi tijorat variantlari ushbu moslashtirishga ruxsat berish uchun bo'sh kartalar bilan ta'minlanadi.[52] Masalan, ketma-ket qotil kabi neytral guruhlar mavjud bo'lishi mumkin (ketma-ket qotil g'alaba qozonish uchun aybsiz yoki mafiya bilan barchani o'ldirishi kerak edi).

O'zgarishlar

Turli rollar, fraksiyalar va boshqa o'yin elementlarining nomlanishi mavzuga bog'liq va cheksiz o'zgaruvchanlikka ega. Umumiy muqobil mavzular mafiyani bo'rilar, kultistlar, qotillar yoki jodugarlar sifatida qayta tiklaydi va boshqa rollarning nomlari tegishli ravishda o'zgartiriladi.

Ko'p yillar davomida o'yinchilar qo'shimcha qoidalarni o'z ichiga olgan mafiya variantlarini yaratdilar. Ulardan ba'zilari bu erda keltirilgan.

G'oliblik shartlari bo'yicha farqlar

Agar kunduzgi bosqichda begunohlar kabi ko'plab mafiozlar bo'lsa, mafiya g'olibligi darhol e'lon qilinadi, asl mafiya qoidalariga binoan. Boshqa variantlar ushbu qoidani to'xtatib turadi va faqat bitta fraktsiyaning har bir a'zosi yo'q qilinganidan keyin o'yinni e'lon qiladi: bu o'yinni tushuntirishni va ishlashni osonlashtiradi.[53]

Saylovning variantlari

Yo'q qilish uchun nomzodlarga o'zlarini himoya qilish uchun nutq so'zlashlari mumkin. Odatda, har bir o'yinchi ovoz berishi kerak, faqat bir marta ovoz berishi mumkin va o'zi uchun ovoz berolmaydi. Ammo ba'zi variantlarda ijro etiladigan o'yinchilarni tanlash murakkabroq jarayonga ega. Devidoffning asl "mafiyasi" bir necha kunlik qatl etishga ruxsat berdi (kuniga), ularning har biri faqat harakat uchun ko'plikni talab qiladi.[54]

Ovoz berish variantlari juda ko'p, ammo har qanday yo'q qilish uchun odatda saylovchilarning mutlaq ko'pchiligi yoki berilgan ovozlar kerak. Shunday qilib, ovoz berish odatda o'tkazilmaydi yashirin ovoz berish ovozlarning eng yuqori hisoblanishi olib tashlangan bir nechta nomzodlar uchun; Ovoz berish ochiq tarzda hal qilinishi odatiy holdir:

  • Oxir oqibat a taklif qilish uchun tuzilgan nomzod yoki qator saylovlar ikki nomzod o'rtasida tanlov, yoki
  • Bitta gumon qilinuvchini yo'q qilish (yo'q qilmaslik) uchun variant (yangi gumon qilinuvchi bilan, agar oxirgi ovoz berishda omon qolsa).[53]

Olingan ovozlar

Tugallanmagan saylovlar qur'a tashlash yo'li bilan hal qilinishi mumkin[20] yoki bilan o'yinchini o'ldirish orqali gunoh echkisi alohida rol.[4]

Bitta mafioz va qolgan bir begunohning maxsus ishi tasodifiy hal qilinishi mumkin[55] yoki mafiya g'alaba qozonishi mumkin - bu jonli o'yinlarda odatiy holdir.[56]

Ixtiyoriy ravishda yo'q qilish varianti

Ma'sumlar kun davomida hech kimni o'ldirmaslikni tanlashi mumkin. Odatda mafiya kimligini aniq bilmasa ham, begunohlar mafiozga nisbatan mafiozni tasodifiy o'ldirish ehtimoli ko'proq (tunda). Shuning uchun, hech kimni yo'q qilmaslik (hatto tasodifiy holda), odatda, mafiyaga yordam beradi.

Biroq, tirik qolganlar soni teng bo'lganda, No Kill begunohlarga yordam berishi mumkin; Masalan, uchta begunoh va bitta mafioz qolganida - yo'q qilish uchun ovoz berish mafiozani o'ldirish uchun bugun 1/4 imkoniyat emas, 1/3 imkoniyat beradi (agar faraz qilinsa) tasodifiy yo'q qilish).

Mafiyani o'ldirish usullari

Ba'zi bir variantlar barcha mafiya a'zolaridan qotillik uchun bir xil jabrlanuvchini mustaqil ravishda tanlashni talab qiladi. Bunga quyidagi yo'llar bilan erishish mumkin:

  • Mafiya a'zolarini alohida uyg'otish orqali.[57]
  • Tirik qolgan barcha o'yinchilarning ismlarini chaqirib, tirik qolgan mafiozlardan qurbonning ismi tilga olinganda qo'llarini ko'tarishini talab qilish orqali. Ushbu variantda mafiozlar faqat o'yin boshida bir-birlarini aniqlaganlarida "uyg'onishadi" (ko'zlarini ochishadi). Ushbu variant, shuningdek, boshqa rollarga maqsadlari nomi chaqirilganda qo'llarini ko'tarish orqali o'z harakatlarini bajarishga imkon beradi.
  • Ularga o'zlarining o'ldirishlarini yozish orqali. Ushbu variant ostida begunoh o'yinchilar qog'ozga "halol" so'zini yozadilar; Mafiya a'zolari yo'q qilish uchun o'yinchi nomini yozadilar. Agar barcha mafiya yozuvlari bir xil nomga ega bo'lsa, u o'yinchi mafiya tomonidan o'ldirilgan hisoblanadi.

O'yinning ba'zi onlayn versiyalarida ma'lum bir o'yinchi (xudojo'y ota yoki tayinlangan mafioz) qotillikni yuborishi kerak.

Yana bir variant tunda ovoz berishni maxfiy va bir ovozdan talab qiladi, ammo ijroga bir nechta o'yinchini qo'shishga imkon beradi navbat birdamlikni ta'minlash.

Ko'p oilalar

Mafiya yoki bo'ri odamlarning bir nechta mustaqil guruhlari[58] mustaqil ravishda harakat qilish va g'alaba qozonish, tezroq o'yin o'ynash va fraksiyalar o'rtasida o'zaro otishma potentsialini berish.

Xususiyatlar

Ushbu variantda o'yinchilarga ikkita karta beriladi: birinchisi ularning rolini, ikkinchisi atributni o'z ichiga oladi. Xususiyatlar dastlab mafiya va begunoh yo'nalishlarga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan rollardan kelib chiqqan O'q o'tkazmaydigan (tunda o'ldirish mumkin emas), Shahar hokimi (yo'q qilishda ikkita ovozga ega) va Siyam egizaklari (ko'proq birodarlar yoki sevishganlar sifatida tanilgan).[59]

Kvant bo'ri

Ushbu variant Steven Irrgang tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va 2008 yilgi CISRA jumboq musobaqasida jumboq uchun ishlatilgan. Mafiyaning standart o'yinidan farqi shundaki, o'yinchilarga dastlab rollar berilmaydi, aksincha har kuni o'yinning mavjudligini tavsiflovchi ehtimolliklar beriladi. kvant holati. Ko'ruvchi yoki bo'ri bo'lish ehtimoli nolga teng bo'lmagan har bir o'yinchi tegishli tungi harakatlarni bajaradi (agar keyinchalik bu o'yinchi bunday rolga ega bo'lmaganligi aniqlansa, bu samara bermasligi mumkin). Agar o'yinchi o'ldirilsa, to'lqin funktsiyasi qulaydi va o'yinchilarga yangilangan ehtimolliklar beriladi.[60]

Mafiya poyezdi

An'anaviy mafiya qayta ko'rib chiqilgan va Kopengagen o'yinlari jamoasi metro metrosida o'ynash. Ushbu xilma-xillikda, chiqarib yuborilgan o'yinchilar poezddan haydab yuboriladi (keyingi bekatda) va keyingi poyezdni - "oxirat" poyezdining ikkinchi, o'zaro to'qilgan o'yinga qo'shilishini kutishdan uyalishi kerak.[61]

Ko'rinmas shahar: isyonchilar ayg'oqchilarga qarshi

A joylashuvga asoslangan mobil o'yinlar uchun variant Android uchun mo'ljallangan shahar markazi o'ynash. Ikki fraksiya: isyonchilar, ko'pchilik; va josuslar, xabardor ozchilik. Qoidalar to'plami chiqarib yuborishni o'rnini bosadi gol urish dumaloq. Har bir o'yinchiga har turda alohida topshiriq beriladi. Ba'zi topshiriqlar juda muhim va agar ulardan biri bajarilmasa, ayg'oqchilarga boriladi, ammo qaysi vazifalar juda muhimligini faqat bitta o'yinchi biladi.[62]

Ultimate Werewolf

Asosiy maqola: Ultimate Werewolf

Mafiyaning ushbu versiyasida mafiyadan farqli o'laroq, asosiy dushmanlar - bo'rilar. Kurtlar tunda uyg'onishadi, odatda, qishloq aholisi bo'lgan o'yinchini o'ldirishadi. Ko'ruvchi, tansoqchi va Jodugar kabi boshqa foydali rollar odamlarni bo'rilarni tozalashga yordam beradi, ammo boshqa neytral rollar Tanner, sevuvchilar (agar Cupid o'yinda bo'lsa va sevuvchilar turli jamoalardan bo'lsa) va uchinchi yirik fraksiya: Vampirlar.

One Night Variant

Bezier Games tomonidan chop etilgan ushbu mustaqil o'yinda o'yinchilar faqat "uxlaydilar" va o'yin boshida bir kecha uchun ko'zlarini yumadilar. Keyin ular bitta munozarali kunni o'tkazadilar, bitta o'chirish bilan. O'yin davom etar ekan, biron bir o'yinchi yo'q qilinmaydi. Moderator yo'q, shuning uchun hamma shahar yoki qishloqning a'zosi sifatida qatnashishi kerak. Ushbu o'yinni o'ynaganda, o'yinchilar soniga qaraganda yana uchta rol kartalari ishlatiladi; har kim tasodifiy ravishda o'z kartasini tarqatganda, stol o'rtasiga qo'yilgan uchta qo'shimcha kartani. O'yinni boshlash uchun ko'zlari yumilgan o'yinchilarning biri bitta boshlanadigan kechada "qo'ng'iroq qiluvchi" rolini o'ynaydi va tungi rollarni bir marta o'tkazadi: Kurtlar va Minionlar (agar o'yinda bo'lsa) bir-birlarini aniqlaydilar, Ko'ruvchi tekshiradi. one player's card or two of the middle cards, the Robber will steal another player's role card and replace it with their own, the Troublemaker will blindly swap two players' role cards, the Insomniac wakes up to check if their role card has been swapped, etc. The game ends on a single elimination vote, with the villagers winning if a single werewolf is caught, and the werewolves winning if no werewolves are killed. This game can be played with as few as three players. Play time can be as quick as five minutes per game.[iqtibos kerak ]

Salem shahri

Salem shahri is an advanced online version of Mafia that takes place during the Salem jodugarining sinovlari. It involves several different roles from multiple factions.[63] The game was updated on June 6, 2017, to add a new faction: the Coven, which mainly consists of witches and is similar in function and goal to the more traditional Mafia.[64]

Onlayn o'yin

Online gameplay at Mark Kirschstein's https://werewolv.es server

Mafia can also be played online. Games can be played on ARM kanallari, where a bot assumes the role of a game moderator and the interaction of players is conducted via textual communication.[65] Being that IRC is not a widespread way of communication,[iqtibos kerak ] these Mafia games are restricted to limited number of people. Since 2008, many other Mafia game sites were formed. These sites are attempts at reproducing the live Mafia games, and the duration and the mechanics of the games are about the same as when the game is played traditionally.

Playing mafia-like games online opens the possibility of long lasting games, such as the ones on forums. In such games, one day in real life usually corresponds to one day within the game, so players log in each morning to see who was killed during the night phase.

The online games have several advantages. There is no need to gather many people in the same room, so organizing and playing a game of Mafia is faster and more convenient. Removing the human moderator and the need for players to close their eyes removes the possibility of accidental revelation of information. Online play also allows role mechanics which would be too cumbersome to use in a physical version of the game.

A drawback of online play is the lack of direct face-to-face communication, which many consider the most important aspect of Mafia. Some sites organize Mafia games with web cams, so that face-to-face communication is preserved. The long lasting online mafia games that are usually played via online forums do not necessarily have this drawback. People who communicate via forums usually do not know each other in real life.

In a traditional Mafia game, all of the players are in one room. There is no way to communicate with another player in private. With online games, this is not the case. Many Mafia game forums and game sites have rules that mandate that only one channel of communication must be used for all game related discussion.[66] Thus forbidding the use of alternative channels for discussing the game. These rules are obviously only declarative as there is no way of enforcing them efficiently. It is especially difficult to enforce such rules during long games with players who communicate with each other in person in real life. All forums support different kind of game setups, so it is feasible to organize a forum game without the restrictions on private messaging.

A particular problem for these rules is trying to prevent "dead" players from participating in the game. Since, in general case, this breach of rules cannot be proven, the gameplay of most sites depends heavily on players' honesty and integrity.

Sun'iy intellekt

Werewolf is a subject of sun'iy intellekt research due to its unique features such as persuasion and deception.[67] The game requires several AI technologies such as multi-agent coordination, intentional reading, and understanding of the ong nazariyasi.[68]

Chuqur o'rganish has been used in an attempt to develop agents that can win the game as werewolves or as villagers.[69] Doimiy iboralar have been used to parse utterance logs for divulgence (or "coming-out" as a role) and decision information, although one difficulty has been that a statement such a "Player A is a werewolf" could be based on either the player's ability (e.g. as seer) or just speculation.[70]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ Plotkin quotes a 2005 email in which Davidoff explains that he brought Mafia into the Psychology department classrooms for research and it spread (as a mem ) from there to dormitories and likely over next summer, through student summer camps. He credits this game-based metodologiya to pioneering 1920s psychologist Lev Vygotskiy.
  2. ^ In which the antagonists are Narsalar, shape-shifting aliens that can turn humans into other Things. For the rules of the original variant, see: "Thing Werewolf Variant".. For a detailed description of another variant of this game, see: Solis, Daniel. "Alien Among Us".. For the most recent variant using web-enabled devices, see: "Latitude 90: The Origin".
  3. ^ The single detective publishes a large list of innocents, and asks to be lynched to guarantee its veracity (under the standard rules in which the detective's role is revealed after she is killed, no strategic interference from the Mafia is possible): Braverman, M.; Etesami, O.; Mossel, E. (2008). "Mafia: A Theoretical Study of Players and Coalitions in a Partial Information Environment". Amaliy ehtimollar yilnomasi. 18 (3): 12. arXiv:math/0609534. Bibcode:2006math......9534B. doi:10.1214/07-aap456.
  4. ^ As of November 2007, five card-based versions of this game are sold, and all require one player to become a Seer. The "Do you worship Cthulhu Deck Setup". specifies that a Seer card be dealt to someone even with the (minimum) five players. Xuddi shunday, Tabuladagi lupus Preparation calls for the Seer card to be dealt to somebody even if the game is played with the minimum number of players (eight). Getting Started with Ultimate Werewolf Role Selection advises that even the introductory game should include the Seer (with further optional roles being added in addition to the seer in later games). Werewolves of Millers hollow uses the Fortune Teller name for the Detective but the role is identical to the standard seer/angel/detective, and is again mandatory, having its own phase of the night in the basic rules. (As does the Seer in Are You a Werewolf? – though it is after the werewolves' phase.)
  5. ^ Masalan, "The Mafia rules (MIT)"., dan Massachusets texnologiya instituti, are very simple, and specify roles for 7–20 players, always including at least one Detective. Andrew Plotkin's original Kurt-bo'ri always includes a Villager (Seer), and he mentions that in 1997 Mafia was played in the Milliy jumboqchilar ligasi convention with a Knight Commandant. (The role of the Knight Commandant or Knight is described in detail as having the standard Detective powers in: "National Puzzlers' League – 1997 Convention Reports". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-12-08 kunlari. Olingan 2007-11-24.) Plotkin describes Davidoff's original game (bor edi) no Detective ) as well off the current average. A rare modern rule-set with No Tekshiruvchi bu: Engstrom, Vegard (1999). "The Game Player Constellations". Olingan 2010-06-15. but only when starting with five, larger groups get at least one inspector.
  6. ^ For example, Vigilante in the "Princeton rules".
  7. ^ For example, The Oracle in Werewolf chooses one person to investigate every night, and are shown their card, unless they pick the Master Werewolf – when the Oracle is shown an (innocent) villager card.
  8. ^ For example, as described on Ultimate Werewolf's Qizaloq Card, and in the first non-introductory role tomonidan taklif qilingan Simli: The Child spies at night when the werewolves are killing, and only when the werewolves are killing, by opening her eyes ever so slightly
  9. ^ Depending on the variant, they may know the identities of the Mafia, but this isn't required; they usually indicate the player to protect in a separate phase of gameplay (a separate part of the night) than the Mafia's killing phase. The Mafia-Doctor bu a mafioso, and a more obscure variant role, with the opposite power (from the Doctor) of protecting the guilty from attack during the day.
  10. ^ The protected player gains complete invulnerability during the night they are visited by the Doctor or Qo'riqchi. The Mafia do not usually know the identity of the protected player, nor get a chance to select another victim, so this attack is wasted if the Mafia target a protected player (e.g., "Bodyguard, Lupus in Tabula". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2005-12-24 kunlari. Olingan 2007-11-13.).
  11. ^ For example, see the 2+2 rule-set describing the Nurse: "Mafia rules".
  12. ^ For example, the Witch in Werewolves of Miller's Hollow has only one use of her protective potion. She is allowed to see who was killed by the werewolves before applying the protective potion, so this character is more typical of the reanimatsiya than the protective type.
  13. ^ "Do you worship Cthulu Rollar va Quick Reference Script". Olingan 2007-11-21.. This makes the vigilante as lethal as the entire Mafia, potentially overbalancing the game, which has led to the introduction of roles that limit his effectiveness, such as the Morj role-blocker.
  14. ^ The Hunter appears in Werewolves of Miller's Hollow, masalan. The Woodcutter is a (less common) teng name for the role. Simli recommends including the hunter in even the most basic games: "Original Werewolf characters". 2010 yil yanvar. Olingan 2010-06-13.
  15. ^ The Godfather role is played differently between variants. If immunity to detection is the Godfather's only power, his leadership of the Mafia need only be nominal: "Name: Godfather". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 2007-02-27.
  16. ^ The o'g'ri 's action usually applies for a single night, as in: "Mafia Game: IRC Version". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-12-15 kunlari.. The thief sometimes has a purely investigative function – being only able to determine the roles from stolen items."O'g'ri". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 2007-02-27.
  17. ^ Bennet, J. "Mafia: Advanced rules" (PDF). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2011-08-10. In other variants, the mafia can't kill anyone else on the night this power is used. The potential existence of a Yakuza makes innocents with protective roles less inclined to reveal their roles for fear of being converted (or more inclined to reveal themselves if they expect the Mafia to win and wish to be converted).
  18. ^ The Medium function varies, for example see summarized 'Medium-enabled seance ' rules from Kurt-bo'ri da: "boredgamegeeks". Olingan 2007-11-14., aksincha Tabuladagi lupus Medium, who alone can uncover the alignment of the deceased (see: "Lupus in Tabula (English rules) Maxsus belgilar".).
  19. ^ The Witch was introduced as a special character in Tegirmonchilarning bo'rilari ichi bo'sh, where she also has a single-use killing potion. She may be able to revive herself with the "reanimation potion", see: Original Werewolf characters
  20. ^ The bulletproof effect typically applies to night-time killings and is usually temporary, for example, the Ultimate Werewolf Amulet of Protection (o'q o'tkazmaydigan yelek equivalent) protects over only a single night. Rare optional roles do give permanent protection from mafia attack, such as the Lupus in Tabula Werehamster Arxivlandi 2005-12-24 at the Orqaga qaytish mashinasi

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b https://web.archive.org/web/19990302082118/http://members.theglobe.com/mafia_rules/
  2. ^ François Haffner (1999-02-22). "Questions to Dimitry Davidoff about the creation of Mafia on the French website". Jeuxsoc.fr. Olingan 2011-04-11.
  3. ^ a b v d "Werewolf page Tarix Bo'lim".
  4. ^ a b v d e f g Robertson, Margaret (2010-02-04). "Kurt-bo'ri: Qanday qilib salondagi o'yin texnik hodisaga aylandi". Simli Buyuk Britaniya. Conde Nast Publications (3.10). Olingan 2010-06-06.
  5. ^ Danopoulos, C. P.; Zirker, D., eds. (1998 yil dekabr). The Military and Society in the Former Eastern Bloc. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 175. ISBN  978-0-8133-3524-7. OCLC  237326581. The objective is to discover who these [Mafia] people are even as they speak on behalf of Latvia's welfare, and before they eliminate people who suspect who they are.
  6. ^ a b "Werewolf A Mind Game". is Plotkin's own description of the original Werewolf version
  7. ^ Kaufman, Jerry (2000-01-01). "Corflatch Progress Report #3". John Aegard is running another event, to take place Friday at 8 p.m. John says, Come play the game that's paralyzed two straight Clarions – MAFIA! Since the Clarion workshops take place during the summer, the game must have first been played at a Clarion workshop in 1998, most likely Clarion East – see David Levine's account of Clarion West 2000, "David Levine's Clarion Journal: Week 6".[doimiy o'lik havola ] Mafia and Thing were first taught to the annual Viable Paradise workshop by James Patrick Kelly and Steven Gould in 2001; qarang Silverthorne, Lisa. "The VP Experience".
  8. ^ Qarang "Clarion, Day 33: She's mafia, I know she is!".; Wilson, Alex. "Clarion Week 6: Always Bet on Black (in Mafia)!".; Wilson, Alex. "Clarion_Mafia".[doimiy o'lik havola ]
  9. ^ Qarang "Making Light: Home Again".; "Making Light: Traditional diversions".; Azure, Chris. "Viable Paradise – Day 1". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011-08-17.; Griffit, Erik. "A week in paradise".; va Gordon, Barbara. "Viable Paradise, day one".. Iqtiboslar Dvorin, Julia. "Viable Paradise: A Travelogue (Part 1)". After the introductions and instructions for the next day, I thought that perhaps we'd be released and I could go see the room I was to be staying in for the week and chill out a little from the travel. But such was not to be, for the agenda now turned to the important bonding activity of playing Mafia and Thing. So I pushed away the cranky traveler's whininess that was stalking me, and sat down in a circle with a bunch of strangers and began to accuse them of lying and murder. Shuningdek: Gould, Steven. "Photo: semi-mandatory Mafia".
  10. ^ Петров С.В., Холопова Е.Н. «Невербальная коммуникация. Развивающие ролевые игры „Мафия「 и „Убийца「». Учебно-методическое пособие – Калининград: КВШ МВД России, 1998
  11. ^ "The Graduate Mafia Brotherhood at Princeton University". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014-05-17.. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
  12. ^ "Mafia!!". The Grey Labyrinth. mithrandir. 20 avgust 2000 yil. Olingan 21 iyul 2016.
  13. ^ "Forum Index". The Grey Labyrinth. Olingan 21 iyul 2016. The Internet's First Home of Mafia.
  14. ^ "History of the game". MafiaScum. 31 yanvar 2007 yil. Olingan 21 iyul 2016. mith had been visiting [The Grey Labyrinth] since 1996, and started posting in the forums soon after they started. mith had played face-to-face Mafia with his church youth group in the late 1990s, and one day decided it would run well on the forums. The original thread can still be found Bu yerga.
  15. ^ Berest, Pavlo (2006-03-08). "Intellectuals playing mafia games". Now the rules of the game are the intellectual property of Fedorov. The club has its own rules, see: "Club Империя Мафии".
  16. ^ Davis, Aaron (2006-08-04). "School officials still investigating 'Mafia'". Seacoast Media Group. One parent, Nicole Hollenbeck told The Rockingham News in June, My child has had sleepless nights, crying before bed because she's afraid that she'll sleep walk and relive the tragic events they talked about in class [...] We teach our kids right from wrong, and this is what they are being taught?
  17. ^ Arneson, Erik. "Board and Card Games Timeline".. About.com also includes Mafia in the Top 5 Best Ovoz berish O'yinlar. The reason it is significant is given: "Werewolf / Mafia". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-11-03. Olingan 2007-11-25. Werewolf is a favorite at game conventions and has been written about in several mainstream articles.
  18. ^ a b "Are You A Werewolf? Rules of Play". Looney laboratoriyalari. Olingan 2010-06-15. Night-Noise: When everyone closes their eyes at night, it is best for people to also start humming, tapping the table, patting a knee, or making some noise. This will cover up any sounds made accidentally by the werewolves, the seer, or the moderator
  19. ^ Masalan Plotkin, A. "Werewolf Statistics". If we figure that 9 or 11 players is ideal for a two-wolf game, and we assume that these probabilities actually means anything (heh heh), then an ideal game has a human-win chance of 0.23 to 0.29. (Again, for completely stupid humans.)
  20. ^ a b Braverman, M.; Etesami, O.; Mossel, E. (2008). "Mafia: A Theoretical Study of Players and Coalitions in a Partial Information Environment". Amaliy ehtimollar yilnomasi. 18 (2): 825–846. arXiv:math/0609534. Bibcode:2006math......9534B. doi:10.1214/07-AAP456. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012-03-16.
  21. ^ Derivation is by recursion on decreasing numbers of players in the following round, see: Yao, E. "A Theoretical Study of Mafia Games" (pdf ). p. 7.
  22. ^ Migdał, Piotr (2010). "A mathematical model of the Mafia game". arXiv:1009.1031 [math.PR ].
  23. ^ Batcheller, Archer L.; Hilligoss, Brian; Nam, Kevin; Rader, Emilee; Rey-Babarro, Marta; Zhou, Xiaomu (2007). "Testing the technology: playing games with video conferencing Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems". Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: 849. doi:10.1145/1240624.1240751. ISBN  978-1-59593-593-9.
  24. ^ a b McCarthy, C (2009-04-24). "Why do young techies want to be werewolves?". CNET yangiliklari.
  25. ^ Cross, D. (Iyun 2005). "Mafia Party EXTRA TIPS". Vitse jurnali. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008-11-20.
  26. ^ Gopnik, Adam (2006). Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York. p. 245. ISBN  978-0-676-97827-8. the emotional authenticity of the alliances, the felt pleasure of trusting another, is startlingly, frighteningly real. You and George against the Mafia – but then the quick nightly shadow intrudes: What if George bu the Mafia? Yet the proper suspicions, though they rise, rarely override these instant bonds.
  27. ^ Salen, K; Zimmerman, E. (October 2003). O'yin qoidalari: o'yin dizayni asoslari (tasvirlangan tahrir). MIT Press. 468-469 betlar. ISBN  978-0-262-24045-1.
  28. ^ a b Masalan, Bezier o'yinlari ' Ultimate Werewolf Sehrgar[doimiy o'lik havola ] has the ability to detect the Seer role. (The sorcerer is granted different powers in other rule-sets, like Princeton University's, in which the Wizard has the ability to detect the Seer.) Whatever name this role is known by, the Detective-detector is typically aligned with the Mafia (for example, see: "9 Player Werewolf Evil team". 2005.)
  29. ^ Gopnik, Adam (2006). "Fourth Thanksgiving: Propensities". Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York. pp. 242–253. ISBN  978-0-676-97827-8.
  30. ^ "Mafia (con)". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-11-18. Olingan 2007-12-20. Knight Commandant / Sheriff – a townsperson who investigates mafia members
  31. ^ Cross, D. (Iyun 2005). "Mafia Party THE SETUP". Vitse jurnali. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008-11-20.
  32. ^ "Name: Naive Cop". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-02-27 da. Olingan 2007-12-16. Description: A type of cop that always gets innocent results regardless of who they investigate
  33. ^ a b v d e f "Characters from the New Moon expansion set". 2010. Olingan 2010-06-13.
  34. ^ "Various Mafia Roles: Third Party Roles: Arsonist & Firefighter". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-02-20.
  35. ^ A typical Traitor-type role is the Egalik qiladi Special Character dan "The LUPUS IN TABULA (2nd edition) rules". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2005-12-24 kunlari.
  36. ^ Fraade-Blanar, L. (2001-10-26). "Mafia game indulges fantasy, avoids jail term". Jons Xopkinsning xabarlari. One person out of the circle finds themselves tapped twice, making them the najas kabutari. He must inform the townspeople, i.e. everyone who was not tapped, of the identity of the Mafia members while not being killed himself... The game shows a historical conflict between the accusers and the accused. It could well be the Europeans accusing witches[doimiy o'lik havola ]
  37. ^ The Witch for example has this ability in Bezier 's game "Ultimate WereWolf"
  38. ^ a b v "Belgilar". 2010 yil yanvar. Olingan 2010-06-13.
  39. ^ The Psychiatrist can 'cure' the Serial Killer according to the Pub Game rules: "Serial qotil".. When 'the psychiatrist' is in play, the Serial Killer may be The Psixopat, kabi: "Name: Psychiatrist (Various Mafia Roles: Uchinchi tomon at MafiaScum.net)". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 2007-02-27.
  40. ^ Masalan, Ultimate Werewolf Masons[doimiy o'lik havola ] recognize one another from the first night.
  41. ^ Spadaccini, S. (September 2005). The Big Book of Rules. Plume. ISBN  978-0-452-28644-3.
  42. ^ As in the Mafia Games setup described by group-games.com, requiring only mafiosi, police, a doctor, and the townspeople. Or, a simple version using only citizens, mafia, and detektivlar, as described in: Toone, M. (July 2009). Great Games!. MVT Games. p. 41. ISBN  978-0-9798345-5-4. The detektivlar now guess who they think might be one of the Mafiya -no talking allowed, they simply point to one person.
  43. ^ "Werewolf: Extra Materials". Simli jurnal. Olingan 2010-06-13. Optional rule: if the Lovers die and Cupid is still alive, Cupid chooses a new set of lovers.
  44. ^ The Cupid card yilda Bezier Game's Ultimate Werewolf, masalan.
  45. ^ Alternatively, they may have a vote, but be mandated to always vote against eliminations, as is the Village Ethicist[doimiy o'lik havola ]
  46. ^ a b "Werewolf: Extra Materials". 2010-01-29.
  47. ^ "Character references". 2010-01-29. Olingan 2010-06-14.
  48. ^ "Mafia variant: Prezident". described by MafiaSpiel.de, for example.
  49. ^ A role introduced in Ted Alspach 2010 yil Ultimate Werewolf: Classic Movie Monsters.
  50. ^ "Common Mafia Roles". Olingan 2010-06-14. – The Silencer is typically aligned with them and knows their identities, but (in some variants) in unknown to them, not participating in mafia killings.
  51. ^ The Ruhoniy alone knows whether the dead were innocent in the Stol o'yinlari bo'yicha jahon chempionati game described by Bruno Wolff in "Werewolf rules". Olingan 2007-11-19.
  52. ^ Lupus in Tabula (Werewolves at the Table) card listings
  53. ^ a b Toone, M. (July 2009). Great Games!: 175 Games & Activities for Families, Groups & Children. MVT Games. p. 42. ISBN  978-0-9798345-5-4.
  54. ^ "The Original Mafia Rules". 1999. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi on 1999-03-02. Olingan 2010-06-15. Accusations may happen any number of times during the discussion...once in a while, someone should propose to have a Mafia Night. If the majority of the players who are still in the game agrees, the Night begins.
  55. ^ The random resolution is typical in academic models of Mafia. Masalan, qarang: Yao, E. (2008). "A Theoretical Study of Mafia Games". arXiv:0804.0071.
  56. ^ That a single mafioso wins against a single surviving innocent in the day phase is a standard live-play rule, being a sub-case of the rule that a numerical equality is a Mafia victory
  57. ^ The 'separate waking' method of designating victims is used in the official "1-may kuni; halokat signali". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-11-13 kunlari. rules, for example. (Bu Sovet Ittifoqi -themed variant with other expanded rules, released under Creative Commons licensing.)
  58. ^ "Mafia and Werewolves". Note – This variant was performed with great success on November 12, 1998 – From the old Princeton variant rules.
  59. ^ 7-0-7, Jon Bennett "Mafia Advanced Rules" (PDF). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2011-08-10. Additional rules created by Jon Bennett, accepted in local Mafia circles.
  60. ^ "CISRA Puzzle Competition – Quantum Werewolf". Puzzle.cisra.com.au. 2008 yil. Olingan 2009-06-16.
  61. ^ "Train Mafia". Copenhagen Game Collective. 2009-09-27. Olingan 2011-04-11.
  62. ^ "Invisible City: Rebels vs. Spies". Human-Computer Interaction Group, Patras universiteti, Gretsiya. 2011. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2012-06-27 da. Olingan 2012-11-21.
  63. ^ "Town of Salem: 5 Best Roles To Play (& 5 Worst)". TheGamer. 2019-05-25. Olingan 2019-09-05.
  64. ^ "Indie Smash Hit Town of Salem Gets New Expansion: The Coven". www.gamasutra.com. Olingan 2019-09-05.
  65. ^ "MAFIA - XKCD Wiki". wiki.xkcd.com. Olingan 2015-09-19.
  66. ^ "Epicmafia - Lobby". epicmafia.com. Olingan 2015-09-19.
  67. ^ Bi X., Tanaka T. (2016) Human-Side Strategies in the Werewolf Game Against the Stealth Werewolf Strategy. In: Plaat A., Kosters W., van den Herik J. (eds) Computers and Games. CG 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10068. Springer, Cham
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  70. ^ Hirata Y. et al. (2016) Werewolf Game Modeling Using Action Probabilities Based on Play Log Analysis. In: Plaat A., Kosters W., van den Herik J. (eds) Computers and Games. CG 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10068. Springer, Cham

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