Viktor Yanukovich - Viktor Yanukovych - Wikipedia
Viktor Yanukovich | |
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Viktor Yanukovich | |
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| Ukraina Prezidenti | |
| Ofisda 2010 yil 25 fevral - 2014 yil 22 fevral[a] | |
| Bosh Vazir | Yuliya Timoshenko Oleksandr Turchinov (Aktyorlik) Mikola Azarov Serhiy Arbuzov (Aktyorlik) |
| Oldingi | Viktor Yushchenko |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Oleksandr Turchinov (Aktyorlik) Petro Poroshenko |
| Ukraina Bosh vaziri | |
| Ofisda 2006 yil 4 avgust - 2007 yil 18 dekabr | |
| Prezident | Viktor Yushchenko |
| O'rinbosar | Mikola Azarov |
| Oldingi | Yuriy Yexanurov |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Yuliya Timoshenko |
| Ofisda 2004 yil 28 dekabr - 2005 yil 5 yanvar | |
| Prezident | Leonid Kuchma |
| O'rinbosar | Mikola Azarov |
| Oldingi | Mikola Azarov (Aktyorlik) |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Mikola Azarov (Aktyorlik) |
| Ofisda 2002 yil 21 noyabr - 2004 yil 7 dekabr | |
| Prezident | Leonid Kuchma |
| O'rinbosar | Mikola Azarov |
| Oldingi | Anatoliy Kinax |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Mikola Azarov (Aktyorlik) |
| Donetsk viloyati gubernatori | |
| Ofisda 1997 yil 14 may - 2002 yil 21 noyabr | |
| Oldingi | Serhii Polyakov |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Anatoliy Blizniuk |
| Ukraina xalq deputati | |
| 5-chaqiriq | |
| Ofisda 2006 yil 25 may - 2006 yil 12 sentyabr | |
| Saylov okrugi | Mintaqalar partiyasi, № 1[2] |
| 6-chaqiriq | |
| Ofisda 2007 yil 23 noyabr - 2010 yil 19 fevral | |
| Saylov okrugi | Mintaqalar partiyasi, № 1[3] |
| Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar | |
| Tug'ilgan | Viktor Fedorovich Yanukovich 1950 yil 9-iyul[4] Yenakiyevo, Stalino viloyati, Ukraina SSR, Sovet Ittifoqi[4] |
| Millati | Ukrain Rossiya (2014) |
| Siyosiy partiya | Sovet Ittifoqi Kommunistik partiyasi (1980–1991) Mintaqalar partiyasi (1997–2014) |
| Turmush o'rtoqlar | |
| Bolalar | Oleksandr (1973 yilda tug'ilgan) Viktor (1981–2015) |
| Olma mater | Donetsk milliy texnika universiteti Ukraina davlat moliya va xalqaro savdo universiteti |
| Imzo |  |
| Veb-sayt | Viktor Yanukovich, Ukraina Prezidenti (Arxivlandi) |
Viktor Fedorovich Yanukovich (Ukrain: Ví́ktor Feddorovich Yanukovich, 
tinglang (Yordam bering ·ma'lumot ); 9 iyul 1950 yilda tug'ilgan) - to'rtinchi bo'lib xizmat qilgan ukrainalik siyosatchi Ukraina Prezidenti 2010 yilda.[5] U idoradan chiqarildi 2014 yilgi Ukraina inqilobi. Hozirda u surgunda yashaydi Rossiya.[6]
Yanukovich hokim bo'lib xizmat qilgan Donetsk viloyati, viloyat sharqiy Ukraina, 1997 yildan 2002 yilgacha. U edi Ukraina Bosh vaziri Prezident huzurida 2002 yil 21 noyabrdan 2004 yil 7 dekabrgacha va 2004 yil 28 dekabrdan 2005 yil 5 yanvargacha Leonid Kuchma. Yanukovich birinchi bo'lib prezidentlikka nomzodini qo'ydi 2004: u saylovning ikkinchi bosqichiga o'tdi va dastlab sobiq Bosh vazirga qarshi g'olib deb e'lon qilindi Viktor Yushchenko. Biroq, saylovlar ayblovlar bilan to'la edi saylovdagi firibgarlik va saylovchilarni qo'rqitish. Bu fuqarolarning keng noroziligiga sabab bo'ldi va Kiyev "s Mustaqillik maydoni nomi bilan tanilgan narsada band bo'lgan To'q rangli inqilob. The Ukraina Oliy sudi saylovning ikkinchi bosqichini bekor qildi va ikkinchi saylovni o'tkazishni buyurdi. Yanukovich ushbu ikkinchi saylovda Yushchenkoga yutqazdi. U 2006 yil 4 avgustdan 2007 yil 18 dekabriga qadar Prezident Yushchenko davrida ikkinchi marta Bosh vazir bo'lib ishlagan.
Yanukovich edi 2010 yilda Prezident etib saylangan, Bosh vazirni mag'lubiyatga uchratdi Yuliya Timoshenko. Saylov xalqaro kuzatuvchilar tomonidan adolatli va adolatli deb topildi.[7][8] 2013 yil noyabr oyida uning prezidentlikdan chetlatilishiga olib kelgan bir qator tadbirlar boshlandi.[9][10][11] Yanukovich sud ishini rad etdi Evropa Ittifoqi assotsiatsiyasi shartnomasi, buning o'rniga Rossiyani qarzga berishni va Rossiya bilan yaqin aloqalarni davom ettirishni tanlash. Bu noroziliklarga va Kiyevning Mustaqillik maydonining ishg'ol qilinishiga olib keldi, bir qator tadbirlar "Evromaydan "Ukrainani tomon yo'naltirish tarafdorlari tomonidan Yevropa Ittifoqi. 2014 yil yanvar oyida bu Ukraina fuqarolari bilan to'qnash kelgan Mustaqillik maydonida va Ukrainaning boshqa hududlarida qonli to'qnashuvlarga aylandi Berkut va boshqa maxsus politsiya bo'linmalari.[12] 2014 yil fevral oyida Ukraina yoqasida turgan ko'rinadi Fuqarolar urushi, namoyishchilar va maxsus politsiya kuchlari o'rtasidagi zo'ravon to'qnashuvlar ko'plab o'lim va jarohatlarga olib keldi.[13][14] 2014 yil 21 fevralda Yanukovich uzoq muhokamalardan so'ng oppozitsiya bilan kelishuvga erishganini da'vo qildi.[15] Biroq o'sha kuni kechroq u poytaxtni tark etdi Xarkov Kiyevdan chiqib ketayotganda uning mashinasi o'qqa tutilganini aytib, yonida sayohat qilmoqda Qrim va oxir-oqibat Rossiyaning janubiga surgun qilishdi.[16]
2014 yil 22-fevral kuni Ukraina parlamenti uni lavozimidan olib tashlash uchun ovoz berdi.[17] Parlament uning o'rnini tanlash uchun 25 mayni maxsus saylovlar kunini belgilab qo'ydi,[17][18][19][20] va ikki kundan keyin uni "tinch aholini ommaviy ravishda o'ldirishda" ayblab, hibsga olish to'g'risida order chiqardi.[21] Ketganidan keyin Yanukovich bir nechta matbuot anjumanlarini o'tkazdi. Ulardan birida u o'zini "Ukraina fuqarolari tomonidan erkin ovoz berish yo'li bilan saylangan Ukraina davlatining qonuniy rahbari" deb e'lon qildi.[22] 2015 yil 18 iyunda Yanukovich tomonidan rasmiy ravishda Ukraina Prezidenti unvonidan mahrum qilindi Oliy Rada Ukraina.[23] 2019 yil 24-yanvarda unga hukm qilindi sirtdan Ukraina sudi tomonidan xiyonat uchun o'n uch yilgacha ozodlikdan mahrum qilish.[24]
Dastlabki hayot va martaba
Viktor Yanukovich Jukovka qishlog'ida tug'ilgan Yenakiieve yilda Donetsk viloyati, Ukraina SSR, Sovet Ittifoqi. U juda og'ir bolalikni boshdan kechirdi va u haqida shunday degan edi: "Mening bolaligim og'ir va och edi. Men ikki yoshimda vafot etgan onamsiz o'sganman. Ko'chalarda yalangoyoq yurdim. Men o'zim uchun kurashishim kerak edi kun. "[25] Yanukovich Ruscha, Polsha,[26][27] va Belorussiya kelib chiqishi. Yanukovich - Belorussiya kelib chiqishi familiyasi;[28] Yanuk[29][30] katolik ismining lotinidir Yan ("Jon").[28][31][32] Uning onasi a Ruscha hamshira va uning otasi polyak-belorus edi lokomotiv - aslida Yanukidan bo'lgan haydovchi Dokshytsy tumani ning Vitsebsk Voblast hozirgi Belorussiyada.[33][34] O'smirlik davrida Yanukovich ikkala ota-onasidan ham ayrilgan va asli polshalik otasining buvisi tomonidan tarbiyalangan. Varshava. Uning bobosi va bobosi edi Litva-polyaklar. Yanukovich bor opa-singillar otasining qayta uylanishidan, lekin ular bilan aloqasi yo'q.[35]
1967 yil 15-dekabrda, 17 yoshida Yanukovich talonchilik va hujumda qatnashgani uchun uch yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qilindi.[36] 1970 yil 8-iyun kuni u hujumda ayblanib ikkinchi marta sudlandi. U ikki yillik qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi va sud hukmi ustidan shikoyat qilmadi. Bir necha o'n yillar o'tgach, Yanukovich hibsga olinishi va qamoqqa olinishini "yoshlarning xatosi" deb ta'rifladi.[37]
1971 yilda Yanukovich Lyudmilaga uylandi[38] (nastenko Nastenko), Yenakiyeve shahar sudyasi Oleksandr Sajinning jiyani.[39]
1974 yil iyulda Yanukovich Donetsk politexnika instituti. 1976 yilda, ikkinchi kurs talabasi sifatida, u tarkibidagi kichik avtoulovlar bo'limi direktori lavozimiga ko'tarildi Ordjonikidzeugol ko'mir qazib chiqaruvchi kompaniya.[40] 1980 yilda, avtomobil mexanik-muhandisi sifatida o'qishni tugatgandan so'ng, Yanukovich transport kompaniyasining bosh menejeri etib tayinlandi. Yenakiieve va qabul qilingan Sovet Ittifoqi Kommunistik partiyasi.[iqtibos kerak ] Uning bosh menejer lavozimiga tayinlanishi uning mintaqaviy transport ijroiya direktori lavozimida boshlanishiga olib keldi. U 1996 yilgacha Yenakiev va Donetsk transport kompaniyalarida turli lavozimlarda ishlagan.[25]
Siyosiy martaba: 1996–2010
Yanukovichning siyosiy faoliyati 1996 yil avgust oyida Donetsk viloyati ma'muriyati vitse-rahbari etib tayinlangandan boshlangan. 1997 yil 14 mayda u ma'muriyat rahbari (ya'ni gubernator) etib tayinlangan.[41]
Bosh vazir (2002–2004)
Prezident Leonid Kuchma Yanukovichni quyidagi bosh vazir lavozimiga tayinladi Anatoliy Kinax iste'foga chiqish.[42] Yanukovich Bosh vazir lavozimidagi faoliyatini 2002 yil 21 noyabrda Oliy Radada 234 ovoz bilan tasdiqlangandan so'ng boshlandi, bu kerak bo'lganidan sakkiztaga ko'p.[43][44]
Xalqaro munosabatlarda Yanukovichning kabineti siyosiy jihatdan yaqin deb hisoblangan Rossiya, Ukraina a'zoligini qo'llab-quvvatlashini e'lon qilsa ham Yevropa Ittifoqi. Yanukovichning parlament koalitsiyasi Ukrainaning a'zo bo'lishini qo'llab-quvvatlamasa ham Shimoliy Atlantika Shartnomasi Tashkiloti (NATO), uning kabineti Ukraina qo'shinlarining komissiyasiga rozi bo'ldi Iroq urushi AQShni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ' Terrorizmga qarshi urush.
2004 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi
2004 yilda, sifatida Bosh Vazir, Yanukovich munozarali ishtirok etdi Ukrainada prezident saylovi sifatida Mintaqalar partiyasi nomzod. Yanukovichning asosiy qo'llab-quvvatlash bazasi Ukrainaning qo'shni Rossiya bilan yaqin aloqalarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan janubiy va sharqiy hududlaridan paydo bo'ldi. 2004 yil 31 oktyabrda bo'lib o'tgan ovoz berishning birinchi bosqichida Yanukovich 39,3 foiz ovoz bilan ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi oppozitsiya rahbari Viktor Yuschenko 39,8 foiz bilan. Hech bir nomzod 50 foizli to'siqdan o'tmaganligi sababli, ovoz berishning ikkinchi bosqichi belgilandi, saylovning ikkinchi bosqichida dastlab Yanukovich g'olib deb e'lon qilindi. Biroq, saylovlarning qonuniyligi ko'plab ukrainaliklar, xalqaro tashkilotlar va xorijiy hukumatlar tomonidan da'volardan keyin shubha ostiga qo'yildi saylovdagi firibgarlik. Natijada keng tarqalgan norozilik namoyishlari To'q rangli inqilob. Keyinchalik saylovning ikkinchi davri bekor qilindi Ukraina Oliy sudi Va takroriy ikkinchi bosqichda Yanukovich Yushchenkoga 51,2 foiz bilan 44,2 foiz bilan Yushchenkoga yutqazdi.[45]
Saylovdan so'ng Ukraina parlamenti majburiy bo'lmagan qarorni qabul qildi ishonchsizlik harakati Yanukovich hukumatida, iste'foga chiqayotgan Prezidentga da'vat Leonid Kuchma Yanukovichni ishdan bo'shatish va muvaqqat hukumatni tayinlash. Saylovda mag'lub bo'lganidan besh kun o'tgach, Yanukovich Bosh vazir lavozimidan iste'foga chiqishini e'lon qildi. 2009 yil noyabr oyida Yanukovich mag'lubiyatni faqat zo'ravonlikdan qochish uchun tan olganini aytdi. "Men onalar o'z farzandlaridan va xotinlaridan erlaridan ayrilishini istamas edim. Kiyevdan jasadlar pastga tushishini xohlamayman Dnepr. Men qon to'kish orqali hokimiyatni o'zimga olmoqchi emas edim. "[46]
Apelsin inqilobidan keyin
2004 yilda saylovda mag'lub bo'lganidan so'ng, Yanukovich Timushenko hukumatiga qarshi asosiy muxolifat partiyasini boshqargan, Yushchenkoning "Bizning Ukrainamiz" dan tashkil topgan. Yuliya Timoshenko bloki va Oleksandr Moroz sotsialistik partiyasi. Bu hukumatni Yushchenko va Timoshenko o'rtasidagi tobora kuchayib borayotgan mojarolar buzib tashladi. Yanukovichning Mintaqalar partiyasini qo'llab-quvvatlash tashkil etishga imkon berdi Yuriy Yexanurov 2005 yil oxirida hukumat.[iqtibos kerak ]
2004 yil oktyabr oyida, Ukraina deputati Hryhory Omelchenko Yanukovichni "ayolni shafqatsizlarcha kaltaklagan va zo'rlagan, ammo jabrlanuvchini sotib olgan va jinoyat ishi yopilgan shaxslar guruhi" a'zosi bo'lganlikda aybladi.[47] Matbuot xizmati Ukraina Vazirlar Mahkamasi Yanukovich qizni bezorilardan himoya qilishga urinish uchun azob chekdi, deb ta'kidladi.[iqtibos kerak ]
2005 yilda Mintaqalar partiyasi. Bilan hamkorlik shartnomasini imzoladi Ruscha siyosiy partiya Birlashgan Rossiya.[48] 2008 yilda Yanukovich "Yagona Rossiya" partiyasining qurultoyida nutq so'zladi.[49][50]
2006–2007 yilgi saylovlar va ikkinchi bosh vazirlik
2006 yil yanvar oyida Ukraina Ichki ishlar vazirligi Yanukovichning yoshligida qabul qilingan jinoiy hukmlarni soxta oqlash bo'yicha rasmiy tergovni boshladi. Yuriy Lutsenko, vazirlik rahbari buni ma'lum qildi sud tibbiyoti Sinovlar tegishli hujjatlarning soxtalashtirilganligini isbotladi (1978 yil o'rniga chiqarilgan) va dastlab rasmiy oqlov hukmi yo'qligi Yanukovichning ushbu lavozimdagi o'rindiqqa nomzod bo'lishiga to'sqinlik qildi. 2006 yilgi parlament saylovi.[51] Biroq, so'nggi bayonotni Lutsenkoning o'zi bir necha kun ichida tuzatib, Yanukovichning oqlanish qonuniyligi to'g'risidagi tergov natijalari uning ilgari sudlanganligi sababli fuqarolik huquqlaridan mahrum qilinganidan beri parlament deputatligiga saylanish huquqiga ta'sir eta olmasligini tan oldi. tufayli baribir muddati tugagan bo'lar edi da'vo muddati.[52] Viktor Yanukovichning Mintaqalar partiyasi 2006 yilgi Ukraina parlament saylovlarida g'olib chiqqan.
2006 yilda Yanukovichning oldindan sudlanganligini qaytarib olishga oid hujjatlarni soxtalashtirish uchun jinoiy ish qo'zg'atildi.[tovusli atama ] Ga binoan "Rossiyskaya gazeta" Yanukovichning zo'rlash va tajovuz va akkumulyator bilan bog'liq bo'lgan talon-tarojiga oid ikkita hujjat soxtalashtirilgan. Yanukovichni qaytarib olishda sudyaning ushbu hujjatlar uchun imzosi ham soxta edi.[36][37]
2007 yil 25 mayda Viktor Yanukovichga hukumat boshliqlari kengashining raisi etib tayinlandi Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo'stligi.[53]
Prezident saylovi kampaniyasi va saylovi
2009 yilda Yanukovich prezidentlik saylovlarida qatnashish niyatini e'lon qildi yaqinlashib kelayotgan prezident saylovlari.[54] U tomonidan tasdiqlangan Mintaqalar partiyasi[55] va Ukraina yoshlar partiyasi.[56]
Ichki ishlar vaziri Yuriy Lutsenko kampaniyasi davomida Yanukovichni moliyaviy firibgarlikda aybladi.[57] Yanukovichning saylovoldi kampaniyasi 100-150 million dollarni tashkil qilishi kerak edi.[58]
2009 yil 11 dekabrda Yanukovich o'z tarafdorlarini borishga chaqirdi Maydan Nezalejnosti, Agar Kiyevning Mustaqillik maydoni saylovdagi firibgarlik.[59]
17-yanvar kuni bo'lib o'tgan saylovlarning birinchi bosqichidan muddatidan oldin qaytarilgan ovoz Yanukovichni 35,8% ovoz bilan birinchi o'rinda ekanligini ko'rsatdi.[60] U 2010 yil 7 fevralda Timoshenkoga qarshi ikkinchi turga duch keldi, u ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi (24,7% ovoz bilan). Barcha saylov byulletenlari sanab chiqilgandan so'ng, Ukraina Markaziy saylov komissiyasi Yanukovich 48,95% ovoz bilan Timoshenko uchun 45,47% ovoz bilan g'olib chiqqanligini e'lon qildi.[61] Timoshenko keyingi sud natijalarini rad etdi.[62]
Prezidentlik (2010–2014)
Inauguratsiya
Ukraina parlamenti Yanukovichning inauguratsiyasi uchun (16 fevralda) 2010 yil 25 fevralni belgilagan edi.[63] Ukraina prezidenti Viktor Yushchenko 2010 yil 20 fevralda Yanukovichning inauguratsiyasi bilan bog'liq tadbirlar rejasini tasdiqlovchi farmonni imzoladi.[64] Shuningdek, Yushchenko Prezident lavozimida Yanukovichga "Ukraina manfaatlari va demokratik an'analarini himoya qilishini" tabrikladi va tilab qoldi.[65]
Patriarx Kirill ning Moskva va Butun Rus Yanukovichning taklifiga binoan jamoat namozi o'tkazildi Kiyev Pechersk Lavra Yanukovich prezidentlik lavozimiga kirishishdan oldin.[66] Patriarx Kirill inauguratsiya marosimida ham qatnashdi[67] bilan birga Ittifoqning tashqi ishlar va xavfsizlik siyosati bo'yicha yuqori vakili Ketrin Eshton, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari milliy xavfsizlik bo'yicha maslahatchisi Jeyms Jons va Rossiya parlamentining spikeri Boris Grizlov.[68][69]
Yanukovichning bevosita salafi Yushchenko ham marosimda qatnashmadi va Bosh vazir ham ishtirok etmadi. Yuliya Timoshenko va uning partiyasi, Blok Yuliya Timoshenko.[70]
Birinchi kunlar
2010 yil 3 martda Yanukovich ushbu tashkilotga a'zoligini to'xtatdi Mintaqalar partiyasi unga tomonidan taqiqlanganidek Konstitutsiya prezidentlik paytida siyosiy partiyani boshqarishdan,[71] va partiyadagi etakchilikni va uning parlamentdagi fraktsiyasini topshirdi Mikola Azarov.[72]
- Yangi ittifoqlar to'g'risida
Yanukovich "Ukrainaning Evropa Ittifoqiga qo'shilishi bizning strategik maqsadimiz bo'lib qolmoqda", "sharqiy chegaramizda ham milliy manfaatlarimizni himoya qiladigan muvozanatli siyosat" dedi. Rossiya - va albatta Evropa Ittifoqi bilan ".[73][74] Yanukovichga ko'ra, Ukraina "bo'lishi kerak"Neytral holat "bu Evropa Ittifoqi jamoaviy mudofaa tizimining bir qismi bo'lishi kerak," NATO va Rossiya ishtirok etadi. "Yanukovich Ukrainaning" ham qo'shilmasligini istaydi NATO na KXShT ".[75] U 2010 yil 7-yanvarda Ukraina tomonidan tashabbusni ko'rib chiqishga tayyorligini aytdi Dmitriy Medvedev yangi Evropa jamoaviy xavfsizlik tizimini yaratish to'g'risida[75] "Va biz Rossiya va Frantsiya tashabbuslarini qo'llab-quvvatlashga tayyormiz" deb ta'kidladi.[76] Yanukovich bayonotida 2010 yilgi prezident saylovi - hozirgi darajadagi kampaniya Ukrainaning NATO bilan hamkorligi etarli edi va shuning uchun mamlakatning ittifoqqa qo'shilishi masalasi dolzarb emas edi.[76] "Ukraina xalqi hozirda Ukrainaning NATOga kirishini qo'llab-quvvatlamaydi va bu bizning hozirgi maqomimizga to'g'ri keladi. Biz biron bir harbiy blokga qo'shilishni xohlamaymiz".[76] 2010 yil 27 mayda Prezident Yanukovich Ukrainaning NATO bilan munosabatlarini sheriklik deb bilishini ta'kidlab, "Va Ukraina bu [sherikliksiz] yashay olmaydi, chunki Ukraina katta davlat".[77]
2011 yil noyabr oyining boshlarida Yanukovich "mamlakatda qurol-yarog 'sotib olinmoqda va davlat idoralariga qurolli hujumlar tayyorlanmoqda" deb da'vo qildi.[78] Ushbu da'volar ishonchsizlik bilan kutib olindi.[78]
- 2012 yilgi Prezidentning bashoratlari
2012 yil uchun Yanukovich "ijtimoiy standartlar o'sishda davom etadi" va "ma'muriy xizmatlar tizimini takomillashtirish davom etadi" deb bashorat qildi.[79][80][81] Yanukovich 2012 yil 7 martda 2 milliard dollarlik pensiya va boshqa farovonlik oshishini e'lon qildi.[82][83][84]
- Konstitutsiyaviy yig'ilish
2012 yil may oyida Yanukovich Ukraina Konstitutsiyaviy Assambleyasi, unga o'zgartishlar loyihalarini ishlab chiqish bo'yicha Prezident huzuridagi maxsus yordamchi agentlik Ukraina Konstitutsiyasi; Prezident ularni parlamentda muhokama qilishi mumkin.[85]
Prezidentni tayinlash vakolatlari
2010 yil 25 iyunda Prezident Yanukovich 2004 yilda kiritilgan o'zgartishlarni tanqid qildi Ukraina konstitutsiyasi bu prezident vakolatlarini zaiflashtirdi, masalan hukumat vazirlarining nomlanishi ustidan nazorat, bu funktsiyalarni parlamentga berish.[86]
2011 yil davomida Jahon iqtisodiy forumi, Yanukovich Ukrainani "Sharqiy Evropada demokratik rivojlanish bo'yicha etakchilardan biri" deb atadi.[87]
Ichki siyosat
- Prezident Yanukovich Varshava 2011 yil 4-fevral, Ukrainadagi korruptsiya va qarindoshlik haqida gapirganda
Qarama-qarshiliklar orasida Ukraina qonun chiqaruvchilari 2010 yil 11 martda yangi koalitsiya tuzdilar Blok Litvin, Ukraina Kommunistik partiyasi va Mintaqalar partiyasi ga olib keldi Azarov hukumati.[89] 450 kishilik parlamentdan 235 deputat koalitsiya shartnomasini imzoladi.[90]
Moliyaviy siyosat
Soliq kodi
2010 yil 30 noyabrda Yanukovich Azarov hukumati tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan va ilgari Oliy Rada tomonidan tasdiqlangan yangi soliq kodeksiga veto qo'ydi, ammo Ukraina bo'ylab o'tkazilgan mitinglarda (2004 yildan beri eng katta noroziliklardan biri) norozilik bildirdi. To'q rangli inqilob ).[91][92][93] Yanukovich 2010 yil 3 dekabrda yangi Soliq kodeksini imzoladi.[94]
Ichki xarajatlar qarzga nisbatan
Yanukovichniki Mintaqalar partiyasi ijtimoiy nafaqalarni oshirishni, ish haqi va pensiyalarni oshirishni xohladi.[95] 2009 yil oxirida Ukraina parlamentida eng kam ish haqi va pensiyalarni oshiradigan qonun qabul qilindi. Buning natijasida Xalqaro valyuta fondi to'xtatib qo'ydi 2008–2009 yillarda Ukrainadagi moliyaviy inqiroz shoshilinch kreditlash dasturi. XVF ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, qonun sarf-xarajatlarni nazorat qilish to'g'risidagi va'dalarni buzgan. Davomida 2010 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi, Yanukovich ushbu aniq qonunda turishini aytgan edi.[96] Ga binoan Yuliya Timoshenko bloki parlament a'zosi Oleh Shevchuk, Yanukovich 2010 yilgi prezidentlik saylovidan uch kun o'tgach, Yanukovichning Mintaqalar partiyasining atigi ikkita deputati kam daromadli pensiyalarni oshirish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatlaganida, ushbu saylov va'dasini buzdi.[97]
Energiya siyosati
Rossiya gazi
Yanukovichning so'zlariga ko'ra, gaz sohasidagi Ukraina va Rossiya o'rtasidagi munosabatlar "bozor qoidalariga muvofiq" qurilishi kerak edi.[49][98] U 2009 yildan keyin imzolangan gaz shartnomasini ko'rdi 2009 yil Rossiya-Ukraina gazi bo'yicha nizo Ukraina uchun juda foydasiz va bundan keyin "eng dolzarb gaz masalalarini muhokama qilishni boshlashni" xohlagan 2010 yilgi prezident saylovi.[75] Yanukovich Ukraina Prezidenti etib saylanishidan oldin unga tegishli "masalani hal qilishga" va'da bergan edi Ruscha Qora dengiz floti, hozirda Ukraina portida joylashgan Sevastopol, "Rossiya yoki Ukrainaning manfaatlariga zarar etkazmaslik uchun".[99] Bu aprelga olib keldi 2010 yil - tabiiy gaz shartnomasi bo'yicha Ukraina-Rossiya dengiz bazasi. Yanukovich, shuningdek, Rossiyaga Ukrainaning gaz transport tarmog'ini birgalikda boshqarish imkoniyatini beradigan konsortsium yaratishga va'da berdi va u Rossiyaga gazni qurishda yordam berishga va'da berdi. Janubiy oqim tabiiy gaz quvuri.[100] 2010 yil iyundan boshlab ikkalasi ham amalga oshmadi. Yanukovich yaxshilangan ayblovlarni rad etdi Ukraina-Rossiya munosabatlari zarar etkazdi Evropa Ittifoqi bilan aloqalar. "Bizning siyosat milliy manfaatlarimizni himoya qilishga qaratilgan. Biz ertakda yashamaymiz va sheriklarimiz ham o'z manfaatlarini himoya qilishini tushunamiz".[101] 2012 yil fevral oyida Yanukovich so'zlarini keltirgan holda Rossiya bilan aloqalar, "A yonida uxlab qolish oqilona emas katta ayiq ".[102]
Uran zaxirasini pasaytirish
Davomida 2010 yil Yadro xavfsizligi sammiti, Yanukovich Ukraina o'zining 90 kilogrammlik zaxirasidan voz kechishini e'lon qildi yuqori darajada boyitilgan uran va uni o'zgartiring tadqiqot reaktorlari yuqori darajada boyitilganidan past boyitilgan uranga. Ushbu maqsadlarni 2012 yilga qadar amalga oshirishni maqsad qilgan.[103]
Madaniyat siyosati
Sharqiy / G'arbiy Ukrainani birlashtirish
Yanukovich o'zining "maqsadi va orzusi" Ukrainani birlashtirish ekanligini ta'kidladi, garchi uning fikriga ko'ra "bugungi kunda mamlakatning Sharq va G'arb o'rtasida chegaralar yo'q".[104] Yanukovich "a" ni yaratmoqchi ekanligini aytdi erkin savdo zonasi va viza rejimi imkon qadar tezroq Evropa Ittifoqi bilan.[105] U o'rtasida yarashuv yo'llarini topish muhimligini ta'kidladi Ikkinchi jahon urushida qarama-qarshi tomonlarda jang qilayotgan ukrainlar nishonlash marosimidagi nutqida G'alaba kuni 2013.[106] Ushbu nutqda u bunga ishonch bildirdi Natsist va Sovet totalitarizm o'tmish hech qachon qaytmas edi.[106]
Holodomor
The 1932–33 yillardagi Sovet ocharchiligi, ukrain tilida "Holodomor" deb nomlangan, asosan Ukrainada, shuningdek Sovet Ittifoqining ba'zi boshqa joylarida 10 milliongacha odamning hayotiga zomin bo'lgan, chunki dehqonlarning oziq-ovqat zaxiralari majburan olib tashlangan Stalin orqali rejim NKVD maxfiy politsiya.[107][108]
Yanukovichning pozitsiyasi Holodomor edi: "Holodomor bo'lib o'tdi, qoralandi va xalqaro jamiyat unga baho berdi ochlik, lekin u hech qachon genotsid ukrain xalqining. Ukrainaning bunga qo'shnilarimizdan birini ayblash orqali urinishlari adolatsiz. "[109] "Golodomor Ukrainada edi, Rossiya, Belorussiya va Qozog'iston. Bu siyosatining natijasi edi Stalinning totalitar tuzumi."[110] 2003 yilda u o'sha paytdagi Prezidentni qo'llab-quvvatladi Leonid Kuchma Holodomor ochligi bo'lgan pozitsiya genotsid ukrainlarga qarshi.[111] Yanukovichning matbuot xizmati uning jinoyatlarni ma'qullamasligini da'vo qilmoqda KGB va ularning salaflari Sovet davri Biroq, 2002 yilda u KGB va uning salaflarini qo'llab-quvvatlagan kitobida yozgan NKVD va Cheka "xalqimiz va davlatimiz manfaatlari himoyasida qat'iy turdik" va ularni "siyosiy ekstremizm, sabotaj va jinoiy harakatlarga qarshi kurash" boshlaganligi uchun maqtadi.[111]
Rus tili rasmiy til sifatida
Yanukovich ilgari rus tilining ikkinchi bo'lishini xohlashini aytgan edi davlat tili Ukrainada.[112] Hozirda Ukrain Ukrainaning yagona rasmiy tili. Rossiyaliklarning bir so'roviga ko'ra, Ukrainada kundalik aloqada rus tilida ukrain tilidan ko'ra ko'proq gaplashiladi.[113] Boshqa tomondan, u bilan uchrashuvda ta'kidladi Taras Shevchenko nomidagi Milliy mukofot 2010 yil 9 mart kuni Kiyevda "Ukraina ukrain tilini yagona davlat tili sifatida targ'ib qilishda davom etadi" degan g'oliblar.[114] Davomida gazetada bergan intervyusida 2010 yil Ukrainada prezident saylovi saylovoldi kampaniyasida u Ukrainada rus tilining mavqei "o'ta siyosiylashtirilgan" deb aytdi va agar 2010 yilda prezident etib saylansa "tillar to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qilish uchun haqiqiy imkoniyatga ega bo'lar edi. Evropa mintaqaviy tillar Xartiyasi "Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, ushbu qonun uchun 226 ovoz kerak bo'ladi Ukraina parlamenti (ovozni o'zgartirish uchun zarur bo'lgan ovozlarning uchdan ikki qismi o'rniga ovozlarning yarmi Ukraina konstitutsiyasi ) va saylovchilar unga hozirgi holat Ukrainadagi rus tili "kasalxonada, maktabda, universitetda, sudlarda, idorada muammolar" yaratdi.[115]
2012 yil avgustda kuchga kiradi, mintaqaviy tillar to'g'risida yangi qonun kamida 10% ozchiliklar so'zlashadigan har qanday mahalliy tilni ushbu hududda rasmiy deb e'lon qilish huquqini beradi.[116] 2014 yil 23 fevralda quyidagilar 2014 yilgi Ukraina inqilobi, qonun loyihasi parlament tomonidan qabul qilindi, u mintaqaviy tillar to'g'risidagi qonunni bekor qilib, ukrain tilini barcha darajalarda yagona davlat tili qilib qo'ydi.[117] Ushbu qonun loyihasi prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi Turchinov tomonidan, yangi qonun loyihasi tayyor bo'lgunga qadar bloklandi.[118] 2012 yilgi qonun konstitutsiyaga zid deb topilgan va qonun tomonidan bekor qilingan Ukraina Konstitutsiyaviy sudi 4 yilda, 2018 yilda Evromaydan.[119]
Din
2013 yil iyul oyi oxirida Yanukovich shunday dedi: «Hammasi cherkovlar va diniy tashkilotlar davlat uchun tengdir. Biz fuqarolarimizning tanlovini hurmat qilamiz va har kimning Konstitutsiyaviy huquqini kafolatlaymiz din erkinligi. Biz cherkovlar va diniy tashkilotlardan ayrim siyosiy kuchlarning tor manfaatlari uchun foydalanishiga yo'l qo'ymaymiz. Bu erda diniy tashkilotlar ba'zan Ukrainadagi ichki siyosiy vaziyatga ta'sir ko'rsatishga intiladigan xorijiy markazlar haqida ham gap boradi. Bu davlatning milliy xavfsizligi masalasidir ".[120]
Ijtimoiy siyosat
Ijtimoiy nafaqalarni qisqartirish Chernobil AES qutqaruvchilari, kichik biznes egalari va faxriylari Sovet-afg'on urushi 2011 yil oktyabr / noyabr oylarida Kiyevda bir necha ming namoyishchilar tomonidan qattiq noroziliklarga sabab bo'ldi.[78][121]
Tashqi siyosat
Yanukovichning birinchi xorijiy tashrifi Bryussel tashrif buyurmoq Evropa Kengashi Prezidenti, Herman Van Rompuy va Evropa Ittifoqining tashqi ishlar bo'yicha rahbari, Ketrin Eshton.[68][122] Tashrif davomida Yanukovich Ukrainaning a'zosi sifatida maqomida hech qanday o'zgarish bo'lmasligini aytdi NATO bilan ishlash dasturi.[123]
Mart oyida Moskvaga ikkinchi xorijiy tashrifi chog'ida Yanukovich nihoyasiga yetishini va'da qildi Rossiya bilan bir necha yillik qamoq Rossiya va Ukraina o'rtasidagi aloqalar "hech qachon so'nggi besh yilda bo'lgani kabi bo'lmasligi kerak", deb aytdi. U Rossiya bilan murosa qilishga tayyor ekanligini bildirdi Qora dengiz flotining kelajagi (bu aprelga olib keldi 2010 yil - tabiiy gaz shartnomasi bo'yicha Ukraina-Rossiya dengiz bazasi ) va Ukrainaning NATOga a'zo bo'lishiga ishora qilib, "Evropa, qo'shilmaslik davlati" bo'lib qolishini yana bir bor ta'kidladi.[124] Ikkalasi ham Rossiya prezidenti Dmitriy Medvedev (2010 yil aprel)[125]) va Rossiya Bosh vaziri Vladimir Putin (2010 yil iyun)[126]) tez orada Yanukovich prezidentligidan beri Ukraina bilan munosabatlarda katta yaxshilanish yuz berganini ta'kidladilar.
2010 yil 3 iyunda Ukraina parlamenti Yanukovich tomonidan yozilgan qonun loyihasida 226 ovoz bilan Ukrainaning har qanday harbiy blokga a'zoligi bundan mustasno, ammo shunga o'xshash harbiy ittifoqlar bilan hamkorlik qilishga ruxsat berilgan. NATO.[127][128] Bir kundan keyin Yanukovich mustaqillikning tan olinishini aytdi Abxaziya, Janubiy Osetiya va Kosovo xalqaro huquqni buzadi, "Men hech qachon Abxaziya, Janubiy Osetiya yoki Kosovoning mustaqilligini tan olmaganman. Bu xalqaro huquqning buzilishi".[129]
2010 yil 22-noyabr kuni Evropa Kengashi va Ukraina "qisqa muddatli sayohat uchun vizasiz rejimni o'rnatish bo'yicha Ukraina bo'yicha harakatlar rejasini" e'lon qildi.[73] 2011 yil may oyida Yanukovich Ukrainaning Evropa Ittifoqiga qo'shilishi uchun harakat qilishini aytdi.[130] Yanukovichning Evropa Ittifoqi bilan integratsiyalashuvga bo'lgan munosabati Iqtisodchi, uni "Moskvada xoin sifatida ko'rishga" olib keldi, bu 2004 yilgi prezident saylovlarining teskari tomoni bo'lib, Yanukovichni Moskva ochiqchasiga qo'llab-quvvatladi.[131][132]
Qarama-qarshiliklarni olib tashlashga qaratilgan da'vo
Prezident Yanukovich va Mintaqalar partiyasi Ukrainada "boshqariladigan demokratiya" yaratishga urinishda va buning uchun asosiy muxolifat partiyasini "yo'q qilishga" urinishda ayblanganlar BYuT, ammo ikkalasi ham bu ayblovlarni rad etishdi.[133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143] Yankukovichning hokimiyatni markazlashtirishga urinishlariga tez-tez keltirilgan misollardan biri Yuliya Timoshenkoga 2011 yilda chiqarilgan hukm, bu G'arb hukumatlari tomonidan siyosiy motivlarga ega bo'lishi mumkinligi sababli qoralangan.[144][145] Boshqalar jinoiy tergov ostida bo'lgan mashhur siyosiy muxoliflar kiradi Leonid Kuchma,[146] Bogdan Danilishin, Igor Didenko,[147] Anatoliy Makarenko,[148] va Valeriy Ivaschenko.[149] Yanukovichning so'zlariga ko'ra (2011 yil 4 fevralda) "[M] har qanday yolg'on gapirilgan va xalqaro hamjamiyatga va Ukrainadagi oddiy odamlarga mamlakatdagi ishlarning haqiqiy holati to'g'risida noto'g'ri ma'lumot berishga urinishlar qilingan". U shuningdek "korruptsiya va byurokratiyaga [mening] hukmronligim ostida berilgan [A] zarba qarshilikka duch keldi" dedi.[88] U 2012 yil fevralida Timoshenko va boshqa sobiq amaldorlar ustidan sud jarayoni "Evropa standartlari va tamoyillariga javob bermaydi" deb aytgan edi.[150]
Matbuot tsenzurasi ayblovi
| Juda jiddiy vaziyat Qiyin vaziyat E'tiborga molik muammolar | Qoniqarli holat Yaxshi vaziyat Tasniflanmagan / Ma'lumot yo'q |
Prezident sifatida Yanukovich 2010 yil fevral oyining boshida uni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi jurnalistlarning so'z erkinligi va ularning manfaatlarini himoya qilish.[152] Umuman olganda u xohlagan fuqarolik jamiyati hukumat siyosatini ishlab chiqishda ishtirok etish.[153] 2010 yil bahorida ukrainalik jurnalistlar va Chegara bilmas muxbirlar shikoyat qildi tsenzura Yanukovich tomonidan Prezident ma'muriyati; Yanukovichning bayonotlariga qaramay, u matbuot erkinligi va "jamiyatning axborotga to'siqsiz kirishini ta'minlashi kerak bo'lgan erkin, mustaqil ommaviy axborot vositalari" ni qanchalik qadrlaydi.[154] Anonim jurnalistlar 2010 yil may oyining boshlarida Yanukovich ma'muriyati va Azarov hukumati.[155] Azarov hukumati,[156] The Prezident ma'muriyati va Yanukovichning o'zi tsenzuraga aloqadorligini rad etdi.[157][158] Matbuot anjumanida 2010 yil 12 mayda Prezident Yanukovichning Oliy Rada Yuriy Miroshnychenko Yanukovich rejimni tanqid qilgani uchun siyosiy repressiyaga qarshi ekanligini bildirdi.[159]
2010 yil 21 aprelda, yilda Xarkov, Yanukovich va Dmitriy Medvedev, Rossiya prezidenti, imzolangan 2010 yil - tabiiy gaz shartnomasi bo'yicha Ukraina-Rossiya dengiz bazasi Rossiya Federatsiyasining Qrimdagi harbiy-dengiz floti ob'ektlarini ijarasi 2017 yildan keyin Ukrainani Rossiya tabiiy gazi bilan ta'minlash bo'yicha ko'p yillik diskontlangan shartnoma evaziga qo'shimcha 5 yillik yangilanish opsiyasi bilan (2042-47 yilgacha) 25 yilga uzaytirilishi kerak edi. Ushbu shartnoma ikkala tomonidan tasdiqlangan Ruscha va Ukraina parlamentlari (Oliy Rada) 2010 yil 27 aprelda.[160]
2010 yil 22 aprelda Yanukovich a ni o'tkazish imkoniyatini istisno qilmasligini aytdi referendum ning o'rnatilishi to'g'risida Rossiya Qora dengiz floti kelajakda buning uchun zarur qonunchilik bazasi qabul qilinganidan keyin Ukrainada. Yanukovich boshqa mavzularda ham plebisitlar o'tkazishni rejalashtirgan.[161] Muxolifat a'zolari Yanukovichni "milliy manfaatlarni sotishda" ayblashdi.[162] Yanukovichning so'zlariga ko'ra, uning tashqi siyosatining asosiy ustuvor yo'nalishi - Ukrainani "Evropaning asosiy oqimiga" qo'shish, shu bilan birga Rossiya bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilash.[162] Yanukovichning so'zlariga ko'ra, davlat byudjeti taqchilligini ushlab turishning yagona yo'li Xalqaro valyuta fondi, nafaqaxo'rlarni va minimal ish haqini himoya qilishda Rossiya dengiz flotining Qrimdagi ijarasini arzonroq tabiiy gaz evaziga uzaytirish kerak edi.[162]
2012 yilgi parlament saylovlari
2012 yilda, davomida Ukrainadagi parlament saylovlari o'sha yili Yanukovichniki Mintaqalar partiyasi So'rovnomada qamalganlar uchun 25,5% ga qarshi 30% bilan g'olib bo'ldi Yuliya Timoshenko "s Vatan ziyofat.[163]
Olib tashlash uchun fon
Evromaydan noroziliklari
The Evromaydan norozilik namoyishlari 2013 yil noyabrida Ukraina fuqarolari Evropa Ittifoqi bilan mustahkam integratsiyani talab qilganlarida boshlangan. Evromaydanning kelib chiqishi boshlangan kichikroq norozilik namoyishi sifatida boshlandi Mustaqillik maydoni 21-noyabr kuni Kiyev markazida, Yanukovich Evropa Ittifoqi bilan uyushma to'g'risidagi bitimni keskin o'zgartirdi, buning o'rniga Rossiya bilan iqtisodiy aloqalarni mustahkamlashga qaror qildi.[164] Biroq, 30 noyabrda, bir guruh talaba namoyishchilar politsiya tomonidan hujumga uchraganida, bir nechta jarohatlar va kasalxonalarga yotqizilganlarga olib kelganda, bu namoyish milliy harakatga aylandi. Mustaqillik maydonidagi namoyishga ko'p odamlar qo'shilishdi, ularning soni 8-dekabrga qadar millionga yaqinlashdi.[iqtibos kerak ]
Namoyishchilar talablari bajarilmaguncha maydonni tark etishni rad etishdi. Ularga hukumat qamoqdagi namoyishchilarni ozod qilishi, Evropa Ittifoqi shartnomasini imzolashi va o'zgartirishi kerak bo'lgan narsalar kiritilgan Ukraina Konstitutsiyasi va Yanukovich iste'foga chiqishi kerak.
Namoyishchilarga politsiya hujum qildi, natijada G'arbiy Ukraina bo'ylab fuqarolar tartibsizligi paydo bo'ldi.[iqtibos kerak ] Yanukovich buni siyosiy raqiblarining ishi deb rad etdi; aksincha, namoyishchilar uni "chetda" va javob bermayapti deb, iste'foga ko'proq chaqirishdi.
Zo'ravonlik 2014 yil 16-yanvardan keyin Yanukovich Bondarenko-Oliynyk qonunlarini imzolaganidan keyin yanada kuchaygan. Namoyishlarga qarshi qonunlar. Namoyishchilar kamida 10 ta mintaqadagi viloyat ma'muriyati binolarini egallab olishdi, ba'zi holatlarda politsiya orqa eshiklar orqali qochib ketishdi. Oliy Rada qonunchilar 16-yanvar kuni qabul qilingan 12 ta cheklovchi qonunlarning to'qqiztasini tortishuvlarsiz, qo'l ko'rsatib bekor qilishdi. G'azab mamlakatda so'z va yig'ilish erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonunlar chegaralarida yuzaga keldi. Prezident Yanukovich Ukrainadagi fuqarolar qo'zg'olonini bostirishga va hokimiyat ustidan o'z hukmronligini saqlab qolishga qaratilgan ajoyib kontsessiyada muxolifat liderlarini qayta shakllangan hukumatda yuqori lavozimlarga o'rnatishni taklif qildi, ammo ular bu taklifni tezda rad etib, ko'chalarda yurgan minglab namoyishchilarni xursand qildi. keyingi kunlarda to'liqroq g'alaba.[iqtibos kerak ]
Mikola Azarov, Ukraina bosh vaziri, 28 yanvar kuni iste'foga chiqdi. U o'z bayonotida fuqarolik tartibsizliklarini "tinch yo'l bilan hal qilish uchun" iste'foga chiqishini yozgan.[165]
Yanukovich bilan muzokaralar 2014 yil fevral oyida muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi va Rossiya prezidenti Vladimir Putin, Ukraina yoqasida turgan ko'rinadi Fuqarolar urushi.[166][167] Kiyevdagi qonli to'qnashuvlarda 28 namoyishchi, shu jumladan, etti nafar politsiyachi va oddiy fuqaro, 335 kishi jarohat olgan, 18 fevralda va 20 fevralda qonli to'qnashuvlarda o'ldirilgan.[168] Xabar qilinishicha, Evromaydanda kamida 77 kishi halok bo'lgan va ularning taxminlariga ko'ra 100 dan ortiq kishi o'lgan va 1100 kishi jarohat olgan.[iqtibos kerak ]
Korruptsiya va qarindoshlik to'g'risidagi xabarlar
Yanukovich "ommaviy" korruptsiya va qarindoshlik uchun tanqid qilindi.[169][170][171][172][173]
Yanukovich tomonidan tayinlangan vazirlarning yarmidan ko'pi 2013 yilda tug'ilgan Donbas Yanukovichni "butun Ukrainada" politsiya, sud va soliq xizmatlarini "Donbas odamlari" bilan to'ldirgani uchun "mintaqaviy xronizmda" ayblashmoqda.[174] Ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy rivojlanish uchun byudjet subvensiyasining 46% dan ortig'i Donbas mintaqasiga ajratildi Donetsk viloyati va Lugansk viloyati ma'muriyatlari - mamlakatning qolgan qismi uchun 0,71 milliard UAH (87,5 million dollar) ga nisbatan 0,62 milliard UAH (76,2 million dollar).[175]
Anders Islund, shved iqtisodchisi va ukrainalik tahlilchi, Ukrainaning iqtisodiy qudratini bir necha "elita sanoat boylari" qo'lida birlashtirishni ta'riflab berdi, ulardan biri eng boy va ta'sirchanlaridan biri Prezident Yanukovichning o'z o'g'liga aylangan. Oleksandr Yanukovich. Boylikning aniq taqsimlanishini va ta'sirning aniq vaznini aniqlash qiyin, ammo mamlakatning eng boy odamlari Yanukovichlar oilasini kesib o'tishdan qo'rqishgan, hatto o'zlarining iqtisodiy manfaatlari Evropa Ittifoqini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi Ukrainani qo'llab-quvvatlagan holatlarda ham.[170] The Yanukovych family, a group of young businessmen described as "robber capitalists", have been buying up both public and private businesses at "rock bottom" prices available in the stagnating economic conditions brought on by Yanukovych's economic policies."[176] According to Åslund, one notable exception to the Yanukovych family's influence was Petro Poroshenko, who is described as "uncommonly courageous", although his confectionery empire is less susceptible to ruin by the substantial power the Yanukovych family wielded in the heavy industry sectors located in Yanukovych's geographic power base of Donetsk.[170]
Yanukovych had an estimated net worth of $12 billion,[iqtibos kerak ] and has been accused by Ukrainian officials of misappropriating funds from Ukraine's treasury. Arseniy Yatsenyuk has claimed that treasury funds of up to $70 billion were transferred to foreign accounts during Yanukovych's presidency.[177]Authorities in Switzerland, Austria and Liechtenstein froze the assets of Yanukovych and his son Oleksander on 28 February 2014 pending a pul yuvish tergov. Yanukovych has denied that he o'zlashtirilgan funds and has said that his alleged foreign accounts do not exist.
Personal excesses
Yanukovych abandoned his large estate, Mezhyhirya[178] when he fled the capital. The estate is located in a former forest preserve on the outskirts of Kyiv.
He had acquired the property in 2007, according to critics, through a convoluted series of companies and transactions. Yanukovych did not reveal the price he paid, although he called it a "very serious price".[179] Mezhyhirya is estimated to have been sold for more than 75 million U.S. dollars.
Protesters walked unchallenged into the former president's office and residential compounds after police and security left their posts in Kyiv. Protesters had free access to government buildings, and to the presidential mansion and estate. They were amazed at the opulence and extravagance of what they found, including a private zoo, a fleet of cars, and a large boat.[180]
In a feature with photos on Yanukovych's Mezhyhirya mansion, Sergii Leshchenko notes "For most of [Yanukovych's] career he was a public servant or parliament deputy, where his salary never exceeded 2000 US dollars per month." Under a photo showing the new home's ornate ceiling, Leschenko remarks, "In a country where 35% of the population live under poverty line, spending 100,000 dollars on each individual chandelier seems excessive, to say the least." Crowned with a pure copper roof, the mansion was the largest wooden structure ever created by Finnish log home builder Honka, whose representative suggested to Yanukovych that it be nominated for the Ginnesning rekordlar kitobi. The property contained a private zoo, underground shooting range, 18-hole golf course, tennis, and bowling. After describing the mansion's complicated ownership scheme, the article author noted, "The story of Viktor Yanukovych and his residence highlights a paradox. Having completely rejected such European values as human rights and democracy, the Ukrainian president uses Europe as a place to hide his dirty money with impunity."[169]
Documents recovered from Yanukovych's compound show among other expenses $800 medical treatment for fish, $14,500 spent on tablecloths, and a nearly 42 million dollar order for light fixtures. Also recovered were files on Yanukovych's perceived enemies, especially media members, including beating victim Tetyana Chornovol. The cost of monitoring the mass media was reportedly $5.7 million just for the month of December 2010.[181]
When the former president departed, 35 cars and seven motorbikes were left behind. Kyiv's District Court seized 27 vintage cars in 2016 from the fleet stationed at Mezhyhirya, some worth more than $US 1 million.
Yanukovych told BBC Newsnight (in June 2015) that stories that Mezhyhirya cost the Ukrainian taxpayer millions of dollars were "political technology and aylantirish " and that the estate did not belong to him personally; he claimed that the ostriches in the residence's petting zoo "just happened to be there"[182] and remarked "I supported the ostriches, what’s wrong with that?".
Accusations of police abuse and vote rigging
Yanukovych has been accused, by Xalqaro Amnistiya among others, of using the Berkut to threaten, attack, and torture Ukrainian protesters. The Berkut, disbanded on 25 February 2014, were a controversial national police force under his personal command and were accused of promoting Russian interests. The Evropada xavfsizlik va hamkorlik tashkiloti confirmed witness accounts of voters being blocked from access to polls and being attacked along with local election officials who tried to frustrate the Berkut's practice of falsifying voters' ballots in favor of Yanukovych's Party of Regions candidates. Fuqarolarning birlashishi va Berkutga qarshi saylovlarning yaxlitligi va natijalarini saqlab qolish uchun kurashganligi to'g'risida alohida holatlar qayd etilgan.[12] Upon coming to power Yanukovych had reversed oversight measures established during the Yushchenko administration to restrain the Berkut's abuse of citizens whereupon the special force "upped its brutality."[183]
Removal from presidency
Parliamentary vote
On 22 February 2014, 328 of 447 members of the Ukrainian parliament (MPs)—or about 73% of the MPs—voted to "remove Viktor Yanukovych from the post of president of Ukraine" on the grounds that he was unable to fulfill his duties[184][17] and to hold early presidential elections on 25 May.[17][185][18][19][20] Ovoz berish Yanukovich televizion murojaatida iste'foga chiqmasligini aytgandan bir soat o'tgach bo'lib o'tdi. Keyinchalik u o'zini hali ham "Ukraina fuqarolari tomonidan erkin ovoz berish yo'li bilan saylangan Ukraina davlatining qonuniy rahbari" deb e'lon qildi.[22]
The constitutionality of Yanukovych's removal from office has been questioned by constitutional experts.[186] According to Daisy Sindelar from Radio Free Europe, the impeachment may have not followed the procedure provided by the constitution: "[I]t is not clear that the hasty February 22 vote upholds constitutional guidelines, which call for a review of the case by Ukraine's Constitutional Court and a three-fourths majority vote by the Verkhovna Rada -- i.e., 338 lawmakers." The vote, as analyzed by Sindelar, had ten votes less than those required by the constitutional guidelines. However, Sindelar noted in the same article that, "That discrepancy may soon become irrelevant, with parliament expected to elect a new prime minister no later than February 24." The decision to remove Yanukovich was supported by 328 deputies.[b][185][188][18][189]
Although the legislative removal by an impeachment procedure would have lacked the number of votes required by Ukraine's constitution,[187] the resolution did not follow the impeachment procedure but instead established that Yanukovych "withdrew from his duties in an unconstitutional manner" and citing "circumstances of extreme urgency",[185][188] a situation for which there was no stipulation in the then-current Ukrainian constitution.[190]
Two days later Ukraine's parliament dismissed five judges of the Constitutional Court for allegedly violating their oaths, who were then investigated for alleged malpractice.[191]
Yanukovych maintains that his replacement was a coup and has continued to make statements from an official perspective.[192][193]
Disavowal by party
Yanukovych was eventually disowned by the Mintaqalar partiyasi. In a statement issued by Oleksandr Yefremov, parliamentary faction leader, the party and its members "strongly condemn[ed] the criminal orders that led to human victims, an empty state treasury, huge debts, shame before the eyes of the Ukrainian people and the entire world."[194][195][196]
On the same day that parliament removed Yanukovych from office, it voted to authorize the release of his rival Yulia Tymoshenko from a prison hospital.[197] She had been imprisoned since 2011, in what many saw as political payback by Yanukovych. Her release had been an unmet condition for Ukraine's signing of a European Union trade pact.[198]
Exile in Russia
Yanukovych left Kyiv during the night of 21 February 2014. Assisted by Russian Spetsnaz[199] he moved initially to Xarkov with bodyguards and personal effects.[200][c] According to then governor of Xarkov viloyati, Myxaylo Dobkin, Yanukovych had intended to make his stay in Kharkiv look like "just another presidential inspection tour" and according to Dobkin, "was desperate to make it look like he wasn't running away".[202] Yanukovych asked Dobkin to "pick out a few factories for me to visit"; the director of state-owned industrial giant Turboatom[203] declined even to take his call (according to Dobkin).[202] Dobkin met Yanukovych at Xarkov xalqaro aeroporti after midnight.[202] According to Dobkin at that time Yanukovych "thought this was a temporary difficulty" since he believed that the 21 February deal he had signed with opposition leaders could still provide for a graceful departure of his power later in the year.[202] Dobkin's impression of Yanukovych (during this meeting) was "a guy on another planet".[202]
In his press conference in Rostov-on-Don on 28 February Yanukovych claimed that at the time he did not "flee anywhere", but that his car was shot at "by avtomatik miltiqlar " as he left Kyiv for Kharkiv "to meet the representatives of local parties" and he was then forced to move around Ukraine amid fears for the safety of himself and his family.[16] "When we arrived in Kharkiv, on the early morning of 22 February, the security service started to receive information that radical groups were arriving in Kharkiv."[204]
On 26 February, Russian media company RBC xabar berdi[205] Yanukovich's presence in Moscow. According to RBC sources, Yanukovich arrived at the Radisson Royal Hotel, Moskva (often referred by its former name as "Hotel Ukraine") on the night of 25 February 2014. Then he moved to the Barvikha Sanatorium, the health resort of the President of Russia in Moskva viloyati. RosBusinessConsulting also reported sightings of Viktor Pshonka, avvalgi Ukraina Bosh prokurori in the hall of Radisson Royal Hotel.[205] The Press Secretary of the Department that manages Barvikha Sanatorium denied the report, stating that he had no information of Yanukovich settled in Barvikha Sanatorium.[205][206] According to Russian politician Oleg Mitvol, Yanukovych bought a house in Barvikha for $52 million on 26 February 2014.[207]
On 27 February, a report stated that Yanukovych had asked the authorities of the Russian Federation to guarantee his personal security in the territory of Russia, a request that they accepted.[208] Yanukovych claimed that the decisions of the Rada adopted "in the atmosphere of extremist threats" are unlawful and he remains the "legal president of Ukraine". He accused the opposition of violation of the 21 February agreements and asked the armed forces of Ukraine not to intervene in the crisis. The exact whereabouts of Yanukovych when he made this statement remains unclear.[209][210] He later thanked Vladimir Putin for "saving his life".
According to an April 2014 poll conducted by the Razumkov markazi, only 4.9% of respondents would have liked to see Yanukovych return to the presidency.[211]
On 3 October 2014, several news agencies reported that according to a Facebook post made by the aide to the Ukrainian Interior Minister, Anton Gerashchenko, Viktor Yanukovych had been granted Russian citizenship by a "secret decree" of Vladimir Putin.[212] On the same day, Russian presidential spokesman Dmitriy Peskov said that he didn't know anything about this.[213]
Position of Yanukovych on his removal
In a press conference in Rostov-Don on 28 February 2014, Yanukovych stated that all his possessions had been legally declared and accounted for.[214] The same day Swiss and Austrian authorities blocked Yanukovych's and his associates' assets, and launched a corruption investigation.[16]
Yanukovych said that an "armed coup" had taken place in Ukraine, and that he was still the legitimate president because there had been no impeachment, resignation, or death.[192] On 11 March he claimed he should return to Ukraine as soon as this was possible.[16][215][d][16][217]
Yanukovych further stated he had been able to escape to Russia "thanks to patriotic officers who did their duty and helped me stay alive".[218] In the press conference he stated that he was still President of Ukraine and "I can't find words to characterise this new authority. These are people who advocate violence - the Ukraina parlamenti is illegitimate".[16][204] He described the new Ukrainian authorities as "pro-fashist thugs" and that they "represent the absolute minority of the Ukraina aholisi ".[16][204][219] U kechirim so'radi Ukraina xalqi for not having "enough strength to keep stability" and for allowing "lawlessness in this country".[16] And vowed to return to Ukraine "as soon as there are guarantees for my security and that of my family".[16] He insisted he had not instructed Ukrainian forces to shoot at Euromaidan protesters.[204] He also announced he would not take part in the 2014 yil Ukrainada prezident saylovi since he "believe[d] they are unlawful...".[220] He also said he was surprised ("knowing the character of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin"[204]) by the silence of Russia's president, Vladimir Putin, on the events in Ukraine.[221] He hoped to find out more on Russia's position when he meets with Mr. Putin "as soon as he has time".[221]
The issue of Russian military intervention
Yanukovych also claimed "sharqiy Ukraina will rise up as soon as they have to live without any means".[204] On 28 February 2014 the BBC reported him as insisting that military action was "unacceptable" and as stating that he would not request Russian military intervention.[222]
On 4 March 2014, Russia's Permanent Representative to the Birlashgan Millatlar, Vitaliy Churkin, displayed a photocopy of a letter allegedly signed by Victor Yanukovych on 1 March 2014. In the letter Yanukovych requested Russian military intervention in Ukraine[iqtibos kerak ] to "restore law and order".
Bilan suhbatda Associated Press and Russian channel NTV of 2 April 2014 Yanukovych called Rossiyaning Qrimni anneksiya qilishi "a tragedy", the 2014 yil Qrimdagi referendum "a form of protest" and he stated he hopes it will become part of Ukraine again.[223] Yanukovych said he would try to persuade Russian President Vladimir Putin to return Crimea to Ukraine.[223] He squarely blamed the Yatsenyuk hukumati and acting Ukrainian President Oleksandr Turchinov for Ukraine's loss of Crimea.[223] He also said he gave no orders to open fire on Evromaydan namoyishchilar.[223]
Yanukovych said: "We must set such a task and search for ways to return to Crimea on any conditions, so that Crimea may have the maximum degree of independence possible... but be part of Ukraine."[224]
11 March press conference and further developments
At a press-conference in Rostov-On-Don on 11 March 2014 Yanukovych asked the Ukraina harbiylari to disobey the "criminal orders" of a "band of ultranationalists va neofashistlar ". He called the 2014 yil Ukrainada prezident saylovi illegal, as well as U.S. financial help, since US law allegedly did not allow the support of "bandits". Yanukovych stated he would like to ask the Western supporters of the Yatsenyuk hukumati that he referred to as "dark powers": "Have you become blind? Have you forgotten what fashizm is?" alluding to the fact that several positions in the transitional government went to representatives of the right-wing extremist nationalist group Svoboda, condemned by the EU in 2012 (see Svoboda Party ).[193] Unlike his 28 February press conference, Yanukovych did not take questions from reporters.[225]
On 28 March 2014, Yanukovych asked the Mintaqalar partiyasi to exclude him.[226] He was excluded on 29 March during a party congress[226][227] along with several senior figures of his régime.[226][227]
On 13 April, Yanukovych again gave a press conference in Rostov-on-Don, this time accompanied by former Prosecutor General Viktor Pshonka and former interior minister Vitaliy Zaxarchenko.[228]
On 13 June 2014, Yanukovych released a video message in which he criticised Petro Poroshenko bilan ishlov berish unrest in eastern Ukraine, naming it "criminal orders to kill people...that causes anger and curse the mothers who see the death and suffering of their children".[229] Russian media had previously reported that Yanukovych, along with his wife, had moved to Sochi.[229][230]
On 21 February 2015, a year after the revolution, Yanukovych gave an interview to Birinchi kanal regarding the situation in Ukraine and promised to return to power as soon as he could.[231]
On 18 June 2015, Yanukovych was officially deprived of the title of President of Ukraine.[23]
On 22 June 2015, Yanukovych was interviewed on BBC Newsnight and he accepted some responsibility for the deaths just before his removal from power.[182]
On 26 November 2015, Yanukovych received a temporary asylum certificate in Russia for one year; later extended until November 2017.[232] In October 2017, this was extended to another year.[233] According to his lawyer Yanukovych did not consider acquiring Russian citizenship or a permanent residence permits but "Only a temporary shelter for returning to the territory of Ukraine".[233]
On 7 December 2015, Yanukovych announced his interest in returning to Ukrainian politics.[234]
In 2017, Russian media suggested that Yanukovych is apparently living in Bakovka near Moscow, in a residence owned by Rossiya Ichki ishlar vazirligi.[235]
Former criminal convictions and new criminal cases
On 15 December 1967, at the age of 17, Yanukovych was sentenced to three years incarceration for participating in a robbery and assault.[36]
On 8 June 1970, he was convicted for a second time on charges of assault. He was sentenced to two years of imprisonment and did not appeal against the verdict. Decades later, Yanukovych characterized his arrests and incarceration as "mistakes of youth".[37]
On 11 July 2005, the office of the Donetsk Oblast Prosecutor charged Yanukovych with fraud,[236] stemming from alleged irregularities in the way his convictions were expunged twenty years earlier.[237] In 2006, the General Prosecutor closed the case due to lack of evidence.[238] In 2006, a criminal charge was filed for official falsifying of documents concerning the quashing of Yanukovych's prior convictions after it was discovered that two documents had been tampered with, including the forgery of a judge's signature in connection with one charge of batareya.[36][37]
2010 yil 29 yanvarda Ukraina Bosh prokurori Oleksandr Medvedko claimed that Yanukovych was unlawfully jailed in his youth.[239][240]
A warrant for Yanukovych's arrest was issued on 24 February 2014 by the interim government, accusing him of mass murder of protesters.[21] Acting Ukrainian Interior Minister Arsen Avakov declared that Yanukovych has been placed on Ukraine's most wanted list and that a criminal case on mass killings of civilians has been opened against him.[241]
On 28 February 2014, the General Prosecutor of Ukraine, Oleh Makhnitsky formally asked Russia to extradite Yanukovych.[242] Russian prosecutors stated that they had not received such a request from Ukraine.[243] To date, Russia has declined to extradite him.
Tufayli Qrim inqirozi he was put on the US sanction list on 17 March 2014, even though such have been already considered before.[244]
Keyin Evromaydan events the General Prosecutor opened at least four new criminal cases against the former president of Ukraine. This included multiple cash payments to a number of Ukraine's top officials which were investigated as suspected bribes. The payments totalled $2 billion over years, ranging from $500k to $20m paid in cash, the recipients included "ministers, heads of agencies, Verkhovna Rada members, civic activists, representatives of international organizations, top judges, including those of the Supreme Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court, and the Central Election Commission".[245]
Ukrtelekom case
On 30 September 2014, the General Prosecutor of Ukraine opened a new case against Yanukovych for using 220 million Grivnası of state money to establish his own private communication company based on Ukrtelekom.[246] The prosecutor's office also considered that Yanukovych was helped by the former government officials Mikola Azarov (Bosh Vazir), Yuriy Kolobov (finance minister), Anatoliy Markovsky (first deputy minister of finance), Hennadiy Reznikov (director of Derjspetszviazok ), and Dzenyk (Ukrtelekom board of directors).[246]
Signing of the Kharkiv treaty
Since the summer of 2014, the prosecutor's office has investigated the signing the Kharkiv treaty by Yanukovych that allowed the Qora dengiz floti to stay in Ukraine for an additional 25 years.[247] Yanukovych is being charged with hokimiyatni suiiste'mol qilish (Article 364) and state xiyonat (Article 111) that are being investigated since April 2014 as well as the new procedure on creation of criminal organization (Article 255) that is being investigated since the summer.[247]
Mass murder at Maidan
Accusations of mass murder at Maidan included a group of Criminal Code articles including an attempt to relocate a headquarters of Supreme Commander-in-Chief, National Bank and Foreign Ministry to Sevastopol (Article 109, part 2) as well as Yanukovych's statements about the illegitimacy of higher state authorities after his overthrow (Article 109, part 3).[247]
Property theft through conspiracy
Yanukovych is also charged with property theft in a conspiracy with the chairman of the Nadra Ukrainy state company (Articles 109 and 209), which has been under investigation since March 2014.[247]
Interpol
For several years, Interpol refused to place Viktor Yanukovych on the wanted list as a suspect by the new Ukraina hukumati for the mass killing of protesters during Euromaidan.[248]
However, on 12 January 2015, Viktor Yanukovych was listed by Interpol as "wanted by the judicial authorities of Ukraine for prosecution / to serve a sentence" on charges of "misappropriation, embezzlement or conversion of property by malversation, if committed in respect of an especially gross amount, or by an organized group".[4][249][250][251]
On 16 July 2015, some Russian media reported that Interpol had suspended its Red Notice for Yanukovych.[252][253][254][255] According to the Ukrainian Interpol office, this was a temporary measure due to Yanukovych's complaints that the charges were politically motivated.[256]
Interpol later confirmed that Yanukovych and Oleksandr Yanukovych were no longer subject to an Interpol red notice or diffusion, and that they are unknown on Interpol's databases. Interpol's action followed an application to Interpol by Joseph Hage Aaronson on behalf of Yanukovych seeking his removal from the Interpol wanted list, as according to the law firm, the criminal charges brought by the Ukrainian government against Yanukovych were "part of a pattern of political persecution of him."[257] In 2017, Yanukovych's son was removed from Interpol's wanted list.[258]
Xiyonat sudi
In November 2016, Prosecutor General Yuriy Lutsenko questioned Yanukovych via video link in connection with the former Berkut. During the questioning, Lutsenko told Yanukovych that he was being accused of treason.[259]
On 14 March 2017, the Prosecutor General submitted to court documents of the Yanukovych's case on state xiyonat.[260] Yanukovych was charged with encroachment on the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine, high treason, and complicity in aggressive warfare by the Russian Federation aimed at altering Ukraine's state borders.[261]
More than 100 witnesses were interviewed for the case. Bittasi edi Denis Voronenkov, who was shot in downtown Kyiv at the end of March 2017.[259]
On 4 May 2017 the first preliminary session commenced in Kyiv's Obolonskiy tumani Court under Judge Vladyslav Devyatko. Yanukovych was not present and was tried sirtdan. He gave evidence via video link from Russia.[259][262]
Ukrainian prosecutors asked the court in Kyiv to sentence the former leader to 15 years in prison. Prosecutors Ruslan Kravchenko and Maksym Krym made the request on 16 August, during closing arguments of the trial. The judge then adjourned the trial until 13 September.[263][264]
However the former leader was hospitalized in Moscow days before he was scheduled to give the final statement. Yanukovych was taken to Moscow's Sklifosovskiy shoshilinch tibbiy yordam instituti by ambulance on 16 November in an immobilized condition. He allegedly sustained back and knee injuries while "playing tennis".[265]
On 24 January 2019 a panel of three judges of the Obolonskyi District Court found Yanukovych guilty of high treason and complicity in Russian military intervention in Ukraine. They stated that "the court, having heard the testimony of witnesses, examined conclusions of experts, documents and material evidence, assessed the arguments of prosecution and defense, considers that the guilt of the accused in committing the crimes under Part 1 Article 111 (high treason), Part 5 Article 27, Part 2 Article 437 (complicity in conducting an aggressive war) of the Ukraina Jinoyat kodeksi is duly proved by relevant and admissible evidence".[266] He was acquitted of the other charge relating to Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. The verdict was that Yanukovych was sentenced to 13 years of jail sirtdan.[267][268]
Ilmiy darajalar
The former president's official website stated that he graduated from Donetsk politexnika instituti with a major in Mechanical Engineering, holds a master's degree in International Law at the Ukrainian Academy of Foreign Trade and is a member of the Academy of Economic Sciences of Ukraine, PhD in Economics.[269]
According to the Russian website ua.spinform.ru, from December 2000 to February 2004, while in the position of Ukrainian Prime Minister, Yanukovych headed the Faculty of Innovative Management at the Donetsk State University of Management.[270]
Yanukovych's curriculum vitae, published at website europarl.europa.eu, states he is a "Doctor of Economics, Professor, Full Member of the Academy of Economic Sciences of Ukraine, Member of the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences in Ukraine."[271]
Website Pravda.com.ua reported that Yanukovych received the honorary title of docent (lecturer) of the Faculty of Automobile Transport at the Donetsk State Academy of Administration, a tertiary education establishment that specialised in Economics and Management[272]Oleksandr Zakharov, who studied international law at the Academy of Foreign Trade at the same time as Yanukovych, contended that "individual study programs" such as Yanukovych's were commonly viewed as a diplom tegirmoni for state officials.[273]
Shaxsiy hayot
Until 2004, Yanukovych was known as batiya ("Dad") among his family members, but since that time he became "rahbar".[274][275] As Yanukovych himself stated, his ex-wife does not wish for her grandson to pick up the bad habits of his grandfather, albeit Yanukovych did not specify what kind of habits those were.[276]
In March 2012, Yanukovych stated it was "a problem" for him in 2002 to speak Ukrainian but that "once I had the opportunity to speak Ukrainian, I started to do it with pleasure".[277]
Yanukovych was first married to Lyudmyla Oleksandrivna. Er-xotin 1971 yilda turmush qurishdi.[38] With his wife Yanukovych had two sons, Oleksandr va Viktor Viktor, Oleksandr va Iliyaning uchta nabirasi.[278] 2006 yildan 2014 yilgacha kichik Viktor a'zosi bo'lgan Ukraina parlamenti; u 2015 yilda cho'kib ketgan.
In February 2017, Yanukovych admitted that after 45 years of marriage he had divorced Lyudmyla.[iqtibos kerak ] Ukrayinska Pravda claims that during the Yanukovych presidency, his wife Lyudmyla lived separately in Donetsk.[279] Boshlanganidan keyin Donbassdagi urush u ko'chib o'tganligi haqida xabar berilgan Qrim.[279]
Yanukovych also stated that he was living in an "unofficial marriage" in Russia with then 39-year-old Lybov Polezhay.[iqtibos kerak ] Polezhay is the sister of his former cook at the Mezhyhirya residence.[iqtibos kerak ] Polezhay also lived in the Mezhyhirya Residence and left Ukraine with Yanukovych in 2014.[iqtibos kerak ]
Madaniy va siyosiy imidj
Yanukovych was seen by opponents as representing the interests of Ukraine big business; they pointed out that his campaigns have benefited from backing by Ukrainian billionaire Rinat Axmetov.[280] Supporters of Yanukovych pointed out that Donetsk Oblast (province) secured unprecedented levels of investment during his governorship.[41]
Yanukovych drew strong support from Rus tilida so'zlashadigan ukrainlar mamlakat sharqida.[41] Yanukovych is disliked and distrusted in western Ukraine.[281] The Ukraina Xalq harakati labeled his election on 10 February 2010 as "an attack by anti-Ukrainian forces in our state" and stated that "all possible legal means should be used to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of anti-state politician Yanukovych and his pro-Moscow retinue".[282] On 16 February 2010, Yanukovych issued a statement that read: "I can say only one thing to those who anticipate that my presidency will weaken Ukraine – that will never happen."[283] Yanukovych refers to himself as Ukrain.[284] Voters for Yanukovych in 2010 believed he would bring "stability and order". They blamed the To'q rangli inqilob for creating broken promises, a dysfunctional economy and political chaos.[285][286] Davomida 2010 yilgi prezident saylovi campaign Yuriy Yakymenko, director of political research at the Razumkov markazi, dedi: "I think he has not just changed on the surface but also in his ideas."[25]
In 2004, Yanukovych was seen as outgoing President Leonid Kuchma va Rossiya prezidenti Vladimir Putin "s himoyachi.[41] Although Kuchma in conversation with Qo'shma Shtatlarning Ukrainadagi elchisi Jon F. Tefft, in a document dated 2 February 2010 uncovered during the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining diplomatik kabellari tarqaldi, called the voters choice between Yanukovych and Yuliya Timoshenko 2010 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarining ikkinchi bosqichida "yomon va juda yomon" ni tanlagan va maqtagan (nomzod saylovning birinchi bosqichida chiqarib tashlangan) Arseniy Yatsenyuk o'rniga.[287] In another January 2009 cable (then) Ambassador of Ukraine to Russia Kostyantin Gryshchenko stated that Putin had a low personal regard for Yanukovych.[288] In another Wikileaks diplomatic cable, Volodymyr Horbulin, one of Ukraine's most respected policy strategists and former presidential advisor to then-Prezident Viktor Yushchenko, dedi Qo'shma Shtatlarning Ukrainadagi elchisi Jon E. Xerbst in 2006 that Yanukovych's Mintaqalar partiyasi was partly composed of "pure criminals" and "criminal and anti-democracy figures."[289]
Yanukovych is not known as a great speaker.[290] His native language is Russian,[291] uning kuch-qudrati va mahalliy aholisining aksariyat qismiga o'xshash Sharqiy Ukraina.[292] Ammo u gapirishga harakat qilar edi Ukrain yaxshiroq.[280] U 2012 yil mart oyida ukrain tilida gaplashish 2002 yilda unga muammo bo'lganligini tan oldi.[277] U o'sha paytdan beri ukrain tilida bir qator qo'pol xatolarga yo'l qo'ydi.[293][294] Uchun 2004 yil Ukrainada prezident saylovi, Yanukovich uchun tarjimai hol yozgan Markaziy saylov komissiyasi, unda u ilmiy darajasini noto'g'ri yozgan.[295] Keyinchalik, u oppozitsiya ommaviy axborot vositalari va muxoliflarning nutqlarida ushbu taxallus ostida keng tanilgan.[295] Uning 90 so'zdan iborat avtobiografik rezyumesi 12 ta katta orfografik va grammatik xatolarni o'z ichiga oladi.[296] Yanukovichning muxoliflari 2004 yilgi Ukrainadagi Prezident saylovi kampaniyasi paytida va saylovoldi tashviqoti paytida yuz bergan hodisada (2004 yil sentyabr) ushbu noto'g'ri yozishni va uning jinoiy hukmlarini masxara qildilar. Ivano-Frankivsk Yanukovich tuxum bilan urilganidan keyin kasalxonaga yotqizilganida (hukumat vakillari uni g'isht urishgan deb da'vo qilishganda) masxara qilish manbai bo'lgan.[295]
Yanukovichning boshqa taniqli xatolari uning da'vosidir Anton Chexov 2010 yil yanvar oyida "ukrainalik shoir" edi,[297][298][299] tabriklashni 2011 yil 6 yanvarda unutgan Yunon-katolik ukrainlar jamoasi, qolganlari bilan birga Ukraina xalqi, o'sha kuni Rojdestvoni nishonlaydi,[300] va chalkash Kosovo bilan Serbiya va Chernogoriya va Shimoliy Osetiya bilan Janubiy Osetiya 2010 yil mart oyida.[301] Ko'p yillar davomida Yanukovich Ukrain tili sezilarli darajada yaxshilandi.[iqtibos kerak ] (2004 yilgi saylov uchun to'ldirilgan shaklda u o'zini ukrain tilini yaxshi bilishini da'vo qilgan, shu bilan birga bir qator eng qo'pol xatolarga yo'l qo'ygan, shu bilan birga o'z xotinining otasining ismini noto'g'ri yozgan).[302]
Yanukovich 2009 yil noyabrida barcha ukrainalik siyosatchilarni hurmat qilishini aytgan. "Men hech qachon hech kimni xafa qilmaganman. Bu mening siyosat qoidam."[303] Uning da'vosiga qaramay, 2007 yil 22 sentyabrda, davomida 2007 yil Ukraina parlamenti saylovi nutq so'zlayotganda, kampaniya Vinnitsiya, u taqqosladi Yuliya Timoshenko Bosh vazir sifatida "muz ustida sigir"[304] ("Vona pre'mer-mosistr, yak korova na ldu ....", "U muz ustidagi sigir singari bosh vazir"), ehtimol uning bosh vazir sifatidagi mahorati va kasbiy mahoratiga ishora qiladi.
Viktor Yanukovich tomonidan qo'llanilgan kuchli so'zlashuvlarning boshqa holatlari orasida u sobiq prezidentga qo'ng'iroq qilgani ham bor Viktor Yushchenko "qo'rqoq va laqabli",[iqtibos kerak ] shuningdek, nutq Donetsk davomida 2004 yil Ukrainada prezident saylovi, u raqibining elektoratiga murojaat qilganida Viktor Yushchenko "bizning hayotimizni qiyinlashtiradigan echkilar" ("ety kozly, kotorye nam meshayut jit"). Keyinchalik, Yushchenko bilan teledebatlar paytida u shunday degan: "Men echkilarni xoin deb atadim. Muqaddas Kitobga ko'ra echki xoin, shuningdek, qo'chqorlar, qo'ylar ham bor".[305] 2014 yil fevral oyida Rossiyaga qochib ketganidan so'ng, 28 fevral kuni Rostov-Donda o'tkazilgan matbuot anjumani paytida Yanukovich "Ukraina bizning strategik sherikimiz" (Ukrainani Rossiya bilan noto'g'riligi va chalkashtirishi) dedi.[306] Xuddi shu matbuot anjumani paytida u ham ukrain xalqidan kechirim so'ramoqchi bo'lganida, hissiy alangasida qalamni sindirdi.[307]
Ijtimoiy so'rovlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, Yanukovichning 2010 yilda prezident etib saylanganidan keyin uning mashhurligi pasaygan, agar 2012 yilda prezidentlik saylovlari o'tkazilishi kerak bo'lsa (2010 yilda u 35,8% ovoz olgan bo'lsa, so'rovnomalar unga 13% dan 20% gacha ovoz bergan). birinchi davra o'sha saylov[60]).[308][309][310] Ommaviy so'rovnoma "RATING" sotsiologik guruhi unga 2013 yil fevral oyida xayoliy prezident saylovlarida 25,1% ovoz berdi.[311][e]
The Evropa Ittifoqining Ukrainadagi elchilari, Xose Manuel Pinto Teyseyra 2012 yil aprel oyida bergan intervyusida Korrespondent Yanukovichning prezidentligi "kutilganidan kam bo'lgan".[313]
2013 yil mart oyida umumiy ma'lumotda, Ukraina haftaligi Yanukovichning 2010 yilgi saylovoldi va'dalarini "bajara olmaganligini" da'vo qildi.[314]
Manafort bo'yicha maslahatchi
2004 yil dekabrda Yanukovich va uning Mintaqalar partiyasi yollangan amerikalik siyosiy maslahatchi Pol Manafort maslahatchi sifatida. U fevral oyigacha ushbu rolni bajarishda davom etdi 2010 yil Ukrainada prezident saylovi,[315][261][316] hatto AQSh hukumati Yanukovichga qarshi bo'lganidek.[317] Manafortning vazifasi Yanukovichning siyosiy karerasini keyingi davrda tiklash edi To'q rangli inqilob.[318][58][319]
Manafort jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar firmasini yolladi Edelman Yanukovichning ommaviy obro'sini ko'tarish. Ammo Manafortning do'stlari aytishicha, Yanukovich uni 2010 yilda prezident bo'lganidan keyin "tinglashni to'xtatgan"; Manafort uni "o'ta" siyosiy choralar oqibatlari to'g'risida ogohlantirdi.[iqtibos kerak ]
Keyinchalik Manafort saylovoldi tashviqoti raisi sifatida ish olib boradi Donald Tramp 2016 yilda.[320] Amerika Federal qidiruv byurosi Manafortning Yanukovichni lobbi qilayotgan paytda uning ishbilarmonlik faoliyati bilan bog'liq jinoyat ishini boshladi. Amerika Federal prokuraturasi 2010-2014 yillar orasida Manafortga ukrainalik homiylar tomonidan 60 million dollardan ko'proq pul to'lagan deb da'vo qilmoqda, shu jumladan Rinat Axmetov, Ukrainadagi eng boy odam ekanligiga ishonishdi.[321]
2019 yil yanvar oyida Manafort Konnektikut baridan iste'foga chiqdi.[322]
Shuningdek qarang
- 2006 yil Ukrainadagi siyosiy inqiroz
- 2007 yil Ukrainadagi siyosiy inqiroz
- 2014 yil Hrushevskoho ko'chasidagi tartibsizliklar
- Milliy birlik ittifoqi
- 2010 yil Ukrainada prezident saylovi
- Mintaqalar partiyasi
- Mejixirya (yashash joyi)
Izohlar
- ^ De-fakto 21-22 fevralga o'tar kechasi mamlakatdan qochib ketdi, garchi bundan bir muncha vaqt o'tgach, uning qonuniyligini da'vo qildi. Rasmiy ravishda 2015 yil 18 iyunda ushbu unvondan mahrum qilingan.[1]
- ^ Feffer (2014) "11-modda impichment bo'yicha ovoz berish a'zolarning uchdan ikki qismidan o'tishi kerak va impichmentning o'zi a'zolarning to'rtdan uch qismi tomonidan ovoz berishni talab qiladi. Bunday holatda, 447 ovozdan 328 tasi ovoz bergan. Uch chorakka 10 ta ovoz yetishmadi "[187]
- ^ 2014 yil 24 oktyabrda Rossiya prezidenti Vladimir Putin deb ta'kidladi Rossiya sayohat qilishda Yanukovichga yordam bergan Qrim va keyin Rossiyaga; 2014 yil 21 fevraldan keyin Putin Yanukovich "yana bir necha kun Qrimda qoldi" deb da'vo qildi, ammo keyin Rossiyaga evakuatsiya qilishni so'radi " voqealar Kiyevda juda tez va shiddat bilan rivojlanayotgan edi, uning Kiyevga qaytishi hech qanday ma'noga ega emas edi "(Putinga ko'ra).[201] 2015 yil 22 iyunda Yanukovich buni tasdiqladi.[182]
- ^ Ga ko'ra Ukraina konstitutsiyasi, davlat tili Ukraina Ukrain.[216] Ammo rus tili, ayniqsa, keng tarqalgan sharqiy va janubiy Ukraina.[216]
- ^ Ovoz berish tashkiloti ma'lumotlariga ko'ra "RATING" sotsiologik guruhi 2013 yil fevralida Yanukovich prezidentlik saylovlarining ikkinchi turiga qarshi yutqazgan bo'lar edi Vitaliy Klichko va / yoki Arseniy Yatsenyuk va / yoki Yuliya Timoshenko; va u yaqin musobaqada mag'lub bo'lar edi Oleh Tyahnybok (33,5% ovoz bilan).[312]
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- ^ a b Yanukovich kollektiv xavfsizlik bo'yicha yangi formatdagi Ukraina-Evropa Ittifoqi dialogini o'tkazishga chaqirmoqda, Kiyev posti (2009 yil 21-noyabr) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 9-iyun kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
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- ^ Patriarx Kirill Yanukovich inauguratsiyasidan oldin Kiyevda ibodat marosimini o'tkazadi, Kiyev posti (2010 yil fevral) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 12 iyun Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
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- ^ Yanukovich Mintaqalar partiyasidagi a'zoligini to'xtatadi, partiya rahbarligini Azarovga topshiradi, Kiyev posti (3 mart 2010 yil) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 14 iyun Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ a b Evropa Ittifoqi va Ukraina vizasiz sayohat uchun "yo'l xaritasi" bo'yicha kelishib oldilar , Ozod Evropa / Ozodlik radiosi (2010 yil 22-noyabr)
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- ^ Yanukovich: Ukraina hozirda NATOga qo'shilishga tayyor emas, Kiyev posti (2010 yil 27-may)
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- ^ Prezident: Ijtimoiy standartlar 2012 yilda ham o'sishda davom etadi, President.gov.ua (2012 yil 16-fevral) Arxivlandi 2014 yil 26 yanvar Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Prezident: Ma'muriy xizmatlar tizimini takomillashtirish davom ettiriladi, President.gov.ua (2012 yil 16-fevral) Arxivlandi 2014 yil 25 yanvar Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Prezident: Biz Ukrainadagi perinatal yordamni Evropa standartlariga etkazishimiz kerak, President.gov.ua (2012 yil 16-fevral) Arxivlandi 2014 yil 25 yanvar Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Yanukovich Ukrainadagi ijtimoiy islohotlarning to'rtta yo'nalishini belgilab berdi, Kiyev posti (2012 yil 7 mart) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 19-may kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Ukraina hukumati saylovoldi xarajatlari uchun 2 milliard dollar ajratmoqchi, Kiyev posti (2012 yil 7 mart) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 1 aprel kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Azarov: Yanukovich qo'ygan vazifalarni hal qilish uchun hukumat, Kiyev posti (2012 yil 7 mart) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 19-may kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Klichko: UDAR Konstitutsiyaviy assambleyaning ishiga qo'shilmaydi, Kiyev posti (2012 yil 7-dekabr)
- ^ Yanukovich uning vakolat chegaralarini tanqid qilmoqda, Kiyev posti (2010 yil 25-iyun) Arxivlandi 2010 yil 30 iyul Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Yanukovich: Ukraina Sharqiy Evropaning etakchi davlati, Kiyev posti (2010 yil 28-yanvar) Arxivlandi 2011 yil 3 mart Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ a b Yanukovich: "Ba'zilar xalqaro hamjamiyatni Ukraina to'g'risida noto'g'ri ma'lumot berishmoqda", Kiyev posti (2011 yil 7-fevral) Arxivlandi 2011 yil 14 mart Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Ukraina parlamenti yangi koalitsiya tuzmoqda, Kiyev posti (2010 yil 11 mart) Arxivlandi 2011 yil 5-iyun kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Yangilanish: Sobiq moliya vaziri Ukraina bosh vaziri etib tayinlandi, Kiyev posti (2010 yil 11 mart) Arxivlandi 2011 yil 5-iyun kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Soliq kodeksining noroziliklari kuchaymoqda, Kiyev posti (2010 yil 26-noyabr) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 12 fevral Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Yangilanish: Yanukovich norozilik namoyishlaridan keyin soliq kodeksiga veto qo'ydi, Kiyev posti (2010 yil 30-noyabr) Arxivlandi 2011 yil 27 yanvar Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Yanukovich soliq kodeksiga veto qo'yadi, Kiyev posti (2010 yil 30-noyabr) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 19 aprel Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Yanukovich yangi soliq kodeksini imzoladi, Kiyev posti (2010 yil 3-dekabr) Arxivlandi 2011 yil 5 fevral Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
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- ^ Yanukovich hozirgi hukumatdan farqli ravishda o'zini pok deb aytmoqda, Kiyev posti (2014 yil 24-dekabr)
- ^ "Ukrainaning ag'darilgan rahbari isyonchilar raketalari tinchlik rejasiga tahdid solayotgani sababli qaytishni maqsad qilmoqda". The Guardian. 2015 yil 22-fevral. Olingan 22 fevral 2015.
- ^ Yanukovichning Rossiyadagi maqomiga oydinlik kiritildi, Ukraina mustaqil axborot agentligi (2016 yil 9-dekabr)
- ^ a b "Yanukovichga Rossiyada yana bir yil qolishga ruxsat berildi". Olingan 17 oktyabr 2017.
- ^ "Yanukovich siyosiy qaytishni istaydi". The Moscow Times. 2015 yil 8-dekabr. Olingan 16 dekabr 2015.
- ^ ""Meduza "rasskazala o podmoskovnoy dache Yanukovicha". Olingan 1 sentyabr 2017.
- ^ Rasmiy hujjatlar bilan ekspert xulosasi. Ukrayinska Pravda.
- ^ "Ukraina Pravda". Asl nusxasidan arxivlandi 2010 yil 10 mart. Olingan 10 mart 2010.CS1 maint: yaroqsiz url (havola), 2006 yil 4-avgust (ukrain tilida).
- ^ Ukraina Pravda, 2006 yil 20-iyul. Ukrayinska Pravda.
- ^ (inglizchada)"Lutsenko Medvedkoning qilgan ishlariga ishonolmaydi"
- ^ Ukraina rahbarining tashqi nuqtai nazari (inglizchada)
- ^ Interfaks-Ukraina (2014 yil 24-fevral). "Avakov: Yanukovich qidiruvga berilgan". Kiyev posti. Olingan 12 aprel 2015.
- ^ "Yanukovichni ekstraditsiya qilish: Ukraina rasmiy ravishda Rossiyadan Ukraina prezidentini ekstraditsiya qilishni so'raydi". HuffPost 2014 yil 28 fevral
- ^ Ukraina Rossiyani Yanukovichni ekstraditsiya qilish bo'yicha MDH bitimlarini buzganlikda ayblamoqda, Interfaks-Ukraina (2015 yil 12-yanvar)
- ^ Shmatenko, Leonid. "Agar Yanukovichga qarshi petitsiya 100 ming imzo to'plasa, odamlar Oq uyning rasmiy javobini bir necha oy kutishlari kerak". Rossiya ovozi.
- ^ "Sobiq amaldor" Mintaqalar partiyasining 2 milliard dollarlik payvandlash sxemasi to'g'risida hujjat topshirganini aytmoqda ". Kiyev posti. Olingan 31 may 2016.
- ^ a b Bosh prokuror Yanukovichga qarshi yana bir ish ochdi. Ukrayinska Pravda. 30 sentyabr 2014 yil
- ^ a b v d GPU Xarkov shartnomasi bo'yicha Yanukovichga qarshi ish ochdi. FUNT. 21 oktyabr 2014 yil
- ^ Iterpol vidmovivya ogolosiiti u rozshuk Yanukovicha va K ° [Interpol Yanukovich va Co-ni qidiruvga berishni rad etdi] (ukrain tilida). Ukrinform. 8 Dekabr 2014. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2015 yil 10-avgustda.
- ^ Interpol Yanukovich, Azarov va Co uchun qidiruv e'lon qildi Arxivlandi 2015 yil 12 yanvar Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. Ukrinform. 2015 yil 12-yanvar
- ^ storify.com yanukovich istagan
- ^ "Interpol". Interpol.int. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 12 yanvarda. Olingan 12 yanvar 2015.
- ^ "Yanukovich endi Interpol tomonidan qidiruvda bo'lgan shaxslar ro'yxatiga kiritilmagan". Interfaks-Ukraina. 2015 yil 21-iyul. Olingan 21 iyul 2015.
- ^ "Interpol podtverdil, chto pristanovil mejdunarodnyy rozysk Yanukovicha". RIA Novosti. 2015 yil 21-iyul. Olingan 21 iyul 2015.
- ^ "Interpol snyal Yanukovicha s mejdunarodnogo rozyska". RBC - Ukraina. 2015 yil 21-iyul. Olingan 21 iyul 2015.
- ^ "Ukrainaning sobiq prezidenti Yanukovichni endi Interpol qidirmayapti". Moskvaning aks-sadosi. 2015 yil 21-iyul. Olingan 21 iyul 2015.
- ^ Yanukovich Interpol qidiruvdagi ro'yxatidan vaqtincha yo'qoladi, Ukraina mustaqil axborot agentligi (2015 yil 21-iyul)
- ^ "Yanukovich endi Interpol tomonidan qidiruvda bo'lgan shaxslar ro'yxatiga kiritilmagan - 2015 yil 21-iyul". Kiyev posti. 2015 yil 21-iyul. Olingan 25 yanvar 2019.
- ^ "Yanukovich, Interpol qidiruvdagi ro'yxatdagi o'g'li". unian.info. 3 may 2017 yil. Olingan 25 yanvar 2019.
- ^ a b v Xubenko, Dimitro (2017 yil 4-may). "Ukrainada Yanukovichga qarshi xoinlik bo'yicha sud jarayoni boshlandi". Deutsche Welle. Olingan 25 yanvar 2019.
- ^ Yanukovichga qarshi ish sudga berildi (Spravu prototi Yanukovicha peredali do sudu). Ukrayinska Pravda. 14 mart 2017 yil
- ^ a b Levy, Klifford J. (2007 yil 30 sentyabr). "Ukraina Bosh vaziri o'zini qayta kashf etdi". The New York Times. Olingan 31 mart 2016.
- ^ "Ukrainaning sobiq prezidenti Viktor Yanukovich sudda. U nimada ayblanmoqda?". meduza.io. 2017 yil 4-may. Olingan 25 yanvar 2019.
- ^ "Prokuratura Ukrainaning sobiq prezidenti uchun 15 yillik qamoq jazosini o'tamoqda". RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty. Olingan 25 yanvar 2019.
- ^ "Ukrainaning sobiq prezidenti Viktor Yanukovich xiyonat qilganlikda aybdor". Ozod Evropa / Ozodlik radiosi. 24-yanvar, 2019-yil. Olingan 24 yanvar 2019.
- ^ "Yanukovich Moskvada kasalxonaga yotqizilgani xabar qilinmoqda - Rossiya OAV". unian.info. 2018 yil 18-noyabr. Olingan 25 yanvar 2019.
- ^ "Sud Yanukovichning davlatga xiyonat qilishda, urushga sheriklikda aybdorligini isbotladi". UNIAN. 24-yanvar, 2019-yil. Olingan 24 yanvar 2019.
- ^ "Aybdor: Yanukovich davlatga xiyonat, urushga sheriklik qilgani uchun 13 yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qilindi". unian.info. 24-yanvar, 2019-yil. Olingan 25 yanvar 2019.
- ^ "Kiyev sudi Yanukovichni davlatga xiyonat qilganligi uchun sirtdan 13 yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qildi". Interfaks-Ukraina. 24-yanvar, 2019-yil. Olingan 25 yanvar 2019.
- ^ "Prezidentning rasmiy sayti". President.gov.ua (ukrain tilida). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 9 fevralda. Olingan 12 aprel 2015.
- ^ Prezident Ukrainy. Ua.spinform.ru.
- ^ "Viktor Yanukovichning o'quv tarjimai holi" (PDF). Olingan 19 mart 2014.
- ^ Professorning yo'li. Ukrayinska Pravda.
- ^ "Yanukovichning ma'lumoti nozikmi? Ba'zilar shunday deb o'ylashadi". Kiyev posti. 2010 yil 15 yanvar. Olingan 2 aprel 2014.
- ^ "Yanukovichning tarjimai holi uni kim unutgani uchun". Asl nusxasidan arxivlandi 2010 yil 10 mart. Olingan 10 mart 2010.CS1 maint: yaroqsiz url (havola). Pravda.com.ua.
- ^ "Viktor Viktorovichning intervyusi". Asl nusxasidan arxivlangan 2011 yil 17 iyun. Olingan 7 mart 2012.CS1 maint: yaroqsiz url (havola). Pravda.com.ua.
- ^ Ukraina pravda 2006 yil 19 fevral. Ukrayinska Pravda.
- ^ a b (rus tilida) Ukraina nadeetsya na uregulyirovanie gazovogo voprosa s Rossiyey - prezident Ukrainaning Viktor YaNUKOVICh, Rossiyaning axborot telegraf agentligi (2012 yil 19 mart)
- ^ "Biz haqimizda: Rahbar". partyofregions.org.ua. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 2 martda.
- ^ a b (ukrain tilida) Yanukovich xotini bilan ajrashganini aytdi, Ukrayinska Pravda (2017 yil 27-fevral)
- ^ a b Ukrainadagi saylov: asosiy o'yinchilarning portretlari, Kiyev posti (2010 yil 1-yanvar) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 9-iyun kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Lvovni qabul qilish uchun Yanukovichni tepalikka qarshi kurash kutmoqda, Kiyev posti (2009 yil 18-fevral) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 12 iyun Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Ukrainaning mashhur Ruxi siyosiy kuchlarni hokimiyatni Yanukovich jamoasi qo'lida to'planishining oldini olishga chaqirmoqda, Kiyev posti (2009 yil 10-fevral) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 12 iyun Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ "Viktor Yanukovich: Mening maqsadim kuchli va mustaqil Ukrainani barpo etishdir. Buning uchun men barcha vositalardan foydalanaman". Olingan 1 iyun 2016.[o'lik havola ], Mintaqalar partiyasining rasmiy axborot serveri (2010 yil 16 fevral)
- ^ Keling, tanishaylik, Viktor Yanukovichning shaxsiy ma'lumotlari serveri Arxivlandi 2015 yil 24 oktyabr Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Ovoz berish natijalariga ko'ra Yanukovich Ukrainadagi poygada qatnashmoqda, Kiyev posti (2009 yil 7-fevral) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 12 iyun Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Rossiyaning ittifoqdoshi so'rovnomada etakchilik qilayotgani sababli Ukraina sharq tomonga burildi, The Guardian (2010 yil 7-fevral)
- ^ Kuchma: Yanukovich-Timoshenko "yomon va juda yomon" tanlovini o'tkazmoqda, Kiyev posti (2010 yil 3-dekabr) Arxivlandi 2011 yil 9 fevral Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Putin Yanukovichga hurmat ko'rsatmaydi, deydi AQSh simi, Kiyev posti (2011 yil 11 aprel) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 14 iyun Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Grytsenko, Oksana (2012 yil 23-yanvar). "WikiLeaks: Partiya mintaqalari qisman" jinoyatchilardan iborat'". Kiyev posti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 24 yanvarda. Olingan 24 yanvar 2012.
- ^ Timoshenko Yanukovichni teledebatlarga chorlamoqda, Z I K (2009 yil 21-dekabr)
- ^ Viktor Yanukovich Ukraina Rossiyani quchoqlashiga va'da bermoqda, The Guardian (2010 yil 5 mart)
- ^ Rossiyaning Medvedevning Ukrainadagi tashrifi aloqalarni rivojlantirish uchun, BBC yangiliklari (2010 yil 17-may)
- ^ Yanukovich ikkinchi bosqich oldidan ko'tarilgan, Kiyev posti (2010 yil 4-fevral) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 12 iyun Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Timoshenko Yanukovichning kofe uchun sovg'asini tanqid qildi, Kiyev posti (2009 yil 29-dekabr) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 12 iyun Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ a b v To'q rangdagi inqilob, Karnegi Xalqaro Tinchlik Jamg'armasi, ISBN 0-87003-221-6 (sahifa 58 + 59 tomonidan yozilgan Taras Kuzio )
- ^ Tomu shko "profesor". Ukrayinska Pravda.
- ^ (inglizchada)"Chexov - ukrain shoiri"
- ^ (inglizchada)Yanukovich haqidagi munozarali kengash so'zma-so'z da'vo qilmoqda
- ^ (inglizchada)Kiyev posti Yanukovich prezidentlik dasturida Arxivlandi 2012 yil 12 iyun Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Yatseniuk yunon katoliklarini e'tiborsiz qoldirgani uchun Yanukovichga zarba beradi. Zik.com.ua.
- ^ Ukrainaning yangi prezidenti geografiyani yaxshi bilmasligini ko'rsatdi, Pravda.ru (3 mart 2010 yil)
- ^ Potomu chto "profesor"
- ^ "Yanukovich: Tigipko va Yatseniuk prezidentlik saylovlaridan so'ng yuqori lavozimlarni egallashadi", Kiyev posti (2009 yil 26-noyabr) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 12 iyun Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ "5.ua :: Yanukovich nazvav Timoshenko" korovoyu na ldu " kuni YouTube (2009 yil 22 sentyabr)
- ^ Ukrainada paydo bo'lgan to'q sariq inqilob demokratiyasi Arxivlandi 21 mart 2017 yilda Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. Archives.gov.ua (2004 yil 21-dekabr).
- ^ Qat'iy Yanukovich Rossiyada paydo bo'lib, hokimiyatga qaytishga qasamyod qilmoqda. Wall Street Journal (2014 yil 28-fevral).
- ^ Yanukovich matbuot anjumanida g'azablanib, qalamni qoqmoqda. Euronews (2014 yil 28-fevral).
- ^ Hammasi oilada, Kiyev posti (2012 yil 2 mart) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 1-iyun kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Agar kelasi yakshanba kuni prezident saylovlari o'tkazilsa, qanday ovoz bergan bo'lar edingiz? Arxivlandi 2015 yil 6-may kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, Razumkov markazi
So'rovnoma: Yanukovichning saylovchilar reytingi Timoshenkodan to'rt foiz yuqori, Kiyev posti (2012 yil 14 mart) - ^ Siyosatchilarning reytinglari Arxivlandi 2012 yil 29 yanvar Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, "RATING" sotsiologik guruhi
Ukraina aholisining saylov kayfiyati: 2012 yil fevral Arxivlandi 2014 yil 29-noyabr kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, "RATING" sotsiologik guruhi (2012 yil 5 mart) - ^ Prezident saylovlarida Yanukovichga ovoz berishga tayyor bo'lgan har to'rtinchi ukrainalik - so'rovnoma, Interfaks-Ukraina (2013 yil 6 mart) Arxivlandi 2013 yil 4 oktyabr Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Prezident saylovlaridagi siyosatchilar reytingi: 2013 yil fevral Arxivlandi 2013 yil 6 oktyabr kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, "RATING" sotsiologik guruhi (2013 yil 6 mart)
- ^ Evropa Ittifoqining Ukrainadagi elchisi: Yanukovich kutilgan natijalarga erishmayapti, Kiyev posti (2012 yil 12 aprel) Arxivlandi 2012 yil 13 aprel Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Uch yillik va'dalar, Ukraina haftaligi (2013 yil 15 mart)
- ^ Xarchenko, Aleksandra (2016 yil 2-may). "Pol Manafort, Donald Trampning bosh maslahatchisi va uning Ukrainadagi rossiyaparast siyosatchilar bilan aloqalari". PolitiFact.com. Olingan 22 avgust 2018.
- ^ Myers, Stiven Li; Kramer, Endryu E. (2016 yil 31-iyul). "Pol Manafort Ukrainada Donald Trampga maslahat berishdan oldin qanday qilib hokimiyatni qo'llagan". The New York Times. Olingan 31 iyul 2016.
- ^ Mosk, Metyu (2008 yil 26-iyun). "Makkeynning eng yaxshi maslahatchisi pulni, siyosatni aralashtirishda muvaffaqiyat qozondi". Washington Post. Olingan 18 iyul 2019.
- ^ Boudreaux, Richard (2010 yil 9-fevral). "Nomzodlar Amerika maslahatchilaridan ko'rsatma olishdi". The Wall Street Journal. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 24 yanvarda. Olingan 31 mart 2016.
- ^ Alina Pastuxova; Kateryna Grushenko (2009 yil 19-noyabr). "Pullik maslahatchilar nomzoddan kelib chiqqan, millat". Kiyev posti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 23-noyabrda.
- ^ Kneally, Meghan (2017 yil 30 oktyabr). "Pol Manafortning Trump kampaniyasidagi roli xronologiyasi". ABC News. Olingan 18 iyul 2019.
- ^ LaFraniere, Sharon; Vogel, Kennet P.; Xaberman, Maggi (2018 yil 12-avgust). "Pol Manafortning ko'tarilishi va qulashi: ochko'zlik, aldash va ego". The New York Times. Olingan 14 avgust 2018.
- ^ Nil Vigdor, Pol Manafort Konnektikut shtatidagi tartibsizlikdan oldin iste'foga chiqadi, Xartford Courant (10 yanvar 2019).
Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Yanukovich, Viktor F.: Imkoniyat Ukraina. Vena 2011. (Mandelbaum nashriyoti; ISBN 978-3-85476-379-6).
Tashqi havolalar
- Viktor Yanukovich, Ukraina Prezidenti - 2014 yil 9 fevraldan arxivlangan tarkib
- Yanukovich.org - elektron jurnal tomonidan yaratilgan loyiha politika.su 2014 yil 21 fevraldan keyin Yanukovich haqida ma'lumot to'plashadi
- "Barcha vakolatlar kengashlarga - Prezident Tsarga emas"
- Yanukovichning shaxsiy ma'lumot xizmati[o'lik havola ]
- Viktor Yanukovich Twitter-da[o'lik havola ]
- "Mintaqalar partiyasining rasmiy axborot serveri". Asl nusxasidan arxivlangan 2011 yil 15 fevral. Olingan 24 fevral 2008.CS1 maint: yaroqsiz url (havola)
- Yanukovichning yaqin doirasi – Kiyev posti (2010 yil 21-yanvar)
- To'plangan yangiliklar va maqolalar Guardian-da
- yanukovychleaks.org - Mejixiriyadan tiklangan hujjatlarni nashr etishga bag'ishlangan veb-sayt
- Suhbat bilan BBC Newsnight 2015 yil 22-iyun kuni
| Davlat idoralari | ||
|---|---|---|
| Oldingi Serhii Polyakov | Donetsk viloyati gubernatori 1997–2002 | Muvaffaqiyatli Anatoliy Blizniuk |
| Siyosiy idoralar | ||
| Oldingi Anatoliy Kinax | Ukraina Bosh vaziri 2002–2004 | Muvaffaqiyatli Mikola Azarov Aktyorlik |
| Oldingi Mikola Azarov Aktyorlik | Ukraina Bosh vaziri 2004–2005 | |
| Oldingi Yuriy Yexanurov | Ukraina Bosh vaziri 2006–2007 | Muvaffaqiyatli Yuliya Timoshenko |
| Oldingi Viktor Yushchenko | Ukraina Prezidenti 2010–2014 | Muvaffaqiyatli Oleksandr Turchinov Aktyorlik |
| Partiyaning siyosiy idoralari | ||
| Oldingi Vladimir Semynozhenko | Lideri Mintaqalar partiyasi 2003–2010 | Muvaffaqiyatli Mikola Azarov |
| Sport pozitsiyalari | ||
| Oldingi Ivan Fedorenko | Prezidenti Milliy olimpiya qo'mitasi 2002–2005 | Muvaffaqiyatli Sergey Bubka |
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