Ikkinchi Seminole urushi - Second Seminole War

Ikkinchi Seminole urushi
Qismi Seminole urushlari va Hindistonni olib tashlash
Pilaklikaha.jpg
Ikkinchi Seminole urushi paytida qo'zg'olon.
Sana1835 yil 23 dekabr - 1842 yil 14 avgust
(6 yil, 7 oy, 3 hafta va 1 kun)
Manzil
Florida, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari
NatijaMojaroning nominal oxiri; tinchlik shartnomasi yo'q; taxminan 4000 Seminoles Hindiston hududiga majburiy ravishda ko'chirildi; taxminan 350 Seminoles Florida shahrida qoldi; hal qilinmagan ziddiyatga olib keldi Uchinchi Seminole urushi 1855 yilda.[1][2][3][4]
Urushayotganlar
 Qo'shma ShtatlarSeminole
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Endryu Jekson
Martin Van Buren
Uilyam Genri Xarrison
Dunkan Lamont Klinch
Frensis L. Deyd (1835) †
Uinfild Skott (1836)
Devid Moniak (1836) †
Richard Keyt Call (1836)
Richard Gentri (1837) †
Tomas S. Jezup (1836–38)
Zakari Teylor (1838–40)
Walker Keyt Armistead (1840–41)
Uilyam Jenkins Uort (1841–42)		Osceola
Jon Ot
Holata Mico (Billi Bowlegs )
Abiaka (Sem Jons)
Mikanopiya
Coacoochee (Yovvoyi mushuk)
Halleck Tustenuggee
Halpatter Tustenuggee (Alligator)
Kuch
1837 yilda 9000 dan ortiq[5] jami 10 169 doimiy, 30 ming militsiya va ko'ngillilar[6]1835 yilda 900–1400 jangchi,[7] 1842 yilda 100 dan kam[8]
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
1600 harbiy, noma'lum fuqaro[9]3,000[10][11]

The Ikkinchi Seminole urushi, deb ham tanilgan Florida urushi, 1835 yildan 1842 yilgacha bo'lgan to'qnashuv edi Florida ning turli guruhlari o'rtasida Mahalliy amerikaliklar umumiy sifatida tanilgan Seminollar va Qo'shma Shtatlar, deb nomlangan qator nizolarning bir qismi Seminole urushlari. Ikkinchi Seminole urushi, ko'pincha deb nomlanadi The Seminole urushi "eng uzoq va eng qimmat" deb hisoblanadi Hind mojarolari Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari ".[12]

Fon

Turli qabilalardan kelgan guruhlar AQShning janubi-sharqida joylashgan 18-asrda Floridadagi ishg'ol qilinmagan erlarga ko'chib o'tgan edi. Bularga kiritilgan Alabamalar, Chokta, Yameyzlar, Yuchilar va Krik odamlari. Kriklar eng katta guruh bo'lib, Quyi Krikalar va Yuqori Kriklarni va ikkalasini ham o'z ichiga olgan Hitchiti va Muscee ma'ruzachilar. Hitchiti ma'ruzachilarining bir guruhi Mikasuki hozirgi zamon atrofida joylashdilar Mikosuki ko‘li yaqin Tallaxassi. Hitchiti ma'ruzachilarining yana bir guruhi atrofga joylashdilar Alachua preriyasi hozirda Alachua okrugi. Ispaniyaliklar Avgustin Alachua Creek-ga qo'ng'iroq qila boshladi cimarrones, bu taxminan "yirtqichlar" yoki "qochqinlar" degan ma'noni anglatadi va "Seminole" ning kelib chiqishi ehtimoli bor. Bu nom oxir-oqibat Florida shtatidagi boshqa guruhlarga ham tatbiq etildi, garchi tub amerikaliklar o'zlarini hali ham har xil qabilalarning a'zolari deb hisoblashgan. Seminole urushlari paytida Florida shtatidagi boshqa guruhlarga "ispan hindulari" kirgan, chunki ular kelib chiqishi deb ishonilgan. Kaluzalar va "rancho hindulari", mahalliy amerika ajdodlari, ehtimol ikkalasi ham Kaluza va Krik, hamda Florida qirg'og'idagi ispan / kubalik baliqchilar lagerlarida yashovchi mahalliy amerikalik / ispan ajdodlari.[13]

Moultri Kriki shartnomasi Seminollar uchun Florida markazida bron qilishni nazarda tutgan.

Qo'shma Shtatlar va Ispaniya Florida shtatidan keyin kelishmovchiliklarga duch kelishdi Parij shartnomasi tugadi Amerika inqilobiy urushi va qaytib keldi Sharq va G'arbiy Florida Ispaniya nazorati ostida. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari G'arbiy Florida chegaralari bilan bahslashdi. Ular Ispaniya hukumatini qochqin qullarni yashirishda va Florida shtatida yashovchi tub amerikaliklarni Qo'shma Shtatlarga reyd qilishdan tiya olmaganlikda ayblashdi. 1810 yildan boshlab Qo'shma Shtatlar G'arbiy Florida shtatining bir qismini egallab oldi va qo'shib oldi. 1818 yilda Endryu Jekson ga olib keladigan Floridalar istilosiga olib keldi Birinchi Seminole urushi.[14]

Qo'shma Shtatlar Florida shtatini Ispaniyadan Adams-Onis shartnomasi 1819 yilda va 1821 yilda bu hududni egallab oldi. Endi Florida Qo'shma Shtatlarga tegishli bo'lganligi sababli, ko'chmanchilar Seminollarni olib tashlash uchun hukumatga bosim o'tkazdilar. 1823 yilda hukumat muzokaralar olib bordi Moultri Kriki shartnomasi Seminollar bilan, hududning o'rtasida ular uchun rezervasyon tashkil etish. Olti boshliqlarga qishloqlarini saqlab qolish huquqi berildi Apalachicola daryosi.[15]

Rezervasyonga o'ting

Seminollar panhandlda o'z erlaridan voz kechishdi va asta-sekin rezervatsiyaga joylashishdi, garchi ular evropalik amerikaliklar bilan to'qnashuvlarga duch kelishgan bo'lsa ham. Polkovnik (keyinchalik general) Dunkan Lamont Klinch Florida shtatidagi armiya bo'linmalariga mas'ul etib tayinlandi. Fort King bron qilish agentligi yaqinida, hozirgi joyda qurilgan Okala, Florida.[iqtibos kerak ]

1827 yil boshiga kelib armiya Seminollar zahirada va Florida tinch bo'lganligi haqida xabar berdi. Ushbu tinchlik besh yil davom etdi va shu vaqt ichida Seminollarni Missisipidan g'arbiy tomonga jo'natish to'g'risida qayta-qayta chaqiriqlar qilindi. Seminollar bu harakatga, ayniqsa ularni Krik rezervatsiyasiga joylashtirish kerak degan taklifga qarshi edilar. Evropalik amerikaliklarning aksariyati Seminollarni yaqinda Florida shtatiga ko'chib kelgan Kriklar deb hisoblashgan, Seminollar esa Floridani o'zlarining uyi deb da'vo qilishgan va ularning Kriklar bilan aloqasi yo'qligini rad etishgan.[16]

Qochib ketgan qullarning maqomi Seminollar va evropalik amerikaliklar o'rtasida davomli tirnash xususiyati edi. Ispaniya o'z hukmronligi ostida Florida shtatiga qochib ketgan qullarga erkinlik bergan edi, ammo AQSh buni tan olmadi. Ko'p yillar davomida, deb tanilganlar Qora Seminoles Seminole qishloqlari yonida jamoalar tashkil etdi va ikki xalq alohida madaniyatlarni saqlab qolishlariga qaramay yaqin ittifoqlarga ega edilar. Qul tutuvchilar qullarga egalik qilish to'g'risida bahslashdilar. Florida shtatidagi yangi plantatsiyalar Seminollarga qochib qutulishi mumkin bo'lgan qullar sonini ko'paytirdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Hindiston qo'zg'oloni va / yoki qurolli qullar isyoni ehtimoli haqida tashvishlanib, gubernator DuVal Florida uchun qo'shimcha federal qo'shinlarni so'radi. Buning o'rniga Fort King 1828 yilda yopilgan edi. Seminollar, oziq-ovqat tanqisligi va zahirada ovning qashshoqlashib borayotgani sababli, undan tez-tez chiqib ketishgan. Shuningdek, 1828 yilda Seminollarning eski dushmani Endryu Jekson saylandi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti. 1830 yilda Kongress o'tgan Hindistonni olib tashlash to'g'risidagi qonun. Ular Seminollar bilan bog'liq muammolarni ularni g'arbga siljitish orqali hal qilmoqchi edilar Missisipi daryosi.[17]

Peynning qo'nish shartnomasi

Asosiy maqola: Peynning qo'nish shartnomasi

1832 yil bahorida zaxiradagi Seminollar Peynning qo'nish joyiga yig'ilishga chaqirildi Oklaxaxa daryosi. U erda muzokara olib borilgan shartnoma, Seminollarni g'arbiy tomon siljitishga chaqirdi, agar erga yaroqli bo'lsa. Ular Krik rezervatsiyasiga joylashib, Krik qabilasining bir qismiga aylanishi kerak edi. Yangi rezervatsiyani tekshirishi kerak bo'lgan ettita boshliqlardan iborat delegatsiya 1832 yil oktyabrgacha Florida shtatidan chiqib ketmadi. Boshliqlar bir necha oy davomida ushbu hududni aylanib chiqib, u erda allaqachon joylashib olgan kriklar bilan maslahatlashgandan so'ng, 1833 yil 28 martda federal hukumat boshliqlarning imzosi bilan shartnoma tuzdi.[18]

Ammo Florida shtatiga qaytib kelgach, aksariyat boshliqlar bu hujjatni imzolamaganliklari yoki uni imzolashga majbur bo'lganliklari uchun rad etishgan. Ular rezervasyonda istiqomat qilgan barcha qabilalar va guruhlar to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishga qodir emasliklarini aytishdi. Hatto AQSh armiyasining ba'zi zobitlari ham boshliqlar "g'ildiraklangan va imzo chekish uchun qo'rqitilgan" deb da'vo qilishgan. Boshqalar "shartnomani ifodalashda oqlar tomonidan hiyla-nayrang borligi" ni ta'kidladilar.[19] Apalachicola daryosi atrofidagi qishloqlarning a'zolari osonroq ishontirildilar, ammo ular evropalik amerikaliklar tomonidan ko'proq tajovuzga duch kelishdi; ular 1834 yilda g'arbga ketishdi.[18]

Seminole qishlog'ining bunday ko'rinishi, ular Ikkinchi Seminole urushi buzilishidan oldin yashagan yog'och idishni ko'rsatadi.

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati nihoyat Peynning qo'nish shartnomasi 1834 yil aprelda. Shartnoma Seminollarga Missisipidan g'arbiy tomon harakat qilish uchun uch yil muhlat berdi. Hukumat uch yilni 1832 yildan boshlangan deb talqin qildi va Seminollarning 1835 yilda harakatlanishini kutdi. Qirol Fort 1834 yilda qayta ochildi. 1834 yilda yangi Seminole agenti Vili Tompson tayinlandi va Seminollarni ko'chib o'tishga ishontirish vazifasi tushdi unga. U 1834 yil oktabrda Fort Kingda boshliqlarni chaqirib, ular bilan g'arbga ko'chirish haqida gaplashdi. Seminollar Tompsonga ko'chib o'tishni niyati yo'qligi va Peynning qo'nish shartnomasi bilan bog'liqligini his qilmasliklari haqida xabar berishdi. Tompson Fort King va Fort Broke-ga qo'shimcha yordam so'rab, "hindular Annuity-ni olgandan so'ng, juda ko'p miqdordagi Powder & Lead sotib oldilar" deb xabar berishdi. General Klinch, shuningdek, Vashingtonni Seminollar ko'chib o'tishni mo'ljallamaganligi va ularni ko'chirishga majbur qilish uchun ko'proq qo'shin kerak bo'lishi haqida ogohlantirdi. 1835 yil mart oyida Tompson prezident Endryu Jeksonning ularga yozgan xatini o'qish uchun boshliqlarni yig'di. Jekson o'z xatida: "Agar siz ko'chib o'tishni rad qilsangiz, men qo'mondonlik zobitiga sizni kuch bilan olib tashlashni buyurdim", deb aytgan. Boshliqlar javob berish uchun o'ttiz kun vaqt so'radilar. Bir oy o'tgach, Seminole boshliqlari Tompsonga g'arbiy tomon harakat qilmasliklarini aytishdi. Tompson va boshliqlar bahslasha boshladilar va qon to'kilmasligi uchun general Klinch aralashishga majbur bo'ldi. Oxir-oqibat sakkiz boshliq g'arbga ketishga rozi bo'ldi, ammo yil oxirigacha bu harakatni kechiktirishni iltimos qildi va Tompson va Klinch rozi bo'lishdi.[20]

Seminole boshliqlaridan beshtasi, shu jumladan Mikanopiya Alachua Seminoles jamoasining bu harakatiga rozi bo'lmagan. Qasos sifatida Tompson ushbu boshliqlar o'z lavozimlaridan chetlatilganligini e'lon qildi. Seminollar bilan munosabatlar yomonlashganda, Tompson ularga qurol va o'q-dorilarni sotishni taqiqladi. Osceola, Evropalik amerikaliklar e'tiboriga tusha boshlagan yosh jangchi, bu taqiqdan juda xafa bo'ldi, chunki u Seminollarni qullarga tenglashtirdi va shunday dedi: "Oq odam meni qoraga aylantirmaydi. Men oq tanlini qonga qizil qilaman; keyin uni quyosh va yomg'irda qoraytiring ... va shov-shuv uning tanasida yashaydi ". Shunga qaramay, Tompson Osceolani do'sti deb bildi va unga miltiq berdi. Keyinchalik, Osceola muammoga duch kelganda, Tompson uni Fort Kingda bir kecha-kunduzga qamab qo'ydi. Ertasi kuni, Osceola ozod qilinishini ta'minlash uchun Peyn qo'nish shartnomasiga rioya qilishga va izdoshlarini olib kirishga rozi bo'ldi.[21]

Vaziyat yomonlashdi. Evropalik amerikaliklar guruhi gulxan atrofida o'tirgan ba'zi hindularga tajovuz qildilar. Hujum paytida yana ikki hindu kelib, evropalik amerikaliklarga qarata o't ochdi. Uch nafar evropalik amerikalik jarohat oldi, bitta hindistonlik o'ldirildi va yana biri yaralandi. 1835 yil avgustda oddiy askar Kinsli Dalton (u uchun Dalton, Jorjiya ismli) Seminoles tomonidan Fort Brukdan Fort Kingga pochta jo'natmasini olib ketayotganda o'ldirilgan. Noyabr oyida bosh Charley Emathla, urushning hech bir qismini istamay, o'z odamlarini Fort Brukka olib bordi, u erda ular g'arbga borish uchun kemalarga tushishlari kerak edi. Bu boshqa Seminollar tomonidan xiyonat deb hisoblangan. Osceola Charley Emathla bilan yo'lda uchrashdi va uni o'ldirdi.[22]

Dade qirg'ini

Asosiy maqola: Dade qirg'ini
Seminollar tomonidan qirg'in qilingan oq ko'chmanchilar. 1836 yilgi kitobdan.
Seminoles tomonidan bir ayolni o'ldirish haqidagi 1836 yilgi kitobdan illyustratsiya

Seminollar ko'chib o'tishga qarshi turishini anglab etgach, Florida urushga tayyorlana boshladi. Avgustin militsiyasi so'radi Urush bo'limi qarz uchun 500 mushk. Brig boshchiligida besh yuz ko'ngilli safarbar qilindi. General Richard K. Qo'ng'iroq. Hindiston urush partiyalari fermer xo'jaliklari va aholi punktlariga bostirib kirishdi, oilalar esa qal'alarga, yirik shaharlarga yoki umuman hududdan chiqib ketishdi. Osceola boshchiligidagi urush partiyasi Florida shtatidagi militsiyani etkazib beradigan poezdni egallab oldi, uning sakkiz nafar qo'riqchisi halok bo'ldi va olti nafari yaralandi. Olingan tovarlarning ko'p qismi militsiya tomonidan bir necha kundan keyin yana bir jangda qaytarib olingan. Sent-Avgustindan janubdagi Atlantika sohilidagi shakar plantatsiyalari yo'q qilindi, plantatsiyalardagi ko'plab qullar Seminollarga qo'shilishdi.[23]

AQSh armiyasida Floridada joylashgan 11 ta kompaniya, taxminan 550 askar bor edi. Fort-Kingda faqat bitta askar bor edi va ular Seminollar tomonidan bosib olinishidan qo'rqardilar. Fort Brukda uchta kompaniya bor edi, ikkinchisi esa bir zumda kutilmoqda, shuning uchun Fort Kingga ikkita kompaniyani yuborishga qaror qilindi. 1835 yil 23-dekabrda ikkala kompaniya, jami 110 kishidan iborat bo'lib, Majning qo'mondonligi ostida Fort Brukni tark etishdi. Frensis L. Deyd. Seminollar ketayotgan askarlarni besh kun davomida soya qilib turdilar. 28 dekabrda Seminollar askarlarni pistirmadilar va uchta deb nomlangan komandadan boshqasini o'ldirdilar Dade qirg'ini. Jangda faqat uchta oq tan omon qoldi. Edvin De Kursi ertasi kuni Seminole tomonidan o'ldirilgan va o'ldirilgan. Omon qolgan boshqa ikki kishi - Ransom Klark va Jozef Spraq, Bruk Fortiga qaytib kelishdi. Bir necha yil o'tgach olgan jarohatlaridan vafot etgan Klarkgina, armiya nuqtai nazaridan jang haqidagi har qanday ma'lumotni qoldirdi. Jozef Sprag hech qanday zarar ko'rmagan va ancha vaqt yashagan, ammo jang haqida hisobot bera olmagan, chunki yaqin atrofdagi suv havzasida boshpana topgan. Seminollar faqat uch kishini yo'qotishdi, beshta jarohat olishdi. Dade qatliomi bilan bir kunda Osceola va uning tarafdorlari otib o'ldirdilar Vili Tompson Fort King tashqarisida yana olti kishi.[24]

Fevral oyida, mayor Ethan Allen Hitchcock Dade partiyasining qoldiqlarini topganlar orasida edi. Jurnalida u kashfiyot haqida yozgan va mojaroga nisbatan qattiq noroziligini keltirib chiqardi:

Hukumat noto'g'riligida va bu bizning hiyla-nayrang shartnomasini amalga oshirishga urinishimizdan o'z mamlakatlarini zo'rlik bilan himoya qilgan hindlarning qat'iyatli qarshiligining asosiy sababi. Mahalliy aholi urushdan qochish uchun barcha vositalarni qo'lladilar, ammo hukumatimiz zulmidan bunga majbur bo'ldilar.[25]

29 dekabrda general Klinch 1836 yil 1 yanvarda tugashi munosabati bilan 500 nafar ko'ngillini o'z ichiga olgan 750 askar bilan Fort Kran (yaqinda Klinch plantatsiyasida, Fort Kingdan 32 km shimoliy-g'arbiy qismida tashkil etilgan) bilan jo'nab ketdi. Seminole qal'asi deb nomlangan Withlakooche qo'g'irchog'i, janubi-g'arbiy qismida ko'plab ko'llar maydoni Withlacoochee daryosi. Daryoga etib borganlarida, fordni topolmadilar va Klinch doimiy askarlarini o'zlari topgan bitta kanoeda daryo bo'ylab olib o'tdilar. Ular qarama-qarshi bo'lib, bo'shashganlaridan so'ng, Seminollar hujum qilishdi. To'rt o'lik va 59 jarohat olganlar uchun qo'shinlar faqat nayzalarni tuzatish va Seminollarni zaryad qilish bilan omon qolishdi. Armiya qo'shinlari daryoning narigi tomoniga chiqib ketganda militsiya qopqoqni ta'minladi.[26]

1836 yil 6-yanvarda Seminoles guruhi hujum qildi coontie plantatsiya Uilyam Kuli ustida Yangi daryo (hozirgi kunda Fort-Loderdeyl, Florida ), uning xotini va bolalarini va bolalar tarbiyachisini o'ldirish. Boshqa daryoning boshqa aholisi va Biskeyn ko'rfazi janubdagi mamlakat Key Westga qochib ketdi.[27] 17-yanvar kuni ko'ngillilar va Seminoles avliyo Avgustinning janubida Dunlavton jangi. Ko'ngillilar o'n uchta yarador bilan to'rt kishini yo'qotdilar.[28] 1836 yil 19-yanvarda dengiz floti urush shiori Vandaliya Pensakoladan Tampa ko'rfaziga yuborilgan. Xuddi shu kuni 57 AQSh dengiz piyodalari Fort-Brukka yordam berish uchun Key-Vestdan yuborilgan.[29]

General Geynesning ekspeditsiyasi

Muntazam Amerika armiyasi o'sha paytda juda oz edi, 7500 kishidan kam odam jami 53 ta lavozimga ega edi.[30] U ingichka yoyilgan bo'lib, Kanada-AQSh chegarasi qo'riqlashi, odamlarga qirg'oq qal'alari va ayniqsa hindular g'arbiy tomon siljib, keyin oq ko'chmanchilardan ajralib turishlari kerak edi. Qo'shimcha qo'shinlarga bo'lgan vaqtinchalik ehtiyojlar davlat va hududiy militsiyalar va o'z-o'zini tashkil etgan ko'ngillilar tomonidan to'ldirildi. Yangiliklar va janglar haqidagi mish-mishlar tarqalganda, ko'p darajalarda choralar ko'rildi. General-mayor Uinfild Skott urush uchun mas'ul etib tayinlandi. Kongress urush uchun 620,000 AQSh dollarini ajratdi. Ko'ngillilar kompaniyalari Alabama, Gruziya va Janubiy Karolina. General Geyns 1100 nafar doimiy va ko'ngilli kuchlarni birlashtirdi Yangi Orlean va ular bilan Fort Brukga suzib ketishdi.[31]

Mayor Dade va uning buyrug'ining halok bo'lishiga qarab

Geyns Fort Brukka etib borganida, u kam ta'minlanganligini ko'rdi. General Skott Fort Kingga yuklarni yuborganiga ishongan Geyns odamlarini Fort Kingga olib bordi. Yo'l bo'ylab ular Dade qirg'in qilingan joyni topdilar va jasadlarni uchta ommaviy qabrga ko'mdilar. To'qqiz kundan keyin Fort Fortga kuch yetib bordi, ammo uni etkazib berish uchun juda kam bo'lganligi aniqlandi. Fort Dranedagi general Klinchdan etti kunlik ratsionni olgandan so'ng, Geyns Fort Brukga qaytib ketdi. O'zining sa'y-harakatlari uchun biron bir narsani amalga oshirishga umid qilib, Geyns odamlarini boshqa yo'l bilan Fort Brukka qaytarib olib, Seminollarni Withlakooche daryosi koyidagi o'zlarining mustahkam joylariga jalb qilishni niyat qildi. Mamlakatni bilmaganligi sababli, Geyns partiyasi Klinch bir yarim oy oldin Seminollar bilan uchrashgan Withlacoochee-ga o'sha nuqtaga etib bordi va ikkala tomon almashganda fordni topish uchun yana bir kun kerak bo'ldi. daryo bo'ylab otishma.[32]

Withlacoochee fordida o'tishga urinishganda, leytenant Jeyms Izard jarohat oldi (va keyinchalik vafot etdi). General Geyns tiqilib qoldi. U daryodan o'ta olmadi va agar Fort-Kingga qaytsa, uning odamlari ratsiondan chiqib ketishadi. Geyns o'z odamlariga "Izard Kampi" deb nomlangan istehkom qurishni buyurdi va general Klinchga xabar yubordi. Geyns Seminollar Izard lageri atrofida to'planishiga umid qilar edi va keyinchalik Klinchning kuchlari o'z qanotlarida Seminollarni urib, ularni ikkala kuch o'rtasida ezib yuborishi mumkin edi. Ammo urush uchun mas'ul bo'lgan general Skott Klinchga Fort Dranda qolishni buyurdi. Tez orada Geynsning odamlari otlari va xachirlarini va vaqti-vaqti bilan itni yeyishga tushishdi, jang esa sakkiz kun davom etdi. Hali ham Fort Dranda bo'lgan Klinch general Skottdan buyruqlarini o'zgartirishni va Geynsga yordam berishiga ruxsat berishni iltimos qildi. Nihoyat Klinch Skottga bo'ysunmaslikka qaror qildi va Geynesga qo'shilish uchun Skottning ruxsat olishidan bir kun oldin Fort Dranga etib keldi. Klinch va uning odamlari Seminollarni quvib chiqarib, 6 mart kuni Izard lageriga etib kelishdi.[33]

General Skottning kampaniyasi

General Eustis general Skottning kampaniyasiga qo'shilish uchun ketayotganda Pilaklikaxani yoki Ibrohim shaharchasini yoqib yubordi.

General Skott Seminollarga qarshi katta kampaniya uchun erkaklar va materiallar yig'ishni boshlagan edi. Jami 5000 kishi bo'lgan uchta ustun, Seminollarni mag'lub etish uchun etarlicha katta kuch bilan tuzoqqa tushirib, Withlacoochee koyiga yaqinlashishi kerak edi. Skott general Klinchning buyrug'i bilan janubga qarab harakatlanadigan bitta ustunga hamrohlik qiladi Fort-Deyn. Brigning ostida ikkinchi ustun. General Ibrohim Eustis, Volusiya shahridan janubi-g'arbga sayohat qilgan Sent-Jons daryosi. Uchinchi qanot, polkovnik Uilyam Lindsi qo'mondonligi ostida shimolga qarab harakatlanardi Fort Bruk. Seminollarning qochib ketishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun uchta ustun bir vaqtning o'zida Kovga etib borishi kerak edi. Eustis va Lindsay 25 martda o'z joylarida bo'lishlari kerak edi, shunda Klinch ustuni Seminollarni o'zlariga haydab yuborishi mumkin edi.[34]

Boshlang'ich mavqeini egallash uchun Avliyo Avgustindan Volusiyaga yo'lda general Eustis Pilaklikaxa yoki Palatlakaxani (Palatka, Florida ), shuningdek, Ibrohimning shahri deb nomlanadi. Ibrohim a'zo bo'lgan Kolonial dengiz piyodalari korpusi da bo'lgan va hibsga olingan Negro Fort jang Qisqa vaqt ichida hibsda bo'lganida, u qora Seminole rahbari va Ikkinchi Seminole urushi paytida juda muhim rol o'ynagan Seminollar uchun tarjimon edi.[35]:51Eustis Volusiyaga borishdan oldin shaharni yoqib yubordi.

Uchala ustun ham kechiktirildi. Seminollar hujumi tufayli Eustis Volusiyadan ketishga ikki kun kechikdi. Klinch va Lindsi ustunlari faqat 28 martda o'z pozitsiyalariga etib kelishdi. Belgilanmagan hudud orqali o'tishda muammolar bo'lganligi sababli, Eustisning kolonnasi 30 martga qadar etib kelmadi. Klinch 29 mart kuni Kovdagi Seminollarga hujum qilish uchun Withlakoochidan o'tib, ammo qishloqlarni kimsasiz deb topdi. Eustis kolonnasi tayinlangan mavqeiga etib borguncha ba'zi Seminollar bilan to'qnashuvga qarshi kurash olib bordi, ammo butun harakat faqat bir nechta Seminollarni o'ldirdi yoki qo'lga kiritdi. 31-mart kuni barcha uchta qo'mondonlar zaxiralari kam bo'lib, Fort Bruk tomon yo'l olishdi. Seminollarni samarali jalb qila olmagan ekspeditsiyaning mag'lubiyati mag'lubiyat sifatida qabul qilindi va rejalashtirish uchun etarli vaqt bo'lmaganligi va iqlim sharoiti noqulayligi bilan izohlandi.[36]

Armiya orqaga chekinmoqda, Gubernator Call qo'lini sinab ko'rmoqda

Seminollarning blokxonaga hujumi

1836 yil aprel armiya uchun yaxshi o'tmadi. Seminollar bir qator qal'alarga hujum qilishdi, shu qatorda Kovdagi Kemp Kuper, Alabama Fort Hillsboro daryosi Fort Brooke shimolida, Volusia yaqinidagi Barnwell Fort va Fort Drane-ning o'zi. Seminollar, shuningdek, Klinchning plantatsiyasida shakar ishlarini yoqishdi. Shundan so'ng, Klinch o'z komissiyasini tark etdi va hududni tark etdi. Aprel oyining oxirida Alabama Fortidan voz kechildi. May oyi oxirida Fort King ham tark etildi. Iyun oyida Seminollar tomonidan 48 kun qamal qilingandan so'ng, Withlacoochee-dagi blokxonadagi askarlar qutqarildi. 1836 yil 23-iyulda Seminollar Keyp Florida dengiz chiroqlari, mas'ul qo'riqchining yordamchisiga jiddiy jarohat etkazish, yordamchisini o'ldirish va dengiz chiroqini yoqish. Dengiz chiroqi 1846 yilgacha ta'mirlanmagan. Iyul oyida Fort Dranening kasalligi sababli tashlab ketilgan, ettita ofitserdan beshtasi va kasallar ro'yxatida 140 kishi bor edi. Armiya kasallikdan qattiq azob chekayotgan edi; o'sha paytda yoz Florida shtatida deb nomlangan kasallik mavsumi. Avgust oyining oxiriga kelib, Alachua preriyasining chekkasida joylashgan Defiance Fort ham tark etildi. Urush uzoq va qimmatga tushishini va'da qilganini ko'rib, Kongress yana 1,5 million AQSh dollari ajratdi va ko'ngillilarga bir yilgacha xizmat qilishga ruxsat berdi.[37]

1836 keng

Brigadasi sifatida Florida ko'ngillilariga rahbarlik qilgan Richard Keyt Kall. General Klin Dekabr oyida Withlacoochee koyiga yurganida, 1836 yil 16-martda Florida hududining gubernatori etib tayinlangan edi. Gubernator Kall armiyaning doimiy qo'shinlari o'rniga militsiya va ko'ngillilar yordamida yozgi kampaniyani taklif qildi. Urush departamenti ushbu taklifga rozi bo'ldi, ammo tayyorgarlikning kechikishi bu kampaniya sentyabr oyining oxirigacha boshlamaganligini anglatadi. Qo'ng'iroq, shuningdek, Withlacoochee koyiga hujum qilishni maqsad qilgan. U ta'minot bazasini tashkil etish uchun mollarining ko'p qismini yarim orolning g'arbiy qirg'og'iga va Withlacoochee tepasiga yubordi. Odamlarining asosiy qismi bilan u hozir tashlab qo'yilgan Dran Fortiga, keyin esa 13 oktyabrda etib borgan Withlacoochee tomon yo'l oldi. Withlacoochee suv toshqini ostida edi va uni to'sib bo'lmaydi. Armiya o'zlari bilan hech qanday bolta olib kelmagani uchun o'tish joyiga sallar yasay olmadilar. Bundan tashqari, daryoning narigi tomonida joylashgan Seminoles daryo bo'yida o'zini ko'rsatgan har qanday askarga o'q otar edi. Keyin qo'ng'iroq ta'minot omboriga etib borish uchun daryoning shimoliy qirg'og'i bo'ylab g'arbga burildi. Shu bilan birga, zaxiralarni olib keladigan paroxod daryoning quyi qismida cho'kib ketgan va ta'minot ombori Call kutgan joydan ancha pastda joylashgan. Oziq-ovqatdan tashqari, Call odamlarini Fort-Dreynega olib bordi, Kovga qarshi yana bir muvaffaqiyatsiz ekspeditsiya.[38]

Sent-Jons daryosidagi Volusiya oromgohi yoki Barnvell Fort

Noyabr oyi o'rtalarida Call yana urinib ko'rdi. Uning kuchlari bu safar Withlacoochee orqali o'tib ketishdi, ammo Kovni tashlandiq holda topdilar. Qo'ng'iroq kuchlarini ikkiga bo'linib, daryoning narigi tomoniga (janub tomon) yuqoriga qarab davom etdi. 17 noyabrda Seminollar katta lagerdan haydaldi. Ertasi kuni yana bir jang bo'lib o'tdi va Seminollar Wahoo botqog'iga yo'l olgan deb taxmin qilishdi. Qo'ng'iroq boshqa ustunni daryo bo'ylab olib o'tishni kutib, 21-noyabr kuni Wahoo botqog'iga kirdi. Seminollar avansga qarshilik ko'rsatdilar. Wahoo botqog'idagi jang, chunki ularning oilalari yaqin edi, lekin oqim bo'ylab chekinishga to'g'ri keldi. Maykl Devid Moniak, aralash qonli Krik, u tub tub amerikaliklardan birinchi bo'lib bitirgan G'arbiy nuqta, oqim qanchalik chuqurligini aniqlashga urindi, ammo Seminollar tomonidan otib o'ldirildi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Dushman otashinlari ostida noma'lum chuqurlikdan o'tib ketishga urinish va yana zaxiralar qisqarishi bilan duch kelgan Kall orqaga chekinib, odamlarini Volusiyaga boshladi. 9 dekabr kuni Chaqiruv buyruqdan ozod qilindi va uning o'rniga general-mayor tayinlandi. Tomas Jezup, qo'shinlarni Fort Brukga qaytarib olib borgan. Ko'ngillilarni ro'yxatga olish dekabr oyi oxirida bo'lib, ular uylariga ketishdi.[39]

Jizup buyruq oladi

1836 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasida atigi to'rtta yirik general bor edi. Aleksandr Makomb, kichik armiyaning qo'mondoni general edi. Edmund Geyns va Uinfild Skott har biri maydonga tushishdi va Seminollarni mag'lub eta olmadilar. Tomas Jezup mavjud bo'lgan so'nggi general-mayor edi. Jizup G'arbiy Jorjiya va Alabama sharqidagi Kriklar qo'zg'olonini bostirgan edi Krik urushi 1836 yil ), bu jarayonda Winfield Skottni ko'tarish. Jezup urushga yangicha yondashuvni olib keldi. Seminollarni majmuaviy jangga majburlashga urinish uchun katta ustunlarni yuborish o'rniga, u Seminollarni kiyib olishga e'tibor qaratdi. Buning uchun Florida shtatida katta harbiy ishtirok etish kerak edi va Jezup oxir-oqibat uning qo'mondonligi ostida 9000 kishidan ko'proq kuchga ega bo'ldi. Kuchlarning taxminan yarmi ko'ngillilar va militsiyalar edi. Uning tarkibiga dengiz piyoda brigadasi va dengiz floti va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining daromadlarni kesish xizmati (AKA: Revenue Marine) xodimlar qirg'oq va ichki daryo va oqimlarda patrul xizmatida. Hamma daromad dengizida urush paytida Florida shtatidagi operatsiyalarga 8 ta to'siq qilingan.[40]

Dengiz kuchlari va daromad dengiz piyodalari ikkalasi ham urush boshidanoq armiya bilan ishladilar. Dengiz kemalari va daromad kesuvchilar armiya postlariga odamlarni va materiallarni etkazib berishdi. Seminollar haqida ma'lumot to'plash va ularni ushlab qolish, shuningdek Seminollarga qurol va materiallar kontrabandasini oldini olish uchun ular Florida qirg'og'ida patrullik qilishdi. Dengizchilar va dengiz piyodalari odam kuchiga ega bo'lmagan armiya qal'alariga yordam berishdi. Dengizchilar, dengiz piyoda askarlari va dengiz piyoda xizmatchilari Florida shtatining ekspeditsiyalarida qayiqda ham, quruqlikda ham qatnashdilar. Ushbu raqamlarga qarshi Seminollar 900 dan 1400 gacha jangchilar bilan urushni boshladilar va yo'qotishlarini almashtirishning imkoni yo'q edi.[41]

Sulh va bekor qilish

Seminole yo'riqnomasi bilan AQSh armiyasi qo'shinlari.

1837 yil yanvarda urushda o'zgarishlar yuz berdi. Har xil harakatlarda bir qator Seminoles va Black Seminoles o'ldirilgan yoki qo'lga olingan. Da Xatchi-Lusti jangi, Dengizchilar brigadasi o'ttizdan qirqgacha Seminoles va qora tanlilarni, asosan ayollar va bolalarni, 100 to'plam poni va 1400 bosh qoramol bilan birga asirga olishdi. Yanvar oyi oxirida Seminole boshliqlari Xesupga xabarchilar yuborishdi va sulh tuzildi. Janglar darhol to'xtamadi va Iyusup va sardorlar o'rtasidagi uchrashuv fevral oyining oxiriga qadar sodir bo'lmadi. Mart oyida "kapitulyatsiya" G'arbga ko'chib o'tishda Seminolesga ittifoqchilari va "o'zlarining negrlari," vijdonli mulklari "hamroh bo'lishi mumkinligi to'g'risida" Mikanopi "ni ham o'z ichiga olgan.[42]

G'arbiy transportni kutish uchun Seminollar armiya lagerlariga kirishni boshlaganlarida ham, qul ushlovchilar Seminoles bilan birga yashaydigan qora tanlilarni da'vo qilishdi. Seminollarda egalik to'g'risida yozma yozuvlar bo'lmaganligi sababli, ular odatda egalik to'g'risidagi nizolarda yutqazdilar. Boshqa oq tanlilar Seminollarni jinoyatlarda yoki qarzlarda ayblanib hibsga olishga harakat qilmoqdalar. Bularning barchasi Seminollarni Jezup tomonidan berilgan va'dalardan shubha ostiga qo'ydi. Boshqa tomondan, transport lagerlariga kelgan ko'plab jangchilar o'z oilalarini olib kelmaganliklari va asosan materiallarni yig'ishdan manfaatdor ekanliklari ta'kidlandi. May oyining oxiriga kelib, ko'plab boshliqlar, shu jumladan Mikanopi taslim bo'ldi. Ikki muhim rahbar, Osceola va Sem Jons, ammo taslim bo'lmagan va boshqa joyga ko'chishga qat'iy qarshi bo'lganligi ma'lum bo'lgan. 2 iyun kuni bu ikki rahbar 200 ga yaqin izdoshlari bilan Fort Brukdagi kam himoyalangan lagerga kirib, taslim bo'lgan 700 Seminollarni olib ketishdi. Urush yana davom etdi va Jezup endi hech qachon hindning so'ziga ishonmaydi.[43]

Urush darhol keng miqyosda davom ettirilmadi. General Jezup shuncha Seminollarning taslim bo'lishi urush tugashini anglatadi, deb o'ylardi va uzoq kampaniyani rejalashtirmagan edi. Ko'plab askarlar boshqa joyga tayinlangan yoki militsiya va ko'ngillilarga nisbatan xizmatdan ozod qilingan. Shuningdek, u yozga, "kasallik mavsumiga" kirib kelayotgan edi va armiya yozda Florida shtatida tajovuzkor jang qilmadi. The 1837 yilgi vahima hukumat daromadlarini kamaytirar edi, ammo Kongress urush uchun yana 1,6 million AQSh dollari ajratdi. Avgust oyida armiya o'z qal'alarida boshpana topgan tinch aholini ratsion bilan ta'minlashni to'xtatdi.[44]

Qo'lga tushirish va soxta bayroqlar

Jezup maydonga kichik birliklarni yuborib, Seminollarga bosim o'tkazdi. Seminollar bilan bo'lgan ko'plab qora tanlilar o'zlarini qabul qilishni boshladilar. Qochqin qullar bilan kurashish siyosatidagi bir nechta o'zgarishlardan so'ng, Jezup ularning ko'plarini g'arbga Hindiston hududida bo'lgan Seminollarga qo'shilishga yubordi. 1837 yil 10-sentabrda armiya va militsiya Mikasukis guruhini qo'lga oldi, shu jumladan Florida shtatidagi eng muhim boshliqlardan biri qirol Filipp. Ertasi kuni kechasi o'sha buyruq Yuchilar guruhini, shu jumladan ularning etakchisini, Uchee Billi.[45]

Osceola general Jezupning buyrug'i bilan oq bayroq ostida yig'ilishga chiqqanda qo'lga olindi.

General Jezup qirol Filippga o'g'liga xabar yuborishini buyurdi Coacoochee (Yovvoyi mushuk) Jezup bilan uchrashuvni tashkil qilish uchun. Coacooche sulh bayrog'i ostida kelganida, Jezup uni hibsga oldi. Oktyabr oyida Osceola va boshqa bir boshliq Coa Xadjo Xesup bilan kreslo so'radilar. Uchrashuv avliyo Avgustinning janubida tashkil qilingan. Osceola va Koa Xadjo, shuningdek, oq bayroq ostida uchrashuvga kelganlarida, ular hibsga olingan. Osceola ushlanganidan keyin uch oy ichida, qamoqxonada o'lgan Moultri Fort yilda Charlston, Janubiy Karolina. Armiya tomonidan qo'lga kiritilgan Seminollarning hammasi ham asirlikda qolmagan. Osceola hanuzgacha ushlab turilgan paytda Fort Marion Avgustinda (Castillo de San Marcos), u va qirol Filipp bilan bitta kamerada bo'lgan yigirma Seminol tor derazadan qochib qutulishdi. Qochganlar orasida Coacoochee va Jon Ot, qora Seminole rahbari.[46]

Delegatsiyasi Qon tomirlari Seminollarni g'arbiy yo'nalishda gaplashishga harakat qilish uchun Florida shtatiga yuborilgan. Mikanopiya va boshqalar Cherokesni kutib olish uchun kirib kelganlarida, general Jezup Seminollarni ushlab turdi. Jon Ross, Cherokee delegatsiyasi rahbari norozilik bildirdi, ammo natija bermadi. Jezup, Cherokesga hech qanday Seminolega uyga qaytishga ruxsat berilmasligini aytganini aytdi.[47]

Zakari Teylor va Okeechobee ko'li jangi

Asosiy maqola: Okeechobee ko'li jangi

Endi Jezupda katta armiya to'plandi, shu jumladan uzoqdan kelgan ko'ngillilar Missuri va Pensilvaniya - shuncha odam, aslida u barchasini boqishda qiynalgan. Jezupning rejasi Seminolesni janubga ko'proq surish orqali yarim orolni bir nechta ustunlar bilan supurib tashlash edi. Umumiy Jozef Marion Ernandes ustunni sharqiy sohil bo'ylab olib bordi. General Eustis o'z ustunini Sent-Jons daryosiga olib chiqdi (janubga). Polkovnik Zakari Teylor Fort Brukdan ustunni shtatning o'rtasiga, so'ngra janub tomonga olib bordi Kissimmi daryosi va Tinchlik daryosi. Boshqa buyruqlar Sent-Jons va Oklaxaxa daryosi orasidagi oklava va Oklaxoki daryosi orasidagi va Caloosahatchee daryosi. Armiya-Dengiz kuchlarining qo'shma bo'limi Florida shtatining quyi sharqiy qirg'og'ida patrullik qildi. Boshqa qo'shinlar Seminole reydlaridan himoya qilish uchun hududning shimoliy qismida patrullik qildilar.[48]

Polkovnik Teylor kampaniyaning birinchi yirik harakatini ko'rdi. 19 dekabr kuni Kissimme shahrining yuqori qismida joylashgan Fort Gardinerdan chiqib, Teylor tomon yo'l oldi Okeechobee ko'li. Dastlabki ikki kunda to'qson Seminol taslim bo'ldi. Uchinchi kuni Teylor qurish uchun to'xtadi Fort Basinger, u erda kasal va taslim bo'lgan Seminollarni himoya qilish uchun etarlicha odamlarini qoldirgan. Uch kundan so'ng, 1837 yilgi Rojdestvo kuni Teylorning ustunlari Okeechobee ko'lining shimoliy qirg'og'idagi Seminolesning asosiy qismiga etib bordi.[49]

Alligator boshchiligidagi Seminollar, Sem Jons, va yaqinda qochib ketgan Coacoochee, a-da yaxshi joylashtirilgan edi hamak bilan o'ralgan arra o'tlari. Yer qalin loy bo'lib, arra o'tlari terini osongina kesib, kuydiradi. Teylorda 800 ga yaqin odam bor edi, Seminollar soni esa 400 kishidan kam edi. Teylor avval Missuri shtatidagi ko'ngillilarni yubordi. Polkovnik Richard Gentri, yana uch zobit va yigirmadan ziyod askar ko'ngillilar chekinishidan oldin o'ldirilgan. Keyingi qismda 200 askar bor edi 6-piyoda askarlari, to'rt nafar zobitni yo'qotgan va chekinishdan oldin deyarli 40% yo'qotishlarga duch kelgan. Keyin navbat 4-piyoda askarlarga keldi, 6-piyoda askarlari qoldiqlari va Missuri shtatidagi ko'ngillilar tomonidan ko'paytirilgan 160 kishi. Bu safar qo'shinlar Seminollarni hamakdan va ko'l tomon haydashga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Keyin Teylor zaxiralari bilan ularning qanotlariga hujum qildi, ammo Seminollar ko'l bo'ylab qochib qutulishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Jangda faqat o'nga yaqin Seminollar o'ldirilgan. Shunga qaramay, Okeechobee ko'li jangi Teylor va armiyaning katta g'alabasi sifatida olqishlandi.[50]

Loxahatchee jangi

Loxahatchee daryosining jang joyi Loxahatchee daryosi yilda Jonathan Dikkinson shtat bog'i. Haqiqiy jang endi ushbu belgiga qadar SWga qadar 4-5 milya (6,4-8,0 km) masofada sodir bo'lganligi ma'lum.

Teylor endi general Jezupning umumiy qo'mondonligi ostida Okeechobee ko'lining sharqiy tomoniga o'tish uchun yarim orolni siljigan boshqa ustunlarga qo'shildi. Caloosahatchee daryosi bo'yidagi qo'shinlar ko'lning g'arbiy qismida shimolga o'tishni to'sib qo'yishdi. Florida shtatining sharqiy qirg'og'ida hanuzgacha dengiz floti leytenanti Levin Pauell boshchiligidagi Armiya-Dengiz kuchlari birlashgan. 15 yanvar kuni Pauell, yilda Yupiter Inlet jangi, sakson kishini Seminole lageri tomon olib borgan, faqat o'zlarini Seminollar sonidan ko'proq topish uchun. Seminollarga qarshi ayblov muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi, ammo qo'shinlar to'rt o'lik va yigirma ikki yaradorni yo'qotib, qayiqlariga qaytishdi. (Partiyaning chekinishi armiya podpolkovnik tomonidan qoplandi. Jozef E. Jonston.) Yanvar oyi oxirida Jezupning qo'shinlari Okeechobee ko'lining sharqida Seminollarning katta tanasini ushlab qolishdi. Seminollar dastlab hamakka joylashtirilgan, ammo to'p va raketa o'qlari ularni keng oqim bo'ylab orqaga qaytargan ( Loxahatchee daryosi ), ular yana bir stend o'rnatdilar. Seminollar oxir-oqibat shunchaki yo'q bo'lib ketishdi, chunki ular olganlaridan ko'ra ko'proq yo'qotishlarga olib keldi va Loxahatche jangi tugadi.[51]

Blyashka haqida batafsil ma'lumot

Endi janglar to'xtadi. 1838 yil fevralda Seminole boshliqlari Tuskegi va Xallek Xadjo Iesupga agar Okeechobee ko'li janubida qolishga ruxsat berilsa, jangni to'xtatamiz degan taklif bilan murojaat qilishdi. Jezup bu g'oyani ma'qulladi va qolgan Seminollarni qo'lga kiritish uchun uzoq davom etadigan kurashni bashorat qildi Everglades Seminollarni keyinchalik er oq ko'chmanchilarga kerak bo'lganda to'plash osonroq bo'lishini hisoblash. Biroq, Jezup tasdiqlash uchun Vashingtonga xat yozishi kerak edi. Boshliqlar va ularning izdoshlari javob kutib, armiya yaqinida qarorgoh qurishdi va ikki lager o'rtasida birodarlik yuzaga keldi. Urush kotibi Djoel Roberts Pinsett ammo kelishuvni rad etdi va Jezupga o'z kampaniyasini davom ettirishni buyurdi. Pinsettning javobini olgach, Jezup boshliqlarni lageriga chaqirdi, ammo ular uning taklifidan bosh tortdilar. 500 Seminoleni botqoqlarga qaytarishga ruxsat berishni istamagan Jezup ularni hibsga olish uchun kuch yubordi. The Seminoles offered very little resistance, perhaps seeing little reason to continue fighting.[52]

Loxahatchee River Battlefield Park preserves an area of the fighting. Memorials are also located in Jonathan Dikkinson shtat bog'i.

Jesup steps down; Zachary Taylor takes command

Jesup asked to be relieved of his command. As summer approached in 1838 the number of troops in Florida dwindled to about 2,300. In April Jesup was informed that he should return to his position as Quartermaster General of the Army. In May Zachary Taylor, now a General, assumed command of the Army forces in Florida. With reduced forces in Florida, Taylor concentrated on keeping the Seminole out of northern Florida, so that settlers could return to their homes. The Seminole were still capable of reaching far north. In July they were thought responsible for the deaths of a family on the Santa Fe daryosi, another near Tallahassee, as well as two families in Georgia. The fighting died down during the summer, as the soldiers were pulled back to the coasts. The Seminole concentrated on growing their crops and gathering supplies for fall and winter.[53]

Taylor's plan was to build small posts at frequent intervals across northern Florida, connected by wagon roads, and to use larger units to search designated areas. This was expensive, but Congress continued to appropriate the necessary funds. In October 1838, Taylor relocated the last of the Seminole living along the Apalachicola River to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Killings in the Tallahassee area caused Taylor to pull troops out of southern Florida to provide more protection in the north. The winter season was fairly quiet. The Army killed only a few Seminole and transported fewer than 200 to the West. Nine U.S. troops were killed by the Seminole. Taylor reported in the Spring of 1839 that his men had constructed 53 new posts and cut 848 miles (1,365 km) of wagon roads.[54]

Macomb's peace and the Harney Massacre

In Washington and around the country in 1839, support for the war was eroding. The size of the Army had been increased because of the demands for manpower in the Florida war. Many people were beginning to think that the Seminole had earned a right to stay in Florida. The cost and time required to get all the Seminole out of Florida were looming larger. Congress appropriated US$5,000 to negotiate a settlement with the Seminole people in order to end the outlay of resources. Prezident Martin Van Buren sent the Commanding General of the Army, Aleksandr Makomb, to negotiate a new treaty with the Seminole. Remembering the broken treaties and promises of the past, they were slow to respond to the new overtures. Nihoyat, Sem Jons sent his chosen successor, Chitto Tustenuggee, to meet with Macomb. On May 19, 1839, Macomb announced reaching agreement with the Seminole. They would stop fighting in exchange for a reservation in southern Florida.[55]

As the summer passed, the agreement seemed to be holding. There were few killings. A trading post was established on the north shore of the Caloosahatchee River, and the Seminole who came to the trading post seemed to be friendly. A detachment of 23 soldiers was stationed at the Caloosahatchee trading post under the command of Colonel Uilyam S. Xarni. On July 23, 1839 some 150 Indians attacked the trading post and guard. Some of the soldiers, including Colonel Harney, were able to reach the river and find boats to escape in, but most of the soldiers, as well as a number of civilians in the trading post, were killed. The war was on again.[56]

The Americans did not know which band of Indians had attacked the trading post. Many blamed the 'Spanish' Indians, led by Chakaika. Some suspected Sam Jones, whose band of Mikasuki had come to agreement with Macomb. Jones promised to turn the men responsible for the attack over to Harney in 33 days. In the meantime, the Mikasuki in Sam Jones' camp near Loderdeyl Fort remained on friendly terms with the local soldiers. On July 27 they invited the officers at the fort to a dance at the Mikasuki camp. The officers declined but sent two soldiers and a Qora Seminole interpreter with a keg of whiskey. The Mikasuki killed the soldiers, but the Black Seminole escaped. He reported at the fort that Sam Jones and Chitto Tustenuggee were involved in the attack. In August 1839, Seminole raiding parties operated as far north as Fort Oq.[57]

New tactics

This lithograph, published in 1848 after the war ended, depicts the common misperception that the bloodhounds physically attacked the Seminole.

The Army decided to use qonli itlar to track the Seminole. (Although General Taylor had requested and received permission to buy bloodhounds in 1838, he had not done so.) In early 1840, the Florida territorial government purchased qonli itlar from Cuba and hired Cuban handlers. Initial trials of the hounds had mixed results, and a public outcry arose against the use of the dogs, based on fears that they would be set on the Seminole in physical attacks, including against women and children. The Secretary of War ordered the dogs to be muzzled and kept on leashes while tracking. As bloodhounds cannot track through water, the Seminole often evaded the dogs.[58][59]

In the north of Florida, Taylor's blockhouse and patrol system kept the Seminole on the move, but the Army could not clear them from the area. Ambushes of travelers were common. On February 13, 1840 the mail stage between St. Augustine and Jacksonville was ambushed. In May Seminole attacked a theatrical troupe near St. Augustine, killing a total of six people. In the same month, a group of four soldiers traveling between forts in Alachua County was attacked, with one killed and two others never seen again. A party of eighteen men pursued the Indians, but six were killed.[60]

A AQSh dengiz piyodalari boat expedition searching for the Seminoles in the Everglades during the Second Seminole War

In May 1840 Zachary Taylor, having served longer than any preceding commander in the Florida war, was granted his request for a transfer. He was replaced by Brig. General Walker Keyt Armistead, who had earlier served in Florida as second in command to General Jesup. Armistead began an offensive, sending out 100 soldiers at a time to search for the Seminole and their camps. For the first time, the Army campaigned in Florida during the summer, taking captives and destroying crops and buildings. The Seminole also were active in warfare, killing fourteen soldiers during July.[61] The Army worked to find the Seminole camps, burn their fields and stores of food, and drive off their livestock, including their horses.[62]

Armistead planned to turn over the defense of Florida north of Fort King to the militia and volunteers. He wanted to use Army regulars to confine the Seminole to south of Fort King, and pursue them within that territory. The Army destroyed camps and fields across central Florida, a total of 500 acres (2.0 km2) of Seminole crops by the middle of the summer. General Armistead became estranged from the territorial government, although he needed 1,500 militiamen from the Territory to defend the area north of Fort King. To bolster the effort south of Fort King, the Army sent the Eighth Infantry Regiment Floridaga. The Army in Florida now included ten companies of the Second Dragoon, nine companies of the Third Artillery, and the Birinchidan, Second, Uchinchidan, Oltinchi, Seventh and Eighth Infantry Regiments.[63]

Changes were also being made in southern Florida. At Fort Bankhead on Kalit Biskeyn, Col. Harney instituted an intensive training program in swamp and jungle warfare for his men.[64] The Navy took a larger role in the war, sending manned boats with sailors and marines up rivers and streams, and into the Everglades.[65]

The "Mosquito Fleet"

In the early years of the war Navy Lt. Levin Powell had commanded a joint Army-Navy force along with 8 Revenue Cutters of some 200 plus men that operated along the coast. In late 1839 Navy Lt. John T. McLaughlin was given command of a joint Army-Navy force with support of Daromad dengiz an amphibious force was to operate in Florida. Bunga kiritilgan o'qituvchilar va to'sar off the shores. A barjalar close to the mainland to intercept Cuban and Bahamian traders bringing arms and other supplies to the Seminoles, and smaller boats, down to canoes, for patrolling up rivers and into the Everglades. McLaughlin established his base at Choy stolining kaliti yuqori qismida Florida Keys.[66]

An attempt to cross the Everglades from west to east was launched in April 1840, but the sailors and marines were engaged by Seminoles at the rendezvous point on Cable Sable. Although there were no known fatalities (the Seminoles carried off their dead and wounded), many of the naval personnel became ill, and the expedition was called off and the sick were taken to Pensacola. For the next few months the men of Lt. McLaughlin's force explored the inlets and rivers of southern Florida.[67] McLaughlin did lead a force across the Everglades later. Traveling from December 1840 to the middle of January 1841, McLaughlin's force crossed the Everglades from east to west in dugout canoes, the first groups of whites to complete a crossing.[68]

Hind kaliti

Hind kaliti is a small island in the upper Florida Keys which had developed into a base for qirg'inchilar. In 1836 it became the okrug markazi yangi yaratilganlarning Deyd okrugi va a kirish porti. Despite fears of attack and sightings of Indians in the area, the inhabitants of Indian Key stayed to protect their property, and to be close to any wrecks in the upper Keys. The islanders had six cannons and their own small militia company for their defense, and the Navy had established a base on nearby Choy stolining kaliti.[69]

Early in the morning of August 7, 1840, a large party of 'Spanish' Indians snuck onto Indian Key. By chance, one man was up and raised the alarm after spotting the Indians. Of about fifty people living on the island, forty were able to escape. The dead included Dr. Genri Perrin, sobiq Qo'shma Shtatlar Konsul yilda Campeche, Meksika, who was waiting at Indian Key until it was safe to take up a 36 sq mi (93 km2) grant on the mainland that Congress had awarded to him.[70]

The naval base on Tea Table Key had been stripped of personnel for an operation on the southwest coast of the mainland, leaving only a physician, his patients, and five sailors under a midshipman to look after them. This small contingent mounted a couple of cannons on barges and tried to attack the Indians on Indian Key. The Indians fired back at the sailors with musket balls loaded in one of the cannons on shore. The recoil of the cannons on the barges broke them loose, sending them into the water, and the sailors had to retreat. The Indians burned the buildings on Indian Key after thoroughly looting it.[71]

Revenge and negotiations

In December 1840, Colonel Harney finally got revenge for his humiliation on the Caloosahatchee River. He led ninety men into the Everglades from Fort Dallas on the Miami River, traveling in canoes borrowed from the Marines. They were guided by a black man named John who had been in Seminole captivity for a while. The column encountered some Indians in canoes and gave chase, catching some of them and promptly hanging the men. When John was having trouble finding the way, Harney tried to force the captured Seminole women to lead the way to the camp, reportedly by threatening to hang their children. However, John got his bearings again and the Harney party found the camp of Chakaika and the 'Spanish Indians'. Dressed as Indians, the soldiers approached the camp early in the morning, achieving surprise. Chakaika was outside the camp when the attack started. He started to run and then stopped and turned to face the soldiers, offering his hand, but one of the soldiers shot and killed him. There was a brief fight during which some of the Indians escaped. Harney had two of the captured warriors hanged, and had Chakaika's body hung beside them. Harney and his men returned to Fort Dallas after twelve days in the Everglades. Harney had lost one soldier killed. His command had killed four Indians in action and hanged five more. The Legislative Council of Florida presented Harney with a commendation and a sword, and Harney was soon given command of the Second Dragoons.[72]

Armistead had US$55,000 ($1,265,250 in today's dollars) to use for bribing chiefs to surrender. In November 1840, General Armistead had met at Fort King with Thlocklo Tustenuggee, a Muskogee speaker known as "Tiger Tail", and Halleck Tustenuggee, a Mikasuki speaker. Armistead was authorized by Washington to offer each leader $5,000 ($115,023) to bring their followers in for transportation west, and to concede land in the south of Florida to those remaining. Biroq, polkovnik Ethan A. Hitchcock recorded in his diary, with considerable frustration, that the General instead pocketed these proposals and insisted the chiefs agree to the terms of the Payne's Landing treaty. Moreover, while talking peace, he secretly sent a force threatening Halleck's people at his home. After several days as guests of the Army both chiefs fled in the middle of the night on November 14, 1840.[73] Echo Emathla, a Tallahassee chief, surrendered, but most of the Tallahassee, under Tiger Tail, did not. The Mikasukis, led by Coosa Tustenuggee and Halleck Tustenuggee, continued to operate in the northern part of the Florida peninsula. Coosa Tustenuggee finally accepted $5,000 for bringing in his sixty people. Lesser chiefs received $200 ($4,601), and every warrior $30 ($690) and a rifle. Coacoochee took advantage of Armistead's willingness to negotiate. In March 1841 he agreed to bring in his followers in two or three months. During that time he appeared at several forts, presenting the pass given to him by Armistead, and demanding food and liquor. On one visit to Fort Pierce, Coacoochee demanded a horse to ride to Fort Brooke. The fort commander gave him one, along with five and one-half gallons of whiskey.[74]

By the spring of 1841, Armistead had sent 450 Seminoles west. Another 236 were at Fort Brooke awaiting transportation. Armistead estimated that 120 warriors had been shipped west during his tenure, and that there were no more than 300 warriors left in Florida. In May 1841, Halleck Tustenuggee sent word that he would be bringing his band in to surrender.[75]

Colonel Worth takes charge

In May 1841 Armistead was replaced by Col. Uilyam Jenkins Uort as commander of Army forces in Florida. Due to the unpopularity of the war in the nation and in Congress, Worth had to cut back. The war was costing US$93,300 per month in addition to the pay of the regular soldiers. John T. Sprague, Worth's aide, believed that some civilians were trying to deliberately prolong the war in order to stay on the government payroll. Nearly 1,000 civilian employees of the Army were released, and smaller commands were consolidated. Worth then ordered his men out on what would now be called 'search and destroy' missions during the summer. These efforts effectively drove the Seminoles out of their old stronghold in the Cove of the Withlacoochee. Much of the rest of northern Florida was also cleared by these methods.[76]

On May 1, 1841 Lieutenant Uilyam Tekumseh Sherman was assigned to escort Coacoochee to a meeting at Fort Pierce. (The fort was named for Colonel Benjamin Kendrik Pirs, who oversaw its construction.) After washing and dressing in his best (which included a vest with a bullet hole and blood on it), Coacoochee asked Sherman to give him silver in exchange for a one-dollar bill from the Bank of Tallahassee. At the meeting Major Tomas Childs agreed to give Coacoochee thirty days to bring in his people for transportation west. Coacoochee's people came and went freely at the fort for the rest of the month, while Childs became convinced that Coachoochee would renege on his agreement. Childs asked for and received permission to seize Coacoochee. On June 4 he arrested Coachoochee and fifteen of his followers. Lieutenant Colonel William Gates ordered that Coacoochee and his men be shipped immediately to New Orleans. When Colonel Worth learned of this, he ordered the ship to return to Tampa Bay, as he intended to use Coacoochee to persuade the rest of the Seminoles to surrender.[77]

Colonel Worth offered bribes worth about US$8,000 to Coacoochee. As Coacoochee had no real hope of escaping, he agreed to send out messengers urging the Seminoles to move west. The chiefs still active in the northern part of the Florida peninsula, Halleck Tustenuggee, Tiger Tail, Nethlockemathla, and Octiarche, met in council and agreed to kill any messengers from the whites. The southern chiefs seemed to have learned of this decision, and supported it. However, when one messenger appeared at a council of Holata Mico, Sam Jones, Otulkethlocko, Hospetarke, Fuse Hadjo and Passacka, he was made prisoner, but not killed.[78]

A total of 211 Seminoles surrendered as a result of Coacoochee's messages, including most of his own band. Hospetarke was drawn into a meeting at Camp Ogden (near the mouth of the Peace River) in August and he and 127 of his band were captured. As the number of Seminoles in Florida decreased, it became easier for those left to stay hidden. In November the Third Artillery moved into the Katta sarvni botqog'i and burned a few villages. Some of the Seminoles in southern Florida gave up after that, and turned themselves in for transportation west.[79]

Seminoles were still scattered throughout most of Florida. One band that had been reduced to starvation surrendered in northern Florida near the Apalachicola River in 1842. Further east, however, bands led by Halpatter Tustenuggee, Halleck Tustenuggee and Chitto Harjo raided mandarin and other settlements along the lower (i.e., northern) St. Johns River. On April 19, 1842, a column of 200 soldiers led by First Lieutenant Jorj A. Makkol found a group of Seminole warriors in the Pelchikaha Swamp, about thirty miles south of Fort King. There was a brief fire-fight and then the Seminoles disappeared into a hammock. Halleck Tustenuggee was held prisoner when he showed up at Fort King for a talk. Part of his band was caught when they visited the fort, and Lieutenant McCall captured the rest of Halleck's band in their camp.[80]

The war winds down

The remaining Seminoles in Florida were allowed to stay on an informal reservation in southwest Florida at the end of the Second Seminole War in 1842.

Colonel Worth recommended early in 1842 that the remaining Seminoles be left in peace if they would stay in southern Florida. Worth eventually received authorization to leave the remaining Seminoles on an informal reservation in southwestern Florida, and to declare an end to the war on a date of his choosing. At this time there were still several diverse bands of Indians in Florida. Billi Bowlegs was the head of a large band of Seminoles living near Charlotte Harbor. Sam Jones led a band of Mikasukis that lived in the Everglades near Fort Lauderdale. North of Lake Okeechobee was a band of Muskogees led by Chipco. Another Muskogee band, led by Tiger Tail, lived near Tallahassee. Finally, in northern Florida there was a band of Creeks led by Octiarche which had fled from Georgia in 1836.[81]

In August 1842 Congress passed the Qurolli kasb to'g'risidagi qonun, which provided free land to settlers who improved the land and were prepared to defend themselves from Indians. In many ways this act prefigured the Uy-joylar to'g'risidagi qonun 1862 yil. Heads of households could claim 160 acres (0.6 km2) of land south of a line running across the northern part of the peninsula. They had to 'prove' their claim by living on the land for five years and clearing 5 acres (20,000 m2). However, they could not claim land within two miles (3 km) of a military post. A total of 1,317 grants totaling 210,720 acres (853 km2) were registered in 1842 and 1843.[82]

In the last action of the war, General William Bailey and prominent planter Jack Bellamy led a posse of 52 men on a three-day pursuit of a small band of Tiger Tail's braves who had been attacking pioneers, surprising their swampy encampment and killing all 24. William Wesley Hankins, at sixteen the youngest of the posse, accounted for the last of the kills and was acknowledged as having fired the last shot of the Second Seminole War.[83]

Also in August 1842 Worth met with the chiefs still in Florida. Each warrior was offered a rifle, money and one year's worth of rations if they moved west. Some accepted the offer, but most hoped to eventually move to the reservation in southwest Florida. Believing that the remaining Indians in Florida would either go west or move to the reservation, Worth declared the war to be at an end on August 14, 1842. Worth then went on ninety-days leave, leaving command to Colonel Josiah Vose. The Army in Florida consisted at this point of parts of three regiments, totaling 1,890 men. Attacks on white settlers continued even as far north as the area around Tallahassee. Otiarche and Tiger Tail had not indicated what they would do. Complaints from Florida caused the War Department to order Vose to take action against the bands still off the reservation, but Vose argued that breaking the pledges made to the Indians would have bad results, and the War Department accepted his arguments. In early October a major hurricane struck Sidar kaliti, where the Army headquarters had been located, and the Indians would no longer visit it.[84]

Worth returned to Florida at the beginning of November 1842. He soon decided that Tiger Tail and Otiarche had taken too long to make up their minds on what to do, and ordered that they be brought in. Tiger Tail was so ill that he had to be carried on a litter, and he died in New Orleans waiting for transportation to the Indian territory. The other Indians in northern Florida were also captured and sent west. By April 1843 only one regiment, the Eighth Infantry, was still in Florida. In November 1843 Worth reported that the only Indians left in Florida were 42 Seminole warriors, 33 Mikasukis, 10 Creeks and 10 Tallahassees, with women and children bringing the total to about 300. Worth also stated that these Indians were all living on the reservation and were no longer a threat to the white population of Florida.[85]

Xarajatlar

Mahon cites estimates of US$30,000,000 to $40,000,000 as the cost of the Second Seminole War, but knew of no analysis of the actual cost. Congress appropriated funds for the 'suppression of Indian hostilities', but the costs of the Krik urushi 1836 yil are included in that. An inquiry in extravagance in naval operations found that the Navy had spent about US$511,000 on the war. The investigation did find questionable expenditures. Among other things, while the Army had bought dugout canoes for $10 to $15 apiece, the Navy spent an average of $226 per canoe. The number of Army, Navy and Marine regulars who served in Florida is given as 10,169. About 30,000 militiamen and volunteers also served in the war.[6]

Sources agree that the U.S. Army officially recorded 1,466 deaths in the Second Seminole War, mostly from disease. The number killed in action is less clear. Mahon reports 328 regular Army killed in action, while Missall reports that Seminoles killed 269 officers and men. Almost half of those deaths occurred in the Dade qirg'ini, Okeechobee ko'li jangi va Harney Massacre. Similarly, Mahon reports 69 deaths for the Navy while Missal reports 41 for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, but adds others may have died after being sent out of Florida as incurable. Mahon and the Florida Board of State Institutions agree that 55 volunteer officers and men were killed by the Seminoles, while Missall says the number is unknown. There is no figure for how many militiamen and volunteers died of disease or accident, however.[86]

The number of white civilians, Seminoles and Black Seminoles killed is uncertain. A northern newspaper carried a report that more than 80 civilians were killed by Indians in Florida in 1839. Nobody was keeping a cumulative account of the number of Indians and Black Seminoles killed, or the number who died of starvation or other privations caused by the war. The people shipped west did not fare well, either. By the end of 1843, 3,824 Indians (including 800 Black Seminoles) had been shipped from Florida to what became the Hindiston hududi. They were initially settled on the Creek Reservation, which created tensions. The next year, the Florida people numbered 3,136. As of 1962, their numbers had dropped to 2,343 Seminoles in the Indian Territory and perhaps some 1,500 in Florida.[86]

Urushdan keyin

Peace had come to Florida for a while. The Natives were mostly staying on the reservation, but there were minor clashes. The Florida authorities continued to press for removal of all Natives from Florida. The Natives for their part tried to limit their contacts with whites as much as possible. As time went on there were more serious incidents. The government resolved once more to remove all Indians from Florida, and applied increasing pressure on the Seminoles until they struck back, starting the Uchinchi Seminole urushi of 1855–1858.[87]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

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  2. ^ Schultz, Jack Maurice (1999). The Seminole Baptist Churches of Oklahoma: Maintaining a Traditional Community. Norman, Oklaxoma: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti. p. 36. ISBN  978-0-8061-3117-7.
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  6. ^ a b Mahon 323, 325
  7. ^ Buker 11
    It is not clear whether this number includes Black Seminoles who often fought alongside the Seminoles.
  8. ^ Mahon 318
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    Florida Board of State Institutions. 9.
  10. ^ Foner, Erik (2006). Give me liberty. Norton.
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  12. ^ Lancaster 18.
  13. ^ Missall 4–7, 128
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  14. ^ Missall 55, 39–40
  15. ^ Missall 55, 63–64
  16. ^ Missall 75–76
  17. ^ Missall 78–80
  18. ^ a b Missall 83–85
  19. ^ Meltzer 76
  20. ^ Missall 86–90
  21. ^ Missall 90–91
  22. ^ Missall 91–92
  23. ^ Missall 93–94
  24. ^ Missall 97
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  25. ^ Hitchcock 120–131
  26. ^ Missall 97–100
  27. ^ Vone Research.
  28. ^ Missall 100
  29. ^ Buker 1
  30. ^ Knetsch. P. 71.
  31. ^ Missall 100–105
  32. ^ Missall 105–107
  33. ^ Mahon 147–150
    Missall 107–109
  34. ^ Missall 111–112
  35. ^ Koks, Deyl (2016). Fort Scott, Fort Hughes & Lagerni tiklash. Janubiy-G'arbiy Jorjiyadagi 19-asrning uchta harbiy joyi. Eski oshxona kitoblari. ISBN  9780692704011.
  36. ^ Missall 112–114
  37. ^ Missall 114–118
  38. ^ Missall 117–119
  39. ^ Missall 120–121
  40. ^ Missall 122–125
  41. ^ Buker 11, 16–31
  42. ^ Missall 126–128
  43. ^ Missall 128–129
  44. ^ Missall 131–132
  45. ^ Missall 132–134
  46. ^ Missall 134, 140–141
  47. ^ Missall 141
  48. ^ Missall 138–139
  49. ^ Missall 142
  50. ^ Missall 142–143
  51. ^ Missall 144–145
    Chapman, Kathleen. (2009) "Artifacts found, collected from forgotten Loxahatchee battle from 1838". Palm Beach Post. da [1]
  52. ^ Missall 146–147, 151
  53. ^ Missall 152, 157–158
  54. ^ Missall 152, 159–160
  55. ^ Missall 152, 162–164
  56. ^ Missall 165–166
  57. ^ Missall 167–168
  58. ^ Missall 169–173
  59. ^ Parry, Tyler D.; Yingling, Charlton W. (February 1, 2020). "Slave Hounds and Abolition in the Americas". O'tmish va hozirgi. 246 (1): 69–108. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtz020. ISSN  0031-2746.
  60. ^ Missall 176–178, 182–4
  61. ^ Missall 178, 182–4
  62. ^ Covington 98–99
  63. ^ Mahon 276–81
  64. ^ Bo'sh. 44-49 betlar.
  65. ^ Missall 176–178
  66. ^ Buker 99–101
  67. ^ Buker. 103-104 betlar.
  68. ^ Mahon 289
  69. ^ Viele 33–35
  70. ^ Viele 35
  71. ^ Buker 106–107
  72. ^ Mahon 283–4
  73. ^ Fifty Years in Camp and Field: Diary of Major-General Ethan Allen Hitchcock, U.S.A., 122–123 betlar.
  74. ^ Mahon 282, 285–7
  75. ^ Mahon 287
  76. ^ Knetsch 128–131
    Mahon 298
  77. ^ Mahon 298–9
  78. ^ Mahon 299–300
  79. ^ Covington 103–4
  80. ^ Covington 105–6
  81. ^ Covington 107
  82. ^ Mahon 313–4
  83. ^ D. B. McKay's "Pioneer Florida", "Buckshot from 26 Shotguns Swept Band of Ferocious, Marauding Seminoles Off Face of The Earth", Tampa tribunasi, June 27, 1954 p. 16-C
  84. ^ Mahon 316–7
  85. ^ Mahon 317–8
  86. ^ a b Mahon 321, 325
    Missall 177, 204–205
    Florida Board of State Institutions 9
  87. ^ Covington 110–27

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