Mixail Saakashvili - Mikheil Saakashvili - Wikipedia

Mixail Saakashvili
მydხეyლn jსrbკtშვyolლy (Gruzin )
Mikheil Saakashvili (Ukrain )
Mikheil Saakashvili, 2020.jpg
3-chi Gruziya prezidenti
Ofisda
2008 yil 20 yanvar - 2013 yil 17 noyabr
Bosh VazirLado Gurgenidze
Grigol Mgaloblishvili
Nika Gilauri
Vano Merabishvili
Bidzina Ivanishvili
OldingiNino Burjanadze (Aktyorlik)
MuvaffaqiyatliGiorgi Margvelashvili
Ofisda
2004 yil 25 yanvar - 2007 yil 25 noyabr
Bosh VazirZurab Jvaniya
O'zi (Aktyorlik)
Zurab Nogaydeli
Giorgi Baramidze (Aktyorlik)
Lado Gurgenidze
OldingiNino Burjanadze (Aktyorlik)
MuvaffaqiyatliNino Burjanadze (Aktyorlik)
Odessa viloyati gubernatori
Ofisda
2015 yil 30 may - 2016 yil 9 noyabr[1]
OldingiIhor Palitsiya
MuvaffaqiyatliMaksim Stepanov[2]
Adliya vaziri
Ofisda
2000 yil 12 oktyabr - 2001 yil 19 sentyabr
Bosh VazirGiorgi Arsenishvili
OldingiJon Xetsuriani
MuvaffaqiyatliRoland Giligashvili
Gruziya Bosh vaziri
Aktyorlik
Ofisda
2005 yil 3 fevral - 2005 yil 17 fevral
PrezidentO'zi
OldingiZurab Jvaniya
MuvaffaqiyatliZurab Nogaydeli
A'zosi Gruziya parlamenti
Ofisda
2001 yil 6 noyabr - 2002 yil 22 noyabr
Ofisda
1995 yil 25 noyabr - 2001 yil 2 mart
Raisi Birlashgan Milliy Harakat
Ofisda
2017 yil 13 yanvar - 2019 yil 24 mart
OldingiDavit Bakradze
MuvaffaqiyatliGrigol Vashadze
Ofisda
2012 yil - 2014 yil sentyabr
OldingiVano Merabishvili
MuvaffaqiyatliDavit Bakradze
Ofisda
2001 yil oktyabr - 2004 yil
Oldingipartiya tashkil etildi
MuvaffaqiyatliNino Burjanadze
Faxriy raisi Birlashgan Milliy Harakat
Taxminan ofis
24 mart 2019 yil
Oldingilavozim o'rnatildi
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan (1967-12-21) 21 dekabr 1967 yil (52 yosh)
Tbilisi, Gruziya SSR, Sovet Ittifoqi
(hozir Gruziya)
FuqarolikSovet (1967–1991)
Gruzin (1991–2015)
Ukrain (2015–2017; 2019–hozirgi)
Fuqaroligi yo'q (2017–2019)[3][4]
Siyosiy partiyaYangi kuchlar harakati[5] (2017–hozirgi)
Birlashgan Milliy Harakat (2001–hozirgi)
Gruziya fuqarolari ittifoqi (1995–2001)
Turmush o'rtoqlarSandra Rulofs[6]
Olma materKiyev Milliy universiteti
Kolumbiya universiteti
Jorj Vashington universiteti
Xalqaro inson huquqlari instituti
Imzo
Veb-saytsaakashvilimikheil.com

Mixail Saakashvili (Gruzin : მlხეyლn yaraკtშვyolლy, romanlashtirilgan: Mixail Saak’ashvili, IPA:[miˈχɛil ˈsɑːkʼɑʃvili]; Ukrain: Mikheil Saakashvili, romanlashtirilgan: Mixail Saakashvili, IPA:[m⁽ʲ⁾ixeˈil sɐɐkɐʃˈwil⁽ʲ⁾i]; 1967 yil 21-dekabrda tug'ilgan) - a Gruzin va Ukrain siyosatchi.[7][8] U uchinchi edi Gruziya prezidenti 2004 yil 25 yanvardan 2013 yil 17 noyabrgacha ketma-ket ikki muddatga. 2015 yil maydan 2016 yil noyabrgacha Saakashvili Hokim Ukrainaning Odessa viloyati.[1][9] U asoschisi va sobiq raisi Birlashgan Milliy Harakat ziyofat. Saakashvili Ukrainani boshqaradi Milliy islohotlar kengashi [Buyuk Britaniya ] 2020 yil 7-maydan boshlab.[10]

1995 yildan beri Gruziya siyosatida qatnashgan Saakashvili 2004 yil yanvarida prezidentdan keyin prezident bo'ldi Eduard Shevardnadze 2003 yil noyabrida qonsiz iste'foga chiqdi "Atirgul inqilobi "Saakashvili va uning siyosiy ittifoqchilari boshchiligida, Nino Burjanadze va Zurab Jvaniya. U qayta saylandi Gruziyada prezident saylovi 2008 yil 5 yanvarda. Uning birinchi davri siyosiy botqoq bilan kechgan bo'lsa, ikkinchi muddati misli ko'rilmagan iqtisodiy o'sishni ko'rdi (o'rtacha YaIM o'sish yiliga 10%), shuningdek, endemik korrupsiyaning keskin pasayishi. Uning tashqi siyosati proNATO va g'arbparast siyosat. 2010 yilda u 67% ma'qullash reytingiga ega edi[11] uning avtoritar tendentsiyalari va uchun muxolifat tomonidan tanqid qilinishiga qaramay saylovdagi firibgarlik.[12]

2012 yil 2 oktyabrda Saakashvili partiyasining mag'lubiyatini tan oldi Gruziyada parlament saylovlari qarshi Gruzin orzusi magnat boshchiligidagi koalitsiya Bidzina Ivanishvili.[13] Gruziya konstitutsiyasida unga uchinchi muddatga saylanish huquqi berilmagan 2013 yilgi prezident saylovlari Gruziya orzusi nomzodi g'olib bo'ldi Giorgi Margvelashvili. Saylovdan ko'p o'tmay Saakashvili Gruziyani tark etdi.[14] Saakashvilini Gruziyaning yangi hukumati bir necha jinoiy ayblovlar bilan qidirmoqda va uni siyosiy motivli deb topmoqda.[15]

Saakashvilini baquvvat qo'llab-quvvatladi Ukraina "s Evromaydan harakat va 2014 yilgi Ukraina inqilobi.[16] 2015 yil 30 mayda, Ukraina prezidenti Petro Poroshenko Saakashvilini tayinladi Odessa viloyati gubernatori.[17][18][19] Unga ham ruxsat berildi Ukraina fuqaroligi,[17] va cheklovlar tufayli Gruziya qonunchiligiga binoan ikki fuqarolik, Gruziya fuqaroligidan mahrum qilingan.[20] 2016 yil 7-noyabrda Saakashvili Odessa va Korrupsiyaga yo'l qo'yganligi uchun prezident Poroshenkoni shaxsan ayblab, viloyat hokimi lavozimidan ketdi. Ukrainada umuman olganda.[9] To'rt kundan so'ng, u yangi siyosiy partiyani yaratish maqsadini e'lon qildi Yangi kuchlar harakati.[21][22]

2017 yil 26 iyulda Saakashvili (AQShda bo'lgan paytda) Petro Poroshenko tomonidan Ukraina fuqaroligidan mahrum qilindi va u fuqaroligi bo'lmagan shaxs.[23][24] 2019 yil 29 mayda u yangi saylangan Prezidentdan keyin Ukrainaga qaytdi Vladimir Zelenskiy fuqaroligini tikladi.[25][26]

Dastlabki hayot va ta'lim

Saakashvili gruzin oilasida tug'ilgan Tbilisi 1967 yil 21 dekabrda o'sha paytdagi poytaxt Gruziya Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi ichida Sovet Ittifoqi.[27][28] Uning otasi Nikoloz Saakashvili Tbilisida tibbiyot bilan shug'ullanadigan va mahalliy aholiga rahbarlik qiladigan shifokor Balneologik Markaz. Uning onasi, Giuli Alasaniya, ma'ruza o'qiydigan tarixchi Tbilisi davlat universiteti.

Universitet paytida u 1989-1990 yillarda qisqartirilgan harbiy xizmatini o'tagan Sovet chegara qo'shinlari 'nazorat punkti Boryspil aeroporti yilda Ukraina (keyin kabi Ukraina Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi, shuningdek Sovet Ittifoqining bir qismi). Saakashvili Xalqaro munosabatlar institutini (Xalqaro huquq kafedrasi) tugatgan Kiyevning Taras Shevchenko nomidagi Milliy universiteti (o'shanda mustaqil Ukrainada) 1992 yilda. Ushbu universitetda u keyinchalik do'stlar edi Ukraina Prezidenti Petro Poroshenko.[29] Saakashvili Ukrainada bo'lganida 1990 yil oktyabr oyida "deb nomlanuvchi talabalar noroziligida qatnashganGranitdagi inqilob ".[30]

Saakashvili qisqa vaqt ichida a inson huquqlari Prezident ag'darilganidan keyin Gruziya muvaqqat davlat kengashi xodimi Zviad Gamsaxurdia dan do'stlik olishdan oldin Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Davlat departamenti (orqali Edmund S. Maski bitiruvchisi uchun stipendiya dasturi ). U qabul qildi LL.M. dan Kolumbiya yuridik fakulteti 1994 yilda va u erda mashg'ulotlar olib borgan Xalqaro va jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar maktabi va Jorj Vashington universiteti yuridik fakulteti keyingi yil. 1995 yilda u ham diplom oldi Xalqaro inson huquqlari instituti yilda Strasburg, Frantsiya.[iqtibos kerak ]

Gruziya parlamentiga saylov

Saakashvili Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotida stajirovka o'tagan.[31] Bitirgandan so'ng, Nyu-York yuridik firmasida stajirovka paytida Patterson Belknap Uebb va Tayler 1995 yil boshida unga murojaat qilishdi Zurab Jvaniya, prezident nomidan ishlayotgan Gruziyadan bo'lgan eski do'stim Eduard Shevardnadze siyosatga kirishish. U 1995 yil dekabrdagi saylovlarda Jvaniya bilan birga qatnashdi va ikkala kishi ham o'rinlarni egallashdi parlament, uchun turgan Gruziya fuqarolari ittifoqi, Shevardnadze partiyasi.

Saakashvili yangi saylov tizimini, mustaqil sud tizimini va siyosiy bo'lmagan politsiya kuchini yaratishga mas'ul bo'lgan parlament qo'mitasining raisi edi. Fikr so'rovlari uni Shevardnadzening orqasida Gruziyada ikkinchi eng mashhur odam deb tan oldi. U "yilning odami" deb topildi[shubhali – muhokama qilish] 1997 yilda jurnalistlar va inson huquqlari himoyachilari hay'ati tomonidan. 2000 yil yanvar oyida Saakashvili Parlament Assambleyasi vitse-prezidenti etib tayinlandi. Evropa Kengashi.

2000 yil 12 oktyabrda Saakashvili Prezident Shevardnadze hukumati adliya vaziri bo'ldi. U Gruziya jinoiy adliya va qamoqxonalar tizimida katta islohotlarni boshladi. Bu maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi[shubhali – muhokama qilish] xalqaro kuzatuvchilar va inson huquqlari faollaridan.[iqtibos kerak ] Ammo, 2001 yil o'rtalarida u davlat xavfsizlik vaziri Vaxtang Kutateladze va Tbilisi politsiyasi boshlig'i Ioseb Alavidze bilan katta mojaroga tushib, ularni korrupsiyaviy biznes bitimlaridan foyda ko'rishda aybladi.

Saakashvili 2001 yil 5 sentyabrda "Men Shevardnadze hukumati a'zosi bo'lib qolishimni axloqsiz deb bilaman" deb iste'foga chiqdi. U korruptsiya Gruziya hukumatining markaziga kirib kelganini va Shevardnadze bilan kurashish uchun irodasi yo'qligini e'lon qilib, "Gruziyadagi mavjud o'zgarishlar mamlakatni bir yoki ikki yil ichida jinoyat anklaviga aylantiradi" deb ogohlantirdi.

Birlashgan Milliy Harakatda

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Atirgul inqilobi

Hukumatdan iste'foga chiqqan va Shevardnadze boshchiligidagi "Gruziya fuqarolari ittifoqi" partiyasini tark etgan Saakashvili Birlashgan Milliy Harakat (UNM) 2001 yil oktyabrda, markaziy-o'ng siyosiy partiyaga teginish bilan millatchilik, Gruziya islohotchilari etakchilarining bir qismi uchun diqqatni jalb qilish. 2002 yil iyun oyida u rais etib saylandi Tbilisi yig'ilishi ("Sakrebulo") Birlashgan Milliy Harakat va Gruziya Mehnat partiyasi. Bu unga hukumatni tanqid qiladigan kuchli yangi platformani taqdim etdi.

Gruziya o'tkazildi parlament saylovlari 2003 yil 2 noyabrda mahalliy va xalqaro kuzatuvchilar tomonidan qo'pol ravishda qalbakilashtirilgan deb tan olingan. Saakashvilli saylovlarda g'alaba qozonganini da'vo qildi (mustaqil ekzit-pollar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan da'vo) va gruzinlarni Shevardnadze hukumatiga qarshi namoyishga chiqishga va zo'ravonlik qilmaslikka chaqirdi. fuqarolik itoatsizligi rasmiylarga qarshi. Saakashvilining UNM va Burdjanadze-demokratlar birlashib, Shevardnadzeni hokimiyatdan chetlatilishini va saylovlarning qayta o'tkazilishini talab qildilar.

Noyabr oyida Tbilisida ommaviy siyosiy namoyishlar bo'lib o'tdi, unda 100 mingdan ortiq odam qatnashdi va Saakashvili va boshqa muxolifat arboblarining chiqishlarini tingladilar. The Kmara ("Yetarli!") Yoshlar tashkiloti (gruziyalik hamkasbi Serb "Otpor! ") va bir nechta NNTlar, kabi Ozodlik instituti, barcha norozilik harakatlarida faol edilar. Ikki haftalik tobora keskinlashib borayotgan namoyishlardan so'ng, Shevardnadze Prezident lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi 23 noyabr kuni vaqtincha parlament spikeri tomonidan almashtirilsin Nino Burjanadze. Inqilobiy rahbarlar konstitutsiyaviy me'yorlarga rioya qilish uchun qo'llaridan kelganicha harakat qilishgan bo'lsa-da, ko'pchilik hukumat o'zgarishini Gruziya OAV tomonidan mashhur to'ntarish deb atashdi Atirgul inqilobi.

2003 yilda Saakashvilining "Gruziya parlamentiga bostirib kirishi" "AQSh diplomatlarini qorovuldan tushirdi ... [Saakashvili] AQSh uzoq vaqtdan beri qo'llab-quvvatlab kelgan rahbar Eduard Shevardnadzeni hokimiyatdan chetlashtirdi."[32] Yordam so'rab Saakashvili AQSh Davlat departamenti tashqarisiga chiqdi. U yolladi Rendi Scheunemann, keyin senator Jon Makkeynning tashqi siyosat bo'yicha eng yaxshi maslahatchisi lobbi sifatida va Daniel Kunindan foydalangan USAID va NDI kunduzgi maslahatchi sifatida.[32]

2004 yil 24 fevralda Birlashgan Milliy Harakat va Birlashgan demokratlar birlashtirilgan edi. Yangi siyosiy harakatga nom berildi Milliy Harakat - Demokratlar (NMD). Harakatning asosiy siyosiy ustuvor yo'nalishlariga pensiyalarni oshirish va kam ta'minlanganlarga ijtimoiy xizmatlar ko'rsatish, ularning asosiy tayanch bazasi; korrupsiyaga qarshi kurashish; va davlat daromadlarini oshirish.

Birinchi prezidentlik

Saakashviliga tegishli inauguratsiya Gruziya Prezidenti sifatida
Prezidentlar Saakashvili va Jorj V.Bush 2005 yil 10 mayda Tbilisida

2004 yilgi prezident saylovi 2004 yil 4 yanvarda bo'lib o'tdi. Saylov qonsizlarning natijasi edi Atirgul inqilobi va natijada iste'foga chiqish Prezident Eduard Shevardnadze. Bu juda yuqori darajasi bilan tanilgan saylovda ishtirok etish shuningdek, ma'lum bir prezidentlikka nomzod - Mixail Saakashvili (96%) uchun berilgan ovozlar soni uchun. Boshqa barcha nomzodlar 2 foizdan kam ovoz oldi. Umuman olganda, saylovda 1 million 763 ming saylovchi ishtirok etdi.

2004 yil 4 yanvarda Saakashvili Gruziyadagi prezidentlik saylovlarida 96% dan ortiq ovoz bilan g'olib bo'ldi va Evropadagi eng yosh milliy prezident bo'ldi. Korrupsiyaga qarshi kurashish va ish haqi va pensiyalarni yaxshilash platformasida u tashqi dunyo bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilashga va'da berdi. Garchi u g'arbparast va Gruziyaga a'zo bo'lishni istasa NATO va Yevropa Ittifoqi, shuningdek, u Rossiya bilan aloqalarni yaxshilash muhimligi haqida gapirdi. Ammo u katta muammolarga duch keldi, xususan Gruziyaning og'ir iqtisodiy ahvoli va mintaqalarda haligacha hal qilinmagan separatizm masalasi Abxaziya va Janubiy Osetiya. Abxaziya o'zini Gruziyadan mustaqil deb biladi va saylovlarda qatnashmadi, Janubiy Osetiya esa o'z ittifoqi bilan birlashishni ma'qullaydi shimoliy hamkasbi Rossiyada.

Saakashvili 2004 yil 25 yanvarda Tbilisida Prezident sifatida qasamyod qabul qildi. Tantanali marosimdan so'ng darhol u ta'sis etish to'g'risida farmon imzoladi yangi davlat bayrog'i. 26-yanvar kuni Tbilisidagi Sankt-Jorj Kashueti cherkovida bo'lib o'tgan marosimda u Gruziyaning birinchi Prezidentining jasadini qaytarish uchun ruxsat beruvchi farmon chiqardi, Zviad Gamsaxurdia, dan Grozniy (Checheniston Respublikasi ) Tbilisiga va poytaxtdagi katta yo'lning nomini Gamsaxurdiya nomi bilan o'zgartirgan. Shuningdek, u 1993–94 yillarda Shevardnadze hukumati tomonidan qamalgan 32 Gamsaxurdiyaning tarafdorlarini (siyosiy mahbuslarni) ozod qildi.

Saakashviliga qarshi plakat Tbilisi, 2006

Prezidentligining birinchi oylarida Saakashvili katta darajaga duch keldi siyosiy inqiroz janubi-g'arbiy qismida Avtonom respublika ning Adjara avtoritar mintaqaviy rahbar tomonidan boshqariladi, Aslan Abashidze Gruziyaning markaziy hukumatiga umuman e'tibor bermagan va ko'pchilik uni rossiyaparast siyosatchi sifatida ko'rgan. Inqiroz qurolli to'qnashuvga aylanish xavfini tug'dirdi, ammo Saakashvili hukumati mojaroni tinch yo'l bilan hal qilib, Abashidzeni 2004 yil 6 mayda iste'foga chiqishga majbur qildi. Adjardagi muvaffaqiyat yangi prezidentni ajralib chiqqan Janubiy Osetiyani Gruziya tasarrufiga qaytarish uchun harakatlarini kuchaytirishga undadi. yurisdiktsiya. Ayirmachilar hukumati mintaqadagi kuchli harbiylashuv bilan javob berdi, bu 2004 yil avgustda qurolli to'qnashuvlarga olib keldi. Tinchlik yuzaga keldi va Gruziya hukumati tomonidan 2005 yilda taklif qilingan tinchlik rejasiga qaramay, mojaro hal etilmagan. 2006 yil iyul oyi oxirida Saakashvili hukumati muvaffaqiyatli ish olib bordi yana bir katta inqiroz, bu safar Abxaziyada Kodori darasi bu erda Gruziya politsiya kuchlari mahalliy sarkarda boshchiligidagi itoatkor militsiyani qurolsizlantirdilar Emzar Kvitsiani.

Tashqi siyosatida Saakashvili AQSh bilan ham, boshqalar bilan ham yaqin aloqalarni saqlab qoldi NATO mamlakatlarning asosiy sheriklaridan biri bo'lib qolmoqda GUAM tashkilot. Saakashvili boshchiligida Atirgul inqilobi tomonidan tasvirlangan oq uy zamonaviy tarixdagi eng kuchli harakatlardan biri sifatida[33] bu boshqalarni erkinlikka intilishga undagan.[34]

Iqtisodiy va davlat islohotlari

Saakashvili ish boshlagan paytda, Gruziya iqtisodiyoti turg'unlikdan, politsiya va davlat amaldorlari tomonidan keng korrupsiyadan aziyat chekdi, har qanday tijorat operatsiyalari uchun pora talab qilinadigan darajada, jinoyatchilik darajasi yuqori bo'lgan va infratuzilmaning jiddiy muammolari, shu jumladan elektr energiyasining keng uzilishi va yaroqsiz holga kelgan maktablar va tibbiyot muassasalari.[35] Saakashvili ulkan islohotlar dasturiga kirishdi. U korrupsiyada gumon qilingan siyosatchilar, davlat amaldorlari va politsiya xodimlarini muntazam ravishda ishdan bo'shatdi va byudjet xodimlarining maoshlarini sezilarli darajada oshirdi, ular hayot uchun pora emas, balki ish haqiga bog'liq bo'ladigan darajaga ko'tarildi. Iqtisodiyotda hukmronlik qilgan ko'plab oligarxlar hibsga olingan, ularning aksariyati o'zlarining erkinliklari evaziga davlat byudjetiga katta miqdorda jarima to'lashga rozi bo'lishgan. Saakashvili iqtisodiyotni qisqartirish yo'li bilan isloh qildi qizil lenta biznesni qiyinlashtirdi, chet el investitsiyalarini jalb qildi, soliq kodeksini soddalashtirdi, xususiylashtirish kampaniyasini boshladi va keng tarqalgan muammolarni hal qildi soliq to'lashdan bo'yin tovlash. Amaldagi soliq va bojxona infratuzilmasi tashkil etilishi munosabati bilan uch yil ichida davlat byudjeti 300 foizga o'sdi. Hukumat infratuzilma va kommunal xizmatlarni tubdan yangiladi. Xususan, suv va energetika infratuzilmasi yaxshilangan darajada yaxshilandi, maktablar va shifoxonalar kapital ta'mirlandi, ko'proq yo'llar qurildi va yangi uy-joylar qurildi.[36][37][38][39][40][41]

Natijada mamlakatda korruptsiya darajasi keskin pasayib, ishbilarmonlik muhiti sezilarli darajada yaxshilandi. Iqtisodiyot o'sishni boshladi va turmush darajasi ko'tarildi. Gruziyaning reytingi Korrupsiyani qabul qilish indeksi tomonidan Transparency International 133-darajadan keskin yaxshilandi[42] 2004 yilda 2008 yilda 67 dan[43] va 2012 yilda 51 ga etib, Evropa Ittifoqining bir qator davlatlarini ortda qoldirdi.[44][45] The Jahon banki Gruziyani dunyodagi etakchi iqtisodiy islohotchi deb nomladi va mamlakat bu ko'rsatkich bo'yicha 8-o'rinni egalladi biznes qilish qulayligi- mamlakatning aksariyat qo'shnilari yuzlab o'rinlarni egallagan bo'lsa-da.[46] Jahon banki Gruziyada turmush sharoitining sezilarli darajada yaxshilanganligini ta'kidlab, "2003 yildan beri Gruziyaning o'zgarishi ajoyib bo'ldi. Chiroqlar yoqilgan, ko'chalar xavfsiz va davlat xizmatlari korruptsiyadan ozod".[38] Doing Business hisoboti asoschisi Shimoliy Djankov yillik islohotchilar mukofotlari paytida Gruziyani boshqa islohotchilarga namuna sifatida ko'rsatdi.

Saakashvili davrida Gruziya xalqaro bozor operatsiyalariga ozgina darajada aralashdi va 2007 yilda Gruziya banki dastlabki obligatsiyalar 9,5 foizga baholanganidan va investorlar buyurtmalarni 600 million dollarga ko'targanidan so'ng, 200 million dollarlik besh yillik obligatsiya 9 foizli nominal yoki 100 foiz nominalli kupon bilan baholanganda, ustama narxda sotilgan obligatsiyalar.[47]

2009 yilda u tanishtirdi Gruziyaning iqtisodiy erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun tomonidan qabul qilinganGruziya parlamenti 2011 yilda. Ushbu qonun davlatning iqtisodiyotga aralashish imkoniyatlarini cheklab qo'ydi va davlat xarajatlari va qarzlarini mos ravishda 30 va 60 foizga kamaytirishga qaratilgan edi. Shuningdek, u hukumatga soliqlarni stavkalari va tuzilishi bo'yicha ommaviy referendum o'tkazmasdan o'zgartirishni aniq taqiqladi.

Uning hukumatining iqtisodiy islohotlari tufayli Gruziya iqtisodiyoti 2003-2013 yillarda 70 foizga o'sdi va jon boshiga daromad taxminan uch baravarga oshdi.[48] Biroq, qashshoqlik shunchaki kamaydi. Ikkinchi muddatining oxirida aholining qariyb to'rtdan biri hali ham qashshoq edi va ishsizlik 15 foizni tashkil etdi.[36]

Qonuniylik va tartib

Saakashvili ma'muriyatiga bildirilgan tanqidlarning aksariyati uning adliya tizimiga munosabati bilan bog'liq edi. U gumondorlarga yomon munosabatda bo'lish darajasigacha bo'lgan korruptsiyaga qarshi kurash doirasida politsiyaga korrupsiyaga qarshi kurashish uchun qo'l berib berganlikda ayblangan. Uning ma'muriyati davrida qamoqxona aholisi ko'payib ketdi va sud idoralari qattiqroq bo'lib qoldi. Bu "qiynoqlar odatiy holga aylangan Evropada, hatto Rossiyadagidan ham yuqori bo'lgan qamoqxonadagi aholi jon boshiga to'g'ri keladigan o'ta jazolaydigan va suiiste'mol qiluvchi jinoiy adolat, qonun-tartibot tizimi" deb ta'riflangan edi. jinoiy sud jarayonlari, ommaviy kuzatuv, telefonni tinglash va biznesmenlarga katta bosim, shu jumladan qo'rqitish, shuning uchun ular davlat loyihalariga hissa qo'shadilar. "[36]

2006 yil 27 martda hukumat tomonidan uyushtirilgan qamoq tartibsizligining butun mamlakat bo'ylab oldini olganligini e'lon qildi jinoyatchilar. Politsiya operatsiyasi 7 mahbusning o'limi va kamida 17 tan jarohati bilan yakunlandi. Muxolifat rasmiy versiyaga shubha bilan qaragan va mustaqil tekshiruvni talab qilgan bo'lsa, hukmron partiya bunday tashabbuslarga ovoz berishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.[49]

Shunga qaramay, Saakashvili hukumati ham huquqiy tizimni ba'zi jihatlari bo'yicha engillashtirdi. Uning hukumati dekriminallashtirildi tuhmat va qonunchilikni qo'llab-quvvatlashga majbur qildi so'z erkinligi, garchi u ommaviy axborot vositalarini bo'g'ishda va shunga qaramay siyosiy raqiblarini ta'qib qilish uchun sud tizimidan foydalanishda ayblangan edi. 2006 yil dekabrda Saakashvili konstitutsiyaga o'zgartishni butunlay bekor qiladigan tuzatish imzoladi o'lim jazosi qonunda.[36][50]

Harbiy islohotlar

Saakashvili hukumati zamonaviylashtirish uchun harbiy xarajatlarni ko'paytirdi Gruziya qurolli kuchlari u kichik va kambag'al jihozlangan va u ish boshlagan paytda o'qitilgan. 1999 yilga nisbatan 2007 yilga kelib harbiy byudjet yigirma baravarga o'sdi. Yangi qurol-yarog 'va transport vositalari sotib olindi, harbiy maoshlar oshirildi, yangi bazalar qurildi va Gruziya askarlari AQSh harbiylari bilan qo'shma mashg'ulotlarda qatnashdilar.[39][51]

Ta'limni isloh qilish

Saakashvili ish boshlaganida, universitetga kirish tizimi pora asosida bo'lib, 2003 yilda universitetning narxi 50000 dollarni tashkil qilgan. Uning hukumati umumiy kirish imtihonini joriy qildi va pora asosidagi tizimni imtiyozlarga asoslangan tizim bilan almashtirdi. Universitetda ta'lim sifati ham yaxshilandi. Shunga qaramay, Saakashvili boshlang'ich va o'rta maktab ta'limi sifatini isloh qilmaganlikda ayblangan, bu xabarlarga ko'ra uning vakolat muddati oxirida past bo'lgan.[36][38]

Sog'liqni saqlash sohasidagi islohotlar

Gruziya mustaqillikka erishganidan so'ng, hukumat uning sovet uslubidagi markazlashgan sog'liqni saqlash tizimi etarli darajada moliyalashtirilmaganligi va ishlamay qolganligini aniqladi. Davlat tasarrufidagi markazlashtirilgan tibbiyot muassasalari odatda samarasiz bo'lib, yangilanishga va texnologik yangilanishga muhtoj edi. Natijada, hukumat deyarli barcha davlat shifoxonalari va klinikalarini xususiylashtirdi va sug'urta tizimi tartibga solinmadi, xususiy sug'urta kompaniyalari qamrab olishni taklif qilishdi. Hukumat qo'lida ruhiy salomatlik va yuqumli kasalliklar bo'yicha faqat bir nechta ixtisoslashtirilgan muassasalar qoldi va davlat kambag'allik chegarasidan past bo'lganlar uchun davlat sug'urtasini ta'minlashni davom ettirdi, ularning sug'urtasi davlat mablag'lari hisobidan amalga oshiriladigan va xususiy sug'urtalovchilar tomonidan ta'minlanadigan va ba'zi davlat xizmatchilari, aholining taxminan 40% ni tashkil qiladi. Natijada sog'liqni saqlash darajasi ancha yaxshilandi, eski kasalxonalar o'rnida yangi kasalxonalar va klinikalar o'rnini bosa boshladi. Biroq, aholining bir qismi sug'urtalanmagan bo'lib qoldi, chunki u xususiy sug'urtalashga qodir emas va davlat sug'urtasiga layoqatsiz edi.[52][53]

Tashqi aloqalar

Mixail Saakashvili bilan Jorj V.Bush
Mixail Saakashvili bilan Polsha Prezidenti Lech Kachinski 2007 yilda

Saakashvili a'zolikni ko'rib chiqadi NATO Gruziya uchun barqarorlikning asosi sifatida va bilan intensiv muloqotni taklif qildi amalda Abxaziya va Osetiya hukumati. Gacha 2008 yil Janubiy Osetiya urushi, diplomatik echim topish mumkin deb o'ylardi. Saakashvili ma'muriyati o'z qo'shinlari sonini ikki baravarga oshirdi Iroq, Gruziyani eng katta tarafdorlaridan biriga aylantirish Koalitsiya kuchlari va o'z qo'shinlarini ushlab turish Kosovo va Afg'oniston "global xavfsizlik deb ta'riflaydigan narsaga hissa qo'shish".[54]

Saakashvili hukumati boshqa Kavkaz davlatlari bilan diplomatik aloqalarni davom ettirdi va Sharqiy Evropa kabi mamlakatlar Armaniston, Ozarbayjon, Estoniya, Latviya, Litva, Polsha, Ruminiya, kurka va Ukraina. 2004 yilda Saakashvili Zamonaviy energiya muammolarini o'rganish markazining rasmiy ochilish marosimida ishtirok etish uchun Isroilga tashrif buyurdi va markaz direktori doktor Brenda Sxaffer Saakashvilini XXI asrning Nelson Mandela deb ta'rifladi.[55] O'sha yilning avgustida Saakashvili, dan faxriy doktorlik unvoniga ega Hayfa universiteti, Gruziya Prezidenti shafeligida o'tkazilgan Gruziya-yahudiy do'stligi rasmiy haftaligining ochilishida qatnashish uchun Isroilga yo'l oldi, bu marosimga yahudiy rahbarlari faxriy mehmon sifatida taklif qilindi.[55]

Qo'shma Shtatlar bilan munosabatlar yaxshi edi, ammo Saakashvilining "o'zgaruvchan" harakati tufayli murakkablashdi. AQShning sobiq va hozirgi amaldorlari Gruziya prezidentini "boshqarish qiyin" deb ta'riflashgan. Ular uning "xavfli harakatlari" ni, "AQShni" diplomatik ta'sir o'tkazib "qo'yib, tez-tez" tayyorgarliksiz ushlab qolishgan "harakatlarini tanqid qildilar.[32]

Saakashvilining AQSh bilan aloqalari 1991 yilga borib taqaladi (qarang) Dastlabki hayot va martaba ). Ning tarjimai holi Tomas Jefferson va Jon F. Kennedi tarjimai hollari yonida uning ofisida topish mumkin Jozef Stalin va Mustafo Kamol Otaturk va urush haqidagi kitoblar. AQShning yordamini izlagan Saakashvili tashqariga chiqdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Davlat departamenti va Sen bilan aloqalar o'rnatdi. Jon Makkeyn va izlayotgan kuchlar NATO kengayish.[32]

Saakashvilining ta'kidlashicha, mamlakat uchun uzoq muddatli ustuvor yo'nalish - bu a'zolikni oshirishdir Evropa hamjamiyati va bilan uchrashuv paytida Xaver Solana, uning aytishicha, yangi va eski Evropa davlatlaridan farqli o'laroq, Gruziya Qadimgi Evropa davlatidir.

Suiqasd qilishga urinish

2005 yil 10-mayda AQSh prezidenti Jorj V.Bush nutq so'zlayotgandi Tbilisidagi Ozodlik maydoni, Vladimir Arutyunian Saakashvili va Bush o'tirgan joyga jonli qo'l granatasini uloqtirdi. U qizchani urib yuborganidan so'ng shohsupadan taxminan 20 metr masofada olomonga tushdi va portlamadi. Arutyunian o'sha yilning iyul oyida hibsga olingan, ammo qo'lga olinishidan oldin u bitta huquq-tartibot xodimini o'ldirishga muvaffaq bo'lgan. U Saakashvili va Bushga suiqasd qilishda va agentni o'ldirishda ayblanib, umrbod qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi.[56]

2007 inqirozi

Asosiy maqola: 2007 yil Gruziya namoyishlari
Saakashvili 2007 yilda Evropa xalq partiyasi Lissabondagi sammit.

Marhum gruziyalik tadbirkor Badri Patarkatsishvili keyin moliyaviy manfaatlariga bosim o'tkazilganligini da'vo qildi Imedi Television rasmiylarga qarshi bir nechta ayblovlarni translyatsiya qildi. 2007 yil 25 oktyabrda sobiq mudofaa vaziri Irakli Okruashvili prezidentni Patarkatsishvili qotilligini rejalashtirishda aybladi.[57][58][59] Okruashvili ikki kundan so'ng tovlamachilik, pul yuvish va mansab vakolatlarini suiiste'mol qilish ayblari bilan hibsga olingan.[60] Biroq, Bosh prokuratura tomonidan 2007 yil 8 oktyabrda e'lon qilingan videokamerada Okruashvili vazir lavozimida ishlash paytida tovlamachilik va beparvolik tufayli katta miqdordagi pora olishda aybdor deb topilganida, u prezidentga qo'ygan ayblovlaridan voz kechdi va shunday qilganini aytdi. ba'zi siyosiy foyda olish va Badri Patarkatsishvili unga buni aytdi.[61] Okruashvilining advokati va boshqa oppozitsiya rahbarlari uning qaytarib olinishi bosim ostida qilinganini aytdi.[62]

Gruziya atirgul inqilobidan beri eng yomon inqirozga duch keldi. Hukumatga qarshi bir qator namoyishlar oktyabr oyida qotillik va korrupsiyada ayblanib, boshlandi. Irakli Okruashvili, Saakashvilining doimiy sherigi va hukumatining sobiq a'zosi, prezident va uning ittifoqchilariga qarshi. Namoyishlar 2007 yil noyabr oyining boshlarida avjiga chiqdi va unda bir nechta oppozitsiya guruhlari va nufuzli ommaviy axborot vositasi magnat ishtirok etdi Badri Patarkatsishvili. Namoyishlar tezlik bilan pastga tushib ketgan bo'lsa-da, hukumatning qolgan namoyishchilarga qarshi politsiya kuchini qo'llash to'g'risidagi qarori ko'chalarda to'qnashuvlarga aylandi. Tbilisi 7-noyabr kuni. Prezident tomonidan favqulodda holat e'lon qilinishi (7-16 noyabr) va ba'zi ommaviy axborot vositalariga qo'yilgan cheklov Saakashvili hukumatini mamlakatda ham, tashqarida ham qattiq tanqid qilishga olib keldi. Human Rights Watch tashkiloti Gruziya hukumatini noyabr oyida namoyishchilarga qarshi "haddan tashqari" kuch ishlatgani uchun tanqid qildi Xalqaro inqiroz guruhi avtoritarizm kuchayib borayotganidan ogohlantirdi.[63]

Patarkatsishvilining muxolifatdagi "Imedi" telekanali 2007 yil noyabrida rasmiylar uni saylangan hukumatni ag'darish rejasida sheriklikda ayblaganidan keyin yopilgan edi. Hodisadan bir necha hafta o'tgach, telekanal o'z ko'rsatuvlarini qayta tikladi, ammo saylovlar tugagunga qadar yangiliklar yoki tok-shoularni yoritmadi.[64] Keyinchalik, stansiya Saakashvili hukumati tarafdorlariga sotildi[65] va ba'zi gruziyalik jurnalistlar stantsiyani qaytarib berishga chaqirishdi.[66]

2007 yil 8 noyabrda Prezident Saakashvili kelishuvga erishish yo'lini e'lon qildi muddatidan oldin prezident saylovlari 2008 yil 5-yanvar uchun. Shuningdek, u o'tkazishni taklif qildi parallel ravishda plebissit prezidentlik saylovlarini qachon o'tkazilishi haqida parlament so'rovlari - bahorda, muxolifat partiyalari talab qilganidek yoki 2008 yil oxirida. Saylov kodeksida bir qancha imtiyozlar ham muxolifatga berildi.[67]

2007 yil 23 noyabrda qaror Birlashgan Milliy Harakat partiya Saakashvilini rasman bo'lajak saylovlarga o'z nomzodi sifatida ko'rsatdi. Ga muvofiq Gruziya Konstitutsiyasi, Saakashvili 25 noyabrda muddatidan oldin prezidentlik saylovlarida qatnashish uchun saylovoldi tashviqotini boshlash uchun iste'foga chiqdi.[68]

Saakashvili rezinali o'qlar va ko'zdan yosh oqizuvchi gaz bilan tarqatilgani uchun to'siq qo'ygan yuzlab namoyishchilarni tanqid ostiga oldi Tbilisi asosiy transport arteriyasi, Rustaveli shoh ko'chasi.[69] Namoyishlar shantajda ayblangan ikki taniqli sportchining hibsga olinishiga qarshi norozilik sifatida boshlandi, ammo tez orada markaziy hokimiyatga qarshi namoyishga aylandi. 25 kishi hibsga olingan, shu jumladan besh muxolifat partiyasi a'zosi.[70] Namoyishlarning yana bir qatori Saakashvilini oldindan rejalashtirilgan prezidentlik saylovlarini 2008 yil 5 yanvarga qayta tiklashga majbur qildi.[67]

Ikkinchi prezidentlik

Grafiti Tbilisida

2008 yilgi prezident saylovi

Saakashvili 2008 yilda

2008 yil 5 yanvarda butun mamlakat bo'ylab muddatidan oldin Prezident saylovi bo'lib o'tdi, tog'li qishloqdan tashqari Shatili, qaerda saylov uchastkasi yuqori darajadagi qor yog'ishi sababli ochilmadi. Televizion murojaatida Prezident Saakashvili muxolifat boshchiligidagi namoyishlar, ularni 2007 yil 7-noyabrda hukumat tomonidan bostirilishi va eng ko'p yopilganlarni hal qilish uchun saylovlarni Gruziya konstitutsiyasi talab qilganidan oldinroq o'tkazishni taklif qilgan edi. mashhur muxolifat televidenie tarmog'i, Imedi. Saakashvili o'zining prezidentlik murojaatida "bu saylovlar bizning xayrixohlarimiznikiga emas, bizning vaqtimizga ko'ra o'tkazilishini" aytdi.

Mahkamadagi o'zgarishlar

Saakashvili zamonaviylashtirish rejalarini ochiq e'lon qildi Gruziya kabineti oldin ham Gruziyada prezident saylovlari. Qayta saylanganidan ko'p o'tmay, prezident rasmiy ravishda qayta tayinlandi Gruziya Bosh vaziri Lado Gurgenidze va undan yangilangan kabinetni taqdim etishni so'radi Gruziya parlamenti yakuniy tasdiqlash uchun.

Gurgenidze vazirlarning ko'pini tark etdi va tark etdi Ivane Merabishvili, munozarali ichki ishlar vaziri, mudofaa vaziri David Kezerashvili va moliya vaziri Nika Gilauri oldingi lavozimlarida. Gia Nodiya Ta'lim va fan vaziri etib tayinlandi. Zaza Gamcemlidze, sobiq direktor Tbilisi botanika bog'i, tabiiy resurslar va tabiatni muhofaza qilish vaziri lavozimini egalladi. Mashhur arxeolog va allaqachon kabinetdagi eng keksa vazir Iulon Gagoshidze yangi tayinlangan Diasporalar davlat vaziri lavozimiga tayinlandi.

Saakashvilining ikkinchi muddati davomida o'tkazilgan parlament saylovlari tomonidan qoralangan Evropada Xavfsizlik va Hamkorlik Tashkiloti saylovlarni kuzatish missiyasi buzilganligi uchun byulletenlarni to'ldirish, muxolifat tashviqotchilariga qarshi zo'ravonlik, davlat va ommaviy axborot vositalarida prezident va uning partiyasini tanqidiy ravishda yoritmaslik va davlat amaldorlari prezident partiyasi uchun ochiq tashviqot.[71]

2008 yil 28 oktyabrda Saakashvili taklif qildi Grigol Mgaloblishvili, Gruziyaning Elchisi kurka premerlik uchun. Prezidentning so'zlariga ko'ra, Gurgenidze dastlab atigi bir yil xizmat qilishga rozi bo'lgan va Gruziya yangi muammolarga duch kelmoqda, ularga yangi yondashuv zarur. The Gruziya parlamenti Mgaloblishvilini 2008 yil 1 noyabrda bosh vazir sifatida tasdiqladi.

Saakashviliga qarshi namoyishlar Gruziya bo'ylab tarqaldi 2009, 2011 va 2012.

Rossiya-Gruziya urushi

Asosiy maqola: Rossiya-Gruziya urushi
Shuningdek qarang: Gruziya - Rossiya munosabatlari
Uchrashuv Vladimir Putin, 2008 yil 22-fevral

2008 yil 22 fevralda Saakashvili rasmiylar bilan uchrashuv o'tkazdi Rossiya prezidenti Vladimir Putin, uning yashash joyida Novo-Ogaryovo. Prezidentlar masalalarni muhokama qildilar aviatsiya qoidalar ikki mamlakat o'rtasida.[iqtibos kerak ] Bu Putinning Rossiya prezidenti lavozimidagi ikkinchi muddatidagi so'nggi uchrashuvi edi Dimitriy Medvedev ko'p o'tmay.

Biroq, gruzinlar va Janubiy osetiyaliklar, Rossiya harbiy kuchlari gruzinlarga javoban Janubiy Osetiya ayirmachilari tomoniga aralashdi Tsxinvaliga hujum va bosqinchi Gori Shida Kartli shahrida. Ikkala hamkasblar, sulh bitimi va olti banddan iborat tinchlik rejasini imzolashdi Frantsiya Prezidenti vositachilik. 2008 yil 26 avgustda Rossiya prezidenti, Dmitriy Medvedev, tan olgan farmonni imzoladi Abxaziya va Janubiy Osetiya mustaqil davlatlar sifatida. Shuningdek, 26 avgust kuni Rossiyaning Abxaziya va Janubiy Osetiyani tan olishiga javoban tashqi ishlar vazirining o'rinbosari Grigol Vashadze Gruziya buzilganligini e'lon qildi Rossiya bilan diplomatik munosabatlar.

Rossiya Bosh vaziri Dmitriy Medvedev Saakashvilini Rossiya-Gruziya urushi, va Saakashvili Gruziya davlatining qulashi uchun javobgardir.[72] Medvedev "(a) Gruziya yangi rahbarga ega bo'lishi bilan biz aloqalarni tiklash uchun barcha imkoniyatlarga ega bo'lamiz" deb ta'kidladi.[73]

Urush natijasida Gruziya armiyasining salohiyatiga jiddiy zarar etkazildi va Saakashvili hukumati ularni qayta tiklashga o'tdi va harbiy xarajatlarni juda ko'paytirdi. 2010 yil oxiriga kelib, Gruziya harbiylari urushgacha bo'lgan darajadan kattaroq kuchga ega bo'ldilar, shundan keyin harbiy xarajatlar yana kamaydi. Gruziya hukumati chet eldan katta miqdordagi qurol-yarog 'va harbiy texnika sotib olgan bo'lsa-da, mahalliy harbiy sanoatga ham jiddiy sarmoya kiritishni boshladi. 2010 yildan boshlab Gruziya o'zining zirhli mashinalari, artilleriya tizimlari, yengil qurollar va uchuvchisiz uchish vositalarini ishlab chiqarishni boshladi.[74]

2009 yilgi oppozitsiya namoyishlari va qurolli isyon

Saakashviliga qarshi bosim 2009 yilda, oppozitsiya boshlanganda kuchaygan ommaviy namoyishlar Saakashvili hukmronligiga qarshi. 2009 yil 5-may kuni Gruziya politsiyasi Gruziyada katta tartibsizliklar rejalashtirilganligini, ammo buning uddasidan chiqilmaganligini aytdi armiya isyoni qismi edi Politsiya ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Saakashvilini o'ldirish ham rejalashtirilgan.[75] Muxolifat vakillari isyonga urinish haqidagi da'voga qarshi chiqmoqda va aksincha, qo'shinlar muxolifat namoyishchilariga qarshi kuch ishlatish to'g'risidagi noqonuniy buyruqdan bosh tortganini aytmoqdalar.[76]

Qamoqxona sharoitlari

Asosiy maqola: Gldani qamoqxonasi janjali

2012 yil sentyabr oyida Saakashvili prezidentligi davrida Tbilisidagi 8-sonli Gldani qamoqxonasida olingan mahbuslarning kaltaklangani va soddalashtirilganligi aks etgan video ommaga tarqatildi.[77] Gruziyaning axloq tuzatish, sinov muddati va huquqiy yordam vaziri Xatuna Kalmaxelidze mojaro tufayli iste'foga chiqishga majbur bo'ldi.[78] Inson huquqlari bo'yicha tashkilotlar, shu jumladan BMTning Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Oliy komissari boshqarmasi videoga nisbatan g'azablanishini bildirgan bayonot tarqatdi.[79][80]

Prezidentlik muddati tugadi

2012 yil 2 oktyabrda Saakashvili mag'lubiyatini tan oldi Gruziyada parlament saylovlari qarshi Bidzina Ivanishvili bir kun oldin saylovda.[13] Unga uchinchi muddatga saylanish taqiqlandi 2013 yilgi prezident saylovlari. Saylovdan ko'p o'tmay Saakashvili Gruziyani tark etdi.[14]

2013 yil dekabr oyida Saakashvili o'qituvchi va katta davlat arbobi lavozimini qabul qildi Tufts universiteti Qo'shma Shtatlarda.[81]

Prezidentlik muddati tugaganidan beri qonuniy ta'qib qilish (Gruziyada)

2014 yil 23 martda Saakashvili Gruziyaning bosh prokuraturasiga ko'rsatma berish uchun chaqirilganda, idora uni Gruziya Ichki ishlar vazirligi Konstitutsiyaviy xavfsizlik departamentining to'rtta yuqori lavozimli amaldorining avf etilishi to'g'risida 2008 yilda so'roq qilishni rejalashtirgan. - Gia Alaniya, Avtandil Aptsiauri, Aleksandr Gachava va Mixail Bibiluridze, 2006 yil 28 yanvarda bank xodimi Sandro Girgvliani o'ldirilishi, shuningdek uning do'sti Levan Buxaidzega qarshi qonunga xilof harakatlar uchun. Shuningdek, guvoh sifatida to'qqizta jinoyat ishi bo'yicha, shu jumladan Gruziya Bosh vaziri Zurab Jvaniya 2005 yilda vafot etgan.[82]

2014 yil 28 iyulda Gruziya prokuraturasi Saakashviliga qarshi "rasmiy vakolatlarini oshirib yuborganligi" uchun jinoiy ish qo'zg'atdi. 2007 yil Gruziya namoyishlari, shuningdek politsiya tomonidan reyd va "tortib olish" Imedi TV va marhum magnatga tegishli boshqa aktivlar Badri Patarkatsishvili. Saakashvili, keyin Vengriya, Gruziya hukumatini siyosiy hisob-kitoblarda va tinchlantirishga urinishlarda ayblash bilan javob berdi Rossiya.[83] The Qo'shma Shtatlar ish yuzasidan xavotirlarini bildirdi va "huquqiy tizim siyosiy jazo vositasi sifatida ishlatilmasligi" haqida ogohlantirdi.[84] The Yevropa Ittifoqi "xavotir bilan eslatma" olganligini va "Gruziyadagi sobiq hukumat a'zolari va hozirgi muxolifatga qarshi ushbu va boshqa sud ishlarini diqqat bilan kuzatib borishini" ta'kidladi.[85]

2014 yil 2 avgustda Tbilisi shahar sudi Saakashvili va birgalikda ayblanuvchini sirtdan qamoqqa olishga qaror qildi Zurab Adeishvili (2007 yilda bosh prokuror) va Davit Kezerashvili (2007 yilda mudofaa vaziri), dastlabki tinglov 2014 yil sentyabrga tayinlangan.[86]

2014 yil 13 avgustda Saakashviliga byudjet mablag'larini o'g'irlashda ayblov e'lon qilindi.[87] 14 avgustda ichki qidiruv e'lon qilindi, 31 avgustda esa xalqaro qidiruv e'lon qilish tartibi boshlandi.[88] 2015 yil 1 avgustda Interpol Saakashvilini xalqaro qidiruvga berishdan bosh tortdi, chunki Gruziya hukumati talab qilgan.[89] Sentyabr oyida Saakashvili oilasining mol-mulki hibsga olingan. Shuningdek, uning Jorjiyadagi shaxsiy bank hisob raqamlari hibsga olingan.

2015 yil mart oyida, Ukraina Saakashvilini ekstraditsiya qilish to'g'risidagi Gruziya talabini rad etdi, chunki bu unga qarshi qo'zg'atilgan jinoyat ishlarini siyosiy asosda deb topdi.[90]

Saakashvili 2015 yil 1-iyun kuni (uch kun oldin) voz kechganini aytdi Gruziya fuqaroligi Gruziyada "kafolatlangan qamoq" dan qochish.[14] The Ukraina Konstitutsiyasi ukrainlarni boshqa davlatlarga topshirishni taqiqlaydi.[91]

2017 yil 8 avgustda Gruziya Bosh prokuraturasi Saakashvilini 11 yilgacha ozodlikdan mahrum etish jazosiga mahkum etilishini da'vo qildi (ayblovlarga davlat mablag'larini shaxsiy ehtiyojlari uchun sarflash, 2007 yil 7 noyabrdagi namoyishni tarqatish paytida vakolatidan suiiste'mol qilish, sobiq shaxsni kaltaklash kiradi) Deputat Valeriy Gelashvili va Imedi TV-ning reydi).[92] On 18 August 2017, Georgia requested Ukraine to extradite Saakashvili. On 5 September, the Ukrainian authorities confirmed that they had received the request from Georgia.[93]

On 5 January 2018, the Tbilisi City Court sentenced Saakashvili to three-year imprisonment in absentia for abusing power in pardoning the former Interior Ministry officials convicted in the 2006 Sandro Girgvliani murder case. On 28 June 2018, the Tbilisi City Court found Saakashvili guilty of abusing his authority as president by trying to cover up evidence related to the 2005 beating of opposition lawmaker Valery Gelashvili and sentenced him in absentia to six years in prison. Saakashvili and his supporters denounced the verdict as politically motivated.[94]

On 24 March 2019, Saakashvili stepped down as the UNM party's chairman. Uning o'rnini o'z nomzodi egalladi, Grigol Vashadze.[95]

Ukraina

Saakashvili energetically supported Ukraine's Evromaydan movement and its 2014 yilgi Ukraina inqilobi.[16] On 7 March 2014, Saakashvili authored an op-ed piece entitled "When Qo'ymoq invaded my country", in the context of the turmoil in Ukraina keyin ouster on 22 February Prezident Viktor Yanukovich va oldin 16 March referendum ichida 2014 yil Qrim inqirozi.[96]

In September 2014, Saakashvili moved to Uilyamsburg, Bruklin, Nyu York.[97]

Governor of Odessa

On 13 February 2015, Saakashvili was appointed by the Ukraina Prezidenti Petro Poroshenko as head of the International Advisory Council on Reforms—an advisory body whose main task is working out proposals and recommendations for implementation and introduction of reforms in Ukraine based on best international practices.[15] On 30 May 2015, Poroshenko appointed Saakashvili Odessa viloyati gubernatori (mintaqa).[17] On the previous day, 29 May 2015, he was granted Ukraina fuqaroligi.[17][98] A month before this appointment, Saakashvili had stated that he had turned down the post of Ukraina Bosh vazirining birinchi o'rinbosari because in order to fulfill that post, he would have had to become a Ukrainian citizen and renounce his Georgian citizenship.[16] Saakashvili stated on 1 June 2015 that he had now changed his mind to avoid "guaranteed imprisonment" in Georgia and to defend Georgian interest through his governorship in Odessa.[14] Also on 1 June, the Gruziya tashqi ishlar vazirligi stated that the appointment of Saakashvili would not have a negative impact on the relations between Georgia and Ukraine.[99] But in reality, after this appointment, relations between the two countries soured.[100] On 4 December 2015, Saakashvili was stripped of his Georgian citizenship.[101] According to him, this was done to prevent him from leading the Birlashgan Milliy Harakat ichida 2016 yil Gruziya parlament saylovi.[101]

So'rovnoma "RATING" sotsiologik guruhi showed that in October 2015, Saakashvili was the most popular politician in Ukraine (43% viewed him positively).[102]

In December 2015, Saakashvili started an anti-korruptsiya NNT Movement for Purification.[103] Among rumours that this NGO would be transformed into a political force, Saakashvili stated he did not have the intention to create a new political party.[103] In the autumn of 2015, informal attempts and negotiations were launched to form a political party around Saakashvili with members of the parliamentary group "Evrooptimistlar" interfaollar ittifoqi, Demokratik alyans va ehtimol O'ziga ishonish, but this project collapsed in June 2016.[104]

Saakashvili submitted his resignation as Governor on 7 November 2016[105] iqtibos keltirgan holda Ukrainadagi korruptsiya as a main reason.[9] In a press conference this same day, he claimed that President Poroshenko personally supported "corruption clans in the Odessa region" and that the "Odessa region is being handed over not only to corrupt people, but also to enemies of Ukraine."[9][106][nb 1] On 9 November 2016, President Poroshenko accepted Saakashvili's resignation (as Governor) and dismissed him as his freelance adviser.[1]

Yangi kuchlar harakati

Saakashvili-led protesters demand Petro Poroshenko 's impeachment, Kyiv, 3 December 2017

On 11 November 2016, Saakashvili announced his goal to create a new political party called "Yangi kuchlar harakati "[21] and that "our goal is early parlament saylovlari to be carried out as quickly as possible in the shortest possible time."[22] In late February 2017, the Ukraina Adliya vazirligi registered Movement of New Forces officially as a political party.[107]

Tomonidan o'tkazilgan so'rovnoma natijalariga ko'ra "RATING" sotsiologik guruhi, 18% viewed Saakashvili positively in April 2017.[108]

In Ukraine, only Ukrainian citizens can lead political parties or be elected to its parlament.[109]

Stripping of Ukrainian citizenship

2017 yil 26-iyulda, Prezident Poroshenko issued a decree[nb 2] stripping Saakashvili of his Ukraina fuqaroligi, but without a reason for his doing so being stated. Ukraine's migration service said in a statement that "according to the Ukraina Konstitutsiyasi, the president takes decisions on who is stripped of Ukrainian citizenship based on the conclusions of the citizenship commission". Saakashvili, in response to his being stripped of citizenship, replied: "I have only one citizenship, that of Ukraine, and I will not be deprived of it! Now there is an attempt under way to force me to become a refugee. This will not happen! I will fight for my legal right to return to Ukraine!" A Ukrainian legislator from the Petro Poroshenko bloki fraksiya parlament, Serhiy Leshchenko, said that Saakashvili was (when Poroshenko issued his decree) in the Qo'shma Shtatlar, but that if he sought to return to Ukraine, he would face extradition to Georgia to face charges for alleged crimes that occurred during his presidency there.[23][111] Ga binoan Iqtisodchi, most observers saw Poroshenko's stripping Saakashvili of his citizenship "simply as the sidelining of a political rival" (at the time political polls gave Saakashvili's political party Yangi kuchlar harakati around 2% in a hypothetical early election).[112] On 28 July 2017, Saakashvili told Yangiliklar he wanted to return to Ukraine to "get rid of the old corrupt elite" there.[113]

On 4 August, Saakashvili appeared in Polsha;[nb 3] he left the country 4 days later travelling to Litva claiming "I'll be travelling across Evropa."[115][116] Saakashvili announced on 16 August that he will return to Ukraine on 10 September (2017) through the Krakovets checkpoint and urged people to meet him at the checkpoint.[117][118]

On 10 September, the train on which Saakashvili tried to enter Ukraine was held at a railway station in Przemysl, Polsha. Then, on the same day, he traveled by bus to the Medyka -Shexini border crossing, where he was allowed to pass through a Polish checkpoint on the border with Ukraine, but then temporarily blocked from reaching the Ukrainian checkpoint by a line of border guards standing arm-in-arm. Finally, a crowd broke through from the Ukrainian side and took Saakashvili into Ukraine.[119][120][121][122] According to Ukraine's criminal code, this offence carries a prison sentence of up to three years, six months' detention or a fine of up to fifty minimum salary payments.[123] On 12 September, in the Leopolis Hotel yilda Lvov, Ukraina davlat chegara xizmati acquainted Saakashvili with the protocol on the administrative violation of "Illegal crossing or attempted illegal crossing of the state border of Ukraine."[124]

At a rally in the western Ukrainian city of Chernivtsi on 13 September, Saakashvili announced that he would return to Kyiv on 19 September after travelling to several other cities to rally support.[125]

On 22 September, the Mostysky District Court of the Lviv region found Saakashvili guilty of illegally crossing the state border. Under the court's decision, he must pay a fine of 200 non-taxable minimums (3400 hryvni ).[126]

In the first half of 2017, and in December 2018 and January 2019, Saakashvili hosted political talk shows on the TV channel "Zik ".[127] Saakashvili claims his program was axed in 2019 because his view on Yuliya Timoshenko uchun nomzod 2019 yil Ukrainada prezident saylovlari was distorted (he claimed to support her candidacy while his TV show suggested the exact opposite).[127]

Legal prosecution (in Ukraine)

On 5 December 2017, Saakashvili (who was leading anti-government protests at the time[128]) was temporarily detained by Ukraine's Xavfsizlik xizmati on the roof of his apartment building in central Kyiv and his apartment was searched.[129] He was freed from police by a large group of protesters. Saakashvili's lawyer reported that the politician had been detained for attempting to overthrow Ukraine's constitutional system,[130] whilst the SBU accused Saakashvili of receiving financing from a "criminal group" linked to ousted (during the 2014 Ukrainian revolution) Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich.[131] 8 dekabr kuni Ukraina Bosh prokurori Yuriy Lutsenko buni e'lon qildi Milliy politsiya officers had found the location of Saakashvili, detained him and placed him in a temporary detention center.[131][132] The following day, Saakashvili began an indefinite hunger strike, claiming to oppose any attempts at compulsory feeding.[133] On 11 December, a Ukrainian court released him from detention.[134]

On 12 February 2018, Saakashvili was deported to Poland. The Ukrainian border service stated "This person was on Ukrainian territory illegally and therefore, in compliance with all legal procedures, he was returned to the country from where he arrived". Saakashvili was subsequently banned from entering Ukraine until 2021 by the Ukrainian border service.[135] Saakashvili claimed that his Georgian bodyguards and supporters had in recent months been kidnapped, tortured and deported to Georgia.[136] On 14 February 2018, Saakashvili showed up in the Netherlands, having been granted doimiy yashash there on the basis of oilani birlashtirish.[137]

Ukrainaga qaytish

Mikheil Saakashvili (2020)

In May 2019, Ukraine's new President Vladimir Zelenskiy restored Saakashvili's Ukrainian citizenship.[138][nb 4] On 29 May 2019, Saakashvili returned to Ukraine; but he soon stated that he had no political ambitions in Ukraine.[140]

4 iyunda, Kiyev meri Vitaliy Klichko offered Saakashvili to join the leadership of his UDAR party and to take part in the July 2019 early parliamentary elections. Saakashvili turned down the offer.[140] In these elections Saakashvili did head the party list of Yangi kuchlar harakati.[141] The party received 0.46% of the total votes and no seats.[142] Two days before the election, Saakashvili had called on his supporters to vote for the Xalq xizmatkori party at the election.[143] (Servant of the People won the election with 43.16% of the votes.[142])

Saakashvili wrote it on his Facebook page on 22 April 2020 that he had received a proposal from President Zelensky to become Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine for reforms in the Shmyhal hukumati.[7][144] Saakashvili told the Financial Times newspaper: "The president wants me to be in charge of talks with the IMF ... I have experience."[145] The Ukraina parlamenti did not consider the issue at its meetings on 24 April and 30 April 2020.[146][nb 5] On 7 May 2020, President Zelensky appointed Saakashvili head of the Milliy islohotlar kengashi [Buyuk Britaniya ].[10]

Shaxsiy hayot

Saakashvili is married to Golland tilshunos Sandra Rulofs, u kim bilan uchrashgan Strasburg in 1993. The couple have two sons, Eduard and Nikoloz.[148]

Uning tug'ilganidan tashqari Gruzin, Saakashvili speaks fluent Ingliz tili, Frantsuzcha, Ruscha va Ukrain,[149][150] and has some command of Osetin va Ispaniya.[151][152]

Some non-Georgian sources spell Saakashvili's first name via the Russian version of the name Mixail. In Georgia, he is commonly known as Misha, a ikkiyuzlamachilik for Mikheil.[153]

Saakashvili enjoys exercise and is often seen in public on his bicycle.[154]

Criticism and approbation

Sandra Rulofs, Mishel Obama, Mikheil Saakashvili and Barak Obama 2009 yilda

In the 2010 study Raqobatchi avtoritarizm: Sovuq urushdan keyingi gibrid rejimlar, political scientists Stiven Levitskiy and Lucan A. Way cite various media and human rights reports to describe Saakashvili's Georgia as a "competitive authoritarian" (i.e., a formally democratic but essentially non-democratic) state.[155]

Saakashvili's government has been lauded by the World Bank for making "striking improvements" in the fight against corruption.[156][157] Bundan tashqari, AQSh Davlat departamenti qayd etdi[158] that during 2005 "the government amended several laws and increased the amount of investigations and prosecutions reducing the amount of abuse and ill-treatment in pre-trial detention facilities". The status of religious freedom also improved due to increased investigation and prosecution of those harassing followers of non-traditional faiths.[159][160]

The scrupulousness of Patarkatsishvili's political opposition toward the Georgian president has been questioned by the Jamestown Foundation 's political analyst Vladimir Sokor who attributed the businessman's discontent to Saakashvili's anti-corruption reforms, which "had severely curtailed Patarkatsishvili's scope for doing business in his accustomed, post-Soviet 1990s-style ways."[161] Patarkatsishvili—who had fled the Russian authorities after allegations of fraud—was called "a state criminal" by Saakashvili, who accused him of treason while refusing to admit to any of his accusations.[162]

Saakashvili was portrayed by Cuban-American Hollywood actor Andy Garsiya in the 2010 Hollywood film 5 kunlik urush by Finnish-American film director Renni Xarlin.[163] The film tells the story of Saakashvili and the events during the Rossiya-Gruziya urushi.[164]

Saylov tarixi

SaylovTegishliBirinchi davraIkkinchi davra
OvozlarFoizLavozimOvozlarFoizLavozim
2004Birlashgan Milliy Harakat1,890,728
96.24%
1-chi
2008Birlashgan Milliy Harakat1,060,042
54.73%
1-chi

Izohlar

  1. ^ During the same press conference Saakashvili vowed "to start a new stage of the struggle" with "young people, unstained forces."[106] According to Saakashvili: "We will definitely unite and we will fight for the victory of a new Ukraine for the people of Odessa, for all other residents of Ukraine. The fight continues, and we will definitely win this fight."[106]
  2. ^ The decree was not made publicly available "in accordance with the legislation on personal data protection".[110]
  3. ^ According to Saakashvili himself, he entered Poland with his Ukrainian passport but it is unclear what passport he traveled on as his Ukraine passport was invalidated and the country he had traveled from, the Qo'shma Shtatlar, is not a signatory to the 1954 United Nations ko'p tomonlama shartnoma Fuqaroligi yo'q shaxslarning maqomi to'g'risida konventsiya granting international travel documents to stateless persons.[114]
  4. ^ On 21 June 2019 a Ukrainian court ruled that Saakashvili had resided in Ukraine from 23 February 2014, to 6 June 2019; even though after he was stripped of his citizenship under a decree by President Petro Poroshenko he was deported for more than a year.[139]
  5. ^ In Ukraine only parlament can appoint and dismiss hukumat vazirlari.[147]

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Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Asmus, Ronald. Dunyoni larzaga keltirgan kichik urush: Gruziya, Rossiya va G'arbning kelajagi. Nyu-York (2010). ISBN  978-0-230-61773-5
  • Savodnik, Piter (2009 yil yanvar). "Insho: Gruziyalik ruletka: Mixail Saakashvili yoqadan turib chaqirmoqda". Harper jurnali. 318 (1904): 36–42.

Tashqi havolalar

Siyosiy idoralar
Oldingi
Nino Burjanadze
Aktyorlik		 Gruziya prezidenti
2004–2007		Muvaffaqiyatli
Nino Burjanadze
Aktyorlik
Gruziya prezidenti
2008–2013		Muvaffaqiyatli
Giorgi Margvelashvili