Jon C. Brekinrijning siyosiy faoliyati - Political career of John C. Breckinridge

John C. Breckinridge tomonidan Metyu Brady

Siyosiy karerasi John C. Breckinridge xizmatiga kiritilgan davlat hukumati ning Kentukki, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining federal hukumati, shuningdek, hukumat Amerika Konfederativ Shtatlari. 1857 yilda, 36 yoshda, u tantanali ravishda ochildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining vitse-prezidenti ostida Jeyms Byukenen. U qoladi mansabni egallagan eng yosh odam. To'rt yil o'tgach, u dissident guruhining prezidentligiga nomzod sifatida qatnashdi Janubiy demokratlar, lekin saylovda yutqazdi uchun Respublika nomzod Avraam Linkoln.

A'zosi Breckinridge siyosiy oilasi, John C. Breckinridge birinchi bo'ldi Demokrat vakili qilmoq Fayet okrugi ichida Kentukki Vakillar palatasi va 1851 yilda u birinchi vakili bo'lgan demokrat edi Kentukki shtatining 8-kongress okrugi 20 yildan ortiq vaqt ichida. Chempioni qat'iy qurilish, davlatlarning huquqlari va xalq suvereniteti, u qo'llab-quvvatladi Stiven A. Duglas "s Kanzas-Nebraska qonuni murojaat qilish vositasi sifatida qullik AQSh tomonidan sotib olingan hududlarda Meksika-Amerika urushi. Uning qayta saylanishini hisobga olgan holda Vakillar palatasi ehtimol 1854 yilda u shaxsiy hayotga va yuridik amaliyotiga qaytdi. U vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod sifatida ko'rsatilgan 1856 yil demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi Va garchi u va Byukenen saylovda g'olib bo'ldi, U Buchanan ma'muriyatida ozgina ta'sirga ega edi.

1859 yilda Kentukki Bosh assambleyasi a uchun Breckinridge saylandi AQSh Senati Bu muddat 1861 yilda boshlanishi kerak edi. 1860 yilgi prezidentlik tanlovida u qo'lga kiritdi saylovchilarning ovozlari ko'pchiligidan Janubiy shtatlar, ammo to'rtta nomzod orasida uzoq soniyani yakunladi. Linkolnning Prezident etib saylanishi bunga turtki bo'ldi ajralib chiqish Amerikaning Konfederativ Shtatlarini tashkil etish uchun Janubiy shtatlarning. Garchi Breckinridge janubiy sabablarga hamdard bo'lsa-da, Senatda u davlatlarni tinch yo'l bilan birlashtirish uchun befoyda ish olib bordi. Keyin Konfederatlar Sumter Fortiga o'q uzdilar, boshlanishi Fuqarolar urushi, u Linkolnga Konfederatsiyaga qarshi kurashish uchun mablag 'ajratishga qarshi chiqdi. Kentukki Ittifoq tomoniga o'tgandan keyin hibsga olishdan qo'rqib, u Konfederatsiyaga qochib ketdi Konfederativ Shtatlar armiyasi va keyinchalik Senatdan chiqarildi. U 1861 yil oktyabrdan 1865 yil fevralgacha Konfederatsiya armiyasida xizmat qilgan Konfederatsiya prezidenti Jefferson Devis uni tayinladi Konfederativ shtatlar harbiy kotibi. Keyin, Konfederatsiya sababi umidsiz edi degan xulosaga kelib, Devisni milliy taslim bo'lish to'g'risida muzokaralar olib borishga undadi. Devisning qo'lga olinishi 1865 yil 10 mayda urushni samarali tugatdi va Brekkinrij qochib ketdi Kuba, keyin Buyuk Britaniya va nihoyat Kanada, Prezidentgacha surgunda qolgan Endryu Jonson 1868 yilda amnistiya to'g'risidagi taklif. Kentukki shtatiga qaytib, u siyosiy faoliyatini tiklash bo'yicha barcha so'rovlarni rad etdi va 1875 yilda urush jarohatlari bilan bog'liq asoratlar tufayli vafot etdi.

Shakllanuvchi yillar

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: John C. Breckinridge
Qora sochli, baland bo'yli oq ko'ylak ustiga qora ko'ylagi kiygan odam
Brekkinrijning bobosi, AQSh bosh prokurori Jon Brekinrij uning siyosiy falsafasiga ta'sir ko'rsatgan.

Tarixchi Jeyms C. Klotter John C. Breckinridjning otasi bo'lganida, Cabell, yashagan, u o'g'lini boshqargan bo'lar edi Whig partiyasi va o'rniga Ittifoq Demokratik partiya va Konfederatsiya, lekin Kentukki davlat kotibi va sobiq spikeri Kentukki Vakillar palatasi 1823 yil 1 sentyabrda, o'g'lining uchinchi tug'ilgan kunidan bir necha oy oldin isitmadan vafot etdi.[1] Erining qarzlaridan qiynalgan beva ayol Meri Breckinrij va uning bolalari uning yaqinidagi qaynota uyiga ko'chib ketishdi. Leksington, Kentukki John C. Breckinridge buvisi unga marhum bobosining siyosiy falsafalarini o'rgatgan joyda, AQSh Bosh prokurori John Breckinridge.[2] John Breckinridge federal hukumat shtatlarning teng huquqli hukumatlari tomonidan yaratilgan va unga bo'ysungan deb hisoblaydi.[3] U davlat vakili sifatida u bilan tanishtirdi Kentukki qarorlari 1798 va 1799 yillarda, bu qoralangan Chet ellik va tinchlik aktlari va davlatlar mumkin deb ta'kidladilar bekor qilish ular va ular konstitutsiyaga zid deb topgan boshqa federal qonunlar.[4] A qat'iy qurilishchi, u federal hukumat faqat unga berilgan vakolatlarni amalga oshirishi mumkin deb hisoblagan Konstitutsiya.[4]

Brekkinridjlarning aksariyati Whiglar edi, ammo Jon Brekkinrijning vafotidan keyingi ta'siri uning nabirasini Demokratik partiyaga moyil qildi.[5][6] Bundan tashqari, Jon C. Breckinridjning do'sti va huquq sherigi Tomas V. Bullok demokratlar oilasidan bo'lgan.[7] 1842 yilda Bullok Brekkinrijga o'zlarining amaliyotlarini boshlagan paytga qadar aytdilar Burlington, Ayova, "siz demokratning uchdan ikki qismi edingiz"; og'ir demokratiyada yashash Ayova hududi uni undan uzoqlashtirdi Whiggery.[8] U har hafta Demokratik gazetasida tahririyat maqolalarini yozgan Ayova hududiy gazetasi va maslahatchisi, va 1843 yil fevral oyida u Des-Mayn okrugi Demokratik qo'mita.[9] Breckinridjning qaynotasidan xat, Brekkinrijning amakisi Uilyam jiyani "lokokokka" aylanganini bilganida,[eslatma 1] u: "Agar qizimning obro'sizlanganini eshitganimda o'zimni xuddi shunday his qilardim", dedi.[9] 1843 yilda Kentukki shtatiga tashrif buyurgan Brekkinrij uchrashdi va turmushga chiqdi Meri Kiren Burch, Ayovadagi vaqtini tugatgan.[10]

Quldorlik haqidagi qarashlar

Breckinridjning siyosiy karerasida qullik masalalari hukmronlik qildi, garchi tarixchilar Brekkinrijning qarashlari bilan rozi bo'lmasalar ham. Yilda Brekkinrij: Shtat arbobi, askar, ramz, Uilyam C. Devis Voyaga etganida, Brekkinrij qullikni yovuzlik deb bilgan; uning 2002 yilda kirishi Jahon biografiyasining entsiklopediyasi u targ'ib qilganligi haqida yozuvlar ixtiyoriy ozodlik.[5][11] Yilda Mag'rur Kentukyan: Jon C. Brekkinrij 1821-1875, Frenk Xekning fikriga qo'shilmaydi, chunki Brekkinrijning qullikni himoya qilish borasidagi izchil targ'ibotini emansipationist nomzodlarga, shu jumladan amakisiga qarshi chiqishidan boshlab, Robert Jefferson Breckinridge - 1849 yilgi shtat saylovlarida.[12]

Dastlabki ta'sirlar

Shuningdek qarang: John C. Breckinridge § Erta hayot

Brekkinrijning bobosi Jon qullar egasi bo'lib, uni agrar iqtisodiyotda zaruriy yovuzlik deb hisoblagan.[13] U asta-sekin ozodlikka umid qildi, ammo federal hukumat uni amalga oshirish vakolatiga ega ekanligiga ishonmadi; Devis bu "oilaviy doktrinaga" aylandi deb yozgan.[13] AQSh senatori sifatida Jon Brekinrij qullik to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishni talab qildi Luiziana hududi uning kelajakdagi aholisiga, asosan "xalq suvereniteti "John C. Breckinridge tomonidan ilgari surilgan Fuqarolar urushi.[14] John C. Breckinridjning otasi Kabell asta-sekin ozodlikni qabul qildi va hukumatning qullikka aralashishiga qarshi chiqdi, ammo Kabellning ukasi Robert Presviterian vazir bo'ldi bekor qiluvchi, qullik axloqiy jihatdan noto'g'ri bo'lgan degan xulosaga keldi.[15][16] Devis yozishicha, barcha Brekkinridjlar mamnun bo'lishgan Bosh assambleya Kentukki shahriga qullarni olib kirish taqiqini 1833 yilda qo'llab-quvvatladi.[17]

John C. Breckinridge talaba sifatida qarama-qarshi ta'sirlarga duch keldi Markaz kolleji va yuridik fakultetida Transilvaniya universiteti.[18] Markaz prezidenti Jon C. Yang, Brekkinrijning qaynisi, davlatlar huquqlariga va asta-sekin ozodlikka ishongan, xuddi shunday Jorj Robertson, Brekkinrijning Transilvaniyadagi o'qituvchilardan biri, ammo Jeyms G. Birni, Breckinridge do'sti va Center sinfdoshining otasi Uilyam Birni, bekor qilgan.[18] Cabell Breckinridge vafotidan keyin uning surrogat otasi bo'lgan Robert Breckinridgega 1841 yilda yozgan maktubida Jon C. Breckinridj faqatgina "johil, ahmoq erkaklar" bekor qilinishdan qo'rqishini yozgan.[19][20] In Mustaqillik kuni o'sha yili Frankfortdagi murojaat bilan u "odamlarning jasadlari ... ustidan noqonuniy hukmronlik qilish" dan bosh tortdi.[11] Tanish bir odam, Breckinridjning Ayova hududiga ko'chib o'tishiga, qisman, bu er ostidagi erkin hudud ekanligi sabab bo'lgan deb hisoblaydi. Missuri murosasi.[21]

Kentukki shtatiga qaytib kelgandan so'ng, Breckinridge abolitsiyachilar bilan do'stlashdi Kassius Marcellus Kley, Garret Devis va Orville X. Brauning.[22] U vakili ozodlar sudda va ularga pul qarz bergan.[19] U edi Mason va a'zosi Birinchi Presviterian cherkovi, ikkalasi ham qullikka qarshi edi.[22] Shunga qaramay, janubda qora tanlilar ta'lim va ijtimoiy jihatdan kambag'al bo'lganligi sababli, Brekkinrij "Hamdo'stlikdagi ikkala irqning manfaatlari ularning hozirgi munosabatlarining davom etishi bilan ta'minlanadi" degan xulosaga keldi.[23] U 1850 yilda qabul qilingan, Kentukki shtatiga ozod etilganlarning ko'chib o'tishini taqiqlovchi va ozod qilingan qullarni davlatdan chiqarib yuborishni talab qiladigan yangi davlat konstitutsiyasini qo'llab-quvvatladi.[24] Afrikadagi mustamlakaga ozod qilinganlarni ko'chirish eng yaxshisi ekanligiga ishonish Liberiya, U Kentukki filialini qo'llab-quvvatladi Amerika mustamlakachilik jamiyati.[19][20] The 1850 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish Brekkinrijning 11 yoshdan 36 yoshgacha bo'lgan beshta qulga egalik qilganligini ko'rsatdi.[25] Xek qullariga yaxshi munosabatda bo'lganligini yozdi, ammo bu g'ayrioddiy emasligini va uning qullik haqidagi qarashlari haqida hech narsa isbotlamaganligini ta'kidladi.[12]

O'rtacha obro'-e'tibor

Breckinridge Bosh assambleyada ham Ittifoqni, ham qullikni himoya qilganligi sababli u a o'rtacha uning siyosiy karerasining boshida.[26] 1864 yil iyun oyida, Pensilvaniya "s John W. Forney Brekkinrij 1851 yilda Kongressga saylanganida "hech qanday ma'noda ekstremist" emas edi.[26] Brekkinrij bilan dastlabki uchrashuvlari to'g'risida Forni shunday deb yozgan edi: "Agar u vijdonli tuyg'uga ega bo'lsa, bu qullikka nafrat edi va ikkalamiz ham," demokratlar "biz kabi, tez-tez bu gunohkor va antidemokratik institut ekanligini tan oldilar," va tinchlik bilan yoki majburan olib tashlanishi kerak bo'lgan kun keladi. "[12][27] Hek bu bayonotni chegiradi, chunki Forni Ittifoq tarafdori bo'lgan gazetaning muharriri va nashr etilgan paytda Konfederat generali Brekkinrij bo'lgan.[28] 1856-yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarining oxirida, ba'zilar Brekinrij bekor qilingan deb da'vo qilishgan.[19]

Siyosiy faoliyatini boshlagan paytda, Breckinrij axloqiy masaladan ko'ra, qullik konstitutsiyaviy masaladir, degan xulosaga keldi.[16] Qullar mulk edi va Konstitutsiya federal hukumatga mulk huquqiga aralashishga vakolat bermadi.[29] Brekkinrijning konstruktsionistik nuqtai nazaridan Kongressning konstitutsiyaviy sanktsiyasiz ozod qilish to'g'risida qonun chiqarilishiga ruxsat berish "qullar davlatlari aholisini u erga o'z mulklari bilan hijrat qilishlarini istisno qilgan holda, hududlar ustidan cheksiz hukmronlikka olib keladi".[30] Xususiy fuqaro sifatida u qullik himoyasini qo'llab-quvvatladi Kentukki Konstitutsiyasi 1850 yilda va qoraladi Wilmot Proviso hududida qullikni taqiqlagan bo'lar edi Meksika-Amerika urushi.[19] Shtat qonun chiqaruvchisi sifatida u qullikni "butunlay mahalliy va maishiy" ish deb e'lon qildi, uni har bir shtat va hudud aholisi alohida-alohida hal qildi.[31] Chunki Vashington, Kolumbiya, federal tashkilot edi va federal hukumat mulk huquqiga to'sqinlik qila olmaydi, u erda majburiy ozod qilish konstitutsiyaga zid bo'lgan degan xulosaga keldi.[31] Kongress a'zosi sifatida u Kongressning hududlarda qullik bilan "mukammal aralashmaslik" ni talab qildi.[32] 1854 yil bahslari Kanzas-Nebraska qonuni, u shunday tushuntirdi: "O'rnatish huquqi [hukumat sanktsiyasiga binoan hududda qullik] taqiqlashning korrelyatsion huquqini o'z ichiga oladi; va ikkalasini ham inkor qilsam, ikkalasiga ham ovoz bermayman."[33]

Keyinchalik qarashlar

Devisning ta'kidlashicha, Brekkinrijning 1859 yil 21-dekabrda shtat qonun chiqaruvchisiga qilgan murojaatida uning qullik haqidagi ochiq bayonotlari o'zgargan.[34] U respublikachilarning "negro tengligi" ga bo'lgan istagini rad etdi, bu uning qora tanlilar oq tanlardan biologik jihatdan past ekanligiga ishongan bo'lishi mumkinligi haqidagi birinchi jamoatchilik ko'rsatmasi.[34] U e'lon qildi Dred Skottning qarori federal sudlar qullar mulkini etarli darajada himoya qilishini ko'rsatdi, ammo agar kelajakdagi sudlar ushbu himoya choralarini ko'rmasa, federal qul kodeksini himoya qildi; bu uning oldingi "mukammal aralashmaslik" haqidagi ta'limotidan chiqib ketganligini ko'rsatdi.[34][35] Buni tasdiqlash Jon Braunning Harpers Ferriga qilgan bosqini Respublikachilar janubda majburiy ravishda bekor qilishni maqsad qilganligini isbotladilar, u "qandaydir shaklda respublikachilarning kun tartibiga qarshilik ko'rsatishi muqarrar" deb taxmin qildi.[19] U hali ham Assambleyani bo'linishga qarshi turishga chaqirdi - "Xudo qadamni qo'ymasin!" - lekin uning tobora kuchayib borayotgan qism mojarosi haqidagi munozarasi ayrimlarni, shu jumladan amakisi Robertni ham bezovta qildi.[36]

Klotterning yozishicha, 1857 yil noyabr oyida Brekkinrijning ayol qulni va uning olti haftalik bolasini sotishi qullik davrini tugatgan bo'lishi mumkin.[19] Qullar uning aktivlari ro'yxatiga kiritilmagan 1860 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish, lekin Xek Leksingtonda yashaganligi sababli, u o'sha paytda qullarga ehtiyoj sezmaganligini ta'kidladi Feniks mehmonxonasi sifatida muddatidan Kentukki shahriga qaytib kelganidan keyin vitse prezident.[37] Ba'zi qullik himoyachilari uni qo'llab-quvvatlashdan bosh tortdilar 1860 yilgi prezidentlik poygasi chunki u qul emas edi.[38] Klotterning ta'kidlashicha, Breckinridge janubiy qishloqlarda, qullar kam bo'lgan qishloqlarda yaxshiroq bo'lgan; qul aholisi ko'proq bo'lgan shaharlarda u yutqazdi Konstitutsiyaviy ittifoqchi nomzod Jon Bell, 166 qulga ega bo'lgan.[39] Uilyam C. Devis, janubning aksariyat qismida Bell va Illinoys Senator Stiven Duglas Brekkinrij uchun aktyorlardan oshib ketdi.[40]

Saylovni yutqazgandan keyin Avraam Linkoln, Breckinridge asrab olish uchun ishlagan Crittenden murosasi - muallifi Kentukyan Jon J. Krittenden - Ittifoqni saqlab qolish vositasi sifatida.[41] Brekkinrij Krittenden taklifiga ishongan - Missuri shtatidagi kelishuv chizig'ini qullar va erkin hudud o'rtasida ajratuvchi sifatida tiklash, buning evaziga qat'iy ijro etish Qochqin qullar to'g'risidagi qonun 1850 y federal hududlarda va Vashingtonda qullikka aralashmaslik - janub rozi bo'ladigan eng o'ta taklif edi.[42][43] Oxir oqibat, kelishuv rad etildi va tez orada Fuqarolar urushi boshlandi.[44]

Dastlabki siyosiy martaba

Ning tarafdori Texasning anneksiyasi va "aniq taqdir ", Breckinridge saylov kampaniyasini o'tkazdi Jeyms K. Polk ichida 1844 yil prezident saylovi, qarindoshini "bu erda o'zini Barbekyuda lokokokoklar haqida alangali nutq so'zlab, o'zini juda ko'zga ko'rsata boshlaganini" ko'rishga undadi.[45][46] U nomzodini qo'yishga qaror qildi Skott okrugi xizmat xodimi, uning sherigi siyosatda juda ko'p vaqt sarflaganidan shikoyat qilganidan keyin.[47] 1845 yilda u saylovni o'tkazishdan bosh tortdi AQSh Vakillar palatasi dan sakkizinchi tuman lekin uchun tashviqot olib bordi Aleksandr Keyt Marshall, uning partiyasining muvaffaqiyatsiz nomzodi.[47][48] U qo'llab-quvvatladi Zakari Teylor 1847 yil o'rtalarida prezidentlik uchun, ammo Demokratik chiptani tasdiqladi Lyuis Kass va Uilyam O. Butler Teylor 1848 yilda Whigga aylangandan keyin.[48]

Kentukki Vakillar palatasi

Qora ko'ylagi va galstuk ostida baland bo'yli oq ko'ylak kiygan qalin, qora sochli odam
Brekkinrij, taxminan 1850 yil

1849 yil oktyabrda Kentukki saylovchilari konstitutsiyaviy konvensiyani chaqirdilar.[49] Emansipationistlar, shu qatorda Brekkinrijning amakilari Uilyam va Robert, uning qaynotasi Jon C. Yang va uning do'sti Kassius Marselus Kley nomzodlar konvensiya va shtat qonun chiqaruvchi organiga saylanish uchun "ozodlik do'stlari" nomzodlarini ko'rsatdilar.[49] Bunga javoban "har qanday shaklda [qullik himoyasi] buzilishiga" qarshi bo'lgan Breckinridge,[50] quldorlikni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ikki tomonlama konventsiya tomonidan biriga nomzod bo'lgan Fayet okrugi Kentukki Vakillar palatasidagi ikkita o'rindiq.[6][50] 14481 ovoz bilan, uning har qanday raqibidan 400 ko'proq ovoz bilan, Brekkinrij shtat qonun chiqaruvchisiga Fayt okrugidan saylangan birinchi demokrat bo'ldi, u og'ir vig edi.[31][51]

Uy 1849 yil dekabrda yig'ilganda, a'zosi Merser okrugi Brekkinrijni ikkita Whigga qarshi ma'ruzachi nomzodiga ko'rsatdi.[52] Dastlabki uchta saylov byulletenida 39 ta ovozni (8 ovoz ko'p bo'lmagan) olgandan so'ng, u o'z nomzodini qaytarib oldi va pozitsiya Whig Tomas Reyliga o'tdi.[31][52] Adliya va Federal aloqalar qo'mitalariga tayinlangan Breckinrij demokrat sifatida faoliyat yuritgan qavat rahbari sessiya davomida.[31][53] Devis sessiya davomida uning eng muhim ishi bank islohoti ekanligini yozdi.[52]

Brekkinrijning birinchi nutqi Kentukki kolonizatsiya jamiyatiga House palatasidan foydalanishga ruxsat berishni ma'qulladi; keyinchalik, u Kongressni afrikalik ozodliklar koloniyasini tuzishga va u erga ko'chib kelganlarni tashish xarajatlarini qoplashga yo'naltirdi.[24] Moliyalashtirish ichki yaxshilanishlar an'anaviy ravishda Whig pozitsiyasidir, ammo Breckinridge davlat geologik tadqiqotini o'tkazishni taklif qildi Kentukki daryosi ko'proq navigatsiya, chartering a turniket, paroxodli kompaniyani o'z ichiga olgan va moliyalashtirish Kentukki Lunatik boshpana.[52] Ushbu loyihalarni qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi uchun mukofot sifatida u ma'qullanishiga rahbarlik qildi Louisville va Bowling Green temir yo'li nizomi va boshpana direktori etib tayinlangan.[54]

Kentukki tomonidan taklif qilingan fikrlar bayon etilgan qarorlar 1850 yilgi murosaga kelish Federal aloqalar qo'mitasiga yuborildi.[55] Qo'mitaning Whig ko'pchiligi murosani hududlarda qullik bilan kurashish uchun "adolatli, teng va adolatli asos" deb atashni ma'qulladi va Kongressni u erda yoki Vashingtonda qullikka aralashmaslikka chaqirdi.[55] Buni Kongressning ozodlikni qonunchilik bilan tasdiqlash qobiliyati masalasini ochiq qoldirganini sezgan Brekkinrij raqobatdosh qarorida Kongress shtatlar yoki hududlarda qullikni o'rnatolmasligi yoki bekor qila olmasligini ta'kidladi.[31][55] Ikkala rezolyutsiya va bir nechta shtat Senati, edi stol ustiga qo'ydi asrab olinmasdan.[55]

Brekkinrij 1850 yil 4 martda, tanaffusga uch kun qolganda, kasal bo'lib qolgan go'dak o'g'li Jon Milton Brekkinrijga moyil bo'lish uchun sessiyani tark etdi; bola 18 mart kuni vafot etdi.[56] O'zining qayg'usidan chalg'itish uchun u yangi konstitutsiyani ratifikatsiya qilish uchun tashviqot olib bordi, faqat uning qiyin o'zgartirish jarayoniga qarshi chiqdi.[57] U "xususiy va imperativ xarakterdagi" tashvishlarni keltirib, nominatsiyani rad etdi.[58] Devisning yozishicha, muammo pul edi, chunki Leksingtonda yo'qligi uning yuridik amaliyotiga zarar etkazgan, ammo o'g'lining o'limi ham bunga sabab bo'lgan.[58]

AQSh Vakillar palatasi

1850 yil 17-oktabrda 1850-yilgi murosani nishonlagan barbekyu, Brekkinrij o'z muallifi Whig Party asoschisiga tushdi. Genri Kley.[59] Kley, Breckinridjning bobosi va otasini maqtab, o'z iste'dodlarini Vataniga xizmat qilish uchun ishlatadi, keyin uni quchoqlaydi, deb umid qildi.[60][61] Ba'zi kuzatuvchilar Kley Brekkinrijni yuqori lavozimga tayinlagan deb ishonishgan va Whig gazetalari uni "yarim yo'lli Whig" deb atashni boshlagan va uning 1848 yilda Teylorga ovoz berganligini anglatgan.[61]

Birinchi davr (1851–1853)

Demokratlarning 1851 yil yanvar oyida bo'lib o'tgan shtat qurultoyi delegatlari AQSh Kongressining Vakillar palatasidagi Kentukki sakkizinchi okrugi vakili sifatida Brekkinrijni nomzod qilib ko'rsatdilar.[30][62] "Ashland tumani" deb nomlangan, chunki unda Clay's joylashgan Ashland Bir paytlar u vakili bo'lgan mulk va ko'plab hududlar, Uigs odatda u erda 600 dan 1000 gacha ovoz bilan g'alaba qozongan.[30] 1828 yildan beri demokrat bu vakili bo'lmagan va o'tgan saylovlarda bironta demokrat bu idorani izlamagan edi.[30][63] Brekkinrijning raqibi, Lesli Kombs, mashhur edi 1812 yilgi urush faxriy va sobiq shtat qonun chiqaruvchisi.[64] Ular birgalikda kampaniya olib borganlarida, Brekkinrijning notiqligi Kombsning oddiy so'zlashuv uslubiga zid edi.[65][66] Brekkinrij "erkin fikr erkin savdoga muhtoj" ekanligini ta'kidlab, Uigning himoya tariflariga qarshi chiqdi.[31] U faqat "milliy xarakterga ega" ichki takomillashtirishni federal moliyalashtirishni ma'qul ko'rdi.[31] Ettita okrugdan atigi uchtasini olib yurish, lekin ikkitadan bittagacha ustunlik bilan Ouen okrugi, Breckinridge ovozlarning 54% to'plab, saylovlarda 537 marj bilan g'olib bo'ldi.[64][67]

Qora ko'ylagi va galstuk, yelek va oq ko'ylak kiygan oq, to'lqinli sochli odam
Linn Boyd Uyda Brekkinrij davrida spiker bo'lib ishlagan.

Uchun ko'rib chiqilgan Palata spikeri, Breckinridge uning saylanishiga ishonmaydi va Kentuckianga qarshi kurashishdan bosh tortadi Linn Boyd.[68] Boyd saylandi va Brekkinrijning imo-ishoralariga qaramay, uni yengil odamlarga topshirdi Xalqaro aloqalar qo'mitasi.[69] Brekkinrij qarshilik ko'rsatdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining demokratik sharhi muharriri Jorj Nikolas Sanders uni jalb qilish uchun qilingan harakatlar Yosh Amerika harakati.[70] Yosh amerikaliklar singari, Brekkinrij ham g'arbiy ekspansiyani va erkin savdo-sotiqni yoqladi, ammo u harakatning Evropa inqiloblarini qo'llab-quvvatlashi va uning keksa davlat arboblariga nisbatan nafratlanishiga rozi emas edi.[70] 1852 yil 4 martda Brekkinrij Palatadagi birinchi nutqini o'tkazdi va prezidentlikka da'vogar Uilyam Butlerni ayblovlardan himoya qildi. Florida "s Edvard Karrington Kabell, yosh amerikalik va uzoq qarindoshi, Butler yashirincha unga hamdard bo'lgan Bepul tuproqlar.[71] U Sandersni Butlerga qilgan vitriolik hujumlari va Stiven Duglasdan tashqari demokratlikka nomzod bo'lgan barcha nomzodlarni "eski tumanlar" deb ataganligi uchun qoraladi.[72]

Ushbu nutq Brekkinrijni Whigs, yosh amerikaliklar va Duglas tarafdorlarining nishoniga aylantirdi.[73] Xemfri Marshal, amaldagi prezidentni qo'llab-quvvatlagan Kentukki vigisi Millard Fillmor, Fillmorning qullik haqidagi qarashlarini to'liq oshkor qilmaganligini da'vo qilgani uchun Brekkinrijga hujum qildi.[74] Illinoys Uilyam Aleksandr Richardson, Duglas tarafdori, Duglasni Sandersning Butlerga qilgan hujumidan uzoqlashtirishga urindi, ammo Brekkinrij Duglasning Duglasni ma'qullaganligini ko'rsatdi Demokratik sharh Butlerga qarshi birinchi maqolasini chop etganidan bir oy o'tgach.[75] Nihoyat, Brekkinrijning amakivachchasi, Kaliforniya "s Edvard C. Marshall, Butler uni qo'llab-quvvatlash evaziga Breckinridge Bosh prokurorini nomlaydi va Breckinridge partiyaning saflarini buzgan degan ayblovni qayta tiklab, prezidentlikka Zakari Teylorni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[76] Breckinridge o'zini mudofaa qildi, ammo Sanders unga va Butlerga hujum qilishni davom ettirdi, Butler Breckinridge bo'lishiga qaramay, Breckinridjni uning o'rtog'i deb atashini da'vo qildi. vitse-prezident lavozimini egallash uchun juda yosh.[77]

Birinchi nutqidan so'ng, Breckinridge Uyda faolroq rol o'ynadi.[77] Bilan munozarada Ogayo shtati "s Joshua Rid Giddings, u Qochqin qullar to'g'risidagi qonunning konstitutsiyaga muvofiqligini himoya qildi va Giddingsning qaytib kelishiga to'sqinlik qilgani uchun tanqid qildi qochoq qullar.[77][78] U qarshi chiqdi Tennessi Kongressmen Endryu Jonson "s Homestead Bill, bu qullikni istisno qiladigan ko'proq hududlarni yaratishdan qo'rqib.[77] Garchi odatda mahalliy obodonlashtirishni moliyalashtirishga qarshi bo'lsa-da, u ikkitasini ta'mirlashni qo'llab-quvvatladi Potomak daryosi keyinchalik katta xarajatlarni oldini olish uchun ko'priklar.[78] Boshqa kichik stendlar uning tumaniga foyda keltiradigan choralarni o'z ichiga olgan kenevir fermerlar, prezidentga yana o'nta tayinlanishiga qarshi ovoz berishdi AQSh dengiz akademiyasi, va haykal uchun qarama-qarshi mablag'lar Jorj Vashington chunki haykaltarosh Vashingtonni a toga.[69][78]

Aprel oyidan boshlab Brekkinrij har kuni kasal bo'lgan Genri Kleyga tashrif buyurdi.[79] Kley 1852 yil 29-iyun kuni vafot etdi va Brekkinrij Clay in the House-ni maqtaganidan keyin Kentukki shtatida butun mamlakat bo'ylab maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi va mashhurligini oshirdi.[69][80] Bir necha kun o'tgach, u subsidiyani oshirishga qarshi chiqdi Collins Line trans-tashish uchunAtlantika pochta orqali, Kollinz yo'lovchilar va yuklarni pochta kemalarida tashish orqali foyda ko'rganligini ta'kidladi.[81] Urush davrida hukumat Kollinzning paroxodlarini harbiy kemalar sifatida qo'mondon qilib va ​​kuchaytirishi mumkin edi, ammo Brekkinrij Commodore Metyu C. Perri urushda ular foydasiz bo'ladi degan fikr.[81] Nihoyat, u ko'rsatdi Kornelius Vanderbilt uning hisobidan pochta kemalari parkini qurishni va pochtani Kollinzdan 4 million dollarga arzonroq olib o'tishni va'da qilgan yozma bayonot.[81] Shunga qaramay, palata subsidiyani oshirishni ma'qulladi.[82]

Ikkinchi davr (1853–1855)

Butlerning prezidentlikka nomzodlik ehtimoli pasayib borayotganligi sababli, Breckinrij Kentukki delegatsiyasini ushbu partiyaga ishontirdi 1852 yil demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi Keyinchalik Butler murosaga keluvchi nomzodga aylanishi mumkin bo'lgan ovoz berishgacha nomzodini ko'rsatmaslik.[82] U Lyuis Kassning qo'llab-quvvatlashi yigirmanchi ovoz berishda keskin pasayib ketganda, u o'zini tiyishga chaqirdi, ammo Kentukki delegatlari endi kutmaydilar; keyingi ovoz berishda ular Butler nomzodini ko'rsatdilar, ammo u qo'llab-quvvatlay olmadi.[82] Keyin Franklin Pirs, Breckinridge-ning ikkinchi tanlovi nomzod bo'ldi, Breckinridge muvaffaqiyatsiz, Duglasni Pirs uchun yollashga harakat qildi.[83] Kentukki shtatida Pirs 3200 ovoz bilan yutqazdi - to'rtta shtatdan biri g'olib chiqdi Uinfild Skott - ammo prezidentlikka saylandi va Brekkinrij gubernatori etib tayinlandi Vashington hududi uning sa'y-harakatlarini e'tirof etish uchun.[83][84] Kentukki shtatida qayta saylanish imkoniyatiga ishonch hosil qilmagan Brekkinrij bu lavozimga tayinlanishga intilgan edi, ammo Jon J. Krittenden uning raqibi ekanligi haqida mish-mishlar tarqalib, 1853 yilda Senatga saylanganidan so'ng, u uni rad etib, qayta saylanishga qaror qildi.[85]

Saylov

Qisqa bo'yli, kalta, qora kostyum kiygan odam
Sobiq gubernator Robert P. Letcher, 1853 yilda Breckinridjning raqibi

Whigs Bosh prokurorni tanladi Jeyms Xarlan Brekkinrijga qarshi turish uchun, lekin u mart oyida ba'zi partiyalar fraktsiyalari unga qarshi chiqqandan keyin o'zini tark etdi.[86] Robert P. Letcher, 14 saylovda yutqazmagan sobiq gubernator Whiglarning ikkinchi tanlovi edi.[87] Letcher tinglovchilarga ko'ngil ochish va ularga kuch bag'ishlash uchun notiqlik va latifalarni birlashtirgan qobiliyatli targ'ibotchi edi.[65] Brekkinrij birinchi bahsida Vigni taqqoslab masalalarga e'tibor qaratdi 1842 yilgi tarif Demokratlarning quyi qismiga Walker tarifi, bu savdo hajmini oshirdi va ko'proq soliq tushumini keltirdi.[88] Breckinridjning fikrlariga javob berish o'rniga, Letcher partiyaning sadoqatiga murojaat qildi, Brekkinrij "u demokrat bo'lgani uchun" okrugni noto'g'ri ko'rsatishini aytdi.[89] Letcher Whigs-ga "janob [Genri] Kleyning qabrini Demokratiyaning beg'ubor qadamidan himoya qilish uchun" murojaat qildi,[2-eslatma] lekin Breckinridge Kley bilan bo'lgan do'stligini ta'kidlab, Kley bilan do'stona munosabatlariga ishora qildi iroda "uning kuli qazib olinishi" va "hozirgi Kongress tanlovi natijalariga ta'sir qilish uchun o'lchovga tashlanishi" ni talab qilmadi.[89]

Letcherning siyosiy dushmani bo'lgan Kassius Kley, qullik masalasida har xil qarashlariga qaramay, Brekkinrijni qo'llab-quvvatladi.[66] Kleyning qo'llab-quvvatlashi va Brekkinridjning amakisi Robertning bekor qilinishiga ishora qilib, Letcher Brekkinridni abolitsionist deb aybladi.[90] Bunga javoban Breckinridge gazeta hisobotlarini va qasamyod bergan ko'rsatmalarini keltirdi Jon L. Robinson, Letcher tomonidan qilingan nutq Indiana 1848 yilda Zakari Teylor uchun.[91] Nutqda, yonma-yon qilingan Tomas Metkalf Kentukki shtatining yana bir sobiq gubernatori Letcher, keyinchalik Kentukki Konstitutsiyasi ishlab chiqilib, asta-sekin ozod qilinishini ta'minlashini bashorat qilib, "Qullikning kengayishini faqat o'ta janubdagi ultra erkaklar istaydi" deb e'lon qildi.[91]

Letcher o'zining saylov imkoniyatlariga shubha bilan qaraganida, Uigs pulni ovoz sotib olish yoki Brekkinrij tarafdorlariga ovoz bermaslik uchun to'lash uchun ishlatib, tuman tashqarisida mablag 'yig'ishni boshladi.[92] Brekkinrij xayriya mablag'larini uzoqdan kelgan deb taxmin qildi Nyu York va Collins Line-ning badallari, $ 30,000; Vig Jorj Robertson bunga 100 ming dollarga yaqinroq deb ishongan.[66][93] Vashington, DC, bankir Uilyam Uilson Korkoran bir necha ming dollar yig'gan Brekkinrijga 1000 dollar qo'shdi.[92] Berilgan 12538 ovozdan Brekkinrij 526 ovoz bilan g'olib bo'ldi.[94] U Ouen okrugida 71 foiz ovoz oldi, bu ro'yxatga olingan saylovchilarga nisbatan 123 ko'proq ovozni qayd etdi.[94] Tumanning ko'magi uchun minnatdor bo'lib, u o'g'li Jon Uiterspun Brekkinrijga "Ouen" laqabini berdi.[90]

Xizmat

Palatadagi 234 vakildan Brekkinrij qayta saylangan 80 kishidan biri edi O'ttiz uchinchi Kongress.[95] Uning nisbatan katta yoshi va Pirsning saylanishi uning ta'sirini oshirdi.[95] U Pirsni Vakillar palatasi Spikerini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi degan mish-mishlar tarqaldi, lekin u yana Boydga qoldirdi; Merilend "s Augustus R. Sollers Boydning Brekkinrijga ovoz berish orqali bir ovozdan saylanishini buzdi.[96] Hali ham qo'mita raisi bo'lmadi, unga tayinlandi Yo'llar va vositalar qo'mitasi u 1853–1854 moliya yilida ortiqcha sarf-xarajatlarni qoplash to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini qabul qilishni ta'minladi; u kariyerasida faqat bir marta qonun loyihasini boshqargan.[97] Uning Kentukki shtatining daryo va portlar hisobiga ajratilishini ko'paytirishga urinishlari muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lgan, ammo uning Whig saylovchilari tomonidan mashhur bo'lgan.[69]

Missuri shtatidagi kelishuv liniyasi, Kanzas-Nebraska qonuni bilan bekor qilindi

1854 yil yanvarda Duglas tashkil etish uchun Kanzas-Nebraska qonunlarini joriy qildi Nebraska o'lkasi.[98] Nebraska shimol tomonda joylashganligi sababli janubliklar uning hududni tashkil qilish bo'yicha avvalgi urinishlariga barham berishdi shimolga 36 ° 30 'parallel, Missuri murosasi ostida qullar va ozod hududlarni ajratuvchi chiziq.[99] Ular bu hudud qullik masalasida janubga qarshi ovoz beradigan yangi erkin davlatlar tashkil etilishidan qo'rqishgan.[99] Kanzas-Nebraska qonuni hududdagi ko'chmanchilarga qullikka ruxsat berish yoki bermaslik to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishga imkon berdi, bu Missuri shtatidagi murosani bekor qildi.[99] Kentukki senatori Arxibald Dikson Bekor qilishni aniq qilish uchun kiritilgan tuzatish shimollik demokratlarni g'azablantirdi, ammo Brekkinrij bu qullik masalasini milliy siyosatdan mahalliy siyosatga ko'chiradi deb ishongan va Pirsni uni qo'llab-quvvatlashga chaqirgan.[100][101] Breckinridge amakisi Robertga "[qonunni] hozirgi holatiga keltirishda bu erdagi hamma odamlardan ko'ra ko'proq ish qilish kerakligini" yozgan;[78] ammo Xekning ta'kidlashicha, bir nechta mavjud yozuvlar bu da'voni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[78] Bekor qilingan tuzatish ushbu harakatni Janubga yanada mazali qildi; 58 janubiy kongressmenning atigi 9 nafari unga qarshi ovoz berdi.[102] Shimoliy Whigs bu chora uchun ovoz bermadi, ammo 86 Shimoliy Demokratning 44 nafari ijobiy ovoz berdi va uni o'tkazish uchun etarli.[102] Senat tezda rozi bo'ldi va Pirs aktni 1854 yil 30-mayda imzoladi.[102]

Qonun loyihasi bo'yicha munozaralar paytida Nyu-York Frensis B. Kesish Brekkinrijdan qilingan bayonotni qaytarib olishni yoki tushuntirishni talab qildi, bu Brekkinrij unga qiyinchilik deb tushundi duel.[64] Ostida kod duello, qarshi tomon qurollarni va jangchilar orasidagi masofani tanladi; Breckinridge 60 qadamda miltiqlarni tanladi va duelni ushlab turishni taklif qildi Kumush buloq, Merilend, do'stining mulkida, Frensis Preston Bler.[64][103] Chiqib ketish uning so'zlarini qiynalish degani emas edi, lekin u endi da'vogar va 10 qadamda avtomatlar tanlanganligini ta'kidladi.[64] Ularning vakillari masalaga oydinlik kiritishga urinishgan bo'lsa-da, Brekkinrij va Katting duelning oldini olib, tuzatishlar kiritdilar.[64] Agar bu sodir bo'lgan bo'lsa, Breckinridge uydan olib tashlanishi mumkin edi; 1850-yilgi Kentukki Konstitutsiyasi duelchilarning lavozimini egallashiga to'sqinlik qildi.[103]

33-kongressning ikkinchi sessiyasida Brekkinrij yo'llar va vositalar qo'mitasining qonun loyihalari, shu jumladan Texasning qo'shilishidan oldin olingan qarzlarni o'z zimmasiga olish va to'lash to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi vakili sifatida qatnashdi.[104] Breckinridjning do'stlari, V. V. Korkoran va Jessi D. Yorqin, Texasning ikki yirik kreditorlari bo'lgan.[104] Qabul qilingan qonun loyihasida faqat Texas vakolatiga bog'liq bo'lgan qarzlar to'langandan so'ng Kongressga taslim bo'ldi.[105] Brekkinrij uyning maoshni to'lash chorasini engganidan xafa bo'ldi Si Ulardan 1839 yilda orol sotib olish uchun 12000 dollar qarzdor edi Missisipi daryosi; qarz hech qachon to'lanmagan.[105] Collins Line-ga subsidiyaning yana bir o'sishi uning qarshiligidan o'tdi, ammo Pirs veto qo'ydi u.[105]

Uydan nafaqaga chiqish

1854 yil fevralda Bosh assambleyaning viglar ko'pligi gerrymandered sakkizinchi okrug, 500 dan ortiq Demokratik saylovchilarni olib tashlab, ularning o'rniga Ouen va Jessamin tumanlardan tumanlar va qo'shib berish Xarrison va Nikolay unga tumanlar.[106] Ning hamkorligi Hech narsani bilmang - nisbatan yangi nativist siyosiy shaxs - chayqalib ketgan Viglar yana Brekkinrijning qayta saylanish imkoniyatlariga to'sqinlik qildi.[106] Oilasi yana moliyaviy ahvolga tushib qolganida, uning rafiqasi uni milliy siyosatdan nafaqaga chiqishini xohladi.[106]

Per Soul, AQShning Ispaniyadagi vaziri, 1854 yil dekabrida anneksiya to'g'risida muzokara olib borolmagani uchun iste'foga chiqdi Kuba va loyihasini tuzish bilan ispanlarni g'azablantirdi Ostend Manifesti, bu AQShni Kubani kuch bilan tortib olishga chaqirdi.[107] Pirs vakansiyani to'ldirish uchun Brekkinrijni nomzodini ilgari surdi, ammo senat 16-yanvarga qadar unga bu haqda aytmadi tasdiqlash ovoz berish.[108] Maslahatlashgandan so'ng Davlat kotibi Uilyam L. Marsi, Brekkinrij maosh etarli emas degan xulosaga keldi va Sule Ispaniya munosabatlariga shunchalik putur etkazdiki, u hech qanday muhim ishni uddalay olmaydi.[109] 1855 yil 8 fevralda Pirsga yozgan maktubida u nomzodning pasayishiga sabab bo'lgan "xususiy va maishiy xarakterdagi" sabablarni keltirgan.[110] 1855 yil 17 martda u uydan nafaqaga chiqishini e'lon qildi.[110]

Breckinridge va Minnesota mintaqasi "s Genri Mower Rays hozirgi zamonga yaqin erga sarmoya kiritgan chayqovchilar orasida edi Superior, Viskonsin.[111] Rays yoqmadi Minnesota shtatining gubernatori, Uillis A. Gorman va Pirsdan uning o'rnini Brekkinrij bilan almashtirishni iltimos qildi.[112] Pirs Gormanni ikki marta tergov qilgan, ammo uni lavozimidan olib tashlash uchun asos topmagan.[113] Breckinridge 1855 yil o'rtalarida sarmoyalarini ko'rish uchun sayohat qilayotganda kasal bo'lib qoldi va shtat saylovlarida saylovoldi tashviqotini o'tkazolmadi.[114] Know Nothings har bir shtat idorasini va sakkizinchi okrugni ham o'z ichiga olgan oltita kongress okrugini egallab oldi va Brekkinrij 1856 yilgi kampaniyalarda faolroq ishtirok etishga va'da berib, Vashingtondagi do'stlariga afsus-nadomatlar yubordi.[115]

AQSh vitse-prezidenti

Ikki Kentukiyalik - Brekkinrijning do'sti, Hokim Lazarus W. Powell va uning dushmani Linn Boyd - 1856 yilda prezidentlikka potentsial nomzodlar edi.[116] Brekkinrij - ning vakili milliy anjuman va a sifatida belgilangan Prezident saylovchisi - Pirsning qayta saylanishini ma'qul ko'rdi, ammo shtat Demokratik konventsiyasida, partiyani birlashtirgan har qanday nomzodni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun delegatlarni erkin qoldirishga ishontirdi.[117] Brekkinrijning nomzodi partiyani birlashtirishi mumkinligini taklif qilgan nyu-Yorkliklarga u "Gumbug" deb javob berdi.[118]

Saylov

Buchanan va Breckinridge uchun reklama kampaniyasi
Buchanan va Breckinridge uchun reklama kampaniyasi

Pirs milliy anjumanda nominatsiyani qo'lga kirita olmadi, shuning uchun Brekkinrij o'zining qo'llab-quvvatlashini Stiven Duglasga o'tkazdi, ammo Pirs va Duglas tarafdorlarining kombinatsiyasi xalaqit bermadi Jeyms Byukenen nomzodlik.[119] Duglasning qavat menejeri Uilyam Richardsonning so'zlariga ko'ra, Brekkinrijning vitse-prezidentlikka nomzodini ko'rsatish Buchananga Duglas tarafdorlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashga yordam beradi. umumiy saylov, Luiziana J. L. Lyuis uning nomzodini ko'rsatdi.[120] Brekkinrij Linn Boydga hurmat bilan qarashdan bosh tortdi, ammo birinchi ovoz berishda 51 ovoz oldi Missisipi "s Jon A. Qitman 59 bilan, ammo uchinchi o'rinni 33-ga to'plagan Boyddan oldinda.[121] Ikkinchi ovoz berishda Breckinridge katta qo'llab-quvvatlandi va oppozitsiya delegatlari uning nomzodini bir ovozdan qabul qilish uchun ovozlarini o'zgartirdilar.[122]

Saylov Byukenen va Respublikachilar o'rtasida bo'lib o'tdi Jon C. Front shimolda va Buchanan va Millard Fillmor o'rtasida, janubdagi Know Nothings qullik tarafdori fraktsiyasi tomonidan nomzod qilib ko'rsatilgan.[123] Tennessi gubernatori Endryu Jonson va Kongress globusi muharriri Jon C. Rives Duglas va Pirs tarafdorlarining Janubiy shtatlarda Fillmorni qo'llab-quvvatlashi ehtimolini ilgari surdi, Byukeneni Saylovchilar Kollejida ko'pchilikni rad etib, saylovni Vakillar Palatasiga tashladi.[124] U erda Byukenenning raqiblari ovoz berishga xalaqit berishadi va Senatning vitse-prezidentni tanlashi, aniqki Brekkinrij prezident bo'lishiga olib keladi.[124] Brekkinrij ushbu sxemani hisobga olganligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'q.[125] Zamonaviy siyosiy anjumandan voz kechgan Brekkinrij kampaniya davomida tez-tez so'zga chiqib, konstitutsiyaga Demokratik sodiqligini ta'kidlab, respublikachilarning ozod bo'lish kun tartibi mamlakatni parchalab tashlashini talab qildi.[126] Uning tanqidiy shtatdagi Pensilvaniya shtatidagi chiqishlari Buchenening Brekkinrij saylovni uyga tashlamoqchi bo'lganidan qo'rqishini engillashtirdi.[125] Saylovda "Bak va Brek" 174 saylovchilar ovozi bilan Fremontning 114, Fillmorning 8 ovozi bilan g'alaba qozondi va demokratlar Kentukki shtatidan beri birinchi marta ovoz berishdi 1828.[33][127] 1857 yil 4-martda o'z inauguratsiyasi paytida o'ttiz oltida, Breckinrij AQSh tarixidagi eng yosh vitse-prezident bo'lib qolmoqda.[128] Konstitutsiya prezident va vitse-prezident kamida o'ttiz besh yoshda bo'lishini talab qiladi.

Xizmat

Brekkinrij inauguratsiyadan ko'p o'tmay Byukenen bilan uchrashishni iltimos qilganida, Byukenen unga tashrif buyurishini aytdi. oq uy va styuardessa bilan uchrashishni so'rang, Harriet Leyn.[129][3-eslatma] Xafa bo'lgan Breckinridge buni rad etdi; Keyinchalik Byukenenning do'stlari Leynni ko'rishni so'rash prezidentga mehmon olib borish haqidagi maxfiy ko'rsatma ekanligini tushuntirishdi.[129] Buchanan tushunmovchilik uchun uzr so'radi, ammo bu voqea ikki erkak o'rtasidagi munosabatlar yomonligidan dalolat berdi.[130][131] Brekkinrijning Pirsni ham, Duglasni ham qo'llab-quvvatlashidan ranjigan Buchanan unga ma'muriyatda ozgina ta'sir o'tkazishga imkon berdi.[128] Breckinridge's recommendation that former Whigs and Kentuckians—Powell, in particular—be included in Buchanan's cabinet went unheeded.[132] Kentuckians Jeyms B. Kley and Cassius M. Clay were offered diplomatic missions to Berlin va Peru, respectively, but both declined.[133] Buchanan often asked Breckinridge to receive and entertain foreign dignitaries, but in 1858, Breckinridge declined Buchanan's request that he resign and take the again-vacant position as U.S. Minister to Spain.[134] The only private meeting between the two occurred near the end of Buchanan's term, when the president summoned Breckinridge to get his advice on whether to issue a e'lon qilish declaring a day of "Humiliation and Prayer" over the divided state of the nation; Breckinridge affirmed that Buchanan should make the proclamation.[135]

Brekkinridjning marmar byusti
A marble bust of Breckinridge from the Senate's vice-presidential bust collection

As vice president, Breckinridge was tasked with presiding over the debates of the Senate. In an early address to that body, he promised, "It shall be my constant aim, gentlemen of the Senate, to exhibit at all times, to every member of this body, the courtesy and impartiality which are due to the representatives of equal States."[136] Tarixchi Lowell H. Harrison wrote that, while Breckinridge fulfilled his promise to the satisfaction of most, acting as moderator limited his participation in debate.[33] Five tie-breaking votes provided a means of expressing his views. Economic motivations explained two—forcing an immediate vote on a codfishing tariff and limiting military pensions to $50 per month ($1477.5 in present-day currency).[137] A third cleared the floor for a vote on Douglas's motion to admit Oregon to the Union, and a fourth defeated Johnson's Homestead Bill.[138] The final vote effected a wording change in a resolution forbidding constitutional amendments that empowered Congress to interfere with property rights.[139] The Senate's move from the Eski Senat palatasi to a more spacious one on January 4, 1859, provided another opportunity.[33] Afforded the chance to make the last address in the old chamber, Breckinridge encouraged compromise and unity among the states to resolve sectional conflicts.[33]

Despite irregularities in the approval of the Lekompton konstitutsiyasi tomonidan Kanzas voters, Breckinridge agreed with Buchanan that it was legitimate, but he kept his position secret, and some believed he agreed with his friend, Stephen Douglas, that Lecompton was invalid.[140] Breckinridge's absence from the Senate during debate on admitting Kansas to the Union under Lecompton seemed to confirm this, but his leave—to take his wife from Baton-Ruj, Luiziana, where she was recovering from an illness, to Washington, D.C.—had been planned for months.[141] The death of his grandmother, Polly Breckinridge, prompted him to leave earlier than planned.[142] During his absence, both houses of Congress voted to re-submit the Lecompton Constitution to Kansas voters for approval.[143] On resubmission, it was overwhelmingly rejected.[144]

By January 1859, friends knew Breckinridge desired the U.S. Senate seat of John J. Crittenden, whose term expired on March 3, 1861.[33][145] The General Assembly would elect Crittenden's successor in December 1859, so Breckinridge's election would not affect any presidential aspirations he might harbor.[145] Democrats chose Breckinridge's friend Beriah Magoffin over Linn Boyd as their gubernatorial nominee, bolstering Breckinridge's chances for the senatorship, the presidency, or both.[146] Boyd was expected to be Breckinridge's chief opponent for the Senate, but he withdrew on November 28, citing ill health, and died three weeks later.[147] The Democratic majority in the General Assembly elected Breckinridge to succeed Crittenden by a vote of 81 to 53 over Joshua Fray Bell, whom Magoffin had defeated for the governorship in August.[147]

Keyin Minnesota 's admission to the Union in May 1858, opponents accused Breckinridge of rigging a random draw so that his friend, Henry Rice, would get the longer of the state's two Senate terms.[148] Senat kotibi Asbury Dikkins blunted the charges, averring that he alone handled the instruments used in the drawing.[148] Respublikachi senator Sulaymon oyoq closed a special session of the O'ttiz oltinchi kongress in March 1859 by offering a resolution praising Breckinridge for his impartiality; after the session, the Republican-leaning Nyu-York Tayms noted that while the star of the Buchanan administration "falls lower every hour in prestige and political consequence, the star of the Vice President rises higher".[149]

Presidential election of 1860

Asosiy maqola: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida prezident saylovi, 1860 yil

Breckinridge's lukewarm support for Douglas in his 1858 senatorial re-election bid against Abraham Lincoln convinced Douglas that Breckinridge would seek the Democratic presidential nomination, but in a January 1860 letter to his uncle, Breckinridge averred he was "firmly resolved not to".[150] Douglas's political enemies supported Breckinridge, and Buchanan reluctantly dispensed patronage to Breckinridge allies, further alienating Douglas.[150] After Breckinridge left open the possibility of supporting a federal slave code in 1859, Douglas wrote to Robert Tombs that he would support his enemy and fellow Georgian Aleksandr X. Stiven for the nomination over Breckinridge, although he would vote for Breckinridge over any Republican in the general election.[151]

Nominatsiya

Oq ko'ylak va qora galstuk va ko'ylagi kiygan, katta, dumaloq, teshilgan ko'zlari va qora sochlari bo'lgan odam
Breckinridge in 1860 by Jyul-Emil Seyntin

Breckinridge asked James Clay to protect his interests at the 1860 yilgi Demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi yilda Charlston, Janubiy Karolina.[152] Clay, Lazarus Powell, Uilyam Preston, Genri Kornelius Burnett va Jeyms B. Bek desired to nominate Breckinridge for president, but in a compromise with Kentucky's Douglas backers, the delegation went to Charleston committed to former Moliya kotibi Jeyms Gutri of Louisville.[150][152] Ellik Janubiy demokratlar, upset at the convention's refusal to include slavery protection in the party's platform, walked out of the convention; the remaining delegates decided that nominations required a ko'pchilik uchdan ikki qismi of the original 303 delegates.[153][154] For 35 ballots, Douglas ran well ahead of Guthrie but short of the needed majority.[150] Arkanzas 's lone remaining delegate nominated Breckinridge, but Beck asked that the nomination be withdrawn because Breckinridge refused to compete with Guthrie.[153] Twenty-one more ballots were cast, but the convention remained deadlocked.[150] On May 3, the convention adjourned until June 18 in Baltimor, Merilend.[155]

Breckinridge's communication with his supporters between the meetings indicated greater willingness to become a candidate, but he instructed Clay to nominate him only if his support exceeded Guthrie's.[156] Many believed that Buchanan supported Breckinridge, but Breckinridge wrote to Beck that "The President is not for me except as a last necessity, that is to say not until his help will not be worth a damn."[156][157] After a majority of the delegates, most of them Douglas supporters, voted to replace Alabama and Louisiana's walk-out delegates with new, pro-Douglas men in Baltimore, Virginia's delegation led another walk-out of Southern Democrats and Buchanan-controlled delegates from the northeast and Pacific coast; 105 delegates, including 10 of Kentucky's 24, left, and the remainder nominated Douglas.[158] The walk-outs held a rival nominating convention, styled the National Democratic Convention, at the Maryland Institute in Baltimore.[159] At that convention on June 23, Massachusets shtati ' Jorj B. Loring nominated Breckinridge for president, and he received 81 of the 105 votes cast, the remainder going to Daniel S. Dikkinson Nyu-York.[158] Oregonniki Jozef Leyn vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod qilib ko'rsatildi.[5]

Breckinridge told Beck he would not accept the nomination because it would split the Democrats and ensure the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln.[160] On June 25, Mississippi Senator Jefferson Devis proposed that Breckinridge should accept the nomination; his strength in the South would convince Douglas that his own candidacy was futile.[161] Breckinridge, Douglas, and Constitutional Unionist John Bell would withdraw, and Democrats could nominate a compromise candidate.[161] Breckinridge accepted the nomination, but maintained that he had not sought it and that he had been nominated "against my expressed wishes".[156][162] Davis's compromise plan failed when Douglas refused to withdraw, believing his supporters would vote for Lincoln rather than a compromise candidate.[163]

Saylov

The election effectively pitted Lincoln against Douglas in the North and Breckinridge against Bell in the South.[164] Far from expectant of victory, Breckinridge told Davis's wife, Varina, "I trust I have the courage to lead a umidni uzmoq."[5][154] Xolib Kushing oversaw the publication of several Breckinridge campaign documents, including a campaign biography and copies of his speeches on the occasion of the Senate's move to a new chamber and his election to the Senate.[165] After making a few short speeches during stops between Washington, D.C. and Lexington, Breckinridge stated that, consistent with contemporary custom, he would make no more speeches until after the election, but the results of an August 1860 special election to replace the deceased clerk of the Kentukki apellyatsiya sudi convinced him that his candidacy could be faltering.[163] He had expressed confidence that the Democratic candidate for the clerkship would win, and "nothing short of a defeat by 6,000 or 8,000 would alarm me for November". Constitutional Unionist Leslie Combs won by 23,000 votes, prompting Breckinridge to make a full-length campaign speech in Lexington on September 5, 1860.[166]

Qaysi shtatlar qaysi nomzodga ovoz berganligini ko'rsatadigan xarita
States' electoral votes by candidate; states won by Lincoln are in red, Breckinridge states are green, Bell states are orange, and Douglas states are blue.

Breckinridge's three-hour speech was primarily defensive; his moderate tone was designed to win votes in the north but risked losing Southern support to Bell.[166][167] He denied charges that he had supported Zachary Taylor over Lewis Cass in 1848, that he had sided with abolitionists in 1849, and that he had sought John Brown's afv etish for the Harpers Ferry raid.[166] Reminding the audience that Douglas wanted the Oliy sud to decide the issue of slavery in the territories, he pointed out that Douglas then denounced the Dred Skott ruling and laid out a means for territorial legislatures to circumvent it.[168] Breckinridge supported the legitimacy of ajralib chiqish but insisted it was not the solution to the country's sectional disagreements.[32] In answer to Douglas's charge that there was not "a disunionist in America who is not a Breckinridge man", he challenged the assembled crowd "to point out an act, to disclose an utterance, to reveal a thought of mine hostile to the constitution and union of the States".[38] He warned that Lincoln's insistence on emancipation made him the real disunionist.[38][169]

Breckinridge finished third in the popular vote with 849,781 votes to Lincoln's 1,866,452, Douglas's 1,379,957, and Bell's 588,879.[40] He carried 12 of the 15 Southern states and the chegara davlatlari of Maryland, Delaver va Shimoliy Karolina but lost his home state to Bell.[40] His greatest support in the Chuqur janub came from areas that opposed secession.[170] Davis pointed out that only Breckinridge garnered nearly equal support from the Deep South, the border states, and the free states of the North.[171] His 72 electoral votes bested Bell's 59 and Douglas's 12, but Lincoln received 180, enough to win the election.[167]

Natijada

Three weeks after the election, Breckinridge returned to Washington, D.C., to preside over the Senate's lame duck session.[172] Lazarus Powell, now a senator, proposed a resolution creating a committee of thirteen members to respond to the portion of Buchanan's address regarding the disturbed condition of the country.[173] Breckinridge appointed the members of the committee, which, in Heck's opinion, formed "an able committee, representing every major faction."[173] John J. Crittenden proposed a compromise by which slavery would be forbidden in territories north of parallel 36°30′ north—the demarcation line used in the Missouri Compromise—and permitted south of it, but the committee's five Republicans rejected the proposal.[42] On December 31, the committee reported that it could come to no agreement.[42] Writing to Magoffin on January 6, Breckinridge complained that the Republicans were "rejecting everything, proposing nothing" and "pursuing a policy which ... threatens to plunge the country into ... civil war".[42]

One of Breckinridge's final acts as vice-president was announcing the vote of the Electoral College to a joint session of Congress on February 13, 1861.[174] Rumors abounded that he would tamper with the vote to prevent Lincoln's election.[175] Knowing that some legislators planned to attend the session armed, Breckinridge asked Winfield Scott to post guards in and around the chambers.[175] One legislator raised a buyurtma nuqtasi, requesting that the guards be ejected, but Breckinridge refused to sustain it; the electoral vote proceeded, and Breckinridge announced Lincoln's election as president.[176] After Lincoln's arrival in Washington, D.C., on February 24, Breckinridge visited him at the Willard mehmonxonasi.[177] After making a valedictory address on March 4, he swore in Gannibal Xamlin as his successor as vice president; Hamlin then swore in Breckinridge and the other incoming senators.[178]

AQSh Senati

Because Republicans controlled neither house of Congress, nor the Supreme Court, Breckinridge did not believe Lincoln's election was a mandate for secession.[179] Ignoring Jeyms Myurrey Meyson 's contention that no Southerner should serve in Lincoln's cabinet, Breckinridge supported the appointment of Virginian Montgomeri Bler kabi Bosh pochta boshqaruvchisi.[180] He also voted against a resolution to remove the names of the senators from seceded states from the Senate roll.[181][4-eslatma]

Sochlari oqargan, oq ko'ylak va qora ko'ylagi va galstuk kiygan odam
Breckinridge as a senator

Working for a compromise that might yet save the Union, Breckinridge opposed a proposal by Ohio's Klement Vallandigham that the border states unite to form a "middle confederacy" that would place a buffer between the U.S. and the seceded states, nor did Breckinridge desire to see Kentucky as the southernmost state in a northern confederacy; its position south of the Ogayo daryosi left it too vulnerable to the southern confederacy should war occur.[180] Urging that federal troops be withdrawn from the seceded states, he insisted "their presence can accomplish no good, but will certainly produce incalculable mischief".[182] He warned that, unless Republicans made some concessions, Kentucky and the other border states would also secede.[182]

When the legislative session ended on March 28, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky and addressed the state legislature on April 2, 1861.[182] He urged the General Assembly to push for federal adoption of the Crittenden Compromise and advocated calling a border states convention, which would draft a compromise proposal and submit it to the Northern and Southern states for adoption.[183] Asserting that the states were coequal and free to choose their own course, he maintained that, if the border states convention failed, Kentucky should call a sovereignty convention and join the Confederacy as a last resort.[179][183][184]

The Fort Sumter jangi, which began the Civil War, occurred days later, before the border states convention could be held.[183] Magoffin called a special legislative session on May 6, and the legislature authorized creation of a six-man commission to decide the state's course in the war.[185] Breckinridge, Magoffin, and Richard Xeyus were the states' rights delegates to the conference, while Crittenden, Archibald Dixon, and Samuel S. Nicholas represented the Unionist position.[185] The delegates were only able to agree on a policy of armed neutrality, which Breckinridge believed impractical and ultimately untenable, but preferable to more drastic actions.[185] In special elections held June 20, 1861, Unionists won nine of Kentucky's ten House seats, and in the August 5 state elections, Unionists gained majorities in both houses of the state legislature.[179]

When the Senate convened for a special session on July 4, 1861, Breckinridge stood almost alone in opposition to the war.[186] Labeled a traitor, he was removed from the Committee on Military Affairs.[187][188] He demanded to know what authority Lincoln had to blockade Southern ports or suspend the writ of habeas corpus.[189] He reminded his fellow senators that Congress had not approved a declaration of war and maintained that Lincoln's enlistment of men and expenditure of funds for the war effort were unconstitutional.[189] If the Union could be persuaded not to attack the Confederacy, he predicted that "all those sentiments of common interest and feeling ... might lead to a political reunion founded upon consent".[189] On August 1, he declared that if Kentucky supported Lincoln's prosecution of the war, "she will be represented by some other man on the floor of this Senate."[186] Asked by Oregon's Edvard Dikkinson Beyker how he would handle the secession crisis, he responded, "I would prefer to see these States all reunited upon true constitutional principles to any other object that could be offered me in life ... But I infinitely prefer to see a peaceful separation of these States, than to see endless, aimless, devastating war, at the end of which I see the grave of public liberty and of personal freedom."[190]

In early September, Confederate and Union forces entered Kentucky, ending her neutrality.[186] On September 18, Unionists shut down the pro-Southern Louisville Courier newspaper and arrested former governor Charlz S. Morexed, who was suspected of having Confederate sympathies.[191] Learning that Polkovnik Tomas E. Bramlett was under orders to arrest him, Breckinridge fled to Prestonsburg, Kentukki, where he was joined by Confederate sympathizers Jorj V. Jonson, Jorj Beyd Xodj, Uilyam E. Simms, and William Preston.[192] The group continued to Abingdon, Virjiniya, where they took a train to Confederate-held Bowling-Grin, Kentukki.[192]

On October 2, 1861, the Kentucky General Assembly passed a resolution declaring that neither of the state's U.S. Senators—Breckinridge and Powell—represented the will of the state's citizens and requesting that both resign.[193] Governor Magoffin refused to endorse the resolution, preventing its enforcement.[193] Writing from Bowling Green on October 8, Breckinridge declared, "I exchange with proud satisfaction a term of six years in the Senate of the United States for the musket of a soldier."[186] Later that month, he was part of a convention in Confederate-controlled Rassellvill, Kentukki, that denounced the Unionist legislature as not representing the will of most Kentuckians and called for a sovereignty convention to be held in that city on November 18.[194] Breckinridge, George W. Johnson, and Humphrey Marshall were named to the planning committee, but Breckinridge did not attend the convention, which created a provisional Konfederativ hukumat for Kentucky.[194] On November 6, Breckinridge was ayblanmoqda uchun xiyonat in a federal court in Frankfort.[186] The Senate passed a resolution formally expelling him on December 2, 1861; Powell was the only member to vote against the resolution, claiming that Breckinridge's statement of October 8 amounted to a resignation, rendering the resolution unnecessary.[193]

Konfederatsiya harbiy kotibi

Breckinridge served in the Confederate Army from November 2, 1861, until early 1865.[32] In mid-January 1865, Konfederatsiya prezidenti Jefferson Davis summoned Breckinridge to the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virjiniya, and rumors followed that Davis would appoint Breckinridge Konfederativ shtatlar harbiy kotibi, almashtirish Jeyms A. Seddon.[195][196] Breckinridge arrived in Richmond on January 17, and some time in the next two weeks, Davis offered him the appointment.[197] Breckinridge made his acceptance conditional upon the removal of Lucius B. Northrop from his office as Confederate Bosh komissar.[198] Most Confederate officers regarded Northrop as inept, but Davis had long defended him.[198] Davis relented on January 30, allowing Seddon to replace Northrop with Breckinridge's friend, Eli Metcalfe Bruce, on an interim basis; Breckinridge accepted Davis's appointment the next day.[198]

A Lexington, Kentucky, statue honoring Breckinridge depicts him with the mustache he grew during the war.

Some Confederate congressmen were believed to oppose Breckinridge because he had waited so long to join the Confederacy, but his nomination was confirmed unanimously on February 6, 1865.[195][199] At 44 years old, he was the youngest person to serve in the Confederate president's cabinet.[198] Klotter called Breckinridge "perhaps the most effective of those who held that office", but Harrison wrote that "no one could have done much with the War Department at that late date".[167][200] While his predecessors had largely served Davis's interests, Breckinridge functioned independently, assigning officers, recommending promotions, and consulting on strategy with Confederate generals.[200]

Breckinridge's first act as secretary was to meet with assistant secretary Jon Archibald Kempbell, who had opposed Breckinridge's nomination, believing he would focus on a select few of the department's bureaus and ignore the rest.[201] During their conference, Campbell expressed his desire to retain his post, and Breckinridge agreed, delegating many of the day-to-day details of the department's operation to him.[199][202] Breckinridge recommended that Davis appoint Isaac M. St. John, head of the Confederate Nitre and Mining Bureau, as permanent commissary general.[203] Davis made the appointment on February 15, and the flow of supplies to Confederate armies improved under St. John.[203][204] With Confederate ranks plagued by desertion, Breckinridge instituted a qoralama; when this proved ineffective, he negotiated the resumption of mahbuslarni almashtirish with the Union in order to replenish the Confederates' depleted manpower.[205]

By late February, Breckinridge had concluded that the Confederate cause was hopeless.[200] U foydalanishga qarshi chiqdi partizan urushi by Confederate forces and urged a national surrender.[32] Meeting with Confederate senators from Virjiniya, Kentukki, Missuri va Texas, he urged, "This has been a magnificent epic. In God's name let it not terminate in a farce."[204] In April, with Union forces approaching Richmond, Breckinridge organized the escape of the other cabinet officials to Danville, Virjiniya.[206] Afterward, he ordered the burning of the bridges over the Jeyms daryosi and ensured the destruction of buildings and supplies that might aid the enemy.[199][200] During the surrender of the city, he helped preserve the Confederate government and military records housed there.[32]

After a brief rendezvous with Robert E. Li 's retreating forces at Farmville, Virjiniya, Breckinridge moved south to Greensboro, Shimoliy Karolina, where he, Dengiz kotibi Stiven Mallori va Postmaster General Jon Henninger Reygan joined Generals Jozef E. Jonston va P. G. T. Beuregard to urge surrender.[207] Davis and Davlat kotibi Yahudo P. Benjamin initially resisted, but eventually asked General-mayor Uilyam T. Sherman to parley.[208] Johnston and Breckinridge negotiated terms with Sherman, but President Andrew Johnson (who had assumed the presidency on Linkolnning o'ldirilishi on April 15) rejected them as too generous.[209][210] On Davis' orders, Breckinridge told Johnston to meet Richard Teylor in Alabama, but Johnston, believing his men would refuse to fight any longer, surrendered to Sherman on similar terms to those offered to Lee at Appomattoks.[211]

After the failed negotiations, Confederate Attorney General Jorj Devis va Confederate Treasury Secretary Jorj Trenxolm iste'foga chiqdi.[212] The rest of the Confederate cabinet—escorted by over 2,000 cavalrymen under Bazil V. Dyuk and Breckinridge's cousin Uilyam Kempbell Preston Brekkinrij —traveled southwest to meet Taylor at Mobil.[212] Believing that the Confederate cause was not yet lost, Davis convened a urush kengashi on May 2 in Abbevil, Janubiy Karolina, but the cavalry commanders told him that the only cause for which their men would fight was to aid Davis's escape from the country.[213][214] Informed that gold and silver coins and bullion from the Confederate treasury were at the train depot in Abbeville, Breckinridge ordered Duke to load it onto wagons and guard it as they continued southward.[215][216] Yo'nalishida ga Vashington, Jorjiya, some members of the cabinet's escort threatened to take their back salaries by force.[215] Breckinridge had intended to wait until their arrival to make the payments, but to avoid mutiny, he dispersed some of the funds immediately.[213] Two brigades deserted immediately after being paid; the rest continued to Washington, where the remaining funds were deposited in a local bank.[217]

Discharging most of the remaining escort, Breckinridge left Washington with a small party on May 5, hoping to distract federal forces from the fleeing Confederate president.[218] Between Washington and Woodstock, the party was overtaken by Union forces under Podpolkovnik Andrew K. Campbell; Breckinridge ordered his nephew to surrender while he, his sons Cabell and Klifton, James B. Clay, Jr., and a few others fled into the nearby woods.[219] Da Sandersvill, he sent Clay and Clifton home, announcing that he and the rest of his companions would proceed to Medison, Florida.[220] On May 11, they reached Milltown, Georgia, where Breckinridge expected to rendezvous with Davis, but on May 14, he learned of Davis's capture days earlier.[221]

Keyinchalik hayot

Besides marking the end of the Confederacy and the war, Davis's capture left Breckinridge as the highest-ranking former Confederate still at large.[5] Fearing arrest, he fled to Cuba, Buyuk Britaniya va Kanada, u surgunda yashagan.[167] Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation of amnesty for all former Confederates in December 1868, and Breckinridge returned home the following March.[167] Friends and government officials, including President Uliss S. Grant, urged him to return to politics, but he declared himself "an extinct volcano" and never sought public office again.[5][32] He died of complications from war-related injuries on May 17, 1875.[222]

Izohlar

  1. ^ "Loco-foco" was by then a derogatory term used by Whigs to describe the Democratic Party; qarang locofocos.
  2. ^ "Democracy" here refers to the U.S. Democratic Party, not the boshqaruv shakli.
  3. ^ The role of White House hostess was typically filled by the Birinchi xonim (the president's wife), but Buchanan was unmarried. His niece, Harriet Lane, functioned as the mansion's official hostess during his term.
  4. ^ For a list of individuals expelled from the U.S. Senate, see AQShdan chiqarilgan yoki tsenzuraga olingan AQSh senatorlari ro'yxati. For a list of seceded states and their dates of secession, see Confederate States of America#States.

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Klotter, pp. 96–97
  2. ^ Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 97
  3. ^ Klotter, p. 108
  4. ^ a b Heck, p. 1
  5. ^ a b v d e f "John Cabell Breckinridge". Jahon biografiyasining entsiklopediyasi
  6. ^ a b Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 103
  7. ^ Heck, pp. 11, 13
  8. ^ Devis, p. 27
  9. ^ a b Heck, p. 14
  10. ^ Heck, p. 15
  11. ^ a b Devis, p. 19
  12. ^ a b v Heck, p. 163
  13. ^ a b Devis, p. 5
  14. ^ Devis, p. 7
  15. ^ Devis, p. 8
  16. ^ a b Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 109
  17. ^ Devis, p. 17
  18. ^ a b Davis, pp. 14, 17
  19. ^ a b v d e f g Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 113
  20. ^ a b Devis, p. 16
  21. ^ Devis, p. 21
  22. ^ a b Devis, p. 43
  23. ^ Davis, pp. 19, 44
  24. ^ a b Devis, p. 47
  25. ^ Heck, p. 31
  26. ^ a b "John Cabell Breckinridge, 14th Vice President (1857–1861)". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati
  27. ^ Devis, p. 59
  28. ^ Heck, pp. 163–164
  29. ^ Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki entsiklopediyasi, p. 117
  30. ^ a b v d Heck, p. 33
  31. ^ a b v d e f g h Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 104
  32. ^ a b v d e f Current, "John C. Breckinridge"
  33. ^ a b v d e f Harrison, p. 127
  34. ^ a b v Devis, p. 208
  35. ^ Heck, p. 80
  36. ^ Devis, p. 209
  37. ^ Heck, p. 167
  38. ^ a b v Harrison va Klotter, p. 184
  39. ^ Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 117
  40. ^ a b v Devis, p. 245
  41. ^ Devis, p. 250
  42. ^ a b v d Heck, p. 95
  43. ^ Devis, p. 251
  44. ^ Devis, p. 253
  45. ^ Devis, p. 30
  46. ^ Heck, p. 19
  47. ^ a b Devis, p. 31
  48. ^ a b Heck, p. 20
  49. ^ a b Heck, p. 26
  50. ^ a b Heck, p. 27
  51. ^ Devis, p. 45
  52. ^ a b v d Devis, p. 46
  53. ^ Heck, p. 29
  54. ^ Davis, pp. 46, 48
  55. ^ a b v d Heck, p. 30
  56. ^ Devis, p. 48
  57. ^ Davis, pp. 47–48
  58. ^ a b Devis, p. 49
  59. ^ Devis, p. 50
  60. ^ Heck, p. 32
  61. ^ a b Devis, p. 51
  62. ^ Devis, p. 52
  63. ^ Devis, p. 53
  64. ^ a b v d e f Harrison, p. 126
  65. ^ a b Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 105
  66. ^ a b v Heck, p. 34
  67. ^ Davis, pp. 55–56
  68. ^ Davis, pp. 58–59
  69. ^ a b v d Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 107
  70. ^ a b Devis, p. 61
  71. ^ Heck, p. 40
  72. ^ Davis, pp. 62–63
  73. ^ Davis, pp. 65–66
  74. ^ Devis, p. 66
  75. ^ Davis, pp. 66–67
  76. ^ Devis, p. 67
  77. ^ a b v d Devis, p. 68
  78. ^ a b v d e Heck, p. 39
  79. ^ Devis, p. 69
  80. ^ Devis, p. 70
  81. ^ a b v Devis, p. 71
  82. ^ a b v Devis, p. 72
  83. ^ a b Devis, p. 73
  84. ^ Heck, pp. 37–38
  85. ^ Devis, p. 76
  86. ^ Davis, pp. 76–77
  87. ^ Devis, p. 77
  88. ^ Devis, p. 81
  89. ^ a b Devis, p. 82
  90. ^ a b Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 106
  91. ^ a b Devis, p. 80
  92. ^ a b Devis, p. 91
  93. ^ Devis, p. 90
  94. ^ a b Heck, p. 35
  95. ^ a b Heck, p. 37
  96. ^ Davis, pp. 98–99
  97. ^ Devis, p. 121 2
  98. ^ Devis, p. 100
  99. ^ a b v Devis, p. 101
  100. ^ Davis, pp. 104–105
  101. ^ Heck, pp. 42, 55
  102. ^ a b v Devis, p. 119
  103. ^ a b Heck, p. 45
  104. ^ a b Devis, p. 128
  105. ^ a b v Devis, p. 129
  106. ^ a b v Devis, p. 124
  107. ^ Devis, p. 126
  108. ^ Devis, p. 127
  109. ^ Davis, pp. 127–128
  110. ^ a b Heck, p. 48
  111. ^ Heck, p. 50
  112. ^ Heck, pp. 50–51
  113. ^ Heck, p. 51
  114. ^ Heck, p. 53
  115. ^ Heck, pp. 53–54
  116. ^ Devis, p. 137
  117. ^ Devis, p. 138
  118. ^ Devis, p. 139
  119. ^ Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 110
  120. ^ Devis, p. 144
  121. ^ Devis, p. 145
  122. ^ Heck, p. 59
  123. ^ Heck, p. 60
  124. ^ a b Devis, p. 158
  125. ^ a b Devis, p. 159
  126. ^ Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 111
  127. ^ Heck, p. 63
  128. ^ a b Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 112
  129. ^ a b Heck, p. 67
  130. ^ Heck, p. 68
  131. ^ Devis, p. 171
  132. ^ Devis, p. 168
  133. ^ Davis, pp. 169–170
  134. ^ Davis, pp. 181, 192
  135. ^ Davis, pp. 250–251
  136. ^ Devis, p. 167
  137. ^ Devis, p. 184
  138. ^ Davis, pp. 184, 195
  139. ^ Devis, p. 259
  140. ^ Davis, pp. 178, 182
  141. ^ Davis, pp. 182–184
  142. ^ Devis, p. 182
  143. ^ Devis, p. 183
  144. ^ Devis, p. 190
  145. ^ a b Heck, p. 77
  146. ^ Heck, p. 78
  147. ^ a b Heck, p. 79
  148. ^ a b Devis, p. 185
  149. ^ Devis, p. 197
  150. ^ a b v d e Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 114
  151. ^ Davis, pp. 212–213
  152. ^ a b Heck, p. 82
  153. ^ a b Devis, p. 218
  154. ^ a b Harrison va Klotter, p. 183
  155. ^ Heck, p. 83
  156. ^ a b v Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 115
  157. ^ Devis, p. 212
  158. ^ a b Heck, p. 84
  159. ^ Melzer, p. 218
  160. ^ Devis, p. 224
  161. ^ a b Devis, p. 225
  162. ^ Heck, p. 85
  163. ^ a b Heck, p. 86
  164. ^ Harrison, p. 128
  165. ^ Devis, p. 233
  166. ^ a b v Heck, p. 87
  167. ^ a b v d e Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki entsiklopediyasi, p. 118
  168. ^ Heck, p. 88
  169. ^ Heck, p. 89
  170. ^ Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, 117-118 betlar
  171. ^ Devis, p. 246
  172. ^ Heck, p. 92
  173. ^ a b Heck, p. 94
  174. ^ Harrison va Klotter, p. 185
  175. ^ a b Devis, p. 257
  176. ^ Devis, p. 258
  177. ^ Heck, p. 97
  178. ^ Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 118
  179. ^ a b v Harrison, p. 129
  180. ^ a b Devis, p. 261
  181. ^ Devis, p. 262
  182. ^ a b v Heck, p. 98
  183. ^ a b v Harrison va Klotter, p. 187
  184. ^ Devis, p. 264
  185. ^ a b v Harrison va Klotter, p. 188
  186. ^ a b v d e Harrison, p. 130
  187. ^ Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 120
  188. ^ Devis, p. 268
  189. ^ a b v Klotter, p. 119
  190. ^ Devis, p. 276
  191. ^ Devis, p. 285
  192. ^ a b Heck, p. 104
  193. ^ a b v Devis, p. 296
  194. ^ a b Harrison va Klotter, p. 192
  195. ^ a b Heck, p. 132
  196. ^ Devis, p. 478
  197. ^ Davis, pp. 478–479
  198. ^ a b v d Devis, p. 480
  199. ^ a b v Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 128
  200. ^ a b v d Harrison, p. 131
  201. ^ Davis, pp. 485–486
  202. ^ Devis, p. 486
  203. ^ a b Devis, p. 487
  204. ^ a b Heck, p. 133
  205. ^ Devis, p. 491
  206. ^ Heck, p. 134
  207. ^ Devis, p. 507
  208. ^ Heck, p. 135
  209. ^ Heck, pp. 135–136
  210. ^ Harrison, p. 138
  211. ^ Heck, p. 136
  212. ^ a b Devis, p. 518
  213. ^ a b Heck, p. 137
  214. ^ Davis, pp. 519–520
  215. ^ a b Klotter ichkariga kirdi Kentukki shtatidagi Brekkinridjlar, p. 129
  216. ^ Devis, p. 520
  217. ^ Heck, pp. 137-138
  218. ^ Heck, p. 138
  219. ^ Devis, p. 524
  220. ^ Devis, p. 525
  221. ^ Devis, p. 528
  222. ^ Heck, p. 160

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