Radio Karolin - Radio Caroline

Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Radio Karolin (ajralish).

Radio Karolin tomonidan 1964 yilda tashkil etilgan ingliz radiostansiyasi Ronan O'Rahilly Dastlab ovoz yozish kompaniyalarining mashhur musiqiy eshittirishlarni boshqarishini chetlab o'tish Birlashgan Qirollik va BBC radioeshittirish monopoliyasi.[1] Dastlabki hayotining ko'p qismida har qanday hukumat tomonidan litsenziyasiz, bu a qaroqchi radiosi har qanday milliy yurisdiksiyadan tashqarida ishlash tufayli hech qachon noqonuniy bo'lmagan stantsiya Dengiz huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun (1967) ingliz sub'ektining u bilan birlashishi noqonuniy bo'ldi.

Radio Caroline nomi 1964 yildan 1990 yilgacha uch xil egalari bo'lgan beshta turli kemalardan foydalangan holda xalqaro suvdan va 1998 yildan 2013 yilgacha sun'iy yo'ldosh orqali efirga uzatishda ishlatilgan. 2000 yil 19 avgustdan boshlab radio karolinasi kuniga 24 soat efirga uzatilgan. Internet va vaqti-vaqti bilan cheklangan xizmat litsenziyasi. Ayni paytda ular efirga uzatilmoqda DAB radiosi Buyuk Britaniyaning ayrim hududlarida: ushbu xizmatlar Ofcom kichik ko'lamli DAB + sinovlar. Kerolinni DAB + da eshitishingiz mumkin Aldershot, Birmingem, Kembrij, Brayton, Glazgo, Norvich, London,[2] Portsmut, Pulton-le-Fild va Woking.

2017 yil may oyida, Ofcom stantsiyani taqdirladi AM guruhi Suffolk va shimoliy Essexga translyatsiya qilish uchun jamoat litsenziyasi;[3] to'la vaqtli eshittirish, ilgari ortiqcha bo'lgan Jahon xizmatining uzatuvchi ustuni orqali Orford Ness, 2017 yil 22-dekabrda boshlangan.[4]

Radio Caroline 1960-yillardan zamonaviygacha musiqa tarqatadi va bunga alohida e'tibor beradi albomga yo'naltirilgan tosh (AOR) va "diqqat bilan tanlangan albomlar" dan "yangi" musiqa. 2016 yil 1 yanvarda "Caroline Flashback" deb nomlangan ikkinchi kanal ishga tushirildi, u 1950 yillarning oxiridan 1980 yillarning boshigacha pop musiqasini ijro etdi.

1964–1968

Eshittirish maydoniBirlashgan Qirollik, Irlandiya Respublikasi, Evropaning kontinental qismlari
Shior"Radio Caroline on 199, butun kunlik musiqa stantsiyangiz" (1960-yillar)

"Sevgi, tinchlik va yaxshi musiqa" (1970-yillar)

"Evropaning eng yaxshi musiqa stantsiyasidagi Evropaning eng yaxshi musiqasi" (Caroline 558)
Dasturlash
FormatlashTurli xil: keng tarqalgan davr va chastotaga ko'ra: 1960-yillar: asosiy pop.

1970-yillar: Albom formati

1980-yillar: (i) 963 kHz: yangiliklar bilan formatlanmagan bepul tanlov albomi formati.

(ii) 576 kHz: yuqoridagi davom, biroz ko'proq singllar ijro etilgan. Eng ko'p ishlaydigan soatlarda yangiliklar xizmati.

(iii) 558 kHz: qattiq soatliklarga qat'iy rioya qilgan holda pop va oldiesning asosiy oqimi (olib boruvchi musiqa tanlovi yo'q). DJlar keksa odamlarga buyurtma berishni tanlashlari mumkin edi - barcha hozirgi pop-xitlar qat'iy aylanishda. Eng yuqori soatlarda yangiliklar: 7, 8, 9 am, 1 pm; 5, 6, 7 pm, sarlavhalar soat 6:30 soat 7:30 ertalab va 8:30 am.

Izohlar: Asosiy pop xizmati 576, 585 va keyin 558 kHz da qayta o'rnatilgandan so'ng, Caroline 'Overdrive' albom formatini tungi vaqtda davom ettirdi. Dastlab 963 kHz, keyin 1988 yildan - 1989 yil avgustgacha 819 kHz gacha.
Mulkchilik
EgasiPlanet Sales Ltd
Texnik ma'lumotlar
QuvvatRadio Caroline North = 10 kVt (keyinchalik 20 kVt). Radio Caroline South = 10 kVt (keyinchalik 50 kVt).

Caroline 319 = 8 kVt dan 25 kVtgacha

Caroline 558 = taxminan. 5-6 kVt

Kelib chiqishi

The MV Mi Amigo, v. 1974, 1964 yildan 1967 yilgacha bo'lgan Carol Carol South radiosining uyi

Radio Caroline irlandiyalik musiqachi menejeri va ishbilarmon tomonidan boshlangan Ronan O'Rahilly, u efirga chiqa olmaganidan keyin Lyuksemburg radiosi uchun Jorji shuhrati yozuvlari, chunki stantsiya asosiy yozuv yorliqlarini targ'ib qiluvchi homiylik qilingan dasturlarga sodiq edi: EMI, Decca, Pye va Flibs.

Skandinaviya va Gollandiyalik radio qaroqchilari tomonidan rag'batlanib, 1964 yil fevral oyida O'Raxili 702 tonnalik Daniyaning sobiq yo'lovchi paromiga ega bo'ldi. Frederikiya, u Irlandiya portidagi radio kemaga aylantirildi Grinor, O'Rahillining otasiga tegishli. Shu bilan birga, Allan Kroufordiki Atlanta loyihasi jihozlash edi MV Mi Amigo Grinorda, ikkalasi birinchilardan bo'lib efirga chiqish uchun raqobatlashdilar.[5]

Korxonani moliyaviy qo'llab-quvvatlash oltita sarmoyadorlar, jumladan, Norkross raisi Jon Sheffild, Ross Foods kompaniyasining Karl "Jimmi" Rossi va Jocelyn Stivens ning Qirolicha Radio Caroline o'zining birinchi ofisini baham ko'rgan jurnal.[6] O'Rahilly stantsiyani shunday nomladi Kerolin Kennedi, AQSh prezidentining qizi Jon F. Kennedi.[7] Xabarlarga ko'ra O'Rahilly AQShga mablag 'yig'ish sayohatida a Hayot jurnalidagi Kennedi va uning farzandlarining fotosurati Oval ofis "Caroline Radio" nomi uchun ilhom manbai bo'lib xizmat qildi. Hozirgi fotosuratda Kerolin Kennedi va uning ukasi Jon Kennedi kichik Oval ofisda raqsga tushishgan, chunki ularning otasi qarab turibdi, bu xabar O'Rahilly hukumatning o'ynoqi buzilishi deb talqin qilingan.[8][9]

Birinchi translyatsiyalar

The Frederikiya MV deb o'zgartirildi Kerolin va langar tashladi Feliksstou, Suffolk, u erda 1964 yil 27 mart, juma kuni sinov uzatishni boshladi. 28 mart shanba kuni kunduzi kunduzgi efirga uzatishni boshladi. 1520 kHz (199 metr deb e'lon qilingan) tomonidan o'tkazilgan ochilish bilan Simon Di.[10] Dastlab yozib olingan birinchi dastur mezbonlik qildi Kris Mur. Radio Karolinaning birinchi musiqiy mavzusi shu edi Jimmi McGriff "Yarim tunda yarim", a jaz standarti hammuallifi Yolg'iz rohib. 1964 yil mart oyida, Baxtlar qayd qilingan Kerolin, bu stansiyaning mavzusiga aylandi. Yarim tunda keyin Karolin Shimoliy radiosida yopiq joylarda cheklangan Ertaga dunyo. Stantsiyaning shiori edi Sizning kun bo'yi musiqa stantsiyangiz.

Gollandiyaning offshor stantsiyasi Veronika radiosi yoqilgan edi 1562 kHz va Atlanta radiosi efirga uzatildi 1493 kHz.

Radio Caroline-ning translyatsiyasi deyarli 20 ga teng edi kVt, ikkitasini bog'lash orqali erishildi 10 kVt Continental Electronics transmitterlar. Eshittirish soatlari 6 edi soat 6 gacha raqobatni oldini olish uchun pm Lyuksemburg radiosi, uzatishni 6 da boshlagan pm. Vokzal soat 8 da qaytib keldi pm va mashhur televizion dasturlar bilan raqobatlashmaslik uchun yarim tundan keyin davom etdi. Radio Caroline-ning aksariyat qismi Pop musiqa dasturlar uy bekalariga qaratilgan bo'lib, ba'zilari keyinchalik bolalarga mo'ljallangan. Jiddiy raqobatsiz, Radio Caroline kunduzgi qariyb 7 million tomoshabinga ega bo'ldi.[11]

Radio Atlanta bilan birlashish

Imperator Rosko
Imperator Rosko

1964 yil 2 iyulda Radio Atlanta va Radio Caroline kompaniyalari, Project Atlanta va Planet Productions, stansiyalar birlashishini e'lon qildilar, Krouford va O'Rahilly qo'shma direktorlar sifatida. Atlanta radiosi soat 8 da yopildi soat o'sha kuni. Uning nomi o'zgartirildi Radio Caroline South va MV Mi Amigo yopiq qoldi Frinton-Dengiz MV esa Kerolin sifatida efirga uzatiladi Radio Caroline North. MV Kerolin suzib ketdi Feliksstou uchun Men oroli, u ketayotganda translyatsiya. Bortdagi yagona translyatsiya xodimlari bo'lgan Tom Loj va Jerri Leyton. MV Kerolin janubiy uchida uning yangi langariga etib keldi Bahama banki, Ramsey Bay, 1964 yil 6-iyulda,[12] ilgari ishg'ol qilgan holatda Bahama Bank Lightship. Ikki stantsiya Britaniya orollarining katta qismini qamrab olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Keyinchalik, ba'zi dasturlar quruqlikda oldindan yozib olingan va ikkala kemadan bir vaqtning o'zida efirga uzatilgan.

1965 yil oktyabrda O'Rahili Kroufordning "MV" ga qiziqishini sotib oldi Mi Amigo va unashtirilgan Tom Loj Radio Caroline North dasturidan dasturni o'zgartirish va auditoriyani qayta tiklash uchun London radiosi. Lodj yangi DJ-larni yolladi va 1966 yil avgustiga qadar 23 million tomoshabinni tashkil etgan erkin dasturlashni joriy qildi.[iqtibos kerak ]

AQSh tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan London radiosi Angliya qirg'og'iga etib kelganida, London radiosi eshittirishni boshlashdan oldin uning savdo operatsiyasini Karolin bilan birlashtirishga muvaffaqiyatsiz urinish bo'lgan.[iqtibos kerak ]. Yangi stantsiya britaniyalik tomoshabinlarni Dallasda ishlab chiqarilgan elektron jinglli Amerika uslubidagi eng yaxshi 40 ta radio bilan tanishtirdi PAMS va darhol muvaffaqiyatga erishdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Teleradioeshittirish xodimlari

Radio Caroline-ning birinchi dasturi, 1964 yil 28 martda, tomonidan taqdim etildi Kris Mur.[13] Taqdimotchilar Toni Blekbern, Rojer Geyl, Mayk Allen, Rey Teret, Rojer kuni, Simon Di, Toni shahzoda, Spuldles Muldoon, Keyt Skues, Johnnie Walker, Robbi Deyl, Deyv Li Travis, Tommi Vens, Tom Edvards, Pol Noble, Bob Styuart va Endi Archer yaxshi tanildi. Ba'zi DJlar AQSH va Hamdo'stlik kabi mamlakatlar Grem Uebb, Imperator Rosko, Stiv Yang, Keyt Xempshir, Kolin Nikol va Norman Sent-Jon ham tinglandi. DJ Jek Spektor, ning WMCA Nyu-Yorkdagi "Yaxshi bolalar", doimiy ravishda Karolin radiosida yozib olingan. Shuningdek, AQShdan birlashtirilgan ko'rsatuvlar va yozib olingan diniy dasturlar efirga uzatildi. BBC radiosi 2 yangiliklar o'qiydigan Kolin Berri va Classic FM Nik Beyli o'z karerasini "Caroline South" radiosidagi yangiliklarni o'qishni boshladi.

Tom Loj 1964 yildan to 2012 yil vafotigacha Karolin radiosi uchun radio disk-jokeyi bo'lgan

1965 yil sentyabr oyining o'rtalarida ekipaj va DJlar MV-da Mi Amigo dam olish kunlari 1960-yillarning pop qo'shiqchisi qo'shildi Silvan Uittingem, "Biz unga tegishli emasmiz" singlini targ'ib qilish uchun kemaga tashrif buyurgan. Bo'ron boshlaganida Uittingem tenderda ketolmadi. Bir kecha tunagan yagona qo'shiqchi u dasturlarni taqdim etishda, jingalak tayyorlashda va tunda bekatni yopishda yordam berdi.[14]

Mi Amigo quruqlikda ishlaydi

1966 yil 20-yanvarda MV Mi Amigo bo'ronda langarini yo'qotib qo'ydi, suzib ketdi va Frinton-on-Sea sohiliga tushib ketdi. Ekipaj va radioeshittirish xodimlari zarar ko'rmasdan qutqarildi, ammo kemaning korpusi zarar ko'rdi va ta'mirlash ishlari olib borildi Zaandam, Niderlandiya. 31-yanvar va 1-may kunlari kemadan "Caroline South" radiosi efirga uzatildi Cheeta II, tegishli Britt Vadner Shvetsiya offshor stantsiyasi Radio Syd ichida muz bo'lganligi sababli efirga chiqmagan Boltiq dengizi.[5] The Cheeta II FM radioeshittirish uchun jihozlangan, shuning uchun unga 10 kVt quvvat beruvchi uzatgich o'rnatilgan Mi Amigo, vaqtinchalik antennani oziqlantirish. Olingan signal kam quvvatli edi, ammo Kerolin Sautning reklama daromadlari davom etishini ta'minladi.

The Mi Amigo qayta ishlangan antenna va 50 kVt quvvatga ega yangi uzatgich bilan Frinton-on-Sea ankrajiga qaytdi va 1169 kHz chastotasidagi Karolina Shimoliy radiosi bilan bir xil jingalaklarni yoqish uchun nominal ravishda 259 metrdan 18-aprelda efirni tiklashga urindi, ammo aslida 252 metr. Transmitter dastlab antenna izolyatorlari uchun juda kuchli edi. 27 aprel kuni Mi Amigo to'liq ishlay boshladi.

"Caroline South" radiosining 259 metrli signali endi London radiosining yaqinida 266 m (1133 kHz) va BBCning Nur dasturi 247m (1214 kHz) da. Keyinchalik radio Caroline North 257m (1169 kHz) ga o'tdi, lekin uni 259 deb ham atadi.

Radio City ishi

1965 yil oktyabr oyida Karolin radiosi o'z zimmasiga olishi uchun muzokaralar boshlandi Radio shahar, qaysi translyatsiya qilingan Shivering Sands Fort Fort, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi dengiz qal'asi off Kent[5] qirg'oq. Radio Caroline direktorlaridan biri, mayor Oliver Smedli, ilgari Atlanta radiosida bo'lgan, Radio City egasi, pop guruh menejeri bilan hamkorlik qilgan Reginald Kalvert va qal'aga yanada kuchli transmitter o'rnatdi. Biroq, Gerri Bishopning kitobiga ko'ra Offshore Radio ushbu transmitter eskirgan va ishlamay qolgan. Keyinchalik Smedli shartnomadan chiqib ketdi.[15]

1966 yil 20-iyunda Smedli 10 ta ishchi bilan Shivering Sands Fort-ga o'zi etkazib bergan, ammo pulini to'lamagan transmitterni qaytarib olish uchun bortga chiqdi. Ertasi kuni Kalvert Smedlining Esseksdagi Safron Uoldendagi uyiga tashrif buyurib, bosqinchilarning ketishini va transmitterning muhim qismlarini qaytarishni talab qildi. Shiddatli kurash paytida Kalvert otib o'ldirildi. Smedlining odamlari 22 iyunga qadar qal'ani egallab olishdi.[5]

Smedli 18-iyul kuni Kalvertni o'ldirishda ayblangan, ammo bu odam o'ldirish aybloviga aylantirildi. Smedlining sudi 11-oktabr kuni Chemlsford Assizesda ochilgan bo'lib, hakamlar hay'ati uni oqladi.[5]

Qonunchilik

Radio Caroline International
Eshittirish maydoniJanubiy Angliya, g'arbiy Evropa, Shimoliy Angliya, Irlandiya va Shotlandiya
Chastotanito'lqin uzunligi "259" metr deb e'lon qilingan
Dasturlash
Formatlashmashhur musiqa va yangiliklar
Mulkchilik
EgasiHaqiqiy yuridik egalik huquqini yashirish zarurati sababli huquqiy maqom noaniq.
Tarix
Birinchi efir kuni
Dengiz hujumlari to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilinganidan keyin 1967 yil 15-avgust
Texnik ma'lumotlar
Quvvat50 kVt

1967 yilda Buyuk Britaniya hukumati qaror qabul qildi Dengizchilik va hk., Broadcasting (huquqbuzarliklar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil, Buyuk Britaniyadan litsenziyasiz offshor radiostansiyada reklamani taqiqlash yoki etkazib berish. Oldinroq Jamiyat palatasi munozaralar (1966 yil iyun oyida) hukumat qaroqchilar kemalari favqulodda yuk tashish kanallariga radio chastotasi aralashuvi sababli xavfli ekanligini va chet el radiostantsiyalari va garovgirlar rassomlarga, bastakorlarga yoki ovoz yozish kompaniyalariga hech qanday gonorar to'lamaganligi sababli da'vo qilishgan. Bundan tashqari, garovgirlarning to'lqin uzunliklaridan foydalanishi xalqaro shartnomalarni ham buzganligi ta'kidlandi.[16] Manks parlamenti Tynvald, Shimoliy kemani qonun hujjatlaridan chiqarishga urinib ko'rdi, Evropa sudiga ushbu hujjatning qonuniyligi to'g'risida shikoyat qildi. Men oroli. Ikki (Radio 270 va London radiosi) Buyuk Britaniyada joylashgan qolgan to'rtta offshor stantsiyalar yopildi, ammo ikkita Karolin kemalari o'zlarining etkazib berish ishlarini Niderlandiya suvlariga ko'chirish bilan davom etdilar, bu erda litsenziyasiz kema asosida efirga uzatish 1974 yilgacha taqiqlanmagan.

Qachon dengiz va boshqalar. Teleradioeshittirishga oid huquqbuzarliklar to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil 14-avgustda qonun bo'lib qabul qilindi va Karolin radiosi Karolin Xalqaro Radiosi deb o'zgartirildi. Olti hafta o'tgach, BBC o'zining yangi milliy estrada stantsiyasini taqdim etdi Radio 1, asosan muvaffaqiyatli London radiosining offshor stantsiyasida modellashtirilgan va sobiq qaroqchi DJlarning ko'pchiligini ish bilan ta'minlagan. The BBC Light, Uchinchidan va Uy dasturlari bo'ldi Radiolar 2, 3 va 4 navbati bilan.[17]

1968 yil 3 martda radio kemalari Mi Amigo va Kerolin, kunlik translyatsiya boshlanishidan oldin samolyotga o'tirgan va ushlangan. Gollandiyalik tender kompaniyasi tomonidan xizmat ko'rsatish uchun to'lanmagan to'lovlarni ta'minlash uchun ularni qutqaruvchi kompaniya Amsterdamga olib bordi Wijsmuller Transport[5]

MOA qonun qabul qilinganidan keyin quruqlikdagi qaroqchilik stantsiyalari ko'payganligi sababli (odatda stantsiyalar yotoqxonalardan yoki kichik quvvat o'tkazgichlari bo'lgan tashqi saroylardan ishlaydi), kamida ikkita stantsiya Dublinda joylashgan Karolin nomidan foydalangan holda efirga uzatilgan. Ushbu eshittirishlar 1970-1973 yillarda bo'lib o'tdi.[18]

1970 yil: Xalqaro Shimoliy dengiz radiosi

Radio Caroline International
Eshittirish maydoniG'arbiy Evropaga turli xil joylardan translyatsiya
Chastotani244m MVt, 100.0 MGts FM, 6205 kHz SW
Dasturlash
Formatlashmashhur musiqa va yangiliklar
HamkorliklarBuyuk Britaniyaning umumiy saylov kampaniyasi paytida Shimoliy Dengiz Xalqaro Radiosi nomining qisqacha o'zgarishi, shundan so'ng stansiya asl nomiga qaytdi.
Mulkchilik
EgasiMebo Ltd
Tarix
Birinchi efir kuni
13 iyun - 1970 yil 19 iyun
Texnik ma'lumotlar
Quvvat105 kVt MVt
ERP90 kVt MVt

1970 yil 24 martda radio kemasi nomlandi Mebo II davomida Angliyaning sharqiy qirg'og'iga langar tashlagan Buyuk Britaniyada umumiy saylovlar kampaniyasi, sifatida translyatsiya qilish Shimoliy dengiz xalqaro radiosi (RNI). RNI o'rta to'lqinli, qisqa to'lqinli va FM-da ishlaydi. Uning o'rta to'lqin uzatilishi edi tiqilib qolgan Buyuk Britaniya hukumati tomonidan va 13 iyun kuni RNI Ronan O'Rahilly bilan hamkorlikda o'z nomini Radio Caroline International deb o'zgartirdi. Radio Caroline qarshi lobbichilik qildi Mehnat partiyasi, uchun Konservativ partiya va Buyuk Britaniyada litsenziyalangan tijorat radiosini joriy etish uchun. Saylovdan so'ng, RNI o'zining asl ismini davom ettirdi, ammo yangi saylangan konservativ hukumat davrida siqilish davom etdi.[19] RNI Niderlandiyadagi dastlabki langariga qaytganidan keyingina tiqilib qolish to'xtadi.

Caroline Television

Evropada yangiliklar haqida hikoyalar paydo bo'ldi[20] Karolin televideniyesi boshlanganligini e'lon qiladi[21] ikkitadan Super Constellation samolyotlardan foydalanmoqda Stratovision texnologiya. Bittasi aylana atrofida bo'lar edi Shimoliy dengiz Birlashgan Qirollik yaqinidagi xalqaro havo kosmosida, ikkinchisi kutish holatida qoldi. AQSh reklama agentliklariga taqdimotlar o'tkazildi. Ushbu hikoyalar davom etdi va sobiq a'zoning hamkorligini o'z ichiga oladi Bitlz va 1 iyul kuni tizimga kirish sanasi; stantsiya paydo bo'lmadi.[5] Keyinchalik televidenie operatsiyasi taniqli reklama deb topildi.[22]

1972–1980: Mi Amigo qutqarildi

Radio Caroline va tegishli stantsiyalar
Eshittirish maydoniG'arbiy Evropaga turli xil offshor joylardan eshittirishlar
Chastotaniturli xil
Dasturlash
Formatlashalbom rok
Mulkchilik
EgasiHolati noaniq va asosan tarafdorlari tomonidan boshqariladi
Radio Atlantis 1973 va Radio Mi-Amigo 1974-1978
Tarix
Birinchi efir kuni
1972
Texnik ma'lumotlar
Quvvat10 kVt, keyinchalik 50 kVt
ERP27 KVt (juda o'zgaruvchan)

1972 yilda MV Mi Amigo uning hurdasi uchun kim oshdi savdosida Jerar van Dam uni bepul radio muzeyi sifatida ishlatishni niyat qilgan. O'Rahilly van Dam kemani translyatsiya qilish holatiga qaytarishi mumkin bo'lsa, moliyaviy yordam berishni va'da qildi.[23] Kema Gollandiyaning qirg'oq bo'yidagi kurortiga langar tashladi Scheveningen va Gollandiyadan xizmat ko'rsatildi va boshqarildi. O'sha kuzda 259 metrga uzluksiz musiqadan iborat turli xil sinovlar o'tkazildi. Stantsiya Rojdestvo arafasida Radio 199 sifatida qayta boshlandi, ammo tez orada Top 40 formatida Radio Caroline bo'ldi. DJ-lar Kris Kari, sifatida efirga uzatmoqda Spuldles Muldoon (u shuningdek stansiya menejeri bo'lgan), Rojerning "Twiggy" kuni, Endi Archer, Pol Aleksandr, Stiv Angliya, Jonni Jeyson va Piter Chikago (haqiqiy ismi Piter Murta)[23] stantsiyani boshqargan.

1972 yil oxirida Radio Karolin pul bilan bog'liq muammolarga duch keldi. 28 dekabrda to'lanmagan ekipaj kemani kesib tashladi Mi Amigo 's generator yonilg'i liniyasi va jo'nab ketdi. O'sha kuni kechroq Gollandiya Qirollik floti ekipajni qaytarib berdi va bortda janglar boshlandi. Ikki kundan keyin, Mi Amigo tortib olindi IJmuiden to'lanmagan veksellar tufayli olib qo'yilgan.[5] Rojdestvo ta'tillari tufayli biron bir advokat yozma hujjat chiqara olmadi va kema Amsterdam bandargohida O'Rahilly uni dengizga qaytarib berishni tashkil qilgunga qadar yotar edi. Kema korpusning buzilishi tufayli yana kechiktirildi va yozuvlar chiqarilishidan oldin ta'mirlandi.[23]

1973 yil 11 va 20 aprel kunlari orasida kema Radio Veronica uchun efirga uzatilgan edi Norderney, quruqlikda edi. Qiyinchilikda bo'lgan qaroqchilarni hibsga olinmasdan qirg'oqqa olib chiqishga ruxsat beruvchi qonun tufayli qirg'oq ekipaji uchun hech qanday oqibatlarga olib kelmadi.[5] 1973 yil yozida u bir vaqtning o'zida 389 m / 773 kHz va 252 m (259 deb e'lon qilingan) / 1187 kHz da alohida stantsiyalarni ingliz va golland tillarida efirga uzatdi. Taxminan olti hafta davomida havo ustunlari ishlamay qolguncha ikkita antenna va egizak uzatgich ishlatilgan. Ikkinchi antennani o'rnatish uchun havoning boshqa uchi asosiy ustunga o'rnatilgandek, ko'prikning oldida joylashgan ikkinchi qisqa tirgak ishlatilgan.[tushuntirish kerak ]

"Atlantis" radiosi va "Chigal" radiosi

Asosiy maqola: Atlantis radiosi

Taxminan shu vaqtlarda O'Rahilly Kerolaynga o'xshash albom formatini qabul qilish to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi FM progressiv tosh AQShdagi stantsiyalar, Evropada tomoshabinlarga xizmat ko'rsatilmagan. Ushbu xizmat Radio Chagull edi va kechqurun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri efirga uzatildi.

Radio Caroline etarli darajada reklama topa olmaganligi sababli, nominal 259 metrlik to'lqin uzunligini (aslida 1187 kHz yoki 253 metr) golland tilidagi pop-stantsiyalar bilan bo'lishdi. Birinchisi Belgiya stantsiyasi deb nomlangan Atlantis radiosi, belgiyalik tadbirkor Adriaan van Landshootga tegishli. Dasturlar quruqlikda yozib olindi va 6 orasida efirga uzatildi ertalab va 7 soat Ba'zan qo'pol ob-havo lentalarning kelishiga to'sqinlik qildi va eski dasturlarni takrorlash kerak edi. Keyinchalik, 1973 yilda Karolin radiosi bilan shartnoma tugagach, Atlantis Radio ekipaji o'z kemalariga, ya'ni MVJanin.[5]

Radio Seagull albomi formatini saqlab, 1974 yil 23-fevralda Radio Caroline-ga aylandi. 1970-yillarning aksariyat qismida Karolin radiosi o'zini "Evropaning birinchi va yagona albom stantsiyasi" deb atagan holda faqat tunda eshitilar edi.

Mi Amigo radiosi

Boshqa Belgiya stantsiyasi, Mi Amigo International radiosi, 1974 yil 1-yanvarda ishga tushirilgan; uni belgiyalik tadbirkor va boshqargan Suzy vafli egasi Sylvain Tack.[24] Stantsiyaning ofislari va studiyalari ichida edi Brakel, Belgiya, lekin ko'chib o'tdi Castell-Platja d'Aro, 1975 yil mart oyida Belgiya politsiyasining reydidan so'ng Kosta-Brava, Ispaniya. Bu erda ular asosan golland tilida so'zlashadigan dam oluvchilar uchun dasturlar tayyorladilar Evropop, Top 40, KO'PROQ va tez-tez reklama bilan Belgiya, Gollandiyalik va vaqti-vaqti bilan ingliz DJlari tomonidan taqdim etilgan Golland tilidagi mashhur musiqa. Belgiyada tijorat radiosi taqiqlanganligi sababli, Mi Amigo radiosi sobiq BRT davlat radiosi va televideniesi (bugungi VRT Flemishch davlat radiosi va televideniesi) tomonidan kam raqobatbardosh bo'lib, Belgiya, Gollandiya va Buyuk Britaniyada juda mashhur bo'ldi. Birinchi yillarda stantsiyadagi reklama talabga ega edi. Qachon Veronika radiosi 1974 yilda yopilgan, ba'zi taqdimotchilar "Mi Amigo" radiosiga ko'chib o'tishgan.

Sevgi haqida xabardorlik

Kerolinning albom formati shuni anglatadiki, garchi stansiya bozordagi bo'shliqqa xizmat qilgan bo'lsa-da, uning auditoriyasi 1960 yillarga qaraganda kamroq edi. Kerolin O'Rahilly ning kontseptsiyasini ham ilgari surdi Sevgi haqida xabardorlik (LA), sevgi va tinchlikning uzoq sharqiy falsafasi. Ba'zi DJlar xijolat bo'lishdi, ammo ba'zilari mavhum kontseptsiyaning qiyinligiga hayron qolishdi. Disk-jokey Toni Allan mehribon xabardorlikni professional uslub, insonparvarlik, musiqa bilimi va boy radio ovozi bilan birlashtirgan quyidagilarni ishlab chiqdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

1974 yilda O'Rahilly tarkibida "Loving Awareness Band" nomli pop guruhini tashkil etdi Jon Ternbull (gitara) va Mik Gallager (klaviatura) ikkalasi ham avvalgi Ikki xillikni o'tkazib yuboring va ikkita sessiya musiqachilari, Norman Vatt-Roy (bosh) va Charli Charlz (barabanlar). 1976 yilda The Loving Awareness Band o'zining yagona albomini chiqardi, Sevgi haqida xabardorlik O'Rahilly tomonidan o'rnatilgan More Love Records (ML001) yorlig'i.[25] Albom 1999 yilda Ross Records-ning CD-diskida va 2005 yilda SMC Records-da bonusli materiallar bilan "30th Anniversary Edition" da qayta nashr etilgan. 1977 yilda guruh tarqalib ketdi; Vatt-Roy va Charlz o'ynashdi Yan Dyuri "s Yangi botinka va külot !! albom, va Turnbull va Gallagher ularga qo'shilishdi Qattiq safari, aylanmoqda To'siq boshlari.[26]

Gollandiya qonunchiligi

Gollandiya hukumati 1974 yil 1 sentyabrda litsenziyasiz offshor radiosiga taqiq qo'ydi. Karolin radiosi o'z shtab-kvartirasini va xizmat ko'rsatishni Ispaniyaga ko'chirishda davom etdi. 1974 yil 30-avgustda Mi Amigo Gollandiya qirg'og'idan to Chuqur kanalni taqillat, Britaniya qirg'og'idan taxminan 19 milya (19 km). 31-avgustdan so'ng Mi Amigo radiosi uchun ko'rsatuvlar namoyish etildi kassetalar dan ko'ra rulonli lentalar. 1975 yildan boshlab kassetalar ko'chirildi Playa d'Aro odamlarni olib boradigan Europa Bus xizmatida Amsterdam ga Madrid arzon narxlarda. Lentalar Belgiyada avtobus bekatida olingan, kichik sport samolyotiga olib borilgan va radio kemasiga yaqin dengizga tashlangan. Mi Amigo "Top 50" lentalari ularni tezroq bortga olib chiqish uchun vertolyot orqali o'tqazildi.

1 sentyabrda kichik motorni ishga tushirish notinch dengizlarda qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi. Radio Karolin radioeshittirishlar orqali kema pozitsiyasini berib, yordam so'rab murojaat qiladi 51 ° 41′N 1 ° 35′E / 51.683 ° N 1.583 ° E / 51.683; 1.583. Sohil xavfsizlik qo'riqxonasi raketani qirg'oqqa kuzatib qo'ydi, ammo rasmiylar Karolin tinglovchilari favqulodda vaziyatlarni boshqarish panellarini siqib qo'yganidan norozi bo'lishdi.

The Mi Amigo Buyuk Britaniya, Frantsiya, Belgiya va Gollandiyadan yashirin ravishda tender savdolari o'tkazilgan. Tenderlar va qayiq egalari ogohlantirildi, ba'zilari esa kemani parom bilan uchib ketganligi uchun jinoiy javobgarlikka tortildi. Belgiya 1962 yilda offshor radiosni noqonuniy deb e'lon qilgan va reklama beruvchilarni sudga tortib, stantsiyaning daromadlarini qisqartirgan. Belgiya sudlari Tack va ba'zi DJlarni jarima va qamoq jazosiga hukm qilishdi sirtdan, garchi keyinchalik qamoq muddati bekor qilingan.

To'lqin uzunligi o'zgaradi

Ikki stantsiya turli chastotalar bilan tajriba o'tkazdi. 1975 yil oxirida 773 kHz chastotada o'tkazilgan qisqa sinovdan so'ng, 1976 yil may oyida Karolin radiosi 10 kVt uzatuvchi yordamida 1562 kHz (192 m) da kunduzgi xizmatni boshladi, uning tungi xizmati esa 50 kVtli uzatgichni Mi Amigo radiosi bilan bo'lishishda davom etdi. 1187 kHz (253 metr, 259 deb e'lon qilingan) da dasturlash.

1976 yil dekabrda "Mi Amigo" radiosi 50 kVt uzatgichda 1562 kHz ga o'tib, Karolinni 10 kVtda kuniga 24 soat 1187 kHzda qoldirdi. Radio Caroline tunda ko'proq aralashuvga ega edi va Karolineni yangi chastotaga o'tkazishga qaror qilindi. 1977 yil 3 martda Kerolin olti kundan keyin 319 metrga qaytib kelishini e'lon qilib yopildi. "Mi Amigo" radiosining kun davomida efirga uzatilishini davom ettirish uchun, Karolaynning harakatlanishi uchun muhandislik ishlari olti kecha davomida, 50 kVt uzatuvchi o'chirilgandan so'ng amalga oshirilishi kerak edi.

Karolin 1977 yil 9 martda 953 kHz chastotada qaytib keldi, aslida 315 metr, lekin 319 deb e'lon qildi. Bu kunga oqilona qabul qildi, ammo kuchli heterodin tunda shovqin, chunki transmitter kristali kanaldan tashqarida edi. Iyul oyida Kerolin qo'shni kanalga o'tdi, 962 kHz (312 metr, ammo hanuzgacha 319 deb nomlangan) va Buyuk Britaniyada qabul qilish yaxshilandi. Ayni paytda, Mi Amigo radiosi 1562 kHz chastotada shovqin yaratgan va 1412 kHz (212 m) ga o'zgargan.

Nihoyat, Mi Amigo radiosi 1 dekabrda 962 kHz ga o'tdi. Jeneratör muammolari sababli, endi ikkita xizmat bir vaqtning o'zida efirga uzatilishi mumkin emas edi va "Caroline Radio" yana tunda har ikkala stantsiya bilan 50 kVt uzatuvchi va "Caroline Radio" qit'adan ko'proq xatlar qabul qila boshladi. Ba'zida yoqilg'ini tejash va generatorlarni engillashtirish uchun 10 kVt quvvatli uzatgich ishlatilgan. 10 kVt quvvatga ega uzatgichlar Henschel generatorida ikkita asosiy MAN agregati yonida, shuningdek g'ildiraklar uyi orqasidagi pastki qavatda joylashgan Cummins qurilmasi bilan ishlashi mumkin.[27]

1977 yil oxirida Radio Caroline evangelist dasturlarini homiylik qila boshladi va musiqiy dasturlar 9-da boshlandi soat 1978 yil 20 oktyabrda texnik va moliyaviy muammolar o'z oldiga qo'ydi Mi Amigo havodan. Reklama yo'qolganidan norozi bo'lgan Mi Amigo radiosi 1978 yil noyabr oyida Karolin bilan shartnomani bekor qildi va o'z kemasidan efirga uzatdi. MV Magdalena o'sha yilning oxirida, ammo bu qisqa muddatli edi. Eshittirish kunlar davomida golland va ingliz, kechasi esa ingliz tillarida bo'lib o'tdi, garchi dastlabki bir necha oy davomida eshittirish 10 da tugagan bo'lsa soat 1979 yil 19-yanvarda qarigan kema suvga tushdi va ekipaj a'zolarini qutqarish uchun qutqaruv kemasi chaqirildi.[28] Radio Kerolin 1979 yil 15 aprelda efirga qaytdi. Birinchi ijro etilgan yozuv bu edi Ahmoqlik (Agar siz buni tugadi deb hisoblasangiz), tomonidan Kris Rea, inglizlarga bag'ishlangan Uy idorasi.[29] Ushbu davrda "Karolin" radiosining har bir tungi translyatsiyasi boshlandi Sayyoralararo hunarmandchilik egalarini chaqirish progressiv Rock Band tomonidan Klaatu, 1976 yilda ularning albomida chiqarilgan 3:47 E.S.T.

Mi Amigo lavabolar

Asosiy maqola: Mi Amigo

1980 yil 20 martda GMT yarim tundan keyin Mi Amigo langarini yo'qotib, suzib ketganidan keyin bo'ronda asos solingan. U suvni qabul qila boshladi va ekipaj qutqaruv kemasi tomonidan qutqarildi.[5] Jenerator ishlamoqda qoldi, ammo nasoslar ishlay olmadi va 10 daqiqadan so'ng kema cho'kib ketdi. Uch nafar Buyuk Britaniya fuqarosi, Gollandiyalik va ularning kanareykasi (sobiq leyboristlar bosh vaziri Uilson deb nomlangan Garold Uilson ) qutqarildi. Dan so'nggi eshittirish Mi Amigo Stivi Gordon va Tom Anderson tomonidan:[30]

(Gordon): Xo'sh, biz sizga og'ir ob-havo sharoiti va juda ko'p miqdordagi suvni etkazib berayotganimiz sababli yopilishimizni va ekipajning ushbu bosqichda kemani tark etishini aytganimiz uchun uzr so'raymiz. Shubhasiz, biz siz bilan iloji boricha tezroq qaytishga umid qilamiz, ammo hozircha xayrlashmoqchimiz.
(Anderson): Bu juda yaxshi voqea emas, albatta, biz shoshilishimiz kerak, chunki qutqaruv kemasi yonida turibdi. Biz ketmaymiz va yo'qolib ketmayapmiz, nasoslar olib ketishi mumkin degan umidda qutqaruv kemasiga boryapmiz; agar iloji bo'lsa, biz qaytib kelamiz, agar bo'lmasa, yaxshi, biz buni aytishni yoqtirmaymiz.
(Gordon): O'ylaymanki, biz u yoki bu yo'l bilan qaytamiz.
(Anderson): Ha. Shunday deb o'ylayman.
(Gordon): Barchamizdan bir lahzaga xayr va Xudo baraka beradi.

Ekipaji Sheerness qutqaruv qayig'i Xelen Ternbull Tom Anderson, Stivi Gordon, Nik Richards va Xans Verlaanning translyatorlarini qutqarish uchun maqtovga sazovor bo'lishdi. Mi Amigo Long Sand Bank yaqinidagi Qora chuqurlikda cho'kib ketayotganda. Qutqaruvchi qayiq bilan birga dengizda 13 marotaba manevr qilish va shimoliy-sharqiy gala tufayli Coxswain Charlz Bowri RNLI kumush medal. Uning ekipajining har biri mukofotlandi Muassasa rahmat po'stlog'ida.[31]

The Mi Amigo's Olti yil davomida 160 fut (49 m) ustun tik turdi.[32]

1983-1991: MV Ross qasos

Asosiy maqola: Rossiyadagi qasos
Radio Karolin
Eshittirish maydoniShimoliy dengiz bilan chegaradosh geografik hududlar
Chastotani963 kHz (to'lqin uzunligi "319" metr deb e'lon qilingan) keyinchalik 531-544 kHz (asosan 558 kHz) diapazonidagi qo'shimcha uzatgich bilan 819 kHz ga ko'tarildi.
Dasturlash
Formatlashalbom rok va yangiliklar
Mulkchilik
EgasiFaoliyatning noqonuniyligi tufayli egalik yashiringan.
Tarix
Birinchi efir kuni
1983 yil avgust
Texnik ma'lumotlar
Quvvat50 kVt (ikkinchi 10 kVt uzatuvchi keyinroq qo'shilgan)
ERP27 kVt (juda o'zgaruvchan)
Rossiyadagi qasos, 1983 yildan Radio Caroline uyi

MV Ross qasos

Stantsiya 1983 yil avgust oyida yangi radio kemadan qayta ishga tushirildi MV Ross qasos, sobiqShimoliy dengiz zavod baliq ovlash trollari Angliya-Islandiya davrida ishlatilgan Cod urushi tomonidan Ross baliqchilik.[33] Uning balandligi 91 metr bo'lgan ustundan ko'tarilgan, dunyodagi barcha kemalarda eng baland antenna tizimiga ega edi. Ispaniyani qonuniy chalkashliklardan qochish uchun to'liq bo'lmagan studiyasi bilan tark etdi. Radio Caroline kemadan 1983 yil 19-avgustda istalmagan mexanik tovushlar bilan eshittirishni boshladi. Vokzalni cho'kib ketishdan "xayr" qilgan DJ Tom Anderson ochdi Mi Amigo 1980 yilda.[34]

The Ross qasos dan kattaroq edi Mi Amigo va yanada aniqroq uzatuvchi uskunalar bilan: 1983 yilda ikkita 5 kVt quvvatli RCA transmitterlari va 50 kVt quvvatga ega RCA qurilmasi. Dastlab 5 kVt quvvatga ega transmitter ishlamay qoldi. Radio Monique asosiy uzatgichni yollaganida, 5 kVt quvvatni 10 kVt quvvatga aylantirish uchun to'rtinchi uzatgichdan ehtiyot qismlar olingan, shunga o'xshash dizaynga ega RCA 5 va 10 kVt uzatgichlar.[35] Qolgan 5 kVt uzatuvchi keyinchalik qisqa to'lqinli foydalanish uchun aylantirildi.

O'Rahilly Karolin radiosi bo'lishini xohladi qariyalar stantsiya. Unda ishlagan ba'zi DJlar va ekipaj unga qarshi chiqishdi Mi Amigo va albom formati kabi taqdimotchilar bilan birga qoldi Endi Archer, Samanta Dubois, Grant Benson, Robin Ross va Saymon Barret. Rasmiy ravishda, "Caroline Radio" Shimoliy Amerikadagi ofislardan, AQSh va Kanadadan reklama bilan boshqarilgan. Amalda, kundalik xizmatlar Frantsiya va Buyuk Britaniyadan amalga oshirildi.

"Knock Deep" dagi langarlardan Mi Amigo 'ufqda mastakni ko'rish mumkin edi. Bortda to'rtta studiya bor edi, ular boshqa xizmatlarni taqdim etishdi. Radio Caroline bir nechta chastotalarni sinab ko'rdi, ular orasida 963, 576, 585 (qisqacha), 558 (keyin) Lazer 558 yopiq) va keyinchalik 819 kHz. Evropaning o'rta to'lqin kanallari to'qqizga ko'paytirildi. 963-yilgi oqshomlarda ba'zi muqobil musiqa dasturlari, shu jumladan reggae "Jamming 963", va 1986 yilda va 1987 yil boshida "ilg'or" va "indie" rok dasturi chaqirildi Kerolin Overdrive Tom Anderson, Fergi Maknil, Endi Jonson, Stivi Leyn, Mark Metyus, Kevin Tyorner, Piter Fillips, Mik Uilyams (aka Rey Klark) va Rob Charlz uy egalari.

1985 yil 9-avgustda rasmiy kema 150 metrdan langar tashlagan Ross qasos. Buyuk Britaniya Savdo va sanoat boshqarmasi (DTI) atrofdagi harakatlarni doimiy ravishda kuzatib bordi Ross qasos va MV Kommunikator, Lazer 558'kemasi. 1985 yil 3 sentyabr soat 00:00 da Dioptrik tadqiqotchi bo'ron bilan jo'nab ketdi.

Monika radiosi

Asosiy maqola: Monika radiosi

1984 yil dekabrdan Ross qasos translyatsiya Monika radiosi, kunduzi 50 kVtli uzatgichdan foydalangan holda Gollandiyalik musiqiy radio ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyaning yozib olingan va jonli efirdagi Gollandiyadagi dasturlari. Ular Gollandiyaning asosiy auditoriyasiga qaratilgan pop va Europop edi. Monique radiosi mashhur edi Beniluks.

Kechqurun Karolin radiosi Gollandiyalik va Amerikadagi dindorlarni uzatdi xushxabarchi kabi translyatorlar Yoxan Maasbax va Roy Masters nom ostida o'rta to'lqinda, so'ngra qisqa to'lqinda Ko'rish nuqtasi 963/819, yoki Jahon missiyasi radiosi (WMR) qisqa to'lqinda.

1985 yil noyabr oyida raqobatchi bo'lgan "Laser 558" offshor stansiyasi elektr muammolaridan so'ng yopildi va Karolin 576 kHz dan Laserning 558 kHz chastotasiga o'tdi, Top 40 Laser-ga Kerolin 558 nomi bilan o'xshash musiqa formati. Lazer Laser Hot Hits sifatida qaytgach, Kerolaynning avvalgi va past chastotasi 576 kHz dan foydalangan.

Mast qulashi

1987 yilda Hududiy dengiz to'g'risidagi qonun[36] Buyuk Britaniyaning dengiz chegarasini uchdan 12 dengiz miliga (22 km) uzaytirdi. Xalqaro suvlarda qolish uchun kema yangi, kamroq himoyalangan langarga o'tdi. Dastlab bu kichik noqulaylik edi, chunki 300 metrlik (91 m) ustun etarlicha mustahkam deb hisoblandi. Biroq, ichida 1987 yil oktyabr oyida katta bo'ron Angliyaning janubiga urilib, o'limga va jiddiy zararga olib keldi. MV Ross qasos Shimoliy dengizdagi bo'ronni engib chiqdi.

Ertasi kuni Kerolin Janubiy Sharqdagi translyatsiyani davom ettiradigan kam sonli stantsiyalardan biri edi. Biroq, bo'ron ustunni zaiflashtirdi, keyinchalik boshqa bo'ronda qulab tushdi. Kerolin havodan unchalik kuchli bo'lmagan signal bilan vaqtinchalik antennani ishlatib qaytdi. Buning o'rnini ikki ustunli T-antenna egalladi. Bir necha oy davomida faqat bitta transmitter ishlatilishi mumkin edi, natijada daromad keltiradigan Radio Monique yo'qoldi, garchi uning o'rniga Gollandiyaning kunduzgi xizmati - Radio 558 (keyinchalik Radio 819) tashkil etildi.

1989 yil ingliz-golland reydi

1989 yil avgust oyi o'rtalarida Evropaning bir qator mamlakatlarida rasmiylar Karolin foydalangan deb hisoblanadigan uylar, ovoz yozish studiyalari va ofislariga muvofiqlashtirilgan reydlar o'tkazdilar. 18-avgust kuni Buyuk Britaniya hukumati ijaraga olgan kema kemasi bilan birga to'xtadi Ross qasos va "kelajakni muhokama qilish" uchun bortga borishni so'radi Ross qasos va undan ishlaydigan stantsiyalar. Ushbu so'rov va 819 kHz chastotada uzatishni to'xtatish uchun rad javobi berildi. 6.215 MGts qisqa to'lqinlarida eshittirishni to'xtatish to'g'risidagi iltimosnoma bajarildi va bir necha soatdan so'ng hukumat kemasi portga qaytdi.

Ertasi kuni Jeyms Merfi, Buyuk Britaniyaning idorasi tergovchisi Rasmiy advokat uchun harakat qilish Savdo va sanoat boshqarmasi, dan hamkasblari va hamkasblari qo'shildi Niderlandiya radiosini boshqarish organi ga qurolli reydni amalga oshirish Ross qasos unda jihozlar buzilgan yoki musodara qilingan.

Reydning bir qismi jonli efirda namoyish etildi[37] rasmiylar transmitterlarni o'chirib qo'yishdan oldin. Gollandiyaliklar hibsga olingan va aksariyat eshittirish uskunalari bilan birga Gollandiyaga qaytarilgan. Niderlandiyalik bo'lmagan xodimlarga kemada qolish yoki Niderlandiyaga qaytish huquqi berildi - ko'pchilik kemada qolishni tanladilar. Kerolin kemaga o'tirganini va jihozlarni olib tashlash yoki yo'q qilishni talab qildi qaroqchilik. Gollandiyaliklarning ta'kidlashicha, kemaning Panamada ro'yxatdan o'tishi 1987 yilda tugagan va u biron bir davlat tomonidan qonuniy himoya ostida bo'lmagan va uning uzatilishi 1982 yildan buyon milliy hududlardan tashqarida translyatsiyani taqiqlagan xalqaro qoidalarni buzgan. Bir necha yil o'tgach, olib qo'yilgan narsalarning bir qismi stantsiyaga qaytarildi.

1990 yilda Buyuk Britaniya hukumati 1967 yilgi offshor qonuniga o'zgartishlar kiritdi, agar ularning signallari Buyuk Britaniyada qabul qilinishi mumkin bo'lsa, hatto ularning kemalari chet elda ro'yxatdan o'tgan va ishlayotgan bo'lsa ham xalqaro stantsiyalarda stantsiyalarga chiqish va ovozini o'chirish. Lord Annan, 1977 yil muallifi Teleradioeshittirishning kelajagi to'g'risidagi qo'mitaning hisoboti, Lordlar palatasida Karolin radiosini himoya qilish uchun ma'ruza bosqichida so'zladi Teleradioeshittirish to'g'risidagi qonun 1990 yil, "Nima uchun kapalakni g'ildirakda sindirish kerak?"[38] 1995 yilda bosim guruhi uchun maqolada Nizom 88, Stiv MakGann sharhladi:

"Kerolin o'z shafqatsizligini shu qadar ko'p yillar davomida saqlab qolish uchun to'g'rimi yoki yo'qmi, ahamiyatsiz. Uning hikoyasi hukumatning cheklanmagan havo to'lqinlari orqali uzatiladigan mustaqil ovozga nisbatan naqadar noyob xavfli ekanligini va uning ovozini o'chirishga qaratilganligini tasvirlaydi."[39]

Ushbu qonunchilik amal qiladi.

1990-1991 yillar: reyddan keyin

1989 yil 1 oktyabrda Radio Caroline radioeshittirishni qayta boshladi Ross qasos 558 kHz chastotasini saqlab qolish uchun vaqtinchalik uskunalar va kam quvvat yordamida. Muhandis Piter Chikago reyd paytida yashirincha uzatuvchi qismlarini yashirgan va ilgari qisqa to'lqinlarda ishlatilgan 5 kVt quvvatga ega bitta transmitterni 558 kHz ga qaytargan. Keyingi oylarda Caroline signal sifati uzatishda yaxshilandi vanalar xayriya qilindi va dasturlash normal holatga qaytdi.

1990 yil iyun oyida, Spektrli radio, yangi ko'p millatli jamoatchilik radiosi Londondagi stansiya rasman 558 kHz ajratilgan. Karolin aksincha Spektrumga ko'proq aralashuvni keltirib chiqardi. Caroline broadcast regular apologies to Spectrum listeners but refused to vacate the channel. Spectrum threatened to sue the Radio boshqaruvi, which then allowed Spectrum to temporarily broadcast on 990 kHz alongside 558 kHz. Eventually, Caroline left 558 kHz and moved to 819 kHz. On 5 November 1990, lack of fuel and supplies forced the station to stop transmitting. The final song was Havo to'lqinlarining uchuvchisi tomonidan Charli Dore.[40]

Although most broadcasting staff left at that time, some remained for a year as caretakers while funding and equipment were sought. The station tried to obtain a licence from a developing country,[41] hoping it might offer protection from the new provisions in the Teleradioeshittirish to'g'risidagi qonun 1990 yil which came into force on 31 December that year.

In November 1991, the ship lost its anchor in a storm and drifted on to the Goodwin Sands Kanalda. The crew was rescued by a RAF vertolyot. The Ross qasos was salvaged and brought into harbour in Dover, ending 27 years of Radio Caroline's unlicensed offshore career.

Radio Karolin
Eshittirish maydoniBuyuk Britaniya
Worldwide (Internet);
Europe (up to September 2013) (Eutelsat 28A )
ChastotaniVarious Internet streams[42]
UPC Irlandiya: Channel 927
Kichik dunyo kabeli: Channel 855

Eutelsat 28A (to 30 September 2013):
Tez-tez. 11.426 GHz
Polarisation: Horizontal
Symbol Rate: 27.5
FEC: 2/3
Dasturlash
FormatlashAOR (Album/adult oriented)
Mulkchilik
EgasiRadio Caroline Ltd. and Caroline Support Group (originally called the Ross Revenge Support Group).
Tarix
Birinchi efir kuni
1999
Havolalar
Veb-saythttp://www.radiocaroline.co.uk

Since 1991: Licensed Support Group era

1991 yildan beri Ross qasos has been maintained by enthusiasts called the Radio Caroline Support Group, dastlab Ross Revenge Support Group. From 2007, the ship was docked at Tilberi, where a volunteer crew repaired and maintained it. The ship has working radio studios, from which both Caroline and BBC Essex efirga uzatdilar. On 31 July 2014 the ship was moved to the Qora suv daryosi yilda Esseks.[43]

Former offshore broadcasters who continue on the station are: Roger Mathews, Nayjel Xarris, Martin Fisher, Marc Jacobs, Johnny Lewis, Doug Wood, Dave Foster, Cliff Osbourne, Chris Pearson, Bob Lawrence, Jeremy Chartham and Ad Roberts.[44] Evangelical programmes and sponsored specialist music are broadcast. During Easter 2008, the station broadcast live for three days from the Ross Revenge, featuring presenters who had worked on the Mi Amigo in the late 1970s: Roger Mathews, Mike Stevens, Bob Lawrence, Brian Martin, Martin Fisher, Cliff Osbourne, Jeremy Chartham, Marc Jacobs, Ad Roberts, Dick Verheul and Kees Borrell.

Restricted service licences

Radio Caroline was off the air for most of the 1990s, except for occasional low-power broadcasts of one month. Some of these 28-day Cheklangan xizmat litsenziyasi (RSL) broadcasts took place from the Ross qasos during the 1990s, with the ship anchored off Clacton, in London's Kanareykalar Wharf, Sauthend Pier va off Sheppey oroli yilda Kent.

At one minute past midnight on 1 October 2001, Caroline returned on 1503 kHz from the LV (Light Vessel) 18 in Harwich harbour. This two-day broadcast featured Phil Mitchell, Paul Dennis, Colin Lamb, John Patrick, Barry James, Steve Cisco and Clive Boutell.[45] The LV 18 was later used by the BBC for BBC Pirate Radio Essex broadcasts.[46]

Another RSL broadcast ran from 7 August until 3 September 2004, with the ship moored at the cruise liner terminal jetty at Tilbury in Essex. It commemorated the 40th anniversary of Radio Caroline and promoted the station's legal internet and satellite programmes. The medium wave frequency was 235 metres (1278 kHz) and programmes were sent through ISDN shahar telefoni Meydstone and via the internet and broadcast on satellite. Supermarketlar tarmog'i Asda va Ingliz merosi were among the backers.

The station has subsequently broadcast on 531 kHz AM from the Ross qasos during some bank ta'tili weekends, beginning on 28–31 August 2009 and also within a few days of the 50th anniversary of the ship's first voyage.

Satellite and Internet broadcasting

Using land-based studios leased in Kent[47] in the late 1990s, the station began broadcasting via satellites Astra 19.2 ° E va Eutelsat 28A, qoplama g'arbiy Evropa. These analogue transmissions ended and a full digital service from Astra 28.2 ° E started in February 2003.[48]

In 2002, Caroline began on WorldSpace satellite radio, continuing until Worldspace went bankrupt and re-organised its operations in 2008. On 12 June 2006, the station bought an EPG uyasi yoqilgan Osmon channel 0199.[49] This ended on 1 July 2011 after a failure to renegotiate costs with Sky and deciding not to pursue a Freesat EPG slot.[50] Surveys in 2008 and 2010 showed a small percentage listened via Sky, and that satellite listening had dropped by 9% since 2008, while online listening had increased by around 40%. Radio Caroline continued on satellite but required manual tuning.

During 2013, a survey showed a continued move from satellite reception and growth in internet listening. Following negotiations with the service provider, satellite transmissions ended at midnight on 30 September 2013. Programmes were still heard on satellite until the provider replaced the signal with a 1 kHz tone on the morning of 1 October 2013. Internet streaming of Radio Caroline programmes continued.

The Radio Caroline "album" station has been streamed on the internet for many years, accessible via the station's website, with more streams on various devices.[42] Dedicated apps for listening via Apple IOS[51] va Android[52] devices are also available. In 2011 Radio Caroline joined Radioplayer UK, an internet service formed by the BBC, Global radio va Guardian Media Group that supplies a live feed of UK radio stations to across the world.[53]

On 4 May 2015, Radio Caroline started a 24-hour "Flashback" webstream[54] carrying "oldies" music and jingles.

Via Manx Radio

Since September 2015, Radio Caroline has been broadcasting 'live' for one weekend each month[55] as "Radio Caroline North" (with original DJs and a mixed sixties, seventies and eighties music content and jingles) from its former home the MV Ross qasos ustida Qora suv daryosi in Essex, via Manx radiosi 's 1368 kHz 20 kW transmitter on the Isle of Man.[56]

Radio Caroline at 50 years (1964–2014)

From 31 March to 27 April 2014, a Caroline North tribute station, based on the Planet Lightship berthed in the Albert Dock complex on Liverpool's waterfront, broadcast locally on 87.7FM and on the internet. Programmes were presented by current and former DJs from the BBC, ILR, Ireland, Luxembourg, offshore and land-based pirate stations, and other international and freelance backgrounds, including Tony Prince and Emperor Rosko. Original 1960s Caroline North jingles were interspersed with generic Radio Caroline ones. The station played a wide selection of music from when Caroline started in the 1960s, but also included music from the 70s and 80s and early 90s to widen the audience profile. The four-week event was funded through on-air local business commercials.[iqtibos kerak ]

Medium wave campaign

In December 2010, Chatham and Aylesford MP Tracey Crouch presented an Kunning dastlabki harakati uchun Jamiyat palatasi chaqirmoqda Ofcom to allow Radio Caroline to broadcast as a licensed medium wave station to its "traditional heartland of the south east".

The full text of the EDM is:

That this House expresses its disappointment that, having pioneered commercial radio in the UK and for the past decade being a fully licensed broadcaster, Radio Caroline, a cornerstone of British radio history, has been denied by OFCOM the opportunity to secure a medium wave frequency from which to broadcast; regrets that as a result its devoted listeners are confined to listening to Radio Caroline via the internet and unable to enjoy its musical offerings in transit; and calls on OFCOM to exhaust all avenues in making the provisions available for Radio Caroline to celebrate its 50th birthday in 2014 by broadcasting on a medium wave frequency which, it appears, is unwanted by both BBC and commercial operators as a broadcast platform."[57]

In May 2017, Ofcom awarded the station a community licence to broadcast to Suffolk and north Essex on 648 kHz with a power of 1 kW.[3][58] On 11 November 2017, test transmissions commenced from an omni-directional mast (formerly used by the BBC Jahon xizmati ) da Orford Ness, Suffolk.

Commercial programming commenced at noon on Friday 22 December 2017, with a signal that could be heard as far afield as Southampton, Birmingham, Glasgow and in large parts of The Netherlands and Belgium.

Ta'sischining vafoti

Radio Caroline's founder, Ronan O'Rahilly, was diagnosed with vascular dementia in 2013; his death aged 79 on 20 April 2020 was announced by Radio Caroline.[59]

Xalqaro operatsiyalar

Nederlandiya

In January 2002, a Dutch Caroline fan called Sietse Brouwer launched a Netherlands-based Dutch Radio Caroline yilda Xarlingen, broadcasting on the northern Netherlands cable networks and largely independent of UK Caroline. Brouwer intended to obtain an AM frequency from the Netherlands authorities in 2003 when its medium wave frequencies were reallocated. However, Dutch Caroline failed to secure a high power AM frequency and the cable network service was discontinued because of lack of funds. The Dutch Radio Caroline then changed its name to Radio Waddenzee (nl) for daytime Dutch and German language, and Radio Seagull for nighttime English language broadcasts, and now broadcasts on 1602 kHz every day and on the internet, presenting a progressive rock format. Since November 2009 Radio Seagull can be heard periodically on 558 kHz in London.[iqtibos kerak ]

Ispaniya

In Spain, a station broadcast during the summer 2009 on 102.7 MHz in the Costa Blanca from studios in Benidorm. The station had some success but stopped broadcasting due to lack of funding. Broadcasters included Tony Christian, Pawl "Hound Dog" Shanley, Dave Fox, Simon West, Dale Richardson and Peter D.[iqtibos kerak ]

Irlandiya

Radio Caroline is broadcast in the Republic of Ireland on channel 927 on the UPC Irlandiya kabel service in the main cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerik, Geyvey, Vaterford and Cappoquin, and the County Waterford towns of Lismore and Tallow.

Yangi Zelandiya

Shuningdek qarang: Radio Caroline Yangi Zelandiya

Yilda Timaru, an NZBC station, originally 3XC, later 3ZC, broadcast as Radio Caroline until 1995. The name was taken from Kerolin Bay, a popular recreation area nearby.[60]

Yilda Palmerston, Radio Caroline International, based in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, acquired an AM commercial broadcasting licence in 2008, and was seeking wavelengths in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. Daytime programming was leased to a community radio service called Puketapu Radio on 756 kHz.[61]

Ommaviy madaniyatga oid ma'lumotlar

  • The phrase RADIO CAROLINE (painted as a to'plash in 1974) can still be read in lichen growth on the inside wall of one the stone sarcens da Stonehenge.[62]
  • The Golden Age of Wireless tomonidan albom Tomas Dolbi, Track: "Radio Silence" – reference to a woman named "Caroline" and lamenting a lost love like an empty radio frequency.
  • Kadrni muzlatish tomonidan albom Godley & Creme, 1979, Track: "Get Well Soon" – reference to Radio Caroline.
  • Rok-n-roll tomonidan qo'shiq Joriy vaziyat, has the lyrics : "Waiting all the time to find radio plays on Caroline".
  • Pirate Radio track by Ska band Tosterlar – Reference to Radio Caroline.
  • Hearthammer by Scottish Folk Rock band Runrig – "Lying under the covers, with the radio on. Settle down with Caroline as she sailed all summer long".
  • Walking down the King's Road track by Squire – Reached top 75 – "In a Chelsea drug store with some friends of mine, mini skirts, dolly birds and Radio Caroline".
  • Yaxshi narsalar epizod Radio Goodies, parodies the then-contemporary pirate radio stations but does not mention Radio Caroline.
  • Tebrangan qayiq 2009 movie is set in 1966 and uses a vessel that is similar to the 1983 MV Ross Revenge, but according to the producer, the movie is pure fantasy.
  • Rok guruhi Yashil paid tribute on the song "Radio Caroline"[63] ularning albomida Elaine MacKenzie.
  • Bubblegum Lemonade released "Caroline's Radio" in 2010 which was a nostalgic look back at listening to Radio Caroline.

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

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Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Radio Karolin. Venmore Rowland. Jon. Landmark Press. Buyuk Britaniya 1967 – The original book about Radio Caroline.
  • When Pirates Ruled The Waves. Harris, Paul. Impulse Publications, UK, 1968. 6th Edition Kennedy & Boyd, UK 2001 ISBN  978-1-904999-37-9
  • History of Radio Nord. Kotschack, Jack. Forlags AB. Sweden (Swedish). English version published in 1970 by Impulse Publications, UK.
  • From International Waters. Leonard, Mike – Forest Press. Heswall, UK. 1996 yil ISBN  0-9527684-0-2 – An encyclopedia about the history of offshore broadcasting until 1996.
  • The Beat Fleet: The story behind the 60s 'pirate' radio stations. Leonard, Mike. Forest Press. Heswall, UK. 2004 yil ISBN  0-9527684-1-0.
  • Last of the Pirates. Noakes, Bob. Paul Harris Publishing, Edinburgh. 1984 yil. ISBN  0-86228-092-3 – This book is written by an engineer and DJ who worked on the MV Mi Amigo during the last phase of life prior to sinking.
  • Butterfly upon the Wheel. Moore, Peter. Offshore Echo's. London, Buyuk Britaniya. 1992 yil, ISSN  0150-2794 – Written by the station manager, this book recounts the adventures and struggles to keep Radio Caroline on the air.
  • Records at Sea – The Story of the Ross Revenge. Ueston, Mayk. Radio Caroline Sales. UK, 2002 – A detailed history of the Rossiyadagi qasos.
  • Tarjimai hol. Walker, Johnnie. Pingvin kitoblari. London, 2007 yil. ISBN  978-0-14-102428-8.
  • Manx Giant from the Wonderful Isle of Man: The Story of Radio Caroline North 1964 – 1968. Wint, Andy. Chesterfield Publications. 2008 yil. ISBN  978-0-956013-90-3.
  • Muammoli suvlarda kemalar. Nayjel Xarris. MyWayPublishing. UK, 2009. ISBN  978-0-9563996-0-1. Revised edition (with additional photos) 2014. ISBN  978-0-956399-62-5 – This book details the author's long history with Radio Caroline.
  • Shiprocked – Life on the Waves With Radio Caroline. Conway, Steve. Ozodlik matbuot. Dublin, 2009 ISBN  978-1-905483-62-4 – This book tells the story of Stiv Konvey 's career with Radio Caroline in the late 1980s.
  • The Ship That Rocked the World: How Radio Caroline Defied the Establishment, Launched the British Invasion, & Made the Planet Safe for Rock & Roll. Tom Loj. Bartleby Press. Austin, Texas, USA 2010 ISBN  978-0-910155-82-3 – The story of Radio Caroline in the 1960s by one of its foremost DJs.
  • Radio Caroline: The True Story of the Boat that Rocked. Klark, Rey. Tarix matbuoti. Stroud, UK 2014 ISBN  978-0-752498-87-4 – A history of Radio Caroline by a former DJ.

Tashqi havolalar

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