SS Koombana - SS Koombana

SS Koombana.jpg
SS Koombana
Tarix
Birlashgan Qirollik & Avstraliya
Ism:Koombana
Egasi:Adelaide Steamship Company uyi flag.svg Adelaide Steamship kompaniyasi
Ro'yxatdan o'tish porti:Adelaida, Avstraliya
Rasmiy raqam:122725
Quruvchi:
Ishga tushirildi:1908 yil 27-oktyabr (1908-10-27)
Taqdir:Dengizda adashgan, 1912 yil 20 mart
Holat:Taxminan cho'kib ketgan
Umumiy xususiyatlar
Tonaj:3,668 GRT
Uzunlik:340 fut 1 dyuym (103.66 m)
Nur:14,68 m masofada 48 fut 2
Qoralama:20 fut 8 dyuym (6.30 m)
O'rnatilgan quvvat:4000 ot kuchi (3000 kVt)
Harakatlanish:Teskari bug 'dvigatellari
Ekipaj:74
Izohlar:[1][2][3][4]

SS Koombana kech edi Edvardiya davri yo'lovchi, yuk va pochta tashish paroxod. 1909 yil martdan 1912 yil martgacha u qirg'oq bo'yida ishlagan layner xizmatlari o'rtasida Fremantle, G'arbiy Avstraliya va ushbu shtatning shimoli-g'arbidagi turli portlar. U shimol tomonda noma'lum joyda g'oyib bo'lganligi bilan mashhur Port-Xedland, G'arbiy Avstraliya, a tropik siklon 1912 yil 20 martda,[5] 74 yo'lovchi va 76 ekipajni o'ldirish; jami 150 kishi vafot etdi.[4]

Xuddi shu bo'ron paytida boshqa kemalar bilan bir qatorda cho'kib ketgan deb taxmin qilingan kemaning oz miqdordagi qoldiqlaridan tashqari, hech qanday iz topilmadi. Boshqa kemalarda va tsiklon yaqinida kamida 15 kishi halok bo'ldi. O'sha paytda yo'lovchilarning aniq ro'yxatlari saqlanmaganligi sababli, o'lganlarning aniq soni ma'lum emas; ammo, bortdagi hamma halok bo'lgan deb taxmin qilinmoqda. Yo'qotish deyarli aniq edi Avstraliya Yigirmanchi asrda ob-havo bilan bog'liq eng yomon dengiz falokati.[5]

Uning qisqa karerasida, Koombana G'arbiy Avstraliyaning ijtimoiy hayotida ham muhim rol o'ynadi. 1909 yil aprel / may oylarida u ko'tarib yurdi G'arbiy Avstraliyaning premeri, Nyuton Mur, Port-Hedlandda iskala rasmiy ochilishini o'z ichiga olgan shimoli-g'arbiy qismida,[6][7] endi Avstraliyadagi eng yuqori tonajli port.[8] Koombana shuningdek, o'sha daryo bo'yida turgan birinchi kema edi.[7]

1910 yil noyabrda, Koombana da kemalarni kutib olish flotiliyasining bir qismi edi Brom, G'arbiy Avstraliya ning Avstraliyaga birinchi tashrifi uchun Avstraliya qirollik floti birinchi ikkita esminets, Parramatta va Yarra.[9] O'n ikki oy o'tgach, Fremantlda u bo'linishdagi sanoat mojarosiga sabab bo'ldi va bu butun mamlakatga ta'sir ko'rsatdi.[10]

Bundan tashqari, yo'qotish Koombanava shu bilan bog'liq holda uning egasini olib qo'yish, Adelaide Steamship kompaniyasi, shimoli-g'arbiy qirg'oq savdosidan,[11] ning erta rivojlanishi uchun katta turtki bo'ldi G'arbiy Avstraliyaning davlat yuk tashish xizmati, bu savdoda yigirmanchi asrning qolgan qismida hukmronlik qilishi kerak edi.[12]

Kontseptsiya va qurilish

Koombana (o'ngda) past oqimda, ehtimol Bromda.

Koombana faqat G'arbiy Avstraliya qirg'og'ida xizmat ko'rsatish uchun qurilgan birinchi yo'lovchi va yuk kemasi edi va uning vazifasi shtatning shimoliy g'arbiy qismi bilan savdoni rivojlantirish edi.[13] Egalik qiladi va tomonidan boshqariladi Adelaide Steamship kompaniyasi,[1] u Britaniya korporatsiyasining bosh va ikkinchi darajali yo'lovchilarni, ko'p miqdordagi qoramollarni va katta miqdordagi umumiy yuklarni tashish uchun boshpana pastki qoidalariga binoan qurilgan.[3][14]

Qachon buyurtma Koombana joylashtirilgan, Adelaide Steamship kompaniyasi Fremantle va G'arbiy Avstraliyaning shimoliy portlari o'rtasida qirg'oq transportining asosiy operatori bo'lgan. 1900 yildan buyon xizmat SS tomonidan taqdim etilgan Bullarra; Koombana kabi buyurtma berildi Bullarra'juda katta almashtirish.[12] Dizaynida Koombana, ushbu g'ayrioddiy yarim tropik savdo-sotiq bilan shug'ullanishga alohida e'tibor berildi.[12][13]

Po'latdan yasalgan qurilish, Koombana qurilgan Lintxaus, tumani Glazgo, Shotlandiya, kema quruvchilar tomonidan Aleks. Stiven va Sons va 1908 yil 27 oktyabrda ishga tushirildi,[1] mehnat muammosi tufayli kechikishdan keyin.[15] Uning nomini berish marosimini Angliyadagi egasi rahbarlaridan birining rafiqasi S Elgar xonim amalga oshirdi.[14] Premerning taklifiga binoan Nyuton Mur,[16] unga ism berildi Koombana, janob Robert Forrestning "Koombana" tegirmonidan keyin, yaqin Bunbury, G'arbiy Avstraliya.[13][17]

Ism Koombana egasining belgilangan an'analariga ham mos keladi[18] har bir kemaning nomi sifatida mahalliy aborigen tilidagi so'zdan foydalanish. Dastlab yozib olingan "Koombana" Jon Arrowsmith 1838 yilda "Koombanah" nomi bilan Noongar hozirda Bunberiga qo'shni bo'lgan Koombana ko'rfazida deb nomlanuvchi ko'rfazning nomi.[19] "Koombana" so'zi kitlar ("koomba") ning bay ("ana") ma'nosini anglatadi,[19] "tinch va osoyishta" degan ma'noni anglatadi.[20] Ni nazarida KoombanaOxirgi ta'rif endi istehzoni bildirishi mumkin.

Vaqt me'yorlariga ko'ra, Koombana zamonaviy, hashamatli kema edi va xizmat ko'rsatish uchun qurilgan portlarning gofrirovka qilingan temir va tuvali bilan keskin farq qilardi. U "... Titanik singari hashamatli ..." va "... dengiz boylikidagi so'nggi so'z" deb ta'riflangan.[21] U kelganidan keyin Fremantle uni etkazib berish safari chog'ida u "... yo'lovchilarning qulayliklari, yuklarni tashish uchun qulayliklar va mohir navigatsiya uchun asbob-uskunalar bo'yicha mukammallik" deb maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi.[13] Biroq, u "... savdo uchun juda yaxshi" deb tanqid qilindi.[22]

Koombana perpendikular o'rtasida 340 fut (100 m) bo'lgan. U (14,68 m) 48 fut 2 dyuym va (6,30 m) 20 fut 8 dyuymga ega edi.[3] Uning tonaji 3,668 ediyalpi reestr tonna (GRT).[1] Uning barcha bo'limlari suv o'tkazmaydigan eshiklar bilan jihozlangan va u 900 tonna balastli suvni tashishga qodir edi.[23]

Arxitektura va jihozlar

Yo'lovchilar uchun imkoniyatlar

Koombana Birinchi sinf ovqat xonasi, v. 1909 yil mart.
Pastki billiard o'ynaydigan yo'lovchilar (shuningdek, ular nomi bilan ham tanilgan) shuffleboard ) ustida Koombana, v. 1909 yil aprel.

Koombana yo'lovchilar uchun qulayliklarga ega bo'lgan bir qator pastki qavatlar mavjud edi. Darhol pastki ushlagich ustida edi orlop pastki va undan yuqori bo'lgan asosiy pastki. Ikkinchisining tepasida spar pastki, ko'pi bo'lgan yo'lovchi kabinalari va ovqatlanish salonlari. Spar pastki qismida a sayyohlik maydonchasi tomonidan tojlangan ko'prik va qayiq pastki, bilan harakatlanuvchi ko'prik tepasida.[13]

The rasm chizish va tutun xonalari ikkalasi ham sayohat maydonchasida joylashgan edi. Ularning har biri dabdabali bezatilgan va chiroyli tayinlangan,[3][13] qoplamalar ranglariga alohida e'tibor berilishi bilan.[13] Mehmonxonada ko'chma zallar va Waring & Co jihozlar,[13] hammasi binafsha plyus bilan qoplangan.[3] Shuningdek, mehmon xonasi satenwood panelli devorlari, zamonaviy kutubxonasi bilan jihozlangan kitob javoni va boshqa mebellar, shu jumladan Broadway pianino va juftlik bilan jihozlangan. Chippendeyl - uslub yozish stollari. Uning shiftlari zarhal qirrali gulli naqshli oq rangga bo'yalgan tuval edi; uning asosiy kirish joyi va sayyohlik maydonchasiga olib boradigan zinapoya ham maun bilan qoplangan edi. Tutun xonasi qizil rangga bo'yalgan edi.[13]

KoombanaNing Oshxona birinchi salonda keng, yaxshi ventilyatsiya qilingan va 75 kishilik yashil rangli yumshoq o'rindiqlar mavjud edi. Uning devorlari eman bilan o'ralgan edi. The oshxona va omborxonalar zamonaviy jihozlar bilan ta'minlandi, shu jumladan oshxonada patentlangan elektr tuxumli qozon va xonada elektr bilan ishlaydigan xamir aralashtirgich. novvoyxona.[13]

300 ta birinchi va ikkinchi salon yo'lovchilariga turar joy berildi, aks holda bu faqat katta kemalarda bo'lishi mumkin edi. RMSMauretaniya va RMSLusitaniya.[24] Kabinalar yaxshi havalandırılmış va tayinlangan va ko'pchiligida faqat ikkita yotoqxona mavjud edi. Hammasi bor edi elektr fanatlar. Birinchi sinf kabinalar orol tizimiga binoan qurilgan bo'lib, har bir bo'linmaning pastki qismidan alohida kirish joyi va salonga kirish va kirish oson bo'lgan.[13] Ikkinchi toifadagi yo'lovchilar uchun turar joy ayniqsa yaxshi edi.[25]

Mashinasozlik

KoombanaNing teskari bug 'dvigatellari, quruvchilar tomonidan ta'minlangan va u Babkok va Uilkoks suv o'tkazgichli qozonxonalar, Glasgowdagi Princes Dock-ga jo'natildi.[14] Dvigatellar uch marta kengaytirildi, lekin takrorlanmadi va barcha so'nggi yordamchi uskunalar bilan jihozlangan edi. Quyruq shaftasi talablardan 25% yuqori edi. KoombanaBelgilangan tezlik 14 tugunni tashkil etdi va uning o'rtacha tezligi to'la yuklangan bo'lib, 13 tugunni tashkil etdi.[23] Koombana shuningdek, Kleyton yong'inni o'chirish va dezinfektsiyalash moslamasi bilan jihozlangan.[14]

Yoqilgan KoombanaKo'prigi turli xil asboblar va mashinalar, shu jumladan so'nggi navigatsiya asboblari edi. Ko'prik uskunasida Alfred Graham patent telefoni mavjud,[13] ko'prikni kapitan kabinasi, nopok va dvigatel xonasi bilan bog'lagan. Telefon favqulodda vaziyatlarda yoki ko'prikdagi ofitserlar dvigatel xonasiga ko'rsatmalarida aniqroq bo'lishni xohlaganlarida ishlatilgan. Ko'prik va kemaning orqa uchi o'rtasidagi aloqa uchun telegraf bilan to'ldirilgan.[24] Ko'prikda bir qator avtomatik ko'rsatkichlar, telemotor ham bor edi boshqarish vositasi,[13] va stakandagi ko'chma jadval jadvali.[24]

Boshqa joyda, Koombana bilan jihozlangan elektr yon chiroqlari har qanday navigatsiya chiroqlarining ishdan chiqishi haqida ogohlantiruvchi boshqa ko'rsatkichlar to'plami bilan birga yordamchi yog 'lampalari bilan.[13] Ko'rsatkichlar g'ildirak uyidagi disklar shaklida edi; agar belgilangan yorug'likda biron bir xato yuz bersa, tegishli diskda rangli alanga alangalanadi va unga e'tibor berilmasa, elektr qo'ng'irog'i chalinadi.[24]

Maxsus buyum Koombana motorni ishga tushirish edi. Bu qachon ishlatilishi kerak edi Koombana turli xil shimoli-g'arbiy portlarda to'lqinni o'tkazib yubordi va agar kerak bo'lsa, qirg'oqqa yuboriladi.[24]

Yuk tashish vositalari

Koombana chorva mollarini etkazib berishga alohida e'tibor berib ishlab chiqilgan va qurilgan. Uning old va orqasidan yugurib yuradigan asosiy pastki qismida qariyb 220 bosh qoramol yoki 1500 qo'yni tashish uchun maxsus uyalar o'rnatilgan.[12] Biroq, ikkinchi shimoliy g'arbiy qirg'oq bo'ylab yurishidayoq u 2500 qo'y bilan Karnarvondan Fremantlga tashish uchun jo'natildi.[26]

Qo'shimcha ravishda, Koombana Messrs J va E Hall, Ltd, London tomonidan etkazib beriladigan kuchli sovutgichli dvigatellar bilan jihozlangan[14] va tez buziladigan tovarlarni tashish uchun umumiy quvvati 1800 tonna kubik bo'lgan ikkita katta muzlatish kamerasi.[13][27] Ushbu kameralar qariyb 800 tonna yuk bilan ishlashga qodir va muz tayyorlash mashinasi bilan to'ldirilgan.[24]

Koombana's etti to'plam Welin quadrant davits[14] ularning barchasi gidravlik quvvat bilan ishlaydilar, faqat bitta lyukdagi bitta bug 'kranidan tashqari.[13]

Xizmat tarixi

Yetkazib berish safari

Viktoriya Quay, Fremantle Makoni va Oqqush daryosi signal stantsiyasidan, Fremantle, taxminan 1910 yil.

1908 yil dekabr oxirida, Koombana Buyuk Britaniyadan o'z safari bilan jo'nab ketdi Melburn, Avstraliya, orqali Keyptaun va Durban Janubiy Afrikada, Fremantl va Adelaida esa Avstraliyada.[14][28][29] Uning etkazib berish safari ustasi kapitan Jon Ris edi,[30][31] shimoliy g'arbiy sohilida taniqli deb aytilgan.[28] Ilgari Bullara,[13] u "uyga maxsus maqsadda yuborilgan".[3]

Koombana 1908 yil 29 dekabrda kuchli qor bo'roni paytida Glazgodan ketdi. 36 soatlik kechikishdan keyin Grinok qorli yo'lovchilarni kutib, 1908 yil 31-dekabrda Avstraliyaga ertalab soat 7 da yo'l oldi. Yugurish paytida Irlandiya kanali va bo'ylab Biskay ko'rfazi, u yaxshi ob-havoni boshdan kechirdi. U o'tib ketdi Las-Palmas 1909 yil 6-yanvarda, Kabo-Verde uch kundan keyin va 1909 yil 13-yanvarda ekvatorni kesib o'tdi. Kuchli shamol va og'ir dengizlar uning rivojlanishiga to'sqinlik qilgan Keyptaundan uch kunga qadar ob-havo qulay edi. U 1909 yil 23-yanvarda Keyptaunga kelib, yo'lovchilarni minib, ertasi kuni jo'nab ketdi.[32]

1909 yil 27-yanvarda Durbanga kelganida, Koombana Avstraliya portlariga jo'nab ketgan ko'plab yo'lovchilarni qabul qildi, ular orasida J J Teylor ham bor edi. Kema Fremantlga jo'nab ketganidan ikki kun o'tib, 1909 yil 30-yanvarda janob Teylor sirli ravishda izsiz g'oyib bo'ldi. Vaqt oralig'ida u o'ziga xos va ekssentrik tarzda o'zini tutishi kuzatilgan. Shuningdek, u boshqa yo'lovchilarga bir necha yillardan buyon Janubiy Afrikada bo'lganligi va ko'p pul yo'qotganligi to'g'risida xabar bergan. Shuning uchun "uning yo'qotishlari uning ongiga qurbon bo'lgan" va "melanxoliya holatida" u "tunda haddan oshib ketgan" deb taxmin qilingan.[33] Ayni paytda 28-parallelga qadar ob-havo ustun keldi. 1909 yil 5-fevralda, Koombana o'tdi Amsterdam oroli. U erdan Fremantlga qadar u kuchli janubiy shamollar va kuchli dengizlarni uchratdi.[32]

Koombana Fremantlega birinchi marta 1909 yil 11-fevralda kelgan.[13][30] U erda tushirilgan yuk qimmatbaho jo'natmani o'z ichiga olgan zotli va Suffolk Punch otlar, a Dorset shoxi qo'chqor va qo'zichoqdagi beshta Dorset shoxli qo'ylari, barchasi janob A E Cockramga topshirilgan.[34] Avstraliyalik taniqli sobiq murabbiy Edvin Kuch Glazgodan Fremantlga otlarga hamrohlik qilishga jalb qilingan edi. Ammo, ehtimol, bu masalaga katta qiziqish bildirganidan so'ng, u "boshqa yaxshi odam" tomonidan bajarilishi kerak bo'lgan topshiriqni bajara olmadi. Keyinchalik Exuch Exeter mehmonxonasida o'z joniga qasd qilish uchun revolverdan foydalangani aniqlandi.[35]

1909 yil 12-fevralda, Koombana Melburnga sayohat qilishda davom ettirish uchun.[13][30] 1909 yil 5 martda Melburnda uning bortida bo'lib o'tgan ziyofatda federal Bosh prokuror, V M Xyuz, uchun tushdi javob berdi Hamdo'stlik parlamenti yaqinda Avstraliya kemasozlik sohasi o'z zimmasiga olgan ulkan nisbatlarni tan olib. Uning g'arbiy avstraliyalik hamkasbi Senator Jorj Pirs, Mudofaa vaziri, shuningdek, nutq so'zladi va unda a ni o'rnatishga qaratilgan harakatlarni keltirdi Avstraliya qirollik floti qirg'oq savdosi uchun yo'lni saqlab qolish zarurligiga. Boshqa nutqda Ichki ishlar vaziri, Xyu Mahon, kim ham federal edi Coolgardie a'zosi G'arbiy Avstraliyada nafaqat qirg'oq savdosi Avstraliyaning eng qimmatbaho boyliklaridan biri ekanligini, balki, ma'lum darajada, uni saqlab qolish uchun hech qanday qurbonlik juda katta bo'lmasligi kerakligini ta'kidladi.[36]

Ko'p o'tmay, Koombana almashtirish uchun Fremantle-ga qaytib keldi SS Bullarra shimoliy-g'arbiy savdo bo'yicha.[28] 1909 yil 8 martda tong otishidan biroz oldin, u baqirdi Viktoriya Quay, Fremantle, etkazib berish jarayonini yakunlash uchun.[37] Yetkazib berish safari davomida uning dengizdagi fazilatlari juda yaxshi ekanligi aniqlandi.[32]

Dastlabki shimoliy g'arbiy sayohatlar

Koombana SS tomonidan Shark ko'rfazidagi qum bankidan tortib olinmoqda Winfield, 1909 yil 25 mart.

Koombana birinchi shimoliy g'arbiy safari bilan Fremantle'dan jo'nab ketdi Derbi 1909 yil 12 martda va undan Jeraldton keyingi kecha. Uning etib borishi kutilgan edi Carnarvon 1909 yil 15 mart oqshomida, lekin o'sha kuni ertalab u Bar Flats deb nomlanuvchi qum qirg'og'ida yugurib ketdi (23 km) Denxem yilda Shark ko'rfazi.[38]

Harbourmaster boshlig'i, kapitan J J Irvinning keyingi surishtiruvida usta, kapitan Riz Denhamga olib boruvchi kanalning shimoliy tomonidagi belgini ko'taruvchini tashqi yoki g'arbiy suzgich bilan adashtirganligi aniqlandi. Tumanli ob-havo sharoitida kapitan Rizga o'z pozitsiyasini qirg'oqlarning podshipniklari orqali tekshirishga to'sqinlik qilishdi va shol suvlari yaqinlashishi haqida ozgina ogohlantirishlar mavjud edi. Shuning uchun bosh Harbourmaster Bar Kvartiralarga yaqinlashganda ko'proq ehtiyot bo'lish kerak edi, degan xulosaga keldi va kema tezligi kema pozitsiyasi aniqlanmaguncha "sekin" ga tushdi. Biroq, kapitan Rizning avvalgi yaxshi ko'rsatkichlari va kemada hech qanday zarar bo'lmagan taqdirda, u boshqa choralarni ko'rmaslikni tavsiya qildi.[39]

Dastlab, kapitan Riz suzishga qodir deb kutgan Koombana ertasi kuni qum bankidan.[40] Ertasi kuni ertalab tuman ko'tarilgach, kema ko'zoynaklar yordamida Denxamdan ko'rinib qoldi. Balast tanklarini bo'shatish va hokazolarni bo'shatish orqali uni qayta tiklashga harakat qilindi, ammo bu natija bermadi.[38] Keyinchalik ekipaj a'zolari motorni ishga tushirishni Denxem tomon jo'natishdi, ammo og'ir dengizlarda uning dvigateli botqoqlanib, u qaytib keldi Koombana uning yelkanidan foydalanib. Denxemga ikkinchi urinishda erishildi.[41]

1909 yil 18-mart kuni soat 02:30 da SS Winfield uni engillashtirish uchun Geraldtonni tark etdi.[38] Qaytib o'tish vazifasi Koombana yana bir necha kun davom etdi, ikkala kemaning zobitlari va ekipajlari kechayu kunduz ishladilar. 1909 yil 24 martda, Winfield O'zi yon tomonga o'girilib, yarim soat davomida quruqlikda yugurdi. O'sha kuni tortib olishga urinish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi, ammo ertasi kuni soat 14:30 da yuk olib chiqilgandan so'ng Koombana'Oldindan, u oxir-oqibat qayta ishlangan.[42]

Ayni paytda, Carnarvonda pochta jo'natmalari kelmayotgani to'g'risida bezovtalik bor edi Koombana. Melburnda General Postmaster-ga yuborilgan telegrammada Karnarvon shahar xizmatchisi oylik pochta xabarlarini etkazib berish sakkiz kunga kechiktirilganidan shikoyat qildi. U to'xtab turgan joyda, 70 mil (110 km) masofani Karnarvonga etkazish uchun ko'plab qayiqlar mavjudligini ta'kidladi. Keyinchalik shimolda, Port-Hedland Advokat Shark ko'rfazining shimoliy-g'arbiy savdo qo'ng'iroq qilish joylari ro'yxatini har doim o'zgaruvchan qum qirg'oqlari sababli o'chirishga chaqirdi.[43] Biroq, Koombana u bir necha kundan keyin Carnarvonga etib kelganida, asosan Karnarvon yuklarining bir qismi haddan tashqari ko'tarilishi kerak bo'lganida, asosan kechirildi. Aholi va mahalliy ommaviy axborot vositalari uning kabinalari qulayligidan hayratda qolishdi, yo'lovchilar esa ofitserlar va ekipajning urib tushirilgan kemani qayta tiklashga qaratilgan harakatlari haqida yuqori baho berishdi. Koombana keyin Karnarvondan 280 milya (450 km) masofani bosib o'tdi Onslow rekord vaqt - 20 soat.[25]

Koombana at yangi iskala yonida Port-Xedland, 1909 yil 26-aprel.
Ganteyum punkti, Brom, taxminan 1910 yil.

Koombana'1909 yil 17-aprelda Fremantldan jo'nab ketgan ikkinchi shimoliy g'arbiy sayohat ham xuddi shunday voqealarga boy bo'ldi. 1909 yil 21 aprelda Jeraldtonda kema tarkibiga kiradigan vazirlar partiyasini boshladi Premer, Nyuton Mur, va Ishlar vaziri, Jeyms Prays, yana to'rtta davlat deputati hamrohligida.[6] Partiya Pertdan Jeraldtonga poezdda etib bordi va keyin davom etdi Koombana orqaga qaytishdan oldin Derbiga qadar Koombana Fremantle-ga.[6] Uning maqsadi Shimoliy-G'arbiy portlarni ziyorat qilish edi,[6] yaqinda amalga oshirilgan Public Works loyihalarini tekshiring va "... turli portlar aholisi bilan uchrashib, ularning xohish-istaklarini aniqlang ...".[44] Partiyaning ekskursiyasining eng muhim voqeasi 1909 yil 27 aprelda yangi Port-Hedland iskala ochilishi bo'ldi Koombana hozirgina birinchi kemaga aylandi. Samolyotni qurish uchun relslar tushishini ta'minlash uchun tezlashtirilgan qurilish Marmar bar temir yo'li.[7]

Bromdan vazirlar partiyasi bilan 1909 yil 28 aprelda kechqurun Derbiga jo'nab ketganidan ko'p o'tmay, Koombana Ganteyum nuridan taxminan 1,6 km masofada suv osti to'sig'ini urib, uning pastki qismida port tomonga zarar etkazdi. Ko'rinishidan, ushbu voqea yuz bergani haqida darhol e'lon qilinmagan va Derbiga etib borgan kema ko'rib chiqilgan va hech qanday zarar topilmagan.[31] Biroq, bu safar Koombana'ning baxtsizligi dengiz tergov sudi tergovining mavzusiga aylandi. 1909 yil 7-avgustda sud, janob E.P. Douli, RM va kapitanlar Katler va Foksuortidan tashkil topgan sud, shu vaqtdan buyon yaqin atrofda chizilmagan tosh topilganligini va kapitan Riz tomonidan yo'l-yo'riq ostida belgilab qo'yilganligini kuzatdi. o'sha paytda mavjud Admiralty xaritasi, Roebuck Deep orqali juda xavfsiz edi. Shuning uchun Sud kapitanga qo'yilgan yengillik ayblovini rad etdi, uni oqladi va guvohnomasini qaytarib berdi.[45]

Ayni paytda, 1909 yil 12-mayda, Koombana uchinchi shimoliy g'arbiy safari bilan Fremantldan jo'nab ketgan edi. Garchi bu bosqichda Brom voqeasi ommaga oshkor qilingan bo'lsa ham, G'arbiy Avstraliya yaqinlashib kelishini katta ishtiyoq bilan e'lon qildi:

Yaqinda qilgan sayohatida u tez bug'lanish uchun juda yaxshi natijalarga erishdi va Avstraliyaning qirg'oq savdosidagi eng tezkor kemalardan biri sifatida o'z da'vosini to'liq oqladi. Yotoqxonalarga bo'lgan talab hali ham juda dolzarb va bu safar u yo'lovchilarning to'liq tarkibini olib ketadi.[46]

Biroq, keyingi safar davomida Koombana uning tanklaridan birida suv ishlab chiqarayotgani aniqlandi. Bromga kelganida, tekshiruv natijasida tank tubidagi sementning bir qismi singanligi va perchinlardan biri buzilganligi aniqlandi.[47][48] Bu shuni anglatadiki, ta'mirlash kerak edi.

Sidneyda ta'mirlash

Fremantle-da o'rnatish moslamalari bo'lmaganida, Adelaide Steamship Co, katta xarajat evaziga yuborishga qaror qildi. Koombana uni yaxshilab tekshirish va ta'mirlash uchun Sidneyga.[47][48] U uchinchi shimoliy g'arbiy safarini tugatgandan so'ng, u erda to'xtab, Fremantldan bug'lanib ketdi Albani yo'lda 100 tonna yukni tushirish.[47] Uning shimoliy g'arbiy qismida joylashgan joy vaqtincha to'ldirildi Xuddart, Parker va Co. layner Burrumbeet, shu maqsadda oxirgi daqiqada hibsga olingan.[48][49]

Koombana Sidneyga 1909 yil 13-iyunga o'tar kechasi kirib keldi Mort's Dock Keyingi tong.[48] Bir gazeta xabariga ko'ra, Sidneyni bog'lash, G'arbiy Avstraliyadagi avvalgi xabarlardan farqli o'laroq, Shark ko'rfazidagi topraklama katta zarar etkazganligini aniqladi, ya'ni 13 ta plastinka singan. "Shubhasiz uni faqat balastli tanklarining ustki terisi ushlab turdi", deb yozadi xabarda.[50] Ta'mirlashdan so'ng, Koombana 1909 yil avgustda g'arbiy yo'nalishni egallab, Fremantlega qaytib keldi Kyarra u tubdan ta'mirlanayotganda. Burrumbeet keyin olish uchun Fremantle'dan jo'nab ketdi Kyarra's sharqqa yugurish.[49]

Keyinchalik xizmat

Koombana Bromda, taxminan 1911 yil.
Koombana iskemte da Derbi, taxminan 1911 yil.
Koombana da Vindxem, taxminan 1911 yil.

Keyingi Koombana'Sidneydan qaytib kelganida, u sharqiy shtatlarga har yili kapital ta'mirlash uchun har yili Fremantle shahridan qirg'oq bo'ylab sayohat qilishning odatiy tartibiga aylandi. Biroq, odatiy hodisalar odatlanib qolgan.

1910 yil iyun oyida, Koombana shimoliy g'arbga safari davomida yana bir vazirlar partiyasini oldi, qachonki Mustamlakachi kotib, Janob D D Konnoli, Fremantle va Port Hedland o'rtasida uning bortida sayohat qilgan. Ekskursiya davomida vazir voqea joyiga shu kabi etkazilgan bug 'dvigatelidan foydalanib, kazak-Reburn tramvay yo'lida bug' tortishini ochdi. Koombana. Ushbu kemani Port-Xedlandda qoldirgandan so'ng, vazir Derbiga safarini davom ettirdi va boshqa kemada Fremantlga qaytib keldi, Pingvin.[51]

Ikki oy o'tgach, 1910 yil 26-avgustda Adelaide Steamship kompaniyasining G'arbiy Avstraliyadagi bosh menejeri janob V E Moxon bortida tushlik qildi. Koombana Fremantle-da, Fremantle savdo palatasi va Avstraliyaning paroxod egalari federatsiyasi a'zolari uchun. Tushlik, shuningdek, Londondan Premer-Ser Ser Nyuton Mur va Bojxona xizmatining yig'uvchisi qaytib kelganini ko'rsatdi. Ser Nyutonning o'zi ishtirok eta olmadi, ammo uning o'rniga yana ikkita vazir o'rinbosar tayinlandi. Tostlar taklif qilindi Qirol Jorj V, yaqinda taxtga o'tirgan va Koombanaboshqalar qatorida. Tushlikdan so'ng mehmonlar ovqatni ko'zdan kechirdilar McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co davlatlararo layner Karoola.[52]

Bortda drama bor edi Koombana 1910 yil 20 oktabrning dastlabki soatlarida, Port Xedlend va Brom o'rtasidagi sayohat paytida, 1-sonli yuk tashish joyida yong'in sodir bo'lgan. Lyuk muhrlangan va kemaning Kleyton Patenti yong'inga qarshi olovni o'chirish uchun ishlatilgan. Ertalab ertalab yo'lovchilar o'zlarining kabinalarini tutun bilan ko'rishganida uyg'onishdi va Koombana to'liq tezlikda Port-Xedlend tomon yo'l oldi. Tushga u erga kelganidan so'ng, kemaning qismlari juda issiq bo'lib qoldi va 2-sonli muhr ham muhrlandi. Yong'in sababi, avval sayohat paytida Shark ko'rfaziga yuklangan ho'l junli yuk bilan bog'liq.[53][54]

Safar oxirida 1910 yil 27-oktabr kuni tushdan keyin Koombana Fremantlda jang qilganda, olov hali ham o'chmas edi. Keyinchalik katta miqdordagi suv plyonkaga quyildi va lyuklar olib tashlangan vaqtga kelib epidemiya to'liq bostirildi. Yuklar olov va suvdan zarar ko'rgan bo'lsa-da, kemada hech qanday zarar aniqlanmagan.[54]

Keyingi sayohat paytida, 1910 yil 15-noyabr kuni tashrif buyurgan Koombana Brumga Avstraliyaning Buyuk Britaniyadan Singapur orqali birinchi tashrifi bilan bir vaqtga to'g'ri keldi Avstraliya qirollik floti birinchi ikkita esminets, Parramatta va Yarra bilan birga kreyser HMSGibraltar va Gollandiyalik paroxod yo'q qiluvchilar uchun moy bilan jihozlangan. Koombana shuning uchun kemalarni kutib olish flotiliyasining markaziy qismini tashkil etdi, u ham tadqiqotdan iborat edi bema'ni HMSFantome va juda ko'p o'qituvchilar va yuk tashuvchilar. Keyin yana ikki kunlik bayram tantanalari bo'lib o'tdi.[9][55]

Bir soniya Koombana Shark ko'rfazida topraklama 1910 yil 20-dekabr kuni ertalab sodir bo'ldi, chunki kema Carnarvondan Denhamga bug'langanda. Koombana qum sohiliga urilib, 12 soat tez ushlab turilgan.[56] Uning zobitlari uni ozod qilish uchun kurashayotganda kemadan ko'tarilgan quyuq ko'k tutun Denhamda hayratga tushdi, chunki kuzatuvchilar vulqon yonib ketishidan qo'rqishdi. Dirk Xartog oroli.[57] Garchi Denhamga topraklama haqida xabar berish uchun motor ishga tushirilgan bo'lsa-da, Koombana belgilangan manzilga etib borguncha bankdan sirg'alib o'tib, uni uchirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.[56]

1911 yil 21 yanvar kechki payt kemada ikkinchi yong'in sodir bo'ldi Koombana, bu safar u Fremantl shahridagi Viktoriya Kvayda tanilgan edi. Nos 2 va 3 yuk tashish omborlarida saqlanayotgan to'rt-besh tonna em-xashak alangasi, o'z-o'zidan yonishi bilan aniqlandi. Fremantle Fire Station tezda yong'in dvigatelini yubordi va ko'p o'tmay Harbor Trust yong'in zavodi rekvizitsiya qilindi. Hujjatlarni yana suv bosdi. 1911 yil 22-yanvar kuni ertalab soat 4 ga qadar yong'in o'chirildi va yana idish zarar ko'rmaganga o'xshaydi. Germaniya-Avstraliya laynerining sardori yuborgan tutun dubulg'asi Augsburg ishlatishga hojat yo'q edi, lekin o't o'chiruvchilar xodimlarini juda hayratda qoldirdi.[58][59]

1911 yil 19 aprelda, Koombana Viktoriya Kvayda bog'langan holda to'qnashuvning begunoh qurboni bo'ldi. Boshqa paroxodning ustasi SS Pilbarra, bayroqlarni ko'tarish bilan chalkashib ketdi. U kemasining iskala tomon urilib ketishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun u chetga chiqdi. Pilbarra So'ngra aylanib o'tib, to'rtdan bir qismiga dengiz panjarasini urdi Koombana. Keyinchalik Dengiz tergovi sudi shuni aniqladiki Pilbarra hukmida xatolikka yo'l qo'ygan.[60]

1911 yil 6 sentyabrda, Koombana Sidneyda yillik ta'mirdan o'tkazilgandan so'ng Fremantlega keldi. Kapitan Ris SSga ko'chirilgan edi Winfieldva Koombana kapitan Tomas M Allen boshchiligida edi.[61]

Sanoat muammosi

Koombana va Broome isketi ekipaj a'zolari, taxminan. 1911 yil.

Bortdagi voqea Koombana 1911 yil noyabr oyining boshlarida sanoat mojarosiga shunchalik jiddiy sabab bo'ldiki, u G'arbiy Avstraliyadan tashqarida ham tarqaldi. Sifatida Koombana Shark ko'rfazi va Jeraldton o'rtasida yo'lda janubga bug'lanib, uning bosh styuarderi Frank Jonson novvoyxonaga kirdi. Aytishlaricha, u Edvin Albrecht ismli nemis nemis nemis ismli yosh novvoyning boshiga biron nonni suiiste'mol qilgan va boshiga sindirib tashlagan. Keyin Koombana Fremantlga kelgan, Albrecht Jonsonni Fremantl politsiyasi sudiga haqorat va haqoratli so'zlarni ishlatgani uchun chaqirgan, ammo 1911 yil 10-noyabrda bo'lib o'tgan sud majlisida sud vakili Dauli chaqiruvni rad etgan va biron birining xarajatlarini boshqa tomon ham to'lamasligini buyurgan.[62]

O'sha vaqtga kelib, Albrecht hamdardlik kasb etdi Koombana'ekipaj. O'sha kuni kechqurun Fremantle shahrida bo'lib o'tgan dengizchilar uyushmasining yig'ilishida ishtirok etgan 60 a'zoning aksariyati, shu jumladan boshqa kemalar vakillari ham ekipaj qaroriga keldilar. Koombana bosh boshqaruvchi paroxoddan chiqarilguncha ishni davom ettirmasligi kerak. Qaror zudlik bilan kapitan Allenga va Adelaide Steamship kompaniyasining menejeri vazifasini bajaruvchi janob A E Lyuisga etkazildi.[62]

Ushbu voqealarni hisobga olgan holda, Koombana'agentlari 1911 yil 11-noyabrda uning keyingi ketishini noma'lum muddatga qoldirishga qaror qilishdi. Shu kun davomida pochta aloqasi organlariga pochta aloqasi shartnomasi hozircha to'xtatilishi kerakligi to'g'risida xabar berildi va 16 nafar o't o'chiruvchilarga pul to'lashdi. Keyinchalik, o't o'chiruvchilar va dengizchilar uyushmasining bosh kotibi janob Kuper ekipajga sharqiy shtatlardagi Arbitraj sudi oldidagi ishni jiddiy xavf ostiga qo'ymaslik uchun ishlashni maslahat bergan Sidneydan simli xabar yubordi.[62]

1911 yil 17-noyabrda yaqinda saylangan yangi Bosh vazir, Jon Skaddan, ishchi senatorlarning iltimosiga binoan nizolarga aralashdi. U ikkita shtat parlamentidan iborat delegatsiyani Fremantlda uyushmaning ommaviy yig'ilishiga yubordi. Ikki deputat ularning shikoyatlari bo'yicha tekshiruv o'tkazilishini tushunib, ekipajni ish joylariga qaytishga chaqirishdi. Delegatsiya ikki kasaba uyushma vakillari bilan birgalikda kapitan Allen va kompaniya ofisida menejer vazifasini bajaruvchi bilan uchrashdi. Kompaniya shikoyatlarni batafsil tekshirishni va'da qildi. Kapitan Allen oziq-ovqat ta'minoti sifatli va miqdorli bo'lishiga kafolat berdi va bosh styuarder o't o'chiruvchilarga hurmat bilan munosabatda bo'lishi kerak. Ammo delegatsiya ommaviy yig'ilish haqida xabar berganidan so'ng, yig'ilish a'zolari ko'pchilik ovoz berishdi, agar bosh boshqaruvchi boshqa kemaga ko'chirilmasa, kemaga qaytib ketmaslik kerak.[63]

Keyingi muzokaralar kompaniyaning WA bosh menejeri janob Moxon va norozilik bildirayotgan o't o'chiruvchilar o'rtasida davom etdi. Janob Moxon, bosh boshqaruvchini o'ziga qo'yilgan ayblovlar bo'yicha tergov o'tkazmasdan ishdan bo'shatish ta'qib qilish harakati bo'ladi, deb da'vo qildi. Biroq, o't o'chiruvchilar harakatga keltirilmadi. Melburndagi o't o'chiruvchilar va dengizchilar uyushmasining bosh kotibi senator Gutri iltimosiga binoan janob Moxon muzokaralarni to'xtatdi. Ayni paytda senator Gutri ikkita ijrochi zobit hamrohligida 16 kishidan iborat yangi ekipajni Melburndan Adelaida shahriga tezyurar poezdda, Adelaydan Fremantlga paroxodda sayohat qilishni tashkil qildi.[64]

1911 yil 24-noyabrda bosh styuarder "ahvolga tushib yiqildi" va xususiy kasalxonaga yotqizildi.[65] Xuddi shu kuni Hamdo'stlik arbitraj sudi prezidenti, Janob Adliya B B Xiggins Melburnda o'tirgan Federatsiya Dengizchilar Ittifoqi tomonidan Hamdo'stlik Buxoriy egalariga qarshi da'vo arizasida o'z taklif qilgan mukofotini topshirdi. Janob Adliya Xiggins kasaba uyushmasining asosiy talablarini qondirishni taklif qilganligini aytgan bo'lsa-da, u buni kuzatdi Koombana'ekipaj, kasaba uyushma ijrochisiga qarshi bo'lib, mavjud shartnomani buzgan. Bunday sharoitda u mukofot berishni bir haftaga kechiktirdi va agar u lavozim egasi bo'lsa, buni umuman qilmasligini aytdi. Koombana o'zgarmadi.[10]

Besh kundan keyin, 1911 yil 29-noyabr kuni kechqurun yangi ekipaj Koombana SS kemasida sharqiy shtatlardan Fremantlga kelgan Riverina. Ular darhol imzolangan. Kema ertasi kuni, 1911 yil 30-noyabrda, ekipaji bilan tuzalib ketgan bosh styuard Jonson bilan birga suzib ketdi.[66] So'ngra nizoni hal qilish to'g'risidagi yangiliklar telegramma orqali Melburnga yuborildi va u erda janob Adliya Xiggins tomonidan mamnuniyat bilan kutib olindi.[67]

Demish

Siklon

Otkritka Koombana uni ko'rsatib, dengizda Adelaide Steamship Co. huni livery (qora tasma bilan qorong'u buff) va Britaniya qizil praporjigi.

Koombana Port-Xedlanddan chapga Brom 1912 yil 20-mart, chorshanba kuni ertalab yangi shimoliy sharqiy esib, keyin SS Bullarra,[5] yaqinda shimoliy-g'arbiy yo'lovchi va yuk savdosiga qaytgan.[68] Ketishdan oldin uning xo'jayini, kapitan Allen yiqilgani haqida xabar bergan edi barometr va sayohat odatdagidan ko'proq vaqt talab qilishi mumkinligini taxmin qildi.[5] Biroq, u va kapitan Upjon, ustasi Bullarra, jo'nab ketishdan oldin suhbatda unda hech narsa yo'q deb qaror qilgan va ularning ikkalasi ham keyinchalik bunday zarbaga duch kelishini kutmagan edilar. Bullarra's jurnal kitobi "A ulayotgan bo'ron" sifatida.[4]

Chiqib ketgandan bir necha soat o'tgach, ikkita kemaning yo'nalishi o'zgarib, shimolga sharqiy shiddat kelib tushdi va ular ajralib ketishdi. Bo'ron kuchayib ketdi Bullarra zarar ko'rdi, lekin u gavdalandi Kazak. Keyinchalik u portlagan Hedlandga siklonning ko'zi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri o'tib ketganligi haqida xabar bergan tutunni olib tashlagan holda qaytib keldi. Koombana boshqa ko'rinmadi.

Po'lat yelkanli kema, Angliya toji, halokatga uchragan Depuch oroli boshqa idish bilan, Konkordiya yaqin atrofda plyaj. Bir nechta engil kemalar va marvarid yuklari ham cho'kib ketgan yoki buzilgan.[5]

Ikki kundan keyin tsiklon 22 mart kuni g'arbdan qirg'oqni kesib o'tdi Balla Balla, uchun kichik port Whim Creek mis konlari. Sohil bo'yida 200 kilometrdan ortiq masofada zarar ko'rilgan.[5]

Bir necha kundan keyin Brumda kema muddati o'tganidan so'ng, jamoatchilik tashvishi ko'tarildi va qidiruv ishlari tashkil etildi. 2 aprel kuni qidiruv kemalaridan biri shimoldan taxminan 46 dengiz miliga (46 km) yaqinida parchalanib ketgan qoldiqlar orasida parvoz qildi. Bedout oroli va dengizga 100 km.[5] Oxir-oqibat, qoldiqlar qayta tiklandi Koombana dvigatelni ishga tushirish, davlat xonasi eshigi va sayyohlik maydonchasidan paneli, qutqaruv qayiqlari va ikkita havo tanklarini yopish uchun ikkita taxta. Materikda topilgan havo tanklaridan tashqari, qayta tiklangan qoldiqlarning barchasi dengizdan olingan.[4]

Yo'lovchilar

Taniqli yo'lovchilar

Koreys Frenk Butl.
Janob F W B Klinch.

Bortda Koombana uni yo'qotish paytida G'arbiy Avstraliyaning shimolida taniqli rollarni o'ynagan bir qator yo'lovchilar bo'lgan. Ular quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olgan:

  • Kapitan Pirson kim edi iskala barmog'i u sayohat qilgan Derbida. Qadimgi dengiz kapitani, u ilgari Melburn Steamship Company-da ishlagan va u juda yaxshi tanilgan Fremantlda ko'p yillar yashagan.[69]
  • Taxminan uch yil davomida Derbi politsiyasida mas'ul bo'lgan kaptal Frank Battl. U Pertdagi ta'tildan qaytayotgan edi.[69] Uning avlodlari orasida Brownlow medali g'alaba qozonish Avstraliyalik futbolchini boshqaradi Grem Moss.[70]
  • Janob Jorj Simpson Jamoat ishlari bo'limi ancha vaqt davomida shimoliy qirg'oqdagi jamoat ishlariga mas'ul bo'lgan amaldor. Uning so'nggi muhim ishi Bromda mayoq qurilishi bilan bog'liq edi.[69] Asli NSWdan,[71] Janob Simpson mustamlakachining nabirasi, pastoralist va siyosatchi edi Nikolas Hyeronimus.[72] U, shuningdek, uzoqroq bog'liq edi Suttor erta NSW siyosatchilari sulolasi va Grosvenor Frensis, a'zosi Vakillar palatasi o'rindiq uchun Kennedi 1925 yildan 1929 yilgacha Kvinslendda.[73] U beva ayol va oltita bolasini qoldirdi.[71]
  • Brum ofisining menejeri janob J S Devis Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd, "suvosti muhandislari".[69]
  • Ishlarni bajarish uchun Derbiga besh kishidan iborat guruh - V Devis, A Beyker, G Martin, X Hereford va E Grin bilan birga ketayotgan jamoat ishlari departamentining janob V P Milne.[69] U juda uzoq vaqt davomida hukumatning zerikarli partiyasining a'zosi bo'lgan va uzoq shimolda birja marshrutlaridan birida juda zerikarli ishlarni bajargan.[74]
  • Xabarchilar Jorj Piper va R X Jenkins, ular ikkalasi ham Emanuel Brothers Limited kompaniyasining stantsiyalari menejeri bo'lgan va Pertga safardan Derbiga qaytishgan. 1912 yildan boshlab, Emanuel birodarlar Pertga va oltin konlariga zaxira va go'shtning taniqli etkazib beruvchilari bo'lgan.[75] Jorj Piper ilgari ishlagan Sidney Kidman, uni boshqarish uchun G'arbiy Avstraliyaga yuborgan Meda stantsiyasi uchun Forrest va u juda muvaffaqiyatli qilgan Emanuel. U bortda hamrohlik qilgan Koombana uning ukasi Alfred C Piper tomonidan, Kidmanning boshqa sobiq xodimi. Keyin janob Kidmanning so'zlari keltirilgan Koombana'g'oyib bo'lish "Jorj ular g'arbda bo'lgan eng aqlli odamlardan biri edi, va uning ukasi ham juda qobiliyatli odam edi".[76] Janob Jenkins o'n yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida Emanuel Brothers kompaniyasining aktsiyadorlik menejeri bo'lib ishlagan,[74] va u bilan birga edi Koombana qizi tomonidan.[69]
  • Derbida omborchi bo'lgan janob Deane Sparke. U Pertdagi ta'tildan qaytayotgan edi.[69]
  • Janob Frederik V B Klinch, of Elder, Shenton & Co., who had been on his way to Derby to supervise the loading of cattle onto Bullarra.[69] His father, James Clinch, had been the founder of the Berkshire Valley farm near Moora, and the first European settler in the Moora area.[77][78] Frederick Clinch left a widow and six daughters.[79]
  • Captain Charles Brown Stuart, who was engaged in pearling on his own account, and was returning to Broome from a business trip to Port Hedland.[80]
  • Mr Abraham de Vahl Davis, a resident of Broome, and manager of the Australian business of his brother-in-law, Mr Mark Rubin, whose business interests embraced pearling, pastoral and other business concerns.[80] Mr de Vahl Davis was an uncle of Mark Rubin's son, Bernard Rubin, kim g'olib bo'ldi 1928 yil 24 soatlik Le Mans, a Bentley 4½ litr. His descendants include Graham de Vahl Davis, Emeritus Professor in the School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering at the Yangi Janubiy Uels universiteti.[81][82]
  • Rev Robert W Main, who had been travelling north on behalf of the Presbyterian Church of Western Australia to find a suitable place for a mission station for Aborigines.[83]

 

List of passengers

The passengers on Koombana when she left Port Hedland on her ill-fated trip to Broome were recorded as follows:[84] 

For Derby:

 

For Broome:

 

Ekipaj

Ustoz

Captain T M Allen, master of Koombana uni yo'qotish paytida.

Captain Thomas M Allen, master of Koombana on her last voyage, was a 52-year-old bachelor.[85] Born in South Australia, he had been educated at Port Adelaide Grammar School.[86] Uning otasi, Tomas Allen was a Cork Irishman who had been a shipmaster and owner between the 1850s and 1880s, and had frequently visited Albany and Fremantle.[85] As a child, Tom Allen had sailed with his parents around Australia, and later to Yangi Kaledoniya. In 1873, he had sailed from Port Darwin aboard the barka Doimiy, commanded by his father, for Rokingem, G'arbiy Avstraliya, to load jarra, lekin Doimiy was wrecked at Rockingham, after blowing from her anchors during a north-westerly gale.[85]

Early in his seafaring career, Captain Allen worked on sailing ships, as master of a tug, and on several occasions for the Adelaide Steamship kompaniyasi. As quartermaster of the Orient Steam Navigation Company "s SSCuzco, he was one of a couple of hands who, in heavy seas, volunteered to go over her stern and secure her propeller, after she had broken her screw shaft. He also commanded several vessels, beginning with the barque Verulam. In 1897, as commander of the coastal vessel SSMarloo, he was convicted by a jury of manslaughter because a man had fallen down a hold, but the verdict was ignored by the Attorney-General.[85]

Later that year, Captain Allen was appointed to the pilot service on the Port Adelaide River. In 1901, he was chosen to take the royal yacht Ofir up the river, on the occasion of the visit to Australia of the then Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later King George V and Qirolicha Maryam ). One of the most skilful navigators in Australia, he was the first South Australian born seafarer to be awarded an extra masters certificate.[86]

After resigning from the pilot service in 1906, he rejoined the Adelaide Steamship Company, which sent him to England to bring out the SSIyun 1907 yilda va SSEchunga in early 1908. Following a voyage to Valparaiso yilda Echunga, he commanded many of the company's coastal steamers, including Grantala, Bullarra va Winfield. During his career as master and pilot, he had experienced no mishaps prior to Koombana'g'oyib bo'lish.[85]

Boshqa ekipaj

Mr Norman Jamieson , chief officer of Koombana at the time of her loss, had formerly been chief officer of the equally ill-fated SSYongala. He had changed to another vessel, the SSGrantala, immediately before the last voyage of Yongala, and had later been transferred to Koombana prior to her disappearance, twelve months to the day after Yongala's.[87]

Shuningdek, ishlamoqda Koombana at the time of her loss was F W Johnson, chief steward, who had been at the centre of the industrial troubles some four months earlier. Like Captain Allen, he was originally from South Australia. His brother-in-law and niece were also on board for Koombana's fateful last trip.[88]

List of the crew

According to the records in the Adelaide Steamship Company's offices, the complete crew that left with Koombana edi:[89]

Natijada

On 21 April 1912, a memorial concert in memory of the victims of Koombana's loss was held at Ulug'vorning teatri, Pert. It was attended by many dignitaries, and hundreds of other people. In an address to the audience, the newly elected Dean of Perth, the very Reverend H F Mercer, earnestly appealed for support to the Koombana relief fund, which had been established by the Lord Perning meri and owner of the theatre, Mr T G Molloy.[90]

Yo'qotilganidan keyin Koombana, her owner, the Adelaide Steamship kompaniyasi, arranged for one of its other vessels, the SS Allinga, to replace her on the northwest run.[91] Soon afterwards, the company withdrew Allinga from the northwest coastal trade, after it lost the contract for that trade to the G'arbiy Avstraliyaning davlat yuk tashish xizmati,[92] which had recently been established by the Scaddan government. The company's withdrawal was a major impetus for the early development of the State Shipping Service, which was to dominate the northwest trade for the rest of the twentieth century.[12]

Dengiz tergovi sudi

At request of the Colonial Secretary, a Court of Marine Inquiry investigation into the loss of Koombana was held at Fremantle, just over a month after her disappearance. The Court was composed of Mr E P Dowley (President) and Captains F L Parkes and J W W Yates (assessors).[4] Evidence was led on 25, 26 and 29 April 1912 by the Crown Prosecutor (Mr Frank Parker) on behalf of the Chief Harbourmaster, and a closing address was made on 3 May 1912 by Mr M L Moss KC, on behalf of Adelaide Steamship Company.[93]

The Court gave its decision on 10 May 1912. It found that Koombana had sailed from Port Hedland at about 10:20 am on 20 March 1912, drawing 19 ft (5.8 m) aft and about 12 ft (3.7 m) forward. She had been in excellent trim, and with her propeller well submerged. She had shaped a course to round Bedout Island on her way to Broome, on a voyage that was usually accomplished in about 24 hours. The southward-bound Bullarra, which had departed about half an hour later, had had Koombana in sight until about noon. At about 6:30 pm that day, the wind had increased until it became a violent hurricane lasting for several hours, and Koombana had not been seen or heard of since.[4]

The Court could not say what actually had happened to Koombana, but it seemed reasonably clear that the hurricane had been responsible for her total loss at sea. When leaving Port Hedland, she had been carrying a load of 260 tons of cargo, properly stowed, 460 tons of coal, 871 tons of water in her tanks, some 60 tons of stores, a total of 76 passengers and a crew of 74. The stability of the vessel with her known load had been tested with Ralston's stability indicator, and seven other tests had been made with the indicator under varying conditions of load. In each test, Koombana's stability had been shown to be entirely satisfactory.[4]

Further confirmation of the ship's stability and seaworthiness was to be found in her career. All witnesses with experience in her had deposed to her very excellent seagoing qualities. Both Captain Allen and the chief officer had held extra masters' certificates, and had been men of great experience on the Australian coast. Sud buni qondirdi Koombana, in construction, stability and seaworthiness, was equal to any vessel in her class in the Australian coastal trade. It concluded that her stability and seaworthiness were unassailable, the competency and carefulness of her master were beyond question, and that after being lost sight of at sea on 20 March 1912, "... her fate passes beyond human knowledge and remains a mystery of the sea."[4]

Yo'qotish haqida nazariyalar

Koombana at Broome jetty, ca. 1911 yil.

The Court's findings have not been universally accepted. A number of commentators have asserted that Koombana was a "top heavy" vessel.[11][94][95] She is said to have been "... built to scrape into the most horrible little bays and estuaries", and "... slightly unstable because [she] had to be shallow enough to get over the sandbar at Port Hedland".[21] Koombana has also been described as narrow-bottomed, wide-topped and built for speed more than anything else.[94] 1946 yilda, Edward Angelo, a former long time MLA for northwest electorates, who had travelled on over 100 ship voyages, wrote that "Although I greatly admired [Koombana's] appointments, I never liked her, considering her too top heavy. She always had a list, even when tied up at jetties."[11] However, the assertions made soon after the disappearance of Koombana that she was top heavy were disputed by her inaugural chief engineer.[23]

Additionally, it has been asserted that when Koombana left Port Hedland, she was unballasted, so that she could cross the sandbar at the harbour's entrance.[94][95]

In light of all of these assertions, there has been speculation that Koombana may have capsized in the heavy seas, due to a combination of structural top heaviness and empty ballast tanks.[96]

In an article published on 19 May 1912, Sunday Times (Perth, WA) observed that Koombana had not survived the first big storm she had encountered. In response to the Court of Marine Inquiry's report, the article commented that "[n]o attempt whatever was made to produce independent expert evidence as to the stability of the steamer, and by that we mean her ability to live in a cyclone, and not her constructional strength." The article went on to report a number of comments by a Port Hedland journalist, Mr Barker, on the Court's findings. According to Mr Barker, who had interviewed Captain Allen in Port Hedland, many pearling luggers had run into the creek for shelter prior to Koombana's departure from Port Hedland, and Captain Allen himself had been reluctant to depart until after speaking with Captain Upjohn. Mr Barker also claimed that upon departure, Koombana had had "an ugly list to port", and "was rolling heavily, her propeller at times being out of the water".[97]

Against that background, Sunday Times called for a second inquiry, by the Federal government,[97] but no such inquiry was held.

Possible discoveries

In 1973 the remains of what appeared to be a large vessel were located in deep water about 20 nautical miles (37 km) off Sakson millik plyaj, about halfway between Port Hedland and Broome. In 1985, crew members testing magnetic detection equipment on a Lockheed P-3 Orion ning Avstraliya qirollik havo kuchlari reported a significant magnetic anomaly on the seabed 75 km off Bedout Island.

In August 1987, a specially equipped United States Navy research aircraft was sent to Port Hedland to search for the ship in conjunction with the Milliy okean va atmosfera boshqarmasi (NOAA) and an Australian research group. The aircraft, another Lockheed Orion (RP-3D BuNo. 158227, operated in support of NOAA's Project Magnet), equipped with a vector magnetometer, was flown by a US Navy crew with project scientists from NOAA. The Naval Officer crew consisted of aviators Deborah Anderson, Brad Huotari and Glenn Gosnell with navigators John Sheppard and Ruth Perron. The unique aircraft was painted international orange and white and had the "Road Runner" cartoon as nose art. Several flights were conducted over the suspected area of the ship, searching for magnetic anomalies. Several promising "hits" were to be investigated by the Australian group.

In the years leading up to the centenary of Koombana's loss, numerous deepwater expeditions have been held to find her wreck, but as of the centenary the wreck had still not been found.[21]

Meros

The death pearl

Transport vosita ichida Koombana at the time of her loss was a Broome resident and pearl dealer, Abraham de Vahl Davis was on board, the secretary of Mark Rubin, who had purchased the "Roseate Pearl" for 12,000 Australian pounds. The loss led to Mark Rubin buying De Grey in 1912 with 63,000 sheep for a 100,000 pounds, and Mulyie and Warrawagine Stations in 1916 providing the wool for the British Army in WW1 and WW2. Davis boarded Koombana there for the voyage to Broome, supposedly taking Roseate Pearl u bilan.[12] Mark travelled to Europe after the loss of the Koombana to try and recuperate the loss and realised the world was going to war and sold Broome Pearls and bought the Stations. Jenny Hardie's book "Nor'Westers of the Pilbara breed" and Ion Iedress' book "Forty Fathoms deep" verifies the ownership of the pearl. Legend had seven of the previous owners die after acquiring the pearl.[12][98][99] Keyingi Koombana's disappearance, a further legend grew, blaming her loss on this allegedly cursed jewel.[12]

100th anniversary commemorations

In early 2012, to commemorate the centenary of the loss of Koombana, the Port Hedland Historical Society organised a program of activities for the weekend of 17–18 March 2012. The program included a Captain’s Table dinner, the ceremonial laying of floral tributes at Port Hedland's Koombana lookout and an exhibition of artefacts at Dalgety House Cottage. At least 13 descendants of those lost on Koombana were planning to make the trip to Port Hedland for the weekend.[100] However, on 15 March 2012 the Society was forced to postpone the event, due to the impending approach of Tropical Cyclone Lua.[21][101]

On 24 March 2012, a Koombana centenary exhibition went on display at the Western Australian Maritime Museum Fremantle-da. The exhibition, which was replicated in Port Hedland, was developed by the G'arbiy Avstraliya muzeyi in consultation with the Port Hedland Historical Society, with financial support from the Port Hedland Port Authority. According to WA Museum chief executive Alec Coles, "The exhibition relates what is known of Koombana’s final hours, and describes the far-reaching search which took place following her disappearance."[102]

The Port Hedland Historical Society's postponed commemorative activities were rescheduled to the weekend of 27–28 April 2012; the program culminated in the laying of a wreath for those lost on board the vessel.[21]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

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Bibliografiya

Tashqi havolalar