Preston Dock - Preston Dock

Koordinatalar: 53 ° 45′40 ″ N. 2 ° 44′10 ″ Vt / 53.761 ° N 2.736 ° Vt / 53.761; -2.736

Preston Dock (shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Preston doklendlari) avvalgi edi dengiz kemasi ning shimoliy qirg'og'ida joylashgan Daryo dag'alligi g'arbdan taxminan 2,5 km (1,6 milya) Prestonniki shahar markazi Lankashir, Angliya. Bu 1892 yilda ochilgan va bir qator daryo bilan bog'langan Albert Edvard havzasining joylashgan joyi qulflar.

Dock masofadan 25,6 km (15,9 milya) uzoqlikda joylashgan Irlandiya dengizi va a port 1981 yilda yopilishigacha etkazib berish uchun.[1] O'sha vaqtdan beri tarixiy binolar va inshootlarning aksariyati buzib tashlandi va bu hudud asosan engil sanoat bilan bir qatorda asosan tijorat va uy-joy mulkiga aylandi. Dock yopilgandan so'ng, 1987 yilda jamoat marinasi ochildi.[2]

Tarix

Tarix

The tarixga oid hozirgi Preston doklari atrofidagi erlardan va Ribble daryosidan suv yo'li sifatida foydalanish ko'p ming yillarga to'g'ri keladi.[2] 1880 yillarda docklar uchun qazish ishlari olib borildi neolitik taxminan 6000 dan 10000 yoshgacha bo'lgan asarlar, ularning ba'zilari Prestonda ko'rish mumkin Xarris muzeyi.[3]

Sanoatgacha inqilob

Tarixiy dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, Ribble qadimgi va o'rta asrlarga qadar bo'lgan madaniyatlar Buyuk Britaniyani bosib olishlarida muhim rol o'ynagan. Saksoniya, Rim va Viking kelib chiqishi daryo qirg'oqlarini o'rab turgan erlardan tiklandi.[2]

Yozuvlar o'rta asrlar vaqtlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, Preston 12-asrga kelib allaqachon portmote (sudning bir turi) bo'lgan savdo porti bo'lgan[4]) portning ishlashiga oid masalalar bo'yicha qaror qabul qilish uchun muntazam ravishda yig'ilib turar edi,[2] va port orqali tovar ayirboshlash hajmi 14-asr o'rtalarida qayd etilgan.[5] Hatto ushbu dastlabki davrlarda ham Ribble azob chekdi loy qatlamlari va daryoning birinchi qayd etilgan nusxasi XVI asrga o'tishni yaxshilash uchun qurilgan.[6]

18-asr

The Sanoat inqilobi bumni ko'rdi to'qimachilik sanoati yilda Lankashir va Preston ham bundan mustasno emas edi; 18-asrning oxiriga kelib shahar bo'ylab o'nlab yirik tegirmonlar paydo bo'ldi. To'qimachilik Prestonning yagona sanoati emas edi; 1790 yilda shahar qirollik xartiyasining bekor qilinishi a Gildiya shahri savdo erkinligiga ruxsat berildi va boshqa ishlab chiqarish tarmoqlari tezda paydo bo'ldi.[7] Tez orada ushbu tovarlar uchun yangi bozorlar topildi, ularning aksariyati chet elga jo'natildi. Shahar fabrikalari va fabrikalari uchun yog'och, ko'mir va paxtaning tobora ko'payib borishi, uning ko'payib borayotgan aholisi uchun oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari, keyinchalik shaharga yaqin joylashgan qog'oz fabrikalari uchun o'tin xamiri ko'payib bordi. Darven.[8]

Muratlar Bruk Ribblega qo'shilgan joyda, "Preston Anchorage" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan tabiiy havzani tushirish va saqlash uchun kemalar Prestonga daryo bo'yiga kelishgan,[a] shaharning asl doklari joylashgan joyda.[5] Biroq, 18-asrning so'nggi o'n yilligida shaharning iskala inshootlari talabni qondirish uchun kurash olib borgan, chunki daryoning sayozligi kemalarni - ayniqsa katta kemalarni - to'lqinlar davrida va yuk ortish-tushirish inshootlari bilan cheklaydi. toshqinlarga duchor bo'lgan daryo sohillarini o'rab turgan botqoq joylarda qurilgan saqlash omborlari.[2]

19-asr

1889 yildagi Preston xaritasi, Ribble daryosining asl yo'nalishi va janubga yo'naltirilgan rejalashtirish yo'nalishi ko'rsatilgan

1800-yillarning boshlarida Preston konsortsiumi tashkil etilgan bo'lib, u shahar kengashining vakili (shu bilan korporatsiyaning 30 foiz egalik huquqini saqlab qolgan) tarkibiga Prestonning eng yirik xususiy kompaniyalarini ham qo'shgan va daryodan savdoni engillashtirish uchun yaxshiroq foydalanish usullarini taklif qilgan. Bu 1806 yilda birinchi Ribble navigatsiya kompaniyasining yaratilishiga olib keldi, uning asosiy maqsadi melioratsiya dasturini boshlash va daryo bo'yini uning qirg'oqlari bo'ylab qurilgan o'quv devorlari ichiga bog'lash edi. Bir necha yil o'tgach, daryoning quyi qismida Marsh Leyn Strand-Roadga qo'shilgan qismida yangi iskala qurilishi boshlandi. Yangi Quays (keyinchalik Viktoriya Quay deb o'zgartirildi) deb nomlangan yangi iskala-atvorlar 1825 yilda ochilgan.[6] Qurilish 1843 yilda Strand yo'lidan ochilgan Viktoriya bog'langan omborxonasi va daryo bo'yida qurilgan bir qator kemasozlik zavodlari bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan infratuzilma asosida boshlandi.[10] 1846 yilda a filial chizig'i dan ochildi Preston temir yo'l stantsiyasi hozirda Viktoriya Kvey bo'lganlar uchun dokga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri temir yo'l aloqasini ta'minlash.[8]

Daryoning sayozligi hali ham dolzarb edi va 1837 yilda taniqli muhandis Robert Stivenson daryoning bir nechta kanallarini bir yo'nalishga birlashtirish va uni katta kemalar xavfsiz harakatlanadigan darajada chuqurlashtirish rejasini ishlab chiqish uchun korporatsiya tomonidan topshirilgan. Natijada 22,5 km (14,0 milya) kanal bo'lgan Gut,[b] daryosida, daryosi o'zanigacha cho'kib ketgan Lytham. Ikkinchi Ribble Navigation Company 1838 yilda tashkil topgan va 1853 yilgacha davom etgan, so'ngra 1883 yilgacha davom etgan uchinchi kompaniya 1853 yilda davom etgan. Ushbu ikkala kompaniya ham birinchi bo'lib, daryoning qirg'og'ini chuqurlash va tuzatish ishlarini davom ettirdilar va 1880 yilga kelib taxminan 445 yilgacha. gektar (1100 gektar) er atrofidagi qirg'oqlar bo'ylab qaytarib olindi.[1] Uchinchi kompaniyaga nafaqat docklar uchun, balki umuman Preston uchun ham foydali bo'lishi uchun melioratsiya qilish uchun ko'proq kuch berildi va 1600 gektar (4000 gektar) yangi fermer xo'jaliklarini avvalgi suv oqimlari va loyqalardan yaratdi.

Biroq, har doim yangi chuqurroq navigatsiya kanalida daryoning sayozligi masalasi davom etar edi, bu nafaqat kemalarning sayohatlarini cheklabgina qolmay, balki tobora kattaroq kemalarni yangi Viktoriya Kvaysiga olib borishni ham cheklab qo'ydi (1860 yilga kelib u faqat ishlagan) 35 yil davomida) va 1861 yilda Preston daryolarni daryodan uzoqroqda bir qator qulflar bilan saqlanib turadigan chuqur suv havzasida joylashtirish taklifini muhokama qildi. Ushbu taklifdan 1882 yilgacha korporatsiya o'z shaharchasining kelajakdagi porti uchun strategiya sifatida qabul qilishga ovoz bergan paytgacha hech narsa sodir bo'lmadi. 1883 yilda Parlament yangi doklarni qurishga ruxsat berish uchun Preston Dok qonunini qabul qildi.[1] 1884 yilda qurilish Ribble daryosining o'zgarishi va yangi havzani qazish bilan boshlandi, birinchi sodali suv 1884 yil 11 oktyabrda ishga tushirildi.[2] 1885 yil 17-iyulda qirolicha Viktoriyaning to'ng'ich o'g'li Uels shahzodasi Albert Edvard tomonidan havzaning nomi berilgan dockning poydevori qo'yildi.[12]

Dock 1892 yil 25-iyun kuni Edinburg shahzodasi, qirolicha Viktoriyaning ikkinchi to'ng'ich o'g'li Alfred tomonidan ochildi va yangi Preston porti ish boshladi.[12] Qulfga kirib, yangi docklardan foydalangan birinchi kema bug 'yaxtasi edi Aline, ochilish marosimi uchun qirollik partiyasini ko'tarib. Yangi docklardan foydalanadigan savdo kemasi nima bo'lganligi to'g'risida ziddiyatli yozuvlar mavjud, ba'zilari buni SS deb aytishadi Lady Luiza, Lancashire firmasi EH Booth and Co Ltd tomonidan ijaraga olingan (bugungi kunda ham supermarketlar tarmog'i sifatida faoliyat yuritmoqda) Kabinetlar ), va ular kiruvchi yukni tashiydilar, boshqalari esa bu shunday edi Hebe, tsement yukini tushirgan. Biroq, 10-dan ortiq jamoat a'zolari ishtirok etgan va Ribble-da kichik qayiqlar va zavqlantiruvchi hunarmandlarning "flotiliyasi" ishtirok etgan dock-larning ochilishiga hamrohlik qilgan shov-shuvlar bahsli emas.

20-asr

Chap tomonida docklarga kirish joyi bilan Ribble tomon sharqqa qarab

Sekin boshidan doklar 20-asrning o'n yilliklarida savdo aylanmasining barqaror o'sishini boshdan kechirmoqdalar. Birinchi jahon urushi boshlanishi bilan doklar yangi rol o'ynadi, urush uchun qayta tiklangan mahalliy fabrikalar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan o'q-dorilarni eksport qildi. Harbiy harakatlar to'xtatilgandan so'ng, doklar savdo-sotiqda pasayishni boshdan kechirishdi, bu urushlar oralig'ida hech qachon to'liq tiklanmadi. 20-asrning 20-yillarida qadimgi G'alaba Quay maydonidan temir yo'l liniyasi dockning ikkala tomoni bo'ylab uzaytirildi, bu esa portga va undan tranzit yuklarni ko'payishiga imkon berdi.

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida kemalar Buyuk Britaniyaning harbiy harakatlariga yana bir bor yordam berishdi, u harbiylar tomonidan qabul qilinganda va marshalling posti sifatida ishlatildi. Kun qo'nish yilda Normandiya, 1944. Urush paytida doklar tufayli ikki marta yopilishi kerak edi dengiz minalari.[6] Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyingi yillarda, 1948 yildan boshlangan Shimoliy Irlandiyaga parom qatnovi yordami bilan portdan tashqariga va undan chiqib ketadigan tovarlarning hajmi oshdi. 1960-yillarda avtoulovlar harakati yanada oshdi, ammo uning ogohlantiruvchi belgilari kelajak paydo bo'la boshladi. Feribotlar qatnovi 1970-yillarning boshlarida to'xtab qoldi va konteynerli yuklar kemalarni tezroq tushirish va tushirish imkoniyatini anglatgan bo'lsa-da, ko'lam tejamkorligi konteyner kemalarining hajmi oshishini anglatar edi va Ribble sayozligining azaliy muammosi katta ahamiyatga ega edi; doimiy ravishda chuqurlashtirish operatsiyalari endi port yillik daromadining yarmiga to'g'ri keladi.

1960-1972 yillar davri dok tarixidagi eng gavjum davr edi, ammo o'sha paytdan boshlab savdo-sotiqning pasayishi va portni ochiq saqlash uchun zarur bo'lgan chuqurliklarni tushirish xarajatlari va 1981 yilda parlament to'g'risidagi Qonunning doimiy va sezilarli pasayishi kuzatildi. doklarni yopish uchun uzatildi. 1981 yil 22-oktabrda Prestonda joylashgan so'nggi ekskavator, ekspeditor Hoveringham V bandargohdan chiqib ketdi va 31 oktyabrda, portning so'nggi rasmiy ish kuni, Singapurda joylashgan MV Dengiz Reyn Dockni tark etgan so'nggi kemaga aylandi va shu tariqa Preston porti yopilganligini ko'rsatdi.

Qayta ishlab chiqish

Sobiq Preston Dock qayta qurilganidan so'ng, Riversway va Albert Edvard Havzasi jamoatchilikning bo'sh vaqtlari va turmush tarzidagi rollariga katta ahamiyat berildi va bu erda bir nechta muhim tadbirlar o'tkazildi:

  • Har 20 yilda bir marta o'tkaziladigan va Buyuk Britaniyada noyob bo'lgan Preston Gildiyasining 2012 yilgi tantanalarida Riversway muhim rol o'ynadi, ayniqsa, bu yilgi Riversway festivali havzaga 60 dan ortiq mehmon qayiqlari kirib kelganida. Qirollik floti patrul kemasi HMSZaryadlovchi, shaharga yarim doimiy tashrif buyuruvchi, rasmiy ravishda Preston tomonidan qabul qilingan, bu kema va uning ekipajiga bayramlarda "rasmiy ravishda" qatnashish imkonini berdi.[13]
  • Riversway festivali (ilgari Preston dengiz festivali) shaharning dengiz merosini nishonlash uchun 1992 yil Preston gildiyasida birinchi bo'lib o'tkazilgan yillik yozgi tadbir edi. Havzada turli xil tadbirlar o'tkaziladi, shu jumladan ajdaho qayiq regatta, qayiq "grand pri", displeylar Dengiz kursantlari va yorqin bezatilgan mehmon kemalari, shu jumladan tor qayiqlar dan Lankaster kanali. 2012 yilgi festivaldan so'ng kengash byudjetni qisqartirishi sababli tadbirni moliyalashtirishni bekor qildi va ko'ngillilarning sa'y-harakatlari bilan davom etgan 2013 yilgi festival ushbu tadbirning so'nggi hodisasi bo'ldi. Festivalni qayta tiklash uchun keyingi munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi, ammo natijaga erishilmadi.[14]
  • The Ribble bug 'temir yo'li 2005 yildan beri sobiq dokland temir yo'l inshootlarida faoliyat yuritib kelayotgan, mahalliy aholi va sayyohlar orasida mashhur bo'lgan isbotlangan bug 'poezdlarining ekskursiyalari. 2010 yilga kelib, kompaniya ko'proq sayyohlarni jalb qilish uchun (Preston stantsiyasiga yaqinligini hisobga olgan holda) Strand Road kesishmasida yangi stantsiyani qurishni taklif qildi va ehtimol ularning yo'nalishini g'arbga qarab uzaytirdi. Ribble havolasi. Kengash tomonidan dastlabki tasdiqlash berildi[15] ammo mablag 'etishmasligi sababli rejalar amalga oshmaganga o'xshaydi. Biroq, kompaniya "Temir yo'llarni qidirish markazi" ni qurish bilan o'z ob'ektlarini kengaytirishni davom ettirmoqda.[16]
  • 2019 yilda havzaning suv havzalari va suv havzalarini tozalash, xususan, ko'k-yashil suv o'tlari muammosini hal qilish uchun CLEARED (Dockni qayta tiklash uchun Community Led Action) jamoatchilik ko'ngillilar guruhi tashkil etildi (siyanobakteriyalar ).[17]

Albert Edvard Basin va Dok

Albert Edvard havzasi g'arbga qarab, shom olguncha

Albert Edvard havzasining uzunligi 3000 fut (910 m), kengligi 600 fut (180 m)[c] va taxminan 42 gektar maydonni (17 ga) o'z ichiga oladi va kemalarni yuklash va tushirish uchun 1,8 km (1,1 mil) dan ortiq qirg'oq bo'yi bilan ta'minlangan. 1892 yilda ochilganida u eng katta:

  • bitta dok; va
  • ichki dok; va
  • Evropada yopiq dock.[1][12]

Asosiy havza uzunligi taxminan 200 metr (660 fut) bo'lgan qisqa kanalga oqib chiqadi, uning oxirida havzadagi suv sathini boshqarish uchun bir qator qulf eshiklari joylashgan. Keyin kanal taxminan 15 gektar maydonni tashkil etadigan suv oqimining havzasiga oqib o'tadi, uning oxirida Ribble daryosiga oqib o'tadigan uzunligi taxminan 100 metr (330 fut) bo'lgan boshqa qisqa kanal oldida yana bir qulf eshigi mavjud. Havzadagi suv 2 metr (6 fut 7 dyuym) oralig'ida saqlanadi, dastlab Preston korporatsiyasi xodimlari va hozirda qulf eshiklarini boshqaradigan Preston shahar kengashi (va 1985 yildan beri) belanchak ko'prigi) hunarmandchilikning daryoga va undan o'tishiga ruxsat berish. Havzadagi suv sathi pasayganda, ularni Ribble suvidan buloq oqimlari to'ldiradi.[2] Havzaga kirishi mumkin bo'lgan kemalar hajmi qayiq qulfining uzunligi va qulf eshiklarining kengligi bilan cheklanadi.

Hovuzni qurish va docklarni ishlatish xarajatlari (shu jumladan, daryoni chuqurlashtirishda) moliyaviy og'irlikni isbotladi va 90 yillik tarixida port faqatgina 17 yil davomida foyda keltirdi.[1]

Qurilish

Albert Edvard havzasi va Preston Dokning rejasi, 1882 yil
Albert Edvard havzasini qazish, 1890 yil

Ribble dengizidan yangi immunitetga ehtiyoj birinchi marta 1861 yilda Preston korporatsiyasi tomonidan ilgari surilgan edi. 1882 yilda korporatsiya suv sathini tartibga solish uchun qulflar tizimi bilan daryodan alohida yangi dock havzasini qurish taklifini rasmiy ravishda qabul qildi. .Bu uzoq rejalashtirish va muzokaralar davrini boshladi, birinchi navbatda Vestminsterdan korporatsiyaga yarim million funt sterlingga baholangan zarur mablag'larni jalb qilish vakolatlarini berishni talab qildi. 1883 yilda Ribble navigatsiyasi va Preston Dock qonuni parlament tomonidan qabul qilindi, bu korporatsiyaga muhandis Edvard Garlik tuzgan rejalar asosida daryoni yo'naltirishga va yangi havzani yaratishga imkon berdi. Qonun, shuningdek, korporatsiyaga Dock Navigation Company va Prestonni yirik port sifatida rivojlantirish uchun Shimoliy Ittifoq temir yo'l kompaniyasidan Preston Dock Branch Line temir yo'lini olishga imkon berdi.[1][2][18]

Qurilish 1884 yilda boshlangan va juda katta miqdordagi ishni bajarish kerak edi. Strand-Yo'lga parallel ravishda o'tadigan va hozirgi joylashgan joyidan shimolga qarab davom etgan daryo yangi dock havzasini yaratish uchun yo'naltirildi. Janubga yangi kanal kesilib, daryoning g'arbiy tomoniga o'tib, sobiq G'alaba G'arbiy marshrutining qarama-qarshi qismidan, Penwortham Marsh deb nomlanuvchi hudud orqali o'tdi. Daryoning eski qismi ikkala uchida to'g'onlangan va suv chiqarib tashlangan. Yangi yuk tashish va suv oqimlari havzasida qazish ishlari boshlandi, taxminan besh million kubometr (180.000.000 kub fut) tuproq, qum va toshlar olib tashlandi, bu dockning shimoliy qirg'oqlarini yaratish uchun eski daryo bo'yini to'ldirish uchun ishlatilgan. Yangi yuk tashish havzasi chuqurligi 12 metr (40 fut), uzunligi 910 metr (3000 fut) va kengligi 180 metr (600 fut) bo'lgan, beton devorlari va granit qoplamalari bo'lgan. Qurilish uchun eski doklarni buzish kerak edi va savdo-sotiqni davom ettirish uchun yangi daryo kanalining sharqiy qismida vaqtincha "Diversion Quay" iskala qurildi.[2]

Uning sa'y-harakatlari shuni anglatadiki, yarim million funt sterling miqdoridagi dastlabki taxminlar tez orada oshib ketdi va loyihani yakunlash uchun korporatsiya yana teng miqdordagi qo'shimcha mablag'ni talab qildi. Qo'shimcha mablag'ni jalb qilish uchun yana Vestminsterdan tasdiq so'ralganda, qurilish kechiktirildi. Buning natijasida Preston stavkasi to'lovchilari tomonidan 60 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida to'lanmaydigan uzoq muddatli ipoteka oldi. Qurilishni Prestonning to'qimachilik fabrikalarining bir nechta egalari ham ishlab chiqdilar, ular yangi dokning jalb qilinadigan sanoatidan ishchi kuchi narxini ko'tarishidan qo'rqib, ushbu korxonaga qarshi chiqdilar. Ular "Ehtiyotkorlik partiyasi" siyosiy partiyasini tashkil qildilar va mahalliy saylovlarda raqobatlashdilar, chunki davlat puli qurilishi uchun sarflanayotgan mablag'ni to'xtatish maqsadida.[6][12]

1892 yil 21-mayda Ribble-ni ushlab turish uchun qurilgan vaqtinchalik to'g'onning beton devorlari buzilib, havzani suv bilan to'ldirishni boshlashga imkon berdi va yangi Preston porti bir oydan so'ng ish boshladi, rasmiy ochilish marosimi 25-iyun kuni bo'lib o'tdi. 1892. Dastlabki binolar dastlab cheklangan edi, ammo tez orada docklands temir yo'li uzaytirildi va dock orqali savdo hajmi oshgani sayin yangi omborlar va yuk tashish inshootlari qurildi.[2]

Ishlash

Albert Edvard Dockga bog'lab qo'yilgan kemalar, 1930 yil
Muhandislik ishlari Albert Edvard havzasining sharqida (Strand yo'li bo'ylab), 1899 yil. Preston Dock Branch Line liniyasining temir yo'llari oldingi pog'onada ko'rinadi.

Yangi dock zudlik bilan muvaffaqiyatga erishmadi, uni birinchi ish yilida to'rtta kema ishlatdi; ammo, 1900 yilga kelib bu raqam 170 taga yetdi va kelajak gul ochdi. 18-asrning 40-yillarida Preston Dock Branch Line temir yo'lining yaratilishi va keyinchalik 1890 va 1920 yillarda kengaytmalar yuklarni tushirish va tushirish vaqtlarini minimallashtirish hamda Preston portini raqobatbardosh ustunlik bilan ta'minlash orqali tovarlarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kemalarga va undan olib o'tishga imkon berdi. yaqin portlar.[6]

O'zining tarixi davomida dok turli xil umumiy yuklarni boshqargan. Kiruvchi kemalar xom paxta, yog'och, chinakay, meva (shu jumladan G'arbiy Hindistondagi banan va tsitrus), bug'doy, otlar, qoramol, ko'mir, neft mahsulotlari, baliq po'sti, o'g'itlar va o'tin xamiri va esparto o'tlari qog'oz tayyorlash uchun. Chiqib ketadigan kemalarga asosan Preston fabrikalaridan paxta mahsulotlari va boshqa to'qimachilik buyumlari yuklangan, keyinchalik shaharning o'sib borayotgan sanoatidan ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarilgan. Birinchi Jahon Urushi oldidan yaqin joylarga kunlik sayohat qilishni ta'minlaydigan ro'mollardan ishlaydigan ekskursiya paroxodlarida mashhurlik oshgan va Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin Shimoliy Irlandiyaga yo'lovchi va transport vositalarida paromlar qatnovi boshlangan. Ikkala jahon urushi paytida ham harbiylar tomonidan urush paytida umumiy yuk va strategik operatsiyalar, shu jumladan 1944 yildagi D-Day qo'nish uchun foydalanilgan.

Dock's quayside inshootlari ko'tarilayotgan savdo-sotiqqa mos ravishda ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, dastlab yuk ko'tarish bilan ish olib borgan, ammo keyinchalik konteynerli xizmatga ko'tarilgan, Buyuk Britaniyada bunday moslamani taqdim etgan birinchi dok. Savdo 1950 yillar davomida shunchalik ko'paygan ediki, port ochilgandan beri Preston aholisining stavkalari hisobidan olinadigan port uchun to'lov nihoyat bekor qilindi. Dan katta miqdordagi mevalar olib kelinayotgan edi G'olib va Leevard orollari; dan bir yilda butun tsitrus ekinlari Dominika va Sankt-Lucia port orqali keldi.[6]

1960-1972 yillar davra tarixidagi eng gavjum davr edi va eng yuqori darajaga 1968 yilda port orqali 2,5 million tonna savdo o'tganida erishildi.[2] Biroq, Dockers Strikes 1969 va 1970 yillardagi portlar parom qatnovini jiddiy ravishda to'xtatib qo'ydi va tashqi transportning katta qismini to'xtatdi va daromadning sezilarli pasayishiga olib keldi, bu tendentsiya bekor qilinmadi.[2] Docklar savdosining barqaror pasayishini davom ettirishdi, shu jumladan parom xizmatlaridan voz kechishdi va 1975 yilda birinchi jiddiy moliyaviy muammolar port tarixidagi eng katta 1,5 million funt sterlingdan keyin boshlandi.[19]

Ribble-ni doimiy ravishda chuqurlashtirish port daromadiga katta yuk tushganligini isbotladi; 1975 yilda dock daromadining 45% i chuqurlashtirish ishlariga sarflandi.[2] 1979 yil sentyabr oyida o'sha paytdagi Preston Borough Council-ga bergan hisobotida portni foyda bilan ishlatish uchun kelajakda istiqbol yo'qligi va kemalarning yopilishi va maydonni qayta qurish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilinganligi haqida maslahat berilgan edi.

Yopish

1960-yillardagi rivojlanish davridan so'ng, Preston Dock 1970-yillarning boshlarida bir qator moliyaviy muvaffaqiyatsizliklarga duch keldi va bu 1975 yilda rekord darajada 1,5 million funtni yo'qotishiga olib keldi va o'n yillikning har bir keyingi yilida 800 000 funtdan 1 million funtgacha zarar qayd etildi. .[2]

1975 yilda zararni to'xtatish uchun nima qilish kerakligi to'g'risida hisobotlar tayyorlandi. Biroq, operatsiyalar narxining oshishi va tobora kamayib borayotgan savdo tushumlarining kamayishi[d] o'sha paytdagi Preston Borough Kengashining portni yopish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishiga olib keldi va 1976 yilda bosqichma-bosqich yopilishi e'lon qilindi, bu esa 450 ishchining qisqarishiga olib keladi. Biroq, portni ochiq saqlash kampaniyasi jamoatchilik, gazetalar, bekat ishchilari, kasaba uyushmalari va mahalliy sanoat rahbarlari tomonidan portga vaqt berildi va kengash ariza berdi va Westminsterdan ikki million funt sterling miqdorida grant oldi. portning omadsizligini tiklash uchun bir yillik sinov. Kengash 18 oy o'tgach, dokning o'ziga xos muammolarini hal qilishning iloji yo'q echimlarini topmadi, shu qatorda docklarni ko'p funktsiyali ko'chmas mulkka aylantirish bo'yicha qo'shimcha 1500 ish o'rni yaratish taklifi, kasaba uyushmalari va mahalliy Mehnat kengashlari tomonidan rad etildi. Hukumat tomonidan qo'shimcha mablag 'mavjud bo'lmagani uchun va yiliga million funt sterling miqdorida dock-ni subsidiyalash istiqboliga duch kelganda - bu milliy iqtisodiy tanazzul davrida Preston tomonidan qoplana olmaydigan xarajat - 1979 yil oktyabr oyida yakuniy qaror qabul qilindi ikki yil ichida port.[19][20]

Dockni yopish oddiy protsedura emas edi; tayyorlash uchun olti oy davom etadigan xususiy a'zolar to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi va parlament to'g'risidagi qonun talab qilinadi. Arzon ham bo'lmaydi; bu qarzlar va qarzlarni to'lashni, shuningdek ishdan bo'shatilgan ish haqi bilan kompensatsiya to'lashni talab qiladi. Umumiy qiymati 10 yil ichida 3,5 million funt sterlingni tashkil etdi, bu dokning aktivlarini sotish va Prestonning pul to'lashlari evaziga undirish evaziga qoplanadi. Sotish uchun belgilangan aktivlarga kranlar, ekskavatorlar va turli xil kichik kemalar, quvur liniyalari va yirik moslamalar kiritilgan bo'lib, ularning taxminiy qiymati 1,5 million funt sterlingni tashkil etadi.[2][19]

Tomonidan Preston porti rasmiy ravishda yopilgan Preston Dockni yopish to'g'risidagi qonun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri 350 ish joyini yo'qotish bilan 1981 yil 31 oktyabrda.[2][20]

Qayta ishlab chiqish

Albert Edvard havzasi bo'ylab janubi-sharqqa, docklarning shimoli-g'arbiy tomoniga qarab
Preston Dock burilish ko'prigi

1980 yilda dock yopilishi yaqinlashganda Markaziy Lancashire Development Corporation dastlabki tadqiqotni o'tkazdi,Preston Dock-ni qayta qurish - qisqacha hisobot (1980), ilgari docklandlarning 150 gektaridan (380 gektar) aralash foydalanish uchun qayta qurishni keng taklif qilmoqda (taklifga o'xshash, lekin 1976 yilda dock yopilishi haqida birinchi marta e'lon qilinganda rad etilgan). Biroq, ularning tadqiqotlari ifloslangan suv va ifloslangan erlar, toshqinlardan himoyalanishning etarli emasligi va tozalash va melioratsiya uchun katta xarajatlarga olib keladigan infratuzilmaning etishmasligi kabi bir qator muhim cheklovlarni aniqladi. Tadqiqotda, shuningdek, har qanday qayta qurish muvaffaqiyatli bo'lishi uchun kengash va xususiy tadbirkorlik o'rtasida hamkorlik zarurligi va Vestminster tomonidan moliyalashtirishga muvofiq, Muvaffaqiyatsiz er grantlari sxema.[2]

Qayta ishlab chiqilgan sayt uchun "Riversway" nomi berilishi kerak edi, chunki u asosan daryoning asl yo'nalishi bo'lgan quruqlikda qurilishi kerak edi va kengash qayta qurish bo'yicha batafsil takliflarni ishlab chiqarish uchun milliy va mahalliy konsortsiumlardan takliflarni taklif qila boshladi. Loyihaning kattaligi va u bilan bog'liq bo'lgan cheklovlar tufayli jarayon cho'zilib ketdi va 1985 yilgacha London va Londonning Xolder Matias (me'morlari) tomonidan taqdim etilgan reja tanlandi. Balfour Bitti korporatsiya. Rejada shimolning qadimgi qirg'og'ini chakana foydalanish uchun, janubiy qirg'og'ini turar-joy binolari uchun qayta qurish va havzani ochiq marshrutga ega bo'lish taklif qilingan edi. Riverswayning g'arbiy qismida, taxminiy ravishda "Riversway West" deb nomlangan hudud kelajakda tijorat va yengil sanoat maqsadlarida foydalanilishi mumkin. Rejaning umumiy strategiyasi shundan iborat edi: tozalash, melioratsiya va infratuzilma ishlari yakka tartibdagi maydonni qayta qurish uchun xususiy sektor tomonidan sarmoyalarni jalb qilish uchun darhol boshlanadi. Taklifning sharti shundaki, Balfour Beatty yo'l infratuzilmasi loyihasini moliyalashtirish evaziga dock havzasining shimolida va sharqida joylashgan asosiy qirg'oq hududida rivojlanish huquqlarini saqlab qoldi.[2]

Rejada havzaning shimoliy tomoni bo'ylab mavjud docklands temir yo'lining qimmatbaho rivojlanish joylari egallaganligi va temir yo'l Ribble qirg'og'i bo'ylab dokning janubiy vodiysi orqasida yo'naltirilishi aniqlandi. Buning uchun pulni tejash maqsadida temir yo'l yo'llari yo'lning o'rtasidan o'tib ketadigan qulfga kirish joyi bo'ylab 1000 tonna (980 uzunlikdagi tonna; 1100 qisqa tonnalik) ochiladigan ko'prik qurilishi kerak edi. Yangi infratuzilmaning qurilishi 1985 yilda boshlangan va umuman sharqdan g'arbga qarab davom etgan va 1992 yilgacha davom etgan.[2] Yangi yo'llar qurildi, jumladan:

  • "Mariners Way", Ribble-ning dastlabki yo'nalishidan so'ng, havzaning shimoliy qirg'og'i bo'ylab Waters Lane-ga parallel ravishda harakatlanadi.
  • "Navigatsiya yo'li", Ribble shimoliy qirg'og'i va havzaning janubiy qirg'og'i o'rtasida parallel ravishda, havzaning g'arbiy tomonidagi yangi burilish ko'prigi bo'ylab va Mariners Way-ga qo'shilgan.
  • "Port Vay", Ribble shimoliy qirg'og'i bo'ylab Strand yo'lidan sharqqa (1820-yillar porti joylashgan joyning qarama-qarshi tomoni) va havzaning sharqiy uchi bo'ylab shimolga burilib, Waters Lane-ga qo'shilib, Mariner yo'liga kirishni ta'minlaydi.
  • "Pedders Way", Waters Lane-dan havzaning g'arbiy uchigacha, Mariners Way va Navigation Way-ga, shuningdek Chain Caul Way-dagi mavjud sanoat uyiga kirishni ta'minlaydi.
  • Daryo yo'liga sharqiy yo'nalishda harakatlanishni ta'minlash uchun A59 dan Strand yo'li yaqinidagi g'arbiy yo'nalishda harakatlanadigan "Channel Way", u Port-Wayning shimoliy uchiga (shuningdek, Ribble-ning asl yo'nalishidan keyin) Strand Road-ga boradi. shuningdek, Riversueyning sharqida joylashgan potentsial yangi biznes parkiga kirishni ta'minlash.

Dockning asl binolaridan atigi to'rttasi[e] saqlanib qoldi:[2]

  • Havzaning janubiy tomonidagi №3 to'kilgan uy, "Viktoriya qasrlari" sifatida foydalanishga mo'ljallangan
  • Dok yo'lidagi bojxona uyi
  • Pedders Way tashqarisidagi transport feribot xizmati idorasi (keyinchalik yangi rivojlanish uchun buzilgan)
  • Gelgit havzasi yonidagi asl nasos uyi binosi (keyinchalik yangi rivojlanish uchun buzilgan)

1987 yil iyul oyida Riversway ochilishidan so'ng,[22] yangi korxonalar ochilishidan va mavjud korxonalarni ko'chirishdan 2000 dan ortiq ish o'rinlari yaratildi. Keyingi rivojlanish natijasida 1989 yildan boshlanadigan turar joylar va g'arbdagi yangi sanoat zonasi 1992 yilda qurilgan.[2]

Sog'liq uchun xavfli

Siyanobakteriyalar

Dockning janubi-g'arbiy qismida saqlanib qolgan kran. Uning oldida qadimgi aravachali shamshir bor. Moviy-yashil suv o'tlari suvning rangini o'zgartirmoqda

Dock ishchi port sifatida yopilgandan beri, havzaning suvlari tez-tez gullashdan aziyat chekmoqda ko'k-yashil suv o'tlari odamlar va hayvonlar uchun zaharli bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan (siyanobakteriyalar). Muammoni davolash va suv sifatini yaxshilashga qaratilgan bir necha bor urinishlarga qaramay, avj olish hali ham davom etmoqda va eng issiq oylarda kuzatilmoqda va havzaning atrofida belgi osilgan. Preston shahar kengashi suzishdan ogohlantirish (shu jumladan uy hayvonlari).[23][24]

Sanoat chiqindilari

Avvalgi ro'mollarni qayta qurish sanoat tomonidan ifloslangan erlarni olib tashlashga olib keldi. Eng tejamli echim shahar tomonidan litsenziyalangan maqsadli chiqindilarni maydonini yaratish deb hisoblandi Chiqindilarni yo'q qilish idorasi, asosiy rivojlanish g'arbidagi daryo bo'yida. Kontaminatsiyalangan tuproqlar loy bilan o'ralgan xujayralarga muhrlanib, ustiga yopilgan va tafsilotlar kengash tomonidan olib borilgan ifloslangan er reestriga yozilgan.[2]

2002–03 yillarda kengash ushbu erdagi tuproq va er osti suvlari sharoitlari bo'yicha keng ko'lamli tekshiruv o'tkazdi va havza va daryo suvni saqlash kameralaridan oqish uchun namuna oldi. Albert Edvard Dock yoki Ribble daryosini kimyoviy konsentratsiyasi pastligi sababli himoya qilish uchun qo'shimcha tuzatish ishlari talab qilinmaganligi haqida xabar berildi. Qolaversa, qolgan uglevodorodlarni qazib olish bo'yicha xarajatlar va foyda tahlili daryoning ekologik sifatiga ozgina foyda keltirgan holda juda qimmatga tushgan bo'lar edi. Shuning uchun, topilgan natijalar va Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi ushbu tergov yakunlandi.[25]

Tarixiy inshootlar

Qayiqni qulflash

Albert Edvard havzasining g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Bull Burun, bir qator eshiklarni qulflash havza ichidagi doimiy suv sathini saqlab turish va Ribble daryosiga kemalar uchun kirish va chiqishni ta'minlash. Qulf eshiklari 18 metr kenglikdagi kemalarni havzaga kiritishiga imkon beradi. Darvozalar - bu docklar 1880-1890 yillarda qurilganida o'rnatilgan asl buyumlar va ular Greenheart asosiy yog'ochlari va Iroko taxtalaridan yasalgan. Har bir darvozaning og'irligi 98 tonnani tashkil qiladi.[12]

Birinchi bitta juft darvoza suv oqimini havzasida Ribble daryosidan ajratib turadi, bu suv oqimining minimal ish chuqurligini saqlab turishi uchun, daryoda suv sathi juda past bo'lganida, dengizda kemalar sayohat qilishlari uchun ular gelgit havzasida qolishlari va ro'mol bo'ylab qimmatbaho joyni egallamasliklari mumkin. Asosiy qulf - bu to'lqin havzasini asosiy yuk havzasidan ajratib turadigan, qisqa kanalning har bir uchida joylashgan ikkita juft eshik. Gelgit havzasidan kemalar qulfga kirganda, agar suv sathi asosiy havzaning darajasidan pastroq bo'lsa, suv quyiladi va ichki eshiklar ochilgandan so'ng idish idishni davom ettirishi mumkin. Kemalar asosiy havzadan qulfga kirganda, agar suv sathi gelgit havzasi darajasidan yuqori bo'lsa, suv pompalanadi va tashqi eshiklar ochilgandan keyin idish gelgit havzasida davom etishi mumkin. Qulf asosiy kemaga kirish uchun taxminan 200 metrdan (660 fut) ko'proq masofani cheklaydi.

Preston Dock yopilgandan so'ng, qattiq bo'ronlar va juda baland suv toshqinlari paytida toshqinlarni to'xtatish uchun 1982-1985 yillarda toshqinlarni yumshatish ishlari boshlandi;[f] daryodan to g'alay havzasigacha bo'lgan eshiklar o'rnini o'zgartirib, bo'ron eshiklari vazifasini o'tashi uchun yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi va toshqin qirg'oqlari daryo bo'yida 8 metr (26 fut) balandlikda qurildi. yuqoridagi qurol-yarog ' (AOD). Ushbu ishlar davomida barcha eshiklar yangilandi, buning uchun qulf yaqinida janubiy qirg'oq bo'ylab katta 100 tonna (110 tonna) kran qurildi va 1985 yilda yangi boshqaruv minorasi binosi ochildi (u ham burilish ko'prigini boshqaradi). , Preston shahar kengashi tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan operatsiyalar bilan.[2]

Qayiqni qulflash shu kungacha ishlamoqda va docklarni qayta qurish natijasida qurilgan Preston Marina-ga kirish imkoniyatini beradi. Darvozalar bir soat oldin ochilishi mumkin Yuqori suv ("Liverpul" ) va shu vaqtdan keyin ikki soatgacha ochiq turing. Yoz va qishda turli xil ish jadvallari ishlaydi. Ushbu soatlardan tashqarida kelgan kemalar qulflash xonasida yotar joyida qolishi va eshikning keyingi ochilishini kutishi mumkin. Qulf 24 soat ishlashni ta'minlamaydi; boshqaruv minorasi bilan bog'lanish mumkin VHF 16-kanal.[26]

Docklands temir yo'li

Preston Dockdagi parovoz, 1968 yil
Ning saqlanib qolgan bug 'lokomotivi Ribble bug 'temir yo'li Preston Docks belanchak ko'prigidan o'tish

1845 yilda Viktoriya Kvaydagi eski doklarni Prestonning asosiy temir yo'l stantsiyasiga bog'laydigan temir yo'l liniyasi qurildi[g] Ko'pgina docklardan farqli o'laroq tor kalibrli temir yo'llardan, Prestonning dokland temir yo'lidan foydalanilgan standart o'lchov trassasi, yuklarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va undan yo'naltirishga imkon beradi asosiy yo'nalish boshqasiga o'tkazilmasdan harakatlanuvchi tarkib. Rasmiy ravishda Preston Dock Branch Line deb nomlanuvchi yo'nalish dastlab tomonidan boshqarilgan Shimoliy Ittifoq temir yo'li 1889 yilgacha, mulk va operatsiya Preston korporatsiyasiga o'tkazilganda. Korporatsiya sakkizta kichik korxonani boshqargan tank lokomotivlari 1968 yilgacha ular xizmatida bo'lib, ular almashtirildi Sentinel dizel shunterlari, bugungi kunda Ribble Steam temir yo'lining sho'ba korxonasi bo'lgan Ribble Rail bilan ishlaydigan bitum poezdlari bilan ishlaydi. Dock cho'qqisida temir yo'l Albert Edvard havzasining shimoliy va janubiy tomonlarida bir nechta yo'llar va pervazlar bilan 43 km (27 milya) trassani tashkil etdi. A marshalling yard, engine sheds and workshops were built at the western end of the docks on the northern shore of the Ribble, which is now the site of museum and workshops of the Ribble bug 'temir yo'li (RSR).[18]

The railway remained in operation after the docks' closure, with up to nine trains per week continuing to deliver petrol to the Petrofina petroleum storage tanks on Chain Caul Way (now part of the Anchorage Business park) until the company ceased operations at this site in 1992 and the facility was demolished. This left just one company, the Lancashire Tar Distillers (also located in what is now the Anchorage Business Park), still operating rail services, with three weekly freight trains delivering crude bitumen from the from the Lindsi neftni qayta ishlash zavodi yilda Linkolnshir to the distilling plant, and empty trains returning to the Lincolnshire refinery from the Preston Docks.[h] However, in 1995 the company switched to road transportation and the trains stopped until 2004, when the plant was sold to Total UK and rail operations recommenced.[2][27][18]

The redevelopment of the docks in the 1980s led to removal of much of the rail lines, but in 1985 a single line was built across the new Preston Docks swing bridge which ran along the north bank of the Ribble and rejoined the existing line near the o'tish joyi on Strand Road. This section of the line is utilised by the RSR which operates regular trips on preserved rolling stock on weekends from April through to September, and special trains during the winter holiday season.[28]

Parom xizmatlari

In 1948 the Atlantic Steam Navigation company established a passenger and vehicular ferry service operating from the Preston Docks to Larne yilda Antrim okrugi, Shimoliy Irlandiya. The company utilised surplus World War Two military vessels known as Landing kema, tank (LST), to be the world' first commercial yoyish / tarqatish ("RoRo") ferry service.[men] The service, operating three times a week, proved an immediate success and in 1950 the company commenced a second service to Belfast.[29]

Atlantic Steam Navigation were nationalised in 1954, and operated under the trading names of 'Transport Ferry Service' and the 'Continental Line' and in 1957 the first of a number of new vessels, Bardik, came into service. This was the first purpose-built commercial RoRo ferry in the UK, and was soon followed by Dorik va Ionik. The company also provided limited services to:[30]

Services were disrupted in a prolonged strike at the Preston Docks in 1969, and the company began looking for a new site to locate its operations. In 1973 the company moved its Larne service to its newly-purchased site at Cairnryan (yaqin Stranraer ) ichida Shotlandiya.[31] The Belfast service continued operating from Preston until its cancellation in 1975, signalling the end of scheduled ferry services from the Preston Docks.

Leisure excursions

The dock also provided berthing facilities for leisure traffic, with several paddle steamers offering day trips to several destinations including Mersisayd, Fydle coast, Shimoliy Uels va Men oroli.

The Ribble Passenger Transport Co. had two vessels named Ribble Queen based in Preston. Asl nusxa Ribble Queen was a twin-screw steamer built in 1903, which operated between 1903 and 1905. The second, Ribble Queen 2, was an older paddle steamer, the former PSGrinor built in 1896, which was purchased from the London va Shimoliy G'arbiy temir yo'l in 1922 and operated until 1925. These vessels provided excursion services to Sautport va "Liverpul" but neither were successful.[32]

Excursion services to "Blekpul" was a far more popular route, especially during the Uyg'onish haftasi bayramlar. Palovka Nelson, built by the William Allsup shipyards in 1875 for the South Blackpool Jetty Co., operated to Blackpool's South Pier[33] Another company, the Blackpool Passenger Steamboat Co., which had the largest fleet of excursion vessels in Blackpool, provided trips to and from Blackpool's North Pier on the paddle steamer Tovuz from 1895 until the outbreak of the First World War, during which it served as a minalar tozalash vositasi.[34][35]

Another paddle steamer that operated out of Preston Dock was Bickerstaffe, also of the Blackpool Passenger Steamboat Co., which was used extensively during the 1911 railway strike to ferry passengers between Preston and Blackpool.[36] Yoqdi Tovuz, it was also pressed into service as minesweeper in World War I.[37]

Kema buzilishi

1894 yilda Sheffild sanoatchi Thomas W Ward opened his first ship breaking yard at Preston docks.[38] Ward had a contract with the Qirollik floti and many former warships were broken up after the First World War, including the battleships HMSDominion va HMSHindiston, kreyserlar HMSOtishma va HMSSutlej va yo'q qiluvchilar HMSNith va HMSRibble. Merchant and passenger vessels broken up at the yard included SSHalab va RMSEtruriya. Furniture, fittings and equipment removed from the ships would be traded at Ward's showroom in Sheffield. The weight of the ships' parts had been known to topple cranes, causing the death of a Preston worker in the 1950s.[39]

Demand for scrap fell in the 1960s and the yard faced increasing competition from breakers in India, Bangladesh and the Far East, which enjoyed the financial benefits of extremely low wages and lack of safety regulations, and Ward's business declined.[40] The yard ceased operating in 1970[41] with one of the last major vessels scrapped being the former Second World War destroyer HMSTutilish, which arrived for breaking on 20 November 1956.[42]

Kema qurilishi

Paroxodlik Moruya, built by the William Allsup Calendonian shipyard, 1906

Following construction of the Victoria Quay, there was a boom in shipbuilding along the Ribble, with a number of tersaneler constructed north and south of the new wharves.[43] The earliest known vessel constructed at these new yards was the paddle steamer Korxona, launched in 1834 for the Mersey ferry service Liverpulda. The Preston Iron Shipbuilding Co. had a yard to the south of the quays, possibly operating from as early as 1845,[44] with eight vessels recorded as being built between 1865–1867.[45]

The most success of Preston's shipbuilders was William Allsop (as he was originally known). Allsop had been a millwright and engineer employed in the town's cotton trade and in 1854 entered into a partnership with a "Mr. Watson" to form the Calendonian Works. In 1873 Allsup (as he was now known) transferred title to his sons and the company became William Allsup & Sons Ltd Shipbuilders, Engineers and Iron Founders (no record can be found as to what became of Watson) and established three shipyards along the Ribble, specialising in vessels made from iron.[10] Records show at least 26 ships being built,[46] including the passenger steamer SS Toroa in 1899, which ran aground in 1916 off Babbit Island, Tasmaniya, Avstraliya, barcha qo'llarni yo'qotish bilan.[47] In 1899 it was reported that Allsup's main yard was destroyed in a fire,[48] but the company continued to build vessels until at least 1902.[49]

The shipbuilding industry was not without its dangers. On 9 April 1884 during a launch of an iron steamer from the Allsup yards the supporting gear snapped and the vessel fell upon five workers; one was immediately killed, another died a few hours later and two more died the following day.[50] The sole survivor, a riveter named Holmes, was reported as being in a critical condition on 12 April, his fate thereafter unknown.[51]

Due to a shortage of steel during the First World War, land was leased from Preston Corporation in 1914 by the Hughes and Stirling Concrete Ship Yards for four slipways north of the Bull Nose for the construction of ferro-concrete ships. Orders were placed for ten 700-ton barges to transport iron ore to Britain from Spain. However, demand for the vessels fell following the cessation of hostilities and only two of the barges were completed and launched, Cretemanor (PD110) in September 1919 and Cretemoor (PD 112) in January 1920. The order for the other six vessels was cancelled but work had commenced on two further hulls which were abandoned, and they remained near the old slipways until the 1980s.[52]The site was then taken over by Mr H.C. Ritchie of Liverpool, who had developed the pre-cast construction method that the Hughes and Stirling yard used, operating as Ritchie Concrete Engineering and Shipbuilding Company.[53] The only record found for vessels constructed by the yard under this name was a small qirg'oq bo'yi Burscough but its life was very short; built in 1921, it was stripped of all salvageable metal parts in 1924 by the Preston kema buzuvchilar T.V. Palata and its concrete hull towed to the Men oroli where it was sunk and used as the foundation for a jetty.[54]

Boshqalar

Aside from facilities for the loading, unloading and temporary storage of general cargo and bulk cargo such as timber, the docks provided the following specialised infrastructure:[2]

  • Bitumen distillation: In or around 1929 the Lancashire Tar Distillers company constructed a refinery for the distillation of bitumen, located off Chain Caul Way. In 2004 the company was sold to the petroleum company Total UK and the facility is still in use today. The docklands railways is still being utilised for the transport of crude bitumen to these facilities.
  • Petroleum storage: In 1914 large oil and petroleum storage tanks were built in the north west area of the docklands, which were operated by Petrofino until the company ceased operations at this site in 1992, and the storage tanks were demolished. The docklands railway was utilised for the transport of petroleum to and from these facilities.

From October 1982 to November 1990 the former Isle of Man passenger vessel TSSManxman was moored at Preston Dock. Originally purchased to be used as a museum and visitor centre, the vessel was converted for use as a suzuvchi restoran va bar. Upon expiration of its mooring contract the vessel was towed to Liverpool.[55]

Further facilities included a hydraulic power house and a hospital.[2]

Yangi inshootlar

Following the closure of the Port of Preston in 1981, the docks have been redeveloped and now provide the following facilities:

Anchorage Business Park

The Total UK tar refinery on Chain Caul Way

Developed from the original industrial estate located along Chain Caul Way to the west of Riversway is the Anchorage Business Park, named after the Preston's original mooring and wharves that dated back to pre-Industrial Revolution times. Also known as Riversway West, it is a biznes-park with around twenty to thirty small to medium businesses and light industry, including:

  • Booths Distribution and Manufacturing Centre
  • Builders Supplies West Coast
  • CEMEX Preston Concrete Plant
  • Key Engineering and Hygiene Supplies
  • Lustalux Ltd Window Film
  • Makro Preston
  • Marquis Motorhomes & Caravans Lancashire
  • Ridecraft UK
  • Total UK Ltd Bitumen Division
  • The Vella Group Repair Centre

Further to the west are a number of car dealerships, including:

  • Arnold Clark Preston Renault & Dacia
  • Marshall Mercedes-Benz of Preston
  • Preston Audi
  • Simpsons Skoda Preston
  • Vantage Toyota Preston

Preston Marina

Preston Marina with the Riversway retail park in the background

Jamoat Marina, the Preston Marina, is located in the western end of Albert Edward Basin.[56]

Following closure of the docks, buoy moorings were installed in 1987 and operations as public marina began. In 1988–89 a building containing a cafe, ovqat idishlari va a kema vositachisi was constructed, along with the installation of pontoon berths for 75 craft and a wave attenuator (floating shield) to protect moored vessels. In 1991, 26 additional pontoon berths were installed and a further 24 in 1992.[2] A dry storage and sales yard was built on the opposite side of Navigation Way, on the northeastern banks of the tidal basin.

An Italian cafe and bar, Baffito's, used to operate at the marina, but this closed in September–October 2019 following complaints of anti-social behaviour.[57]

The marina is home to large numbers of a diverse range of sea birds, some of which nest in facilities specifically placed to encourage their breeding.

Aholi yashash joyi

Preston Manina with residential apartments along Navigation Way in the background

Development of the residential area along the south of the basin began in 1989 when the council held a limited competition for architect and developer consortia for the construction of the dock's residential areas. The competition was won by a team of local architects, Brock Carmichael Associated, partnering with the Staffordshire development company Lovell Urban Renewal Ltd. Construction began in 1990 but the project was shelved after the first phase due to a recession in the housing market. The work was finally completed in 1995 by a subsidiary company, Lovell Housing, to a much modified version of the original concept more suited to the current market. The estate is known as Victoria Quay, after the early-1880s docks, and further street names continue the nautical theme adopted for the Riversway redevelopment.

Conversion of the former Shed No. 3 into Victoria Mansions was carried out by a Preston Company Tustin Developments, who also constructed the houses and flats immediately to the west. Further residential development commenced in 1997 with Wainhomes constructing 72 houses south of the tidal basin, along with Newfield Jones constructing a number flats and houses east of Victoria Mansions.[2]

Riversway Retail Park

The lighthouse in front of Morrisons Riversway

The main feature of the Riversway redevelopment is a large chakana savdo parki, Riversway, which was the first area within the former docklands to reopen in 1987. Located on the northern shore of the Albert Edward basin, it includes:

At the northeastern end of the basin is a leisure and entertainment complex, with an Odeon cinema and a Chikuito Tex-Mex restaurant, and across Port Way is a Kentukki qovurilgan tovuqi fast food restaurant and a Fitness birinchi gimnaziya.

Bir qator avtosalonlar are located on the eastern fringe of Riversway along Port Way, including:

  • Bowker BMW Preston
  • Motordepot Car Supermarket
  • Preston Motor Park, located on the opposite side of Port Way

Sobiq do'konlar

Belgilangan joylar

Taniqli binolar

Harbour House at night
Old Docks House, with its distinctive art deco clock tower
  • Harbour House: located on the eastern end of the Albert Edward basin, Harbour House is the offices of a number of businesses including the Community Gateway Association, a non-profit organisation that provides public housing.[59]
  • Lighthouse: while various navigation aids were located around the Preston Docks and along the Ribble, the lighthouse that stands in the Riversway Retail Park in front of the Morrisons supermarket is not a preserved feature of the old docks; it is a replica, built in 1986 after the docks closed to shipping. It was built by Morrison's to "guide shoppers to their new supermarket and to mark Preston's maritime past"[k]
  • Old Docks House: located at the intersection of Waters Lane and Port Way on the northeastern edge of Riversway, is Old Docks House. Built in 1936 in the Art Deco style and featuring a central clock tower, this building used to hold the offices of the Port of Preston. During the Second World War when Preston Dock was commandeered by the military, it was used as a marshalling post for the D-Day landings. More recently it has been used by telemarketing companies but is now xizmat ko'rsatiladigan ofislar.[6]

Preserved features

Nelson safe water landfall buoy ("bell boat buoy") on Port Way

A number of the dock's original features have been preserved, including:

  • Buoys: large mooring buoys of varying sizes are located on the northern and southern docks at the western of the basin. Asl navigation buoys are still in use in the basin.
  • Loading crane: often mistaken for a crane that was used to load cargo onto vessels (these, along with other assets, were sold when the dock closed), this distinctive blue and orange crane was actually installed in 1958 to lift the lock gates. Large flotation devices were fitted to each side of a gate and the gate was floated out of its fittings and brought to the crane for lifting. The crane has a 100-tonne capacity and is still used today to lift vessels from the water.[12]
  • 'Nelson' bell boat buoys: at the eastern and western entrances to the Riversway, are "bell boat buoys" which bear the name 'Nelson'. The boats' locations on Port Way and Pedders Ways mark the original course of River Ribble, which was diverted for the construction of the docks. The boat buoys, or more correctly, Nelson Safe Water Mooring and Landfall Buoys, were purchased by the Preston Corporation in 1890 from Irish Lights Commissioners and moored on the Ribble estuary off Lytham (where the dock's uchuvchilar were based) to mark the position of the "Nelson safe water” at the entrance to the Penfold Channel. The boats had a large bell that rang from the rocking of the waves and had lights powered by acetylene gas. In 1931, they were fitted with compressed carbon dioxide apparatus which enabled the bells to be automatically rung every half a minute, even in calm weather.[6][60]

Along the docks and nearby banks of the Ribble can be found old mooring facilities, and remnants of the old shipyards can be found near the site of the Preston Sea Cadets.

Yovvoyi tabiat

The dock basin is home to a variety of bird wildlife with ducks, tuklar va kormorantlar yashash joyida. Swans and various gulls spend time on the dock and herons may be seen feeding nearby in the river. In 2010 members of the Fylde Bird Club installed a number of gravel-filled tyres and slate shelters on the pontoons at the Preston Marina to attract oddiy terns and entice them to breed.[61] The project proved to a success and was followed by the club and local schools building over 170 breeding boxes to attract more birds. In 2017 it was reported that 130 pairs of common terns and four pairs of Arktika ternlari are nesting at the docks.[62]

Fish inhabiting the dock include eels and flounder, and freshwater species such as roach, chub and bream have been caught, as have sea trout and salmon.[2]

Faoliyat va diqqatga sazovor joylar

  • The Preston Dragons are an amateur ajdaho qayig'i racing club based at the Preston Marina
  • The Ribble bug 'temir yo'li is located at the north-western end of the docks.
  • Preston Docks Motocross (MX) is located off Wallend Road, approximately 1.7 km (1.1 mi) to the west of Preston Marina
  • The Preston Guild Wheel is a 34 km (21 mi) walking and cycling route encircling Preston. Parts of the path follows the banks of the River Ribble and passes near the Preston Docks. It is a popular destination, especially in warmer weather, for local cyclists, joggers, dog-walkers and for those who enjoy a peaceful stroll.
  • Annual regattas for pulling boats staged by the Preston Sea Cadets
  • The banks of the Ribble at the Bull Nose has become a popular location for anglers

Ommaviy axborot vositalarida paydo bo'lishi

  • In 1982 the Preston Dock and TSS Manxman, then a floating restaurant moored in the basin, were the location of a TV commercial for American Express credit cards.[63]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ The course of the Moorbrook, also historically referred to as the Moor Brook, was interrupted during Preston's history in the 18th and 19th centuries. Prior to the construction of the Lancaster Canal in 1792-1797, the Moorbrook flowed westward from what is now the A6 North Road, following a course that ran parallel to Aqueduct Street and Waters Lane, then through the northern edge of an area known as Preston Marsh (located on northeast bank of the Ribble, around the junction of what is now Strand Road and Waters Lane) to enter the Ribble further west at Marsh End, just to the east of where Morrisons supermarket is now located on Mariners Way. On the opposite (i.e. southern) bank of the Ribble was an area known as Penwortham Marsh which would flood during spring tides, increasing the size of this "natural basin", and it was here on the river's northern bank that Preston's original wharves were located. The reclamation work and the construction of retaining walls by the Ribble Navigation Company in the mid 1800s stabilised the river's banks and diminished the size of this basin, but by then the New Quays had been built. The diversion of the Ribble in the 1880s for the construction of the Albert Edward Basin and the reclamation of land along the river's north shore for the new docks resulted in the Moorbrook - or what little of it by then remained - no longer flowing into the Ribble.[9]
  2. ^ The Ribble has a number of channels, the main shipping channel being the Gut which runs 19 kilometres (12 mi) to the Ribble Estuary where it branches into a number of channels of varying depths into the Irish Sea. From 1850 these included the New (or South) Gut, listed with a depth of 6.7–8.8 metres (22–29 ft) at high-water, and the shallower Penfold Channel, listed at 5.5 metres (18 ft) at high-water.[11] For more information, refer Report on the Evolution of The Ribble Estuary
  3. ^ Regarding metric measurements: Muhandislik jadvallari reports the dock's dimensions as "914m long by 183m wide",[1] which converts to 2998.69 by 600.39 feet. However, original plans for the dock show Imperial measurements of 3000 by 600 feet; therefore any discrepancies in this or other conversions to metric should be ignored and the original Imperial measurements should be considered as canon.
  4. ^ The number of ships visiting the port in 1975 was recorded at 675 but fell to 538 just one year later.[19]
  5. ^ Some websites state that the lighthouse located in front of the Morrisons supermarket is an original from the Preston Docks; however, this is a replica constructed in 1986.[21]
  6. ^ In 1977 a combination of high river levels and strong westerly winds blowing a high tide in to the Ribble estuary resulted in the flooding of large areas of the docklands.[2]
  7. ^ Although only a little over a half mile in length, the docklands branch line posed some problems in its construction and operation. A steep-sided cutting and tunnel had to be dug under Fishergate and West Cliff Terrace and the new line was a rather sharp curve, which limited the wheelbase of the locomotives and wagons that could be used. The line was also quite steep, with a 1:29 gradient. This limited the weight of the trains, as they needed to be held under brakes down the hill, and locomotives required sufficient power to haul the trains up the hill (and the more powerful locomotives were usually the biggest, often too long for the sharply curving track). This was an on-going problem which limited freight operations until the 1990s, when a more modern class of locomotive was finally introduced.[27]
  8. ^ The trains travel overnight from the refinery to Preston via Xebden ko'prigi in heated tankers which maintain the crude bitumen to between 160–180 °C (320–356 °F) to stop it from hardening. Prior to 1995 (when road transport was temporarily utilised) each train would normally comprise seven and occasionally up ten tankers, each with a loaded weight of 102 tonnes (100 long tons; 112 short tons), for a total haulage of around 700–1,000 tonnes (690–980 long tons; 770–1,100 short tons) per train. In 2004 when rail operations resumed the new 10-year contract upgraded the required amount of bitumen to 110,000 tonnes (110,000 long tons; 120,000 short tons) per annum; as a result the number of tankers increased to ten or twelve, for a total haulage of 1,000–1,200 tonnes (980–1,180 long tons; 1,100–1,300 short tons) per train. In 2010 a new design of tanker was introduced with an increased load capacity of 74 tonnes (73 long tons; 82 short tons) and able to hold the crude bitumen at a more constant temperature. A more powerful locomotive was brought into service, with each train now comprising fourteen or fifteen tankers for a total haulage of 1,400–1,500 tonnes (1,400–1,500 long tons; 1,500–1,700 short tons). The tankers are hauled by a main line locomotive to a siding off Port Way, where they are collected by a historic Sentinel diesel shunter (which previously operated on the docklands railways in the 1960s) and delivered to the processing plant on Chain Caul Way.[27]
  9. ^ The company also utilised floating pontoons from the "Mulberry harbours" bu Ittifoqchilar built on the Normandy beaches for the D-Day landings of 1944, which the LSTs used to deliver their wartime cargo, to load vehicles onto these repurposed vessels.[6]
  10. ^ This store closed in January 2020 after the company went into administration in November 2019.[58] As at 28 February 2020 this premise remains vacant.
  11. ^ The Lancashire Evening Post in 1986 reported "The new lighthouse, strictly for landlubbers, was built from the ruins of the old port of Preston to steer shoppers in to the new Riversway store. The full scale model was intended to remind people of the city's maritime past and was intended for use in promotional activities and VIP visits."[21]

Adabiyotlar

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  3. ^ "Collections - Archaeology". Harris Museum, Art Gallery & Library. Olingan 22 fevral 2020.
  4. ^ Lug'at
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  9. ^ Information derived from various historic maps of Preston viewed at Harris Museum and Public Library, and from Lancashire County Council Maps and Related Information Online (MARIO). 26 fevral 2020 yil.
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  28. ^ "Operating Days". Ribble Steam Railway and Museum. Olingan 24 fevral 2020.
  29. ^ "Former ferries of NI Pt.2: From Atlantic Steam Navigation to P&O". NI parom sayti. Olingan 24 fevral 2020.
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  31. ^ "Larne Port - History". Port of Larne. Olingan 24 fevral 2020.
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  48. ^ Cheltenham Chronicle, 4th March 1899
  49. ^ "Vessel List (Preston)". Yuk tashish va kemasozlik. Olingan 26 fevral 2020.
  50. ^ Shields Daily Gazette, 10th April 1884
  51. ^ Worcestershire Chronicle, 12th April 1884
  52. ^ "Hughes and Stirling Concrete Ship Yards, Preston Dock c.1920". Preston Digital Archive. 2016 yil 2 sentyabr. Olingan 26 fevral 2020.
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  58. ^ Elias Jahshan (8 November 2019). "2800 jobs affected, 79 stores to shut as Mothercare falls into administration". Chakana gazeta. Olingan 28 fevral 2020.
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  60. ^ "New Life For Historic Buoys". Maritime Journal (). 2010 yil 21-may. Olingan 22 fevral 2020.
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