O'z-o'zini nashr qilish - Self-publishing

O'z-o'zini nashr qilish tomonidan ommaviy axborot vositalarining nashr etilishi muallif bir belgilangan ishtirokisiz noshir. Bu atama odatda yozma ommaviy axborot vositalariga taalluqlidir, masalan kitoblar va jurnallar yoki sifatida elektron kitob yoki jismoniy nusxasi sifatida foydalanish POD (buyurtma asosida chop etish) texnologiya. Shuningdek, u tegishli bo'lishi mumkin albomlar, risolalar, risolalar, videokontentlar va zinalar.

An'anaviy nashriyot modelida noshir nashrning barcha xarajatlari va xavf-xatarlarini o'z zimmasiga oladi, ammo agar kitob muvaffaqiyatli bo'lsa, daromadning katta qismini saqlab qoladi. O'z-o'zini nashr qilishda muallif barcha xarajatlar va xatarlarni o'z zimmasiga oladi, lekin sotish uchun foydadan yuqori qismini oladi.

So'nggi yigirma yil ichida o'z-o'zini nashr etadigan bir milliard dollarlik o'zboshimchalik bozorida an'anaviy nashriyotning muqobil variantlarini taqdim etadigan yangi texnologiyalar paydo bo'ldi.^[1] O'z-o'zini nashr etish tobora ko'proq yozuvchilar uchun birinchi tanlovga aylanmoqda.^[2] O'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan kitoblarning aksariyati juda kam nusxada sotiladi.^[3] Ko'p sonda sotadiganlar juda kam bo'lganligi sababli yangiliklarga ega. O'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan asarlarning sifati sezilarli darajada farq qiladi, chunki nashrga to'siqlar yo'q va sifat nazorati mavjud emas.^[4]

Tarix

Dastlabki misollar

Asl nusxa Tristram Shendi ingliz yozuvchisi Lorens Stern tomonidan o'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan. Surat: rassomning asl asaridan illyustratsiya Jorj Kruikshank.

O'z-o'zini nashr etish yangi hodisa emas. Aksariyat romanlar tashkil etilgan noshirlar tomonidan tarqatilgan bo'lsa-da, o'z-o'zini nashr etishni tanlagan yoki hatto o'z matbuotlarini boshlagan mualliflar bo'lgan. Jon Lokk^[5], Jeyn Ostin, Emili Dikkinson, Nataniel Hawthorne, Martin Lyuter, Marsel Prust, Derek Uolkott va Uolt Uitmen.^[6] 1759 yilda ingliz satirik Lorens Stern ning dastlabki ikki jildi o'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan Tristram Shendi.^[6] 1908 yilda, Ezra funt sotilgan Lume Spento har biri olti pens uchun.^[6] Franklin Xiram King kitobi Qirq asr dehqonlari 1911 yilda o'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan va keyinchalik tijorat maqsadida nashr etilgan. 1931 yilda muallif Pishirish quvonchi mahalliy bosmaxona kompaniyasiga 3000 nusxada chop etish uchun pul to'lagan; Bobbs-Merrill kompaniyasi ushbu huquqni qo'lga kiritdi va shu vaqtdan beri kitob 18 milliondan ortiq nusxada sotildi.^[7] 1941 yilda yozuvchi Virjiniya Vulf o'zining so'nggi romanini o'z-o'zini nashr etishni tanladi Havoriylar o'rtasida unga Xogart Press, aslida o'z matbuotini boshlash.^[6]

Salbiy tamg'a

Besh yil oldin o'z-o'zini nashr etish chandiq edi. Endi bu tatuirovka.

— Greg Uayt, ichida Bloomberg yangiliklari, 2016^[8]

Kelgunga qadar elektron kitoblar va POD texnologiyasi, o'z-o'zini nashr etgan kitoblarning aksariyati a orqali nashr etilgan quruq matbuot,^[9] chunki bunday mualliflar xudbin yozuvchilar deb taxmin qilinganligi sababli, ularning asarlarini qabul qila olmaydiganlari an'anaviy noshirlar tomonidan qabul qilinadigan darajada yaxshi emas edi.^[9] Jeyms D. Makdonald bekorchilik nashri buzilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda Yog qonuni unda "Pul muallifga qarab oqishi kerak".^[10] Vanity nashriyoti, odatda 1000 ta kitobni bosib chiqarish uchun 5000 dan 10,000 $ gacha bir martalik to'lovni talab qiladi; bu kitoblar odatda garajdagi qutilarga o'tirar edi.^[4]

Ushbu zamonaviy bosmaxona raqamli fayllarni oladi va kitoblarni bosib chiqaradi.

Fotosuratga aylangan noshir Maks Bondi "loyihaga sarmoya yotqizish unga ishonganligingni ko'rsatadi" dedi.^[11] Shunga qaramay, salbiy tamg'aning sabablaridan biri shundaki, ko'pgina o'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan kitoblar shubhali sifatga ega, chunki ular hali ham o'z hunarlarini o'rganayotgan mualliflar tomonidan yozilgan va hech qachon tahrir qilinmagan va hattoki isbotlanmagan. Masalan, 1995 yilda iste'fodagi televidenie ta'mirchisi o'zining tarjimai holini o'z-o'zini nashr qildi, unda u bolaligida qanday qilib ot uni bosib ketganligi, yoshligida o'gay otasi tomonidan qanday qilib o'ldirilganligi haqida Meksika va uning sobiq rafiqasi qanday qilib uning yuzini tirnoqlari bilan mixlagan. Ta'mirchi o'zining 150 betlik asarini bosib chiqarish uchun 10000 dollar sarfladi va reklama maqsadida, u mahalliy kutubxonaga, Oq uyga va ta'mirchining familiyasi bilan hammaga yubordi. Ushbu harakatlar hech qanday joyga olib kelmadi; bugungi kunda kitob deyarli unutilgan.^[12]

O'z-o'zini nashr qilish hali ham ko'pchilik tomonidan "muvaffaqiyatsizlik belgisi" sifatida qaralmoqda.^[13] O'z-o'zini nashr etish obro'si yaxshilanmoqda va ba'zilar stigma butunlay yo'qolgan deb o'ylashadi,^[14] boshqalar buni hurmat qilishni rivojlantirish uchun hali ham bor deb o'ylashadi.^[15] Kitob tanqidchisi Ron Charlz Vashington Post "Yo'q, men o'zingizni nashr etgan kitobni o'qishni istamayman", deb shikoyat qildi va o'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan kitoblarning sifati etishmayotgani va auditoriya va bozor haqida kam ma'lumotga ega bo'lgan mualliflar tomonidan nashr etilganligi haqida tashvish bildirdi.^[15] Biroq, kamdan-kam uchraydigan bestsellerlar Kul rangning ellik soyasi^[7] va Marslik umuman o'z-o'zini nashr qilish uchun hurmatga sazovor bo'lishiga yordam beradigan birinchi o'z-o'zini nashr etilgan.^[16] Bundan tashqari, o'z-o'zini nashr etishning yangi yo'llari bilan mualliflar uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tomoshabinlarga o'tish uchun ko'proq imkoniyatlar mavjud.^[17]

O'nlab yillar davomida adabiy dunyo o'zini o'zi nashr etgan mualliflarni havaskor va xakerlar sifatida kitob bilan shartnoma tuzish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lmaganlarni rad etdi. Ammo elektron kitoblarning paydo bo'lishi va Amazondan Kindle paydo bo'lishi bilan bu munosabat asta-sekin o'zgarishni boshladi, bu mualliflarga millionlab o'quvchilarga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kirish imkoniyatini berdi.

— Aleksandra Alter Nyu-York Tayms, 2016^[17]

Texnologik o'zgarishlar

Oldingi o'n yilliklarda nashriyot agentlar va noshirlardan o'tishni anglatardi.

Bugungi kunda o'z-o'zini nashr qilish mualliflarga nashriyot va kitob do'konlarini chetlab o'tib, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri jamoatchilikka sotishga ruxsat beradi.

O'z-o'zini nashr etish uchun katta turtki bo'lib, texnologiyaning jadal rivojlanishi, xususan Internet va umumiy siljish analog ga raqamli texnologiyalar.^[4] Internet nashriyot dunyosida "buyuk ekvalayzer" deb ta'riflangan, chunki bu muallifga o'z kitoblarini u erda joylashtirishga va "dunyo oldida yalang'och turishga" imkon beradi.^[14] Kitobni bosib chiqarish va tarqatish uchun xarajatlar keskin kamaydi.^[4][18] Avanslar elektron kitob o'quvchilari va planshet kompyuterlar o'qish qobiliyatini yaxshilagan; bunday qurilmalar o'quvchilarga kichik ko'chma qurilmada ko'plab kitoblarni "olib yurish" imkoniyatini beradi.^[4] Ushbu texnologiyalar buyurtma berilgandan so'ng kitobni bosma yoki raqamli ravishda etkazib berishga imkon beradi, shuning uchun zaxiralarni saqlash xarajatlari yo'q. 1990-yillarning o'rtalarida paydo bo'lgan talabga binoan bosib chiqarish (yoki POD) texnologiyasi,^[18] an'anaviy noshirlar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlarga teng yuqori sifatli mahsulot ishlab chiqarishi mumkin; o'tmishda, o'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan sarlavhani sifatsizligi bilan osongina aniqlash mumkin edi.^[18] Talabga binoan bosib chiqarish oson edi, chunki muallif qo'lyozmani yuklashi, ichki fayl formati va muqovasini tanlashi mumkin edi va kitob kerak bo'lganda bosib chiqarilishi mumkin, omborxona xarajatlaridan qochib, ulkan sotilmay qolish xavfini kamaytiradi. inventarizatsiya.^[18] Bundan tashqari, Internet onlayn tarqatuvchilar orqali global tarqatish kanallariga kirishni ta'minlaydi, shuning uchun o'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan kitob butun dunyo bo'ylab kitob xaridorlari uchun bir zumda mavjud bo'lishi mumkin. Nomli Kanadada joylashgan firma Wattpad 2017 yilga kelib o'z-o'zini nashr etgan mualliflarning hikoyalari asosida oqim video mahsulotlarini taklif etadi.^[19]

Kitob do'konida Espresso kitob mashinasi.

Raqamli kitoblarning Internetga uzatilishi, ixtiro bilan talab bo'yicha chop etish bilan birlashtirildi Espresso kitob mashinasi birinchi bo'lib namoyish etilgan Nyu-York ommaviy kutubxonasi 2007 yilda. Ushbu mashina bitta kitobni bosib chiqaradi, birlashtiradi, qoplaydi va bog'laydi. U butun dunyo bo'ylab kutubxonalarda va kitob do'konlarida joylashgan bo'lib, u bosmadan chiqarilgan nashrlarning nusxalarini yaratishi mumkin. Ba'zan kichik kitob do'konlari yirik do'konlarning zanjirlari bilan raqobatlashish uchun foydalanadi. Ikkita Internet orqali etkazib berish orqali ishlaydi pdf fayllar, bittasi matn uchun, ikkinchisi muqovasi uchun, so'ng bir necha daqiqada butun qog'ozli kitobni bosib chiqaradi, so'ngra kanalga tushadi.^[20]

Amazonning joriy etilishi Kindle va uning o'zini o'zi nashr etadigan platformasi, Kindle Direct Publishing yoki KDP, 2007 yilda o'z-o'zini nashr etishning eng muhim nuqtasi sifatida ta'riflangan bo'lib, u "suv toshqini ochdi".^[1] Bu "faqat o'z-o'zini nashr etadigan elektron platforma" bo'lib, u faqat elektron kitob bo'lib, mualliflar o'z kitoblarini yuklashlari uchun bepul va mualliflarga kitoblarining narxi qanday bo'lishini nazorat qilish hamda yirik noshirlar bilan bir xil tarqatish kanallariga kirish huquqini berishgan.^[18]

Bugungi kunda o'z-o'zini nashr qilish

So'nggi paytlarda, umuman olganda, nashriyot sanoati "yovvoyi yovvoyi G'arb" holatida juda katta oqimga ega.^[4] Onlayn chakana savdo giganti, Amazon, kitob sotish sanoatiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ko'plab g'isht va g'ishtli do'konlarni ishdan haydab chiqardi va nashriyotga ham kirishdi. Amazon kitobxonlarni kitob do'konlaridan uzoqlashtirdi va onlayn muhitga jalb qildi va uning KDP va CreateSpace tarqatish kanallari o'z-o'zini nashr qilishda katta o'sishga sabab bo'ldi. Natijada, o'z-o'zini nashr etgan mualliflar soni tobora ko'payib bormoqda.^[21]

O'z-o'zini nashr qilishning anti-tashkiliy tomoni bor, chunki u tarixiy jihatdan hokimiyatga qarshi turish yoki zulmga qarshi turish usuli sifatida ko'rilgan.^[22] O'z-o'zini nashr qilish harakati, shuningdek, uning bir qismi sifatida qaralishi mumkin Buni o'zing qil "kommunitar ko'mak sharoitida rivojlanib boradigan" madaniyat.^[22] Odatiy tizim tomonidan rad etilgan yozuvchi o'zini o'zi nashr etishda taskin topishi mumkin.^[4] Ba'zi kurash olib borgan mualliflar an'anaviy nashriyot modeli haddan tashqari "noo'rin" ekanligidan shikoyat qilishdi, shuningdek, g'ayritabiiy belgilar yoki syujetli yoki ozchiliklar bilan bog'liq bo'lgan turli xil g'oyalarni chetlab o'tishdi va o'z-o'zini nashr qilish bu ilgari chetlab o'tgan yozuvchilar uchun o'quvchilar bilan bog'laning.^[23] Kutubxonalar o'z-o'zini nashr etish bilan ham shug'ullangan; The Kutubxona jurnali va Biblioboard o'z-o'zini nashr etadigan platformani yaratishda hamkorlik qildilar Self-e, unda mualliflar kitoblarni Internetga taqdim etadigan kitobxonlar uchun taqdim etiladi. Ushbu kitoblar tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan Kutubxona jurnaliva eng zo'rlari butun mamlakat bo'ylab nashr etiladi; mualliflar bu yo'l bilan pul ishlashmaydi, ammo u marketing vositasi bo'lib xizmat qiladi.^[24]

Kattalashgan o'zgarishlar odatdagi nashriyot sanoatiga ham ta'sir ko'rsatdi, bu umumiy nashriyot bozorining ozroq ulushini nazorat qiladi va ko'plab an'anaviy noshirlarni xarajatlarni kamaytirish uchun konsolidatsiyaga majbur qiladi. Siqish bunday mualliflarga nisbatan qo'llanilgan, ularning ba'zilari an'anaviy noshirlar ko'pincha muallifdan boshlang'ich xarajatlarning bir qismini shaxsan o'z hissasini qo'shishini so'rab murojaat qilishganidan shikoyat qilishgan, aslida nashriyotchining barcha dastlabki xarajatlarni ta'minlaydigan odatiy modelidan chetga chiqishgan.^[11]

O'z-o'zini nashr qilish hali ham "qiyin va talabchan yo'l" bo'lib qolmoqda, ammo tobora tobora obro'li, muqobil bo'lsa ham, yozuvchilik kasbini tanlashga aylanib bormoqda.^[18] O'zini noshirlar aql-idrokli, g'ayratli va mehnatsevar, tinglovchilarni ko'paytirishi va pul topishi mumkin.^[18]

Qarama-qarshiliklar va muammoli joylar

Bir necha o'n yillar ilgari kitob ommaga etib borishi uchun u agentlar va noshirlar va kitob do'konlari kabi turli xil filtrlardan yoki ekranlardan muvaffaqiyatli o'tishi va tasdiqlanishi kerak edi.

Bugungi kunda mualliflar belgilangan agentlar va noshirlarni (filtrlarni) chetlab o'tib, o'zlarining asarlarini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kitob xaridorlariga etkazishlari mumkin.

An'anaviy nashriyot modelida muharrirlar va noshirlar filtr yoki ekran vazifasini bajaradilar, ehtimol radikal, yomon yozilgan yoki boshqa sifatsiz tarkibni tozalaydilar. Aksincha, o'z-o'zini nashr qilish mualliflarga ushbu filtrdan o'tib, o'z kitoblarini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ommaga sotish imkoniyatini beradi. O'z-o'zini nashr etishning keng ochiq sansürsüz xususiyati pornografik yoki suiiste'mol mavzusidagi tarkib bilan bog'liq muammolar va tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi. Amazon "Biz jinsiy jinsiy harakatlarning pornografik yoki haqoratli tasvirlarini qabul qilmaymiz" deb nomlangan zo'rlash va qarindoshlar va hayvonlar bilan bog'liq tarkibni sotishga qarshi siyosat yuritadi, ammo ba'zida kitob tarqatuvchilar uchun qaysi tarkib mazmuni maqbulligini va nimani farqlashi qiyin. emas.^[5] Ba'zi sotuvchilar muammoli tarkibni olib tashlashlari kerak edi.^[5] So'rov natijalariga ko'ra o'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan erotik oddiy kitoblarga qaraganda ko'proq ekstremal mavzular bor edi. 2013 yilda o'tkazilgan norasmiy so'rov natijalariga ko'ra Erotika asosiy bozorning taxminan 1 foizini tashkil qiladi, ammo o'zini o'zi nashr qiladigan bozorning 29 foizini tashkil qiladi.^[25]

O'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan ba'zi bir munozarali kitoblar, masalan, o'ldirgan xotinini o'ldirgan fotosuratini joylashtirgan odam kabi.^[26] Mashhur Kim Kardashian to'liq o'z ichiga olgan 445 betlik kitobni o'zini o'zi nashr etdi selfilar, tasvirlangan kitob Slate jurnali "umuman adabiy ambitsiyalarga ega emas - uning so'zlari deyarli yo'q".^[27]

An'anaviy noshirning muharrirlari ko'pincha faktlarni tekshirishni va bajarishni talab qilishadi Ekspertiza muallif tomonidan berilgan da'volarga kelsak, o'z-o'zini nashr etadigan modelda buning amalga oshishi uchun hech qanday talablar mavjud emas. O'z-o'zini nashr etish kabi siyosiy provokatorlarni jalb qildi Milo Yiannopulos kim uning tomini nashr eta oldi Xavfli an'anaviy nashriyot tomonidan tashlab yuborilganiga qaramay Amazonda Simon va Shuster shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Breitbart uni kechirayotgani haqida video paydo bo'lgandan keyin pedofiliya.^[28]

O'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan kontentni tekshirish va iste'molchilarga qo'shimcha ma'lumot berish orqali ularni kuchaytirishning umumiy strategiyasining bir qismi sifatida Amazon o'z mahsulotlarini, shu jumladan sotadigan kitoblarini ko'rib chiqishga ruxsat beradi. Biroq, o'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan mualliflar buni amalga oshirishi mumkin o'yin o'zlarining kitoblarini o'zlaridan ko'ra yaxshiroq ko'rinishini ta'minlash uchun Amazon sharhlar tizimi, ehtimol noma'lum sharhlovchilarga soxta maqtovli izohlar yozish orqali ko'plab besh yulduzli sharhlarni rag'batlantirish orqali.^[29] Bir qarashga ko'ra, tizim jiddiy firibgarlik va aldash xavfi ostida.^[29] Amazon bunga javoban kitobni sotib olish tasdiqlangan sharhlarni ta'kidladi va ba'zi hollarda soxta sharhlarni sotadigan odamlar va xizmat ko'rsatuvchi firmalar bilan sudlashdi.^[29]

O'z-o'zini nashr etgan ba'zi muvaffaqiyatli mualliflar uchun muammo plagiat. Qo'lyozmani nusxa ko'chirish va yuzaki usulda o'zgartirish nisbatan oson, lekin plagiatni aniqlaydigan dasturiy ta'minot uchun haqiqiy kitob va plagiat nusxasi o'rtasidagi o'xshashlikni anglash qiyin bo'lishi uchun etarli darajada o'zgargan; keyin nusxa onlayn ravishda yangi nom va boshqa muallif nomi bilan yuklanishi mumkin, bu esa plagiat uchun gonorar olishi mumkin.^[30] Masalan, muallif Reychel Ann Nunes yozgan Sevgi uchun taklif 1998 yilda uning qo'lyozmasi deyarli bir xil kitob bilan plagiat qilinganligini aniqladi Auktsion bitimi. Nunes plagiatlarni qidirib topish uchun advokat yolladi.^[30] Avvalgi noshirlar ustun bo'lgan tizimda noshir plagiat kitobni sotganligi uchun javobgar bo'lar edi, ammo o'z-o'zini nashr qilish dunyosida Amazon plagiat sarlavhalarini olib tashlasa, hech qanday majburiyat bo'lmaydi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}. Soxta shaxslar yordamida maskarad qilishlari mumkin bo'lgan plagiatchilarni qo'lga olish va ularni ta'qib qilish ko'pincha qiyin.^[30]

Kelajakdagi tendentsiyalar

O'z-o'zini nashr qilishni o'z ichiga olgan nashriyot sohasi shu qadar tez o'zgarib ketadiki, u qayerga yo'naltirilganligi to'g'risida aniq bashorat qilish qiyin. Ehtimol, o'z-o'zini nashr qilish o'sishda davom etishi va mualliflar o'z o'quvchilari va kitoblarining sotilishi to'g'risida tobora ko'proq ma'lumot talab qilishlari mumkin.^[19][32] O'z-o'zini nashr qilish, marketing nuqtai nazaridan, nafisligi va ambitsiyasida o'sib bormoqda.^[17]

Elektron kitoblar bozori to'g'risida, mustaqil mualliflar ushbu bozorning tobora ko'payib borayotgan qismini egallab olishlari haqida bashoratlar mavjud. An'anaviy noshirlar bir nechta manbalarga ko'ra elektron kitoblar bozorida o'z mavqelarini yo'qotmoqdalar. An'anaviy noshirlar tomonidan nashr etilgan elektron kitoblar 2015 yildan 2016 yilgacha 11 foizga kamaydi.^[17] Elektron kitoblar savdosining pasayishi haqiqatan ham vujudga kelgan noshirlarning o'zlarining elektron kitoblari narxlarini ko'targanligi va ularning bosma nashrlariga nisbatan sotuvlarning nisbatan pasayganligi hodisasi edi.^[33] Aksincha, o'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan elektron kitoblar savdosi ko'paymoqda.^[33] Maxsus elektron kitobxonlardan farqli o'laroq, elektron kitoblar soni planshetlarda o'qilmoqda.^[34] Prognozlardan biri shundaki, vaqt o'tishi bilan raqamli sotuvlar o'sib boradi va qog'ozli nashrlar gazeta va jurnallar singari "joy bozoriga" aylanadi.^[33]

2017 yildagi hisobotda Amazon o'z tilida chet tilidagi badiiy adabiyotni ingliz tiliga aylantirish tizimi ustida ish olib borayotgani taxmin qilingan AmazonCrossing xizmat.^[35] Bir hisobotga ko'ra, Amazon barcha tarjima qilingan xorijiy badiiy kitoblarning 10 foizini tashkil qilgan.^[35]

O'z-o'zini nashr etishning asosiy yo'nalishlari

O'z-o'zini nashr etish yo'lini tanlagan mualliflar uchun turli xil manbalar ko'paymoqda.^[9]

Nashriyotning asosiy yo'llari

Nashriyot gurusi Jeyn Fridman mualliflar uchun nashr etiladigan marshrutlarni asosiy toifalarga ajratadi:

• An'anaviy nashriyot. Mualliflar nashrga oid har qanday xarajatlarni to'lamaydilar.^[36] Katta tashkil etilgan noshirlik firmalariga "Katta beshlik" deb nomlanganlar kiradi: Penguen tasodifiy uyi, HarperCollins, Hachette, Simon va Shuster va Makmillan, shu jumladan ularning o'nlab izlari. Ushbu yirik noshirlar asosiy e'tirozga ega mualliflarni, xususan taniqli yoki "brend-muallif" mualliflarni afzal ko'rishadi va nashr bilan bog'liq bo'lgan katta xavfni ular o'z zimmalariga oladi. Ular odatda avans to'lovini taklif qiladilar, ba'zida mualliflar kitob foydasining bir qismini olishlari mumkin. Nashriyotlar huquqlarning egasi va nashrning aksariyat jihatlarini, xususan muqovaning dizayni va sarlavhani tanlashni nazorat qiladi.^[36] Ular kitoblarni g'ishtdan ishlangan do'konlarga olishlari va asosiy ommaviy axborot vositalarida sharhlar olishlari mumkin. O'rta kattalikdagi an'anaviy noshirlar Katta Beshlikdan kichikroq, lekin ko'pincha bir xil tadbirlarni taklif qilishadi. Kichik va mustaqil presslarni toifalarga ajratish qiyinroq, ammo ular yaxshi tashkil etilgan butik presslardan tortib to "mom-pop" ga qadar farq qiladi. boshlang'ich tashkilotlar ozgina tajribaga ega. Ular birinchi marta mualliflarni ko'proq qabul qilishadi va ko'pincha mualliflardan ularga murojaat qilish uchun agentlarni yollashni talab qilmaydi. Mualliflar avanslarni olmasligi mumkin, lekin katta miqdordagi foyda olishlari mumkin. Kichikroq presslar uchun kitob do'konlariga kitob kiritish qiyinroq.^[36]
• Gibrid noshirlar. An'anaviy va o'z-o'zini nashr qilish o'rtasida oraliq kelishuvlar mavjud bo'lib, unda muallif ham, noshir ham rivojlanish xarajatlarining bir qismini, ba'zan esa "kooperativ nashrlar" deb nomlanadi.^[37] Ushbu modellarning ba'zilarida gibrid noshir muallifga kitobni nashr etishda yordam berish uchun tanlangan xizmatlarni taklif qilishi mumkin, masalan, hikoyalarni tahrirlash, nusxasini tahrirlash, korrektura, marketing va jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar kabi targ'ibot ijtimoiy tarmoqlar va qidiruv tizimini optimallashtirish strategiyalar.^[4] Ko'pgina bunday firmalar o'zlarining onlayn kitob do'konlariga ega.^[4] Gibrid yondashuvni ko'rib chiqayotgan mualliflar uchun qanday xizmatlar va qancha xarajatlarga qo'shilishini to'liq anglash va har qanday shartnoma shartlarini to'liq anglash muhimdir. Ba'zi vositachi firmalar ideal bo'lmaganidan kam shartnomalar taklif qilishadi, bu muallifning keyinchalik bitimdan chiqib ketishini qiyinlashtiradi va foydadan nomutanosib ulush olishi mumkin; bitta maslahatchi bu kabi firmalarni ishga qabul qilishda "xaridor ehtiyot bo'ling" deb taklif qiladi.^[4] Ushbu model yordamida muallif noshirning nou-xaulari va tahrirlash qobiliyatlarini o'rganish uchun ba'zan minglab dollar sarflab, kitobni nashr etishni moliyalashtiradi.^[36] Xizmatlarning sifati va shartnomalar shartlari juda farq qiladi. Ilgari an'anaviy nashriyot sohasida ishlaydigan ba'zi mutaxassislar gibrid firmalarda ishlaydi. Umumiy qoida bo'yicha, royalti haqiqiy o'z-o'zini nashr qilishdan kamroq, ammo an'anaviy nashrdan ko'ra ko'proq. Kitoblar kitob do'konlariga kamdan-kam kirib boradi. Mualliflar iloji boricha ko'proq moslashuvchanlik bilan ko'proq huquqlarni saqlashga harakat qilishlari kerak. Ba'zi firmalar ortiqcha pul sarflaydigan ko'makchi nashriyot xizmatlaridan boshqa narsa emas.^[36]
• O'z-o'zini nashr etishga yordam beradi. Ushbu firmalar nashriyotga oid turli xil xizmatlar, masalan, formatlash va qopqoqni loyihalash va nusxalash kabi xizmatlar uchun haq oladilar va o'zlarining pullarini faqatgina ushbu xizmatlardan topadilar, ammo mualliflar barcha royalti-larga ega bo'lib, tahrirlash va muqovaning dizayni va nomi ustidan nazoratni saqlab qoladilar. Reklama va marketing bo'yicha yordam beradigan firmalar odatda yaxshi bitim emas va AuthorSolutions singari sotish taktikasiga ega firmalardan qochish kerak.^[36] Kabi kitoblar mavjud O'z-o'zini nashr etishning nozik nashri bo'lajak mualliflarga rahbarlik qilishi mumkin bo'lgan Mark Levine tomonidan.^[4] O'z-o'zini nashr qilish orqali pul ishlashga jiddiy e'tibor beradigan mualliflar uchun sifatli badiiy asarlarning, ayniqsa muqovada, shuningdek ichki formatlashning va reklama ishlarini olib boradigan mutaxassislarning bo'lishi juda muhimdir, shuning uchun vakolatli frilanserlarni yollash juda muhimdir.^[18]
• Haqiqiy o'z-o'zini nashr qilish. Muallif butun nashriyot jarayonini boshidan oxirigacha boshqaradi va muallif talab qiladigan har qanday joyda, masalan, muqovalashtiruvchi dizaynerlar, nusxa muharrirlari va hikoya muharrirlariga yordam beradigan freelancerlarni yollashi mumkin. Muallifga tadbirkor kabi fikr yuritish va barcha o'zgaruvchilarni o'z zimmasiga olish, iloji boricha tayyor kitobni sifatli mahsulotga o'xshatish kerak. Barcha foyda va huquqlar muallifga tegishli, ammo kitobni bestsellerga aylanmaguncha uni kitob do'konlariga kiritish deyarli mumkin emas, bu juda kam. Mualliflar o'zlarining elektron kitoblarini onlayn platformalar orqali sotishlari mumkin va ularni elektron kitoblar distribyutorlari yoki buyurtma asosida chop etiladigan firmalar orqali tarqatishlari mumkin.^[36]

O'z-o'zini nashr etish jarayoni: kontseptsiyadan qo'lyozma

Muallif o'zini o'zi nashr etuvchi sifatida, shuningdek, tugallangan asarlarni bajarish uchun ko'plab ijodiy vazifalarni o'z zimmasiga oladi, ular ijodiy yozishni, shuningdek, dasturiy ta'minotni tanlashni, tahrir qilishni, marketingni va muqovani loyihalashni o'z ichiga oladi. O'z-o'zini nashr qilish muallifning kirishini anglatadi boshqaruv yozish va tahrir qilishdan tortib, tarqatishgacha, nashriyot platformalarini tanlash va narx kabi marketing o'zgaruvchilarini tanlashgacha bo'lgan barcha ishlab chiqarish jarayonlari, ushbu vazifalarning aksariyati mutaxassislarga topshirilishi mumkin. Mutaxassislarni qidiruv tizimlari, Reedsy kabi freelancing veb-saytlari orqali topish mumkin.^[38] og'zaki so'zlar, allaqachon nashr etilgan kitoblarda ishlagan ijodiy yordamchilarni aniqlash va ular bilan bog'lanish va tegishli forumlarni qidirish. Mualliflar nashrga yordam berish uchun turli xil xizmatlar uchun 5000 dollar sarflashlari mumkin.^[4]

O'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan mualliflar malakali muharrirni, eng yaxshisi, kitobning muvaffaqiyati uchun moliyaviy manfaatdor muharrirni ish bilan ta'minlay olsalar va bozor haqida aql-idrok bilan tushunadigan hamda kuchli ma'noga ega bo'lsalar yaxshi natijalarga erishishlari haqida qat'iy kelishuv mavjud. hikoyani rivojlantirish.^[39] O'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan muallif Jeyms Altucher muharrir bilan ishlashni quyidagicha tasvirlaydi:

Nils bilan men kitobim uchun 15 dan ortiq turli xil qayta yozish bo'yicha oldinga va orqaga qaytdik. Asl versiyasi bilan yakuniy versiyasi o'rtasidagi farq tovuq go'shti va tovuq salatasi o'rtasidagi farqga o'xshaydi.

— O'z-o'zini nashr etgan muallif Jeyms Altucher 2013 yilda^[40]

O'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan mualliflar uchun mas'uliyat shuki, agar ular malakali muharrir topsalar, u hali ham mavjud to'langan oldindan tahrir qilish uchun muallif tomonidan yozilgan va kitob muvaffaqiyatli bo'ladimi yoki yo'qmi degani emas. An'anaviy nashriyot bilan ishlashning katta afzalligi bu kitobni bestsellerga aylantirishda moliyaviy manfaatdor bo'lgan muharriri va noshiri bo'lishi.

O'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan muallif o'z-o'zini nashr etishning texnik jihatlari uchun javobgardir, bular bosib chiqarish va raqamli konvertatsiya qilish uchun formatlashni o'z ichiga oladi.^[41] Formatlashtirish murakkab va ko'p vaqt talab qilishi mumkin, ammo sabr-toqatli odamlar buni qanday qilishni o'zlari o'rganishlari mumkin, lekin ko'pincha bu vazifani tajribali freelancerlarga yollashadi.^[4]

Agar kitob to'g'ridan-to'g'ri muallifdan jamoatchilikka sotilishi kerak bo'lmasa, xalqaro standart kitob raqami yoki ISBN sarlavhani noyob tarzda aniqlash uchun talab qilinadi. ISBN butun dunyo bo'ylab barcha sarlavhalar uchun ishlatiladigan global standartdir.^[42] Ko'pgina o'z-o'zini nashr etadigan kompaniyalar yoki o'zlarining ISBN-lariga sarlavha berishadi yoki qanday qilib uni olish haqida ko'rsatma berishlari mumkin.^[42] Kitobning har bir nashri uchun alohida ISBN raqami kerak.^[43] O'zini-o'zi nashr etgan muallif manfaatdor bo'lishi mumkin, chunki dabdabali matbuotga tegishli raqamdan foydalanish o'rniga, ISBN-ga egalik huquqini va mualliflik huquqini saqlab qolish.

Marketing va targ'ibot harakatlarining yo'nalishi muallifning zimmasida. O'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan mualliflar muzokara olib borishlari mumkin audiokitoblar qilingan.^[17]

Nashriyot platformalari

O'z-o'zini nashr qilishning ustun platformasi Amazon bo'lib, u bozorning katta qismini boshqaradi, ammo mualliflar o'zlarining kitoblarini yuklashi va sotishlari mumkin bo'lgan ko'plab raqobatchilar va platformalar mavjud.

Kindle Direct Publishing

Amazon Kindle.

Kindle Direct Publishing yoki KDP - Amazonning elektron kitoblarni nashr etish bo'limi, bu kompaniya o'z do'konini sotishni boshlaganda ishga tushirildi Amazon Kindle 2007 yilda kitob o'qish moslamasi.^[18] Kitoblar ko'plab tillarda nashr etilishi mumkin.^[44] Amazonning KDP-da yuz minglab o'z-o'zini nashr etgan sarlavhalar mavjud.^[21] Amazonning KDP dasturi elektron kitoblarni aniqlash uchun ISBN o'rniga ASIN identifikatorlaridan foydalanadi.^[45] Amazon o'z mualliflarining savdo ko'rsatkichlarini e'lon qilmaydi.^[13] Ko'pgina mualliflar Amazonni o'zining global obro'si va ulkanligi uchun afzal ko'rishadi.^[9] Bir tahlil shuni ko'rsatdiki, Amazon 2016 yilda elektron kitoblar daromadidan 2,3 milliard dollar ishlab topdi va ularning 25% o'z-o'zidan nashr qilingan elektron kitoblar hisobiga; va Amazon 2016 yilda 4 million elektron kitob nomini chiqardi va ularning 40% o'z-o'zidan nashr etildi.^[1] Boshqa taxminlarga ko'ra Amazon elektron kitoblar bozorining 70 foizini boshqaradi.^[46]

Amazonniki Kindle Unlimited xizmat o'quvchilarga katalogdagi har qanday kitoblarni o'qish imkonini beradi, agar foydalanuvchilar oylik to'lovni to'lashlari sharti bilan. Amazon qaysi kitoblarni obunachilar tomonidan tanlanishi va o'qilishini kuzatib boradi. Kitobini ushbu dasturga kiritishni istagan muallif Amazonnikiga kiradi KDP-ni tanlang dasturida va kelishuv doirasida muallif o'z kitobini faqat Amazon uchun eksklyuziv qilishni va'da qilmoqda. Muallif har to'qson kunda KDP dasturidan voz kechishi mumkin. 2017 yilgi taxminlarga ko'ra Amazonning Kindle Unlimited bozori, o'qilgan va qarzga olingan kitoblarning taxminan 60% o'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan.^[46] Dastlab Amazon dasturni mualliflarga ularning kitoblari tanlangan paytda to'lash bilan boshladi, ammo keyinchalik u o'qilgan sahifalar asosida mualliflarga pul to'laydigan tartibga o'tdi. Amazon har oy qaysi sahifalar o'qilishini hisobga olgan holda har oyda Amazon mualliflarga pul to'laydigan fond yaratadi. Qisqa o'zgaruvchan mualliflar uchun Amazon ularni ushbu oylik fondidan to'lab, tanqid ostiga olindi.^[29] Dastur natijasida ko'plab Amazon mualliflari kompaniya sahifalarni o'qish rejimiga o'tganida ularning daromadi sezilarli darajada kamayganligini aniqladilar.^[29] 2017 yil avgust oyida KDP mualliflari uchun jamg'arma jamg'armasi 19,4 million dollarni tashkil etdi, bu oylik mablag'larning "eng kattasi" bo'lgan, ammo umumiy mualliflar eng past miqdorni olishgan, bu o'sha oy uchun har bir sahifaga 0,00419 dollarni tashkil etgan.^[29][47] Ba'zi mualliflar o'zlarining ishlarini biroz o'zgartirib, qayta nashr qilish orqali kam daromadni qoplashga, o'qilgan sahifalar sonini ko'paytirishga harakat qilishdi.^[29] Sahifalarni o'qish modelini o'zgartirish mualliflar uchun "katta ish haqi" deb tanqid qilindi.^[48] Kindle Unlimited-ga 2017 yilgacha yirik 5 nashriyotning hech biri kitob bermadi.^[48]

IngramSpark

IngramSpark mualliflariga kitoblarining raqamli va qog'ozli nashrlarini nashr etishga imkon beradi. U ko'plab onlayn kitob do'konlariga kitoblarni tarqatadi. G'isht-g'isht do'konlari, shuningdek, o'z joylarida sotish uchun IngramSpark-dan kitoblarni ulgurji narxlarda buyurtma qilishlari mumkin. U tomonidan boshqariladi Ingram tarkib guruhi.

olma

olma orqali kitob sotadi Uskunalar Do'koni bu uning uchun raqamli tarqatish platformasi mobil ilovalar uning ustida iOS operatsion tizim. Ilovalarni uning kabi qurilmalariga yuklab olish mumkin iPhone, iPod Touch qo'l kompyuter va iPad. Apple mualliflarga o'z daromadlarining 70 foizini sotadigan Apple iBookstore-da to'laydi iBooks.^[4]

Smashwords

Smashwords mualliflar va mustaqil noshirlarga Smashwords xizmatiga o'z qo'lyozmalarini elektron shaklda yuklash imkonini beradigan Kaliforniyada joylashgan Mark-Koker tomonidan asos solingan kompaniya bo'lib, keyinchalik ularni turli xil qurilmalarda o'qish mumkin bo'lgan bir nechta elektron kitob formatlariga aylantiradi. Mualliflar qanday narx o'rnatilishini nazorat qilishadi.^[44]

Barnes va Noble

Barnes va Noble o'zining Pubit deb nomlangan onlayn-do'koni orqali sotib olingan elektron kitoblarning ro'yxat narxining 65 foizini to'laydi.^[4][44]

Kobo

Kobo bulutli elektron o'qish xizmati sifatida paydo bo'lgan elektron kitoblar, audiokitoblar, elektron kitobxonlar va planshet kompyuterlarini sotadigan Kanada kompaniyasi.^[4]

Skribd

Skribd raqamli kutubxona, elektron kitob va audiokitoblarga obuna bo'lish xizmatiga ega bo'lgan ochiq nashriyot platformasi.^[4] U kitoblarni onlayn almashish sayti sifatida boshlandi va do'konga aylandi; u erda nashr etilgan kitoblar muallifga sotish narxining 80 foizini olish huquqini beradi.^[4]

Lulu

Lulu onlayn buyurtma asosida chop etish, o'z-o'zini nashr etish va tarqatish platformasi.^[44]

Buyurtma asosida chop etish

Talabga binoan chop etish (yoki POD) nashriyoti yuqori sifatli kitoblarni kerak bo'lganda bosib chiqarish imkoniyatini anglatadi. Bu, odatda, vaqt o'tishi bilan sotuvlar vaqti-vaqti bilan bo'lishini kutayotgan o'z-o'zini nashr qiluvchilar uchun eng iqtisodiy variant. Shu bilan bir qatorda, bir vaqtning o'zida juda ko'p sonli kitoblar, masalan, yuz yoki ming nusxada chop etiladigan bosmaxonani bosib chiqarish uchun bosmaxonani yollash, bu esa kitob boshiga bosib chiqarish narxining biroz pasayishiga olib kelishi mumkin, ammo xavf tug'diradi uzoq vaqt davomida sotilmagan inventarizatsiyani ushlab turish. Talabga binoan chop etish kitobni sotib olingandan keyingina bosib chiqarilishini anglatadi, bu esa xavfni kamaytiradi, bu esa qimmat omborxonaga ehtiyojni yo'q qiladi.^[4] Ko'pgina kompaniyalar bitta kitobni bitta kitob narxiga bosib chiqarishga ruxsat berishadi, bu esa nashriyot kompaniyalari tomonidan katta bosma nashrlar uchun to'lanadigan puldan ancha yuqori emas.^[49][18] Ingram eng yirik kitob tarqatuvchisi bo'lib, u o'z-o'zini nashr etgan mualliflarga 39000 kitob do'koniga kirishda yordam berishi mumkin, deyiladi bitta hisobotda.^[1] O'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan kitoblarning jismoniy sifati, odatda, ma'lum bir noshirnikiga o'xshashdir, ammo ba'zi hollarda sifat o'zgarishi mumkin.^[18]

Elektron kitoblar

Onlayn sotuvchi Amazon nashriyot sanoatini o'zgartirmoqda.

Umuman o'z-o'zini nashr qilish elektron kitoblar bilan yaxshi ishlaydi, chunki talab bo'yicha nashr etiladigan o'z-o'zini nashr qilishdan farqli o'laroq, narx va tarqatishning egizak muammolarini hal qiladi.^[18] Ularni yaratish uchun turli xil elektron kitob formatlari va vositalari mavjud. Oldindan yoki har bir kitob uchun xarajatlarsiz elektron kitoblarni yaratish mumkinligi sababli, bu o'z-o'zini nashr etuvchilar uchun mashhur variant.^{[50] [50][9]} Biror kishi elektron kitobni sotib olganida, xaridor sotib olmaydi Shaxsiy kitob, lekin faqat kitobni o'qish uchun litsenziyaga ega.^[34] Elektron kitoblar uchun formatlash standartlari rivojlanishda davom etmoqda; hozirgi vaqtda ba'zi raqamli elektron kitoblarni o'qiydiganlar bilan moslik muammolari yuzaga keldi. Masalan, yaqinda EPUB 3.1 elektron kitob formati Kindle kabi avvalgi elektron kitob o'quvchilariga mos kelmaydi.^[34] Elektron kitoblar formatlari orasida EPUB, MOBI va PDF va boshqalar mavjud. 2017-yilda hisobot mavjud edi Chicago Tribune elektron kitoblar savdosi o'sishda davom etmoqda.^[34] Nashriyot nashrlari muallifga bir nechta platformalarda sotish imkoniyatini beradi, ko'pincha konversion va formatlash xizmatlarini taqdim etadi, odatda oldindan to'lovlarni talab qilmaydi va har bir sotilgan kitobning oz foizini olib pul ishlashga imkon beradi.^[18]

Vanity press

Foydalanuvchilar kitoblarini nashr etish uchun pul to'laydilar. Tijorat nashriyotining bozori umuman kitob sotib oluvchi omma bo'lsa, behuda noshirning bozori muallifning o'zi. Ba'zi mualliflar o'zlarining kitoblarining katta nusxalarini sotib olib, keyinchalik sovg'alar yoki reklama vositalari sifatida foydalanadilar. Atama quruq matbuot pejorative deb hisoblanadi, chunki bunday xizmatni yollagan odam malakasiz yoki o'z kitobini bozorda muvaffaqiyatga erisha olmasligini va muallif kitobni faqat behuda. Ushbu biznes modelida firibgarlikning ba'zi bir qismlari bo'lishi mumkin, masalan, ba'zi bir bosma nashrlar qonuniy noshirlar sifatida maskarad qilishadi va o'zlarining kitob tanlovlarida tanlab va tanlab turgandek bo'lishadi va muallifning nashr etishni istashlariga qurbon bo'lishadi. Agar dabdabali chop etish odatdagi nashrga qaraganda ko'proq kitob chop etish uchun ko'proq mablag 'talab qilsa printer, bu aldash va firibgarlikning belgisi bo'lishi mumkin.

O'z-o'zini nashr etuvchilar

Kindle Direct Publishing

CreateSpace Amazonning buyurtma asosida chop etish bo'yicha kitoblarni nashr etish xizmati edi. Mualliflar akkauntga ro'yxatdan o'tishlari mumkin edi va onlayn dastur muallifga nashr etish bosqichlari, masalan, muqovani yuklash, tarqatish kanallarini tanlash va narxlarni belgilash bo'yicha ko'rsatma berdi.^[4] CreateSpace-ga yuklangan kitoblar Amazon onlayn-katalogining bir qismiga aylandi va butun dunyo bo'ylab kitob xaridorlari uchun taqdim etildi. Amazon kitob savdosidan tushgan daromadlarni mualliflar nomidan yig'di va keyinchalik sotishdan keyin bir necha oydan keyin yoki mualliflik hisobiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri royalti pullarini kiritdi.^[9] CreateSpace mualliflarga yordam berish uchun qo'shimcha xizmatlarni taklif qildi, masalan, qopqoqni loyihalash va nusxalash ($ 120 +), shuningdek qo'lyozma faylini Kindle-ga mos keladigan elektron kitob fayliga aylantirish ($ 70).^[4] CreateSpace mualliflarga bepul raqamlarni yoki ISBN raqamlarini aniqlaydigan kitobni qo'shimcha to'lovsiz taqdim etdi yoki mualliflar o'zlarining ISBN raqamlarini sotib olishlari mumkin. 2018 yil avgust oyida CreateSpace Amazonning Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) tarkibiga kirdi.

Smashwords

Smashwords elektron kitoblarni nashr etadi va tarqatadi.^[9] Smashwords mualliflari sotish narxining 60 foizini, Smashwords esa 10 foizini, chakana sotuvchisi esa 30 foizini ushlab turadi; agar savdo Smashwords orqali to'g'ridan-to'g'ri amalga oshirilsa, muallif savdo narxining 85 foizini ushlab turadi.^[4] Smashwords freelance yordam xizmatlari ro'yxatini taqdim etadi.^[4] 2017 yilda muallifning foydasini qisqartirish evaziga dunyoning aksariyat elektron kitob do'konlariga 60 mingta muallifga 250 ming nomdagi kitoblarni tarqatdi.^[21] Smashwords kitoblari yuklangandan bir necha daqiqadan so'ng sotilishi mumkin.^[48]

Men har bir yozuvchining buyuk va ajoyib ekanligiga ishonaman va dunyo bilan baham ko'radigan narsalari bor. Readers will decide if what they're sharing is worth reading.

— Mark Coker of Smashwords, 2013 ^[2]

Lulu

Lulu publishes print and e-books and offers publishing-related services such as website design, cover design, editing packages, and strategies for social media promotions.^[9] U 2002 yilda tashkil etilgan.^[9] Lulu charges nothing upfront, and each time a book is sold, it keeps 20% of the profit and pays 80% to the author.^[4] Lulu offers additional services such as editing ($450) and cover design ($130) and other services such as design and formatting which can cost from $700 to $5000.^[4] Lulu enables authors to print books not only in paperback form, but in hardcover and comic book forms as well.

Muallif echimlari

Author Solutions sells services such as editing, e-book production and marketing services. According to one report, it served 170,000 authors who wrote 200,000 titles as of 2017.^[21][51] Penguen tasodifiy uyi, a mainstream publisher, once bought, then sold, Author Solutions.^[52]

FastPencil

FastPencil sells editing services, as well as consulting services related to publishing and distribution, for a fee.^[21]

Reedsy

Reedsy a Inglizlar online author services firm which connects authors and freelance professionals.^[53][54][55] It has a network of vetted editors, cover designers, illustrators and book marketers and takes a 10% cut of each contract between author and freelancer.^[1] In addition, it offers online software tools to help authors convert files for publication in print and in elektron kitob form, and offers training courses by email to help authors navigate the self-publishing process.^[56] The firm checks the credentials of publishing freelancers such as story editors, cover designers, marketers and others, by verifying their previous work experience for mainstream publishers as well as their overall track record in the publishing industry.^[57] Reedsy checks the credentials of writing contests as well to help writers avoid wasting time with fake contests and prizes.^[58] In addition, it offers online software tools to help authors convert their manuscript files to files suitable for publishing elektron kitoblar, kabi EPUB va PDF formatlar,^[57] as well as learning programs to help authors navigate the self-publishing process.^[59] In 2016, the Reedsy community included 20,000 authors and 500 freelancers, and had helped them publish 3,000 books.^[60] Reedsy 2014 yilda moliyalashtirilgandan so'ng boshlangan Seedcamp,^[61] founded by Emmanuel Nataf, Richard Fayet, Matthew Cobb and Vincent Durand.^[61] While the start-up firm is headquartered in London,^[61] bu "mutlaqo rasmiysiz ish", chunki uning xodimlari turli joylarda jismoniy taqsimlanadi va biznesni shu orqali olib boradi bulutli hisoblash.^[62]

Matador

Matador is the self-publishing imprint of Troubador Publishing Ltd, a traditional publishing company based in Lester, Buyuk Britaniya.^[63] In the last 19 years Matador has published over 5000 titles in book and ebook formats, approximately 500 titles a year. The company not only has print 'on demand' distribution, but sales representation by Star Book Sales and distribution to retailers via Orca Distribution. It published Louise Walters second novel, A Life Between Us, 2017 yilda,^[63] as well as Polly Courtney's Oltin kishan and Ben Hunt-Davis' Will It Make the Boat Go Faster,^[64] 40 mingdan ortiq nusxada sotilgan.

Boshqa xizmatlar

There are a variety of freelance professionals available through the Internet who can assist with a wide variety of publishing-related tasks.

The self-publishing market

Some professors self-publish their own textbooks, such as this 1978 textbook written by Margaret Holtrust

• Overall publishing market is expanding. Since 2000, there has been an increase in the sales of digital titles, audiobooks, self-published paperbacks,^[65] including printed as well as e-books. The overall market for all books, including from traditional publishers, is growing as well.
• Explosive growth of new titles. The growth in new titles has been strong, particularly in the past decade. In 2002, there were a quarter million new titles, but since 2009, the number of new titles has topped 1.3 million each year.^[48] In 2010, according to a different analysis, there were 4.2 million new titles published.^[48] Much of the growth in new titles has been because of self-publishing. In 2011, self-published books made up 43% of all print titles, helping to increase overall growth of print production, according to Bowker market research.^[66] In the middle of the second decade, the growth of print titles seemed to ebb somewhat, perhaps eclipsed by the growth of e-book titles. For instance, from 2014 to 2015, print titles grew by 34%; from 2015 to 2016, print titles grew but more slowly by 11%.^[67] That is the growth of new sarlavhalar; book sales increased as well, growing by 3% in 2016.^[68] In 2017, there were reports that sales of physical books were increasing in the United States.^[65]
• Strong growth in self-publishing. There has been a "dizzying rise in self-publishing," according to one view.^[48] Self-published book titles in production tripled from 2006 to 2012.^[66] 2008 was a watershed year; for the first time in history, more books were self-published than those published traditionally.^[69] In 2009, 76% of all books released were self-published, while publishing houses reduced the number of books they produced.^[70] Back in 2008, there were 85,468 self-published titles;^[71] in 2011, 247,210; by 2012, 459,000; by 2013, 458,564;^[71][19] by 2017, 786,935 self-published ISBNs.^[67][48][21] During a period of six years, growth of self-published titles was a remarkable 218%.^[67][48] These numbers don't count titles published by Amazon's KDP which identifies books by ASIN numbers instead of ISBN numbers. These are worldwide figures, but the numbers are strong for particular markets as well; for example, in the United Kingdom, readers bought 18 million self-published books in 2013, a 79% increase from the year before.^[72] The numbers are strong for particular platforms too; for instance, in 2012, of books sold by Amazon's Kindle KDP service, a quarter of those sales were self-published.^[72]
• A saturated market of mostly junky titles. The self-publishing ecosystem has become flooded with titles.^[17] While self-publishing overall is booming, most new titles are poorly written or confused or otherwise lacking in appeal. There are a few dozen self-published books that are winning most of the sales, so for the others, even quality self-published books seeking to get attention, it is increasingly difficult to be noticed. Of profits paid to authors by Smashwords, the best-selling 1% of titles earn half of all sales money.^[21] Some authors earn modest profits from their work. For example, writer Wayne Hicks of Arkansas published five titles, spending $700 on editing and marketing services, and spent a thousand hours creating and promoting his books; he's sold a thousand copies for a profit of $1,400.^[21]

The largest, by far, percentage of authors are making less than $500 a year self-publishing, because there's a glut. There's over 350,000 books being self-published every year and readers are not finding them. There's just no way to expose people to all of these books.

— Novelist M.J. Rose in 2012^[44]

Amazon.com owns about 70% of the e-book market, according to publishing guru Jeyn Fridman, citing statistics from Michael Cader of Publishers Marketplace, in September 2017.^[46]

• E-books expanding. E-books are a relatively new technology, and growth in the number of e-book titles as well as sales have been strong since the middle of the first decade. In 2011 and 2012 the size of the market, in terms of trade publisher e-book revenues, was $2 billion, about 16% of the total trade industry.^[44] Monthly e-book sales increased 49% from 2011 to 2012.^[44] On another measure, based on statistics from Smashwords, the service had only 140 e-books published in 2008; by 2016, it had published 98,000 e-books. In another measure, from the six-year period from 2011 to 2017, e-book sales on Smashwords tripled.^[2] In the e-book market on Amazon, self-published titles were estimated at about 40% of unit sales, while e-books by traditional publishers captured about 80% of total dollars, because of higher prices.^[46] Several reports indicated that e-book readership and sales among major publishers had "hit a speed bump" around the middle of the second decade, from the years 2014 to 2016.^[34][68][65] A 2017 survey of 1200 publishing companies found that the market for e-books had declined from 22% to 18%, although the survey did not count self-published e-books or books published through a single retailer such as Amazon.^[34] From 2015 to 2016, e-books declined in terms of title registrations by −3%.^[67] Most likely the decrease was the result of major publishing companies raising the prices of e-books on average from $6 to $10, which had the effect of dampening demand.^[34] The "Big 5" traditional publishers include Hachette, HarperCollins, Macmillan, Simon & Schuster, and Penguin Random House. These firms have 37% of the overall book market in 2017, but only 26% of the E-book market.^[34][32] Hachette CEO Michael Pietsch said that one of the reasons for an e-book slowdown was that readers continue to love the physical form of printed books, and that the physical book format is "hard to improve on".^[32] However e-books as a format offer numerous benefits, such as the ability to resize text, to click on a word to learn its definition, to scroll, to hunt for specific words, and so forth, that it is likely that e-books will continue to become more popular.

Offices of HarperCollins in the U.K.

• Traditional publishing is losing share. There are major shifts in the publishing market as a whole, with sales by "indie publishers", which includes self-publishers, surpassing the "big five" which includes Hachette, HarperCollins, Macmillan, Simon & Schuster, and Penguin Random House.^[34]
• More crossover activity. As self-publishing loses its stigma and its benefits via technology become more apparent, there are more instances in which new authors choose self-publishing as their primary route,^[71] as well as established authors leaving traditional publishers and self-publishing their titles. There are greater instances of self-published authors selling their books in major retailers such as Barnes & Noble, Target, and Walmart.^[17]
• Rapid growth in all-you-can-read subscriptions.^[48]
• Proliferation of devices which can read e-books. These include smartphones and tablets and laptop computers. As a corollary, the number of people using single-purpose dedicated e-book reading devices, such as Amazon Kindles, declined from 30% of all adults in 2013 to 19% in 2015.^[34]
• Prices being pushed down. Digital piracy, proliferation of titles, and lower-priced e-books means that there is downward pressure on prices affecting the entire publishing industry, although the market as a whole is growing.
• Changing patterns of readership. There are some people who don't buy or read books, and a few studies suggest that the buying of books as well as readership are declining for some people. In 2010, according to one report, 9% of Americans didn't read a book, and this increased to 16% for 2013.^[48] The same report chronicled a decline in the percentage of American book buyers, from 21% who didn't buy a book in 2010, to 35% who didn't buy one in 2013.^[48][68] In 2016, 72% had never read an e-book.^[68] A study in 2017 found that students were better able to assimilate information when it was read from printed textbooks, rather than online, although reading online was usually faster than print, and students thought, mistakenly, that they learned better by reading online.^[73]
• Self-publishing is dominated by Amazon. Amazon commanded 70% of the self-publishing market in 2014.^[14][67] There are competitors such as Smashwords and others but the lion's share of the market is owned by Amazon. An estimate in 2017 was that Amazon had four million books for sale in its Kindle store.^[17] A report concluded that amazon is the big leader in the e-book and e-book reader market, owning 80% of the English-language market.^[34] Amazon has not gotten along with traditional bookstores, many of whom refuse to stock Amazon titles.^[35]

Self-publishing seems to have better chances of success with book genres such as romance, science-fiction, mysteries, thrillers, and erotica.

• Self-publishing seems better suited for certain genres. Genres that do well for self-publishing include romance, erotica, mysteries, thrillers, and science fiction, in the sense that self-published books in these genres tend to have a more favorable chance of finding success.^{[3][48][14][74]} A survey in 2014 found that self-publishers made the most money in the genres of romance and science fiction/fantasy.^[18] In the past, traditional publishers underestimated the market for erotik in which many self-publishers have focused.^[32] Alisha Rai's erotic novel Serving Pleasures, published through CreateSpace, appeared on the bestseller list of the Vashington Post.^[3] Genres which do not do well for self-publishers include cookbooks, nonfiction and academic publishing.^[48] Generally academics have steered clear of self-publishing, as the market is dominated by university presses and academic journals which publish slowly, don't pay much, and subject content to strict tengdoshlarning sharhlari.^[72] There are reports that some scholars are frustrated with the state of academic publishing, and while most still choose the traditional publishing route, there are some who have chosen to start their own journals or independent presses, or who have expanded into blogging.^[72]

Promoting a self-published book

Getting a self-published book into bookstores like this Barnes & Noble is difficult, although there are signs that this may be changing.

There is wide consensus that since the market is flooded with titles, the most difficult task facing self-published authors is attracting attention to their book.^[4] Some authors have tried unconventional methods to cut through the clutter. For example, self-published author James Altucher offers to pay readers if they can prove they bought and read his book; he explained that people are more likely to value what they pay for, and this offer entices them to actually read his book.^[40] While he takes a small loss each time a reader accepts his offer, overall he feels it promotes sales.^[40] Experimentation helps. One strategist suggested that an author should have a creative marketing campaign and try one tactic each day, while studying those tactics undertaken by successful self-publishers.^[4] One author spends roughly $70,000 annually creating and promoting her books, and hires a dozen freelancers for various parts of her operation.^[21] Another self-published author gave 80 books to friends, who told their friends, to generate positive publicity.^[14] A strategy that helps many self-published authors is to write a series, making the first installment free, and charging for subsequent versions.^[18]

Authors have tried numerous approaches to promoting and marketing their books, including...

• Building a web presence^[75]
• Building a mailing list^[75]
• Promoting e-books through targeted giveaways^[75]
• Offering a limited edition print book^[11]
• Promoting books through ijtimoiy tarmoqlar^[21]
• Writing a blog^[21][14]
• Having an author website^[14]
• Raising funds for advertising through kraudfanding^[48]
• Having book signings^[14]
• Going to craft fairs^[14]
• Hiring a public relations firm^[14]
• Generating positive word of mouth^[14]
• Joining a self-publishing group^[39]
• Adding an audio book^[19]
• Becoming an indie publisher^[19]
• Entering contests open to self-published authors
• Donating paperback copies to libraries^[19]
• Getting books into local bookstores^[19]

Most book contests are open only to books published by established publishers, but there are a few contests open to self-published writers. One is the Illinois Library Association, in conjunction with BiblioBoards and with Reaching Across Illinois Library System, which sponsored a prize for best self-published novel; the contest is open to Illinois-based self-published writers.^[76][77] Britaniya gazetasi Guardian, in conjunction with selected publishers, has a Self published book of the month award, which began in 2014; entries are submitted digitally and must be in the English language, and the contest is open only to residents of the Birlashgan Qirollik.^[78]

Who is self-publishing?

Self-publishers include a wide variety of persons. Some retirees are self-publishing the story of their life, to leave as a legacy to their offspring after they're gone.^[79] Sometimes adults help write and edit the book for their parent; for example, Arthur Chiang helped his mother describe her life as an immigrant, adding photos, and helping with the technical aspects of preparing the manuscript for publication.^[79] There have been instances in which parents, to give their teenaged children experience with writing and to involve them in fun projects, acted as "publishers" for their children, paying some of the costs to have their offspring self-published.^[80] O'n bir yoshli Jon Ruskin sold a book of poetry he self-published with his father.^[6] Author Brooks Olsen chose Amazon after writing her self-published book, which was edited in part by her parents, with a cover design from her boyfriend, saying she liked having Amazon's clout behind her.^[9] The motivations of self-published writers are many, and include building a career as a writer and satisfying an ambition, along with money, which isn't usually the top reason.^[21]

Self-publishing success stories

The self-published book Kul rangning ellik soyasi became a bestseller and was picked up by a major publisher, and translated into many languages, including German.

Endi Vayr, muallifi Marslik.

While almost all self-published books do not make much money, there are dozens of self-published books that have broken through to huge audiences and success, and which get much media attention.^[9][13] The number of authors who have sold more than one million e-books on Amazon from 2011 to 2016 was 40, according to one estimate.^[17]

• Kul rangning ellik soyasi tomonidan E.L. Jeyms was originally published online as Alacakaranlık fan-fantastika before the author decided to self-publish it as an elektron kitob and print on demand.^[7][4][14]
• Ilmiy-fantastik roman Marslik, tomonidan Endi Vayr, was originally released as chapters on his personal blog, and then self-published as an eBook in 2011.^[16] The rights were purchased by Crown Publishing which re-released it in 2014; the novel went on to become a bestseller and then a asosiy kinofilm yulduzcha Mett Deymon.^{[81][16][82][83]}
• Blogger Alan Sepinval o'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan kitob Inqilob televidenie orqali namoyish etildi became an instant hit, winning a prominent review within two weeks of publication by critic Michiko Kakutani in the Nyu-York Tayms.^[9] Sepinwall hired an editor and spent roughly $2,500 on services to get his book ready for publication.^[9]
• Minnesota social worker Amanda Xoking uploaded several books in 2010 and sold a few dozen copies. She published several more manuscripts and within a few months was making enough money to quit her daytime job.^[21] She later won a deal with Macmillan publishers, and went to being a millionaire in a year.^[21] She sold her series to Sent-Martin matbuoti in 2011 for two million dollars.^[17]
• Swedish author Carl-Johan Forssen Ehrlin wrote a book in 2010 which helped get children to go to sleep; uning Uxlashni xohlagan quyon title featured amateurish illustrations with "clunky prose" and a monotonous storyline, but parents bought it for the catchy subtitle of "A new way of getting children to sleep".^[84] He released it on CreateSpace and it became a bestseller.^[84]
• Erotic romance author Meredith Wild sold 1.4 million digital and print copies of her books, and founded her own publishing company called Waterhouse Press; she founded the firm in part because she felt that her novels were "not being taken seriously" as an indie author.^[17] An advantage of having her own imprint is that it is easier to get books into chainstores and big-box retailers.^[17]

Xyu Xou kitobi Jun.

• The breakout hit Jun tomonidan Xyu Xou was self-published originally and garnered more than a million dollars in royalty monies, and has generated over 5000 Amazon reviews.^[85][86]
• Jeyms Altucher "s O'zingizni tanlang (2013) sold 44,294 copies in its first month, debuted at No. 1 on Amazon's top non-fiction list, and was a Wall Street Journal bestseller.^[87]
• Viktoriya Noulz achieved notoriety in July 2014 when her self-published book PA reached the number one spot in the iTunes chart for paid books.^[88]
• Metyu Reyli 's self-published Tanlov, the first of his action-thriller novels, in 1996.^[89]

Traditional versus self-publishing

Traditional publishers can offer editorial guidance, marketing muscle, and access to well-established channels of distribution, and have been the preferred choice for writers for the past century.^[17] Still, there are increasing advantages for self-publishing, and there are increasing instances of writers moving between both the traditional and self-publishing models, for various reasons. Self-publishing is an increasingly likely choice for authors who are "midcareer, midlist, middle-aged, more or less middlebrow, and somewhat Internet savvy," writes journalist Neal Pollack, who extols the promise of being able to reach readers directly.^[12] Elizabeth Prybylski, publisher of Insomnia, an indie press, describes the main difference between self-publishing and traditional publishing is "who puts up the overhead of production."

If the author doesn't have the money, time, or inclination to do all of those things for their book and to pay the costs of production, a publisher's experience and knowledge can make up for that gap.

— Elizabeth Prybylski of Insomnia Press.

Analyses have been made suggesting that self-published authors' earnings have been comparing favorably to earnings from established publishers,^[13] and this may be a factor causing established authors to switch to the self-publishing approach. While a self-published author can typically keep 70% of the sales price, a typical contract with a publisher will be payment of an advance sum such as $5000 to $10,000, plus receiving 25% of digital sales and 7% to 12% of the list price for bound books, which the author will receive after the publisher recoups the money paid for the advance to the author.^[93]

Authors being published the traditional way have seen their income from publishing decline in recent years. A survey from the Authors Guild found that authors with contracts with established publishers were making 30% less money in 2015 than they had been making in 2009.^[94] Talented writers in traditional publishing, who have won prizes and awards, are earning less, with some living at or near the poverty line.^[94] Some books sell only 5,000 to 20,000 copies, some less than that.^[94] Factors identified as dampening the income levels of such authors include the online piracy of digital material, major publishing houses consolidating to focus more on profits, and the rise of Amazon and self-publishing.^[94]

Some writers have criticized mainstream publishers for emphasizing celebrity rather than quality writing. In photo: fashion model Miranda Kerr at a book signing.

Some writers have been dissatisfied with the marketing efforts of a traditional publisher. One writer got fed up when the publisher made basic mistakes with a book launch, and so he "decided to take his book back" and self-published it. He hired the firm Reedsy to redesign his book The Pink Marine, and went on to form his own imprint.^[8] Novelist Louise Walters felt that traditional publishers were "debut-centric" and obsessed with celebrities.^[95] Devid Mamet, kimning kitobi The Secret Knowledge: On the Dismantling of American Culture had been on the New York Times bestseller list, chose to release his novella by self-publishing.^[93] He had been dissatisfied with the marketing efforts of his traditional publisher.^[93] There was a report that suggested that traditional publishers have lessened their marketing efforts on behalf of authors.^[93] Another example is romance novelist Courtney Milan who switched to self-publishing because she wanted to have "more agency over the background of her characters" and her stories.^[23] Some photographers, who felt hemmed in by the traditional photo book publishing world, have started up their own imprints as a way to publish their own books.^[11] Writer Sarah Grimm moved away from the traditional publishing approach to self-publishing because she wanted greater control over cover design, publication dates and the story content.^[39]

My first book went through so many different changes that when it released, I no longer felt like it was the story I originally set out to tell.

— Author Sarah Grimm on why she chose self-publishing.^[39]

Novelist Louise Walters explained why she switched to the self-publishing mode, after her publisher rejected her second novel, describing self-publishing as an "exhilarating change":^[95]

Footing the bill to bring out the book means the responsibility is on my shoulders, but at the same time it's incredibly freeing. I can market this book in any way I choose; I have real input into every decision regarding my work; I'll even earn a fairer share of the proceeds from each sale … It's only a book, after all, and self-publishing is a whole lot of fun.

— Louise Walters in 2014^[95]

Still, it is likely that when a self-published author creates a bestseller, that he or she will accept an offer from a major publisher. Some traditional publishers troll the lists of bestselling self-published titles to look for new books to sell.^[2] Smashwords president Mark Coker predicted that it will become more difficult for traditional publishers to entice the best self-published authors, simply because traditional publishers don't pay as much.^[2] Successful self-published authors have been courted by literary agents and publishers offering substantial sums of money.^[17] It's getting harder for established publishers to woo away successful self-published authors since the royalty structure they offer may not match the profits to be made from publishing on their own.^[17]

Advantages of self-publishing

Foyda quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi:

• Tezlik. An author finds out right away whether a book is a hit with readers; there is not a six-month or longer delay typical with an established publisher since the usual back-and-forth steps with a publisher are bypassed. It is possible to release a book within a few weeks after it is finished.^[39] Further, it is possible to avoid the lengthy process of trying to find a literary agent to secure a publishing contract.^[71]
• No start-up costs. Manuscripts uploaded to KDP or Smashwords typically do not incur any fees.
• Control on pricing. In self publishing mode author decide the price and can change at any point of time^[96], but it is not possible in case of traditional publishing.
• Freedom to begin the next book. An author can self-publish and then begin work on the next project, potentially being more prolific, although this presumes that the first book won't need any marketing effort.
• A greater share of royalties. Self-published authors earn four to five times more per unit than if an author works with a traditional publisher,^[2] sometimes 70% of the sale price.
• Pitch books straight to the readers. There is no intermediary censoring what might be shown to the public. The route to readers is more direct.

Authors are no longer bound in their storytelling by what the traditional publishers think the market can bear ... Instead, because we can go straight to the reader now, we can write exactly the books that we want to write and exactly the books that our fans want to read. We don't have to worry about whether an agent can sell the book, or if an editor and publisher want to buy the book, or if a retailer wants to stock the book. Personally, I think this new open market can – and does – make for much more interesting storytelling.

— Romanchi Bella Andre ichida Vashington Post, 2015^[3]

• Creative freedom.^[71]

With self-publishing you don't waste your time trying to get published, which can take years of query letters and agenting, and all this stuff. You go straight to the real gatekeepers, which are the readers. If they respond favorably and you have sales, you can leverage that into a writing career. If they don't, you write the next thing. Either way you're not spending your time trying to get published, you're spending your time writing the next work.

— Xyu Xou, muallifi Jun^[44]

Disadvantages of self-publishing

There are significant challenges to self-publishing as well.

• Most self-published books sell few copies. Some estimates are that they sell fewer than 100 to 150 copies;^[4] another estimate is that most sell fewer than 250 copies.^[18] However, the vast majority of books promoted by traditional publishers fail as well.^[48] Still, the overwhelming odds are that any self-published book will be ignored and end up in the "digital slush pile."^[12]
• Crowded landscape. There is much competition and it is difficult to get one's book to be noticed in a glutted market.^[19] Big publishers have much better prospects for getting attention for a book.^[32]
• Lack of prestige. A book from a traditional publisher still has a lot of cachet in that it has been vetted by editors, which gives it a "stamp of approval."^[71][14]
• Hard to get into bookstores. Big bookstores rarely take self-published books, and if they do, they want 50% of the sales price.^[14] Publishers have established distribution channels to make this easy.
• Publishers offer editorial and marketing help. Plus they usually pay an advance to help the author with expenses at the early start of the publishing cycle, an advantage which self-published writers do not have.^[14]

You risk looking like an amateur ... Good writers need even better editors. They need brilliant cover designers. They need imaginative marketers and well-connected publicists. All these things are provided by a traditional publisher, and what's more, it doesn't cost you a penny. They pay you! If a self-published author wants to avoid looking like an amateur, they'd better be prepared to shell out some serious cash to get professional help in all the areas where they don't excel. And I mean serious.

— Ros Barber in 2016.^[97]

• Difficulty getting reviews in the mainstream press. It is difficult for self-published books to be reviewed in newspapers and magazines. The media favors books from traditional publishers before giving reviews.^[14][97]
• Hiring editors, proofreaders and cover designers can be difficult and expensive.
• Authors must spend much time marketing their books. Authors must work hard to market their books, which is a task that many authors are not skilled at or willing to do.^[17]
• Having to spend time marketing the book. One self-published author in Britain was working "14-hour days", spending months promoting her book Only the Innocent; while she eventually made it to the UK Kindle bestseller chart, Rachel Abbott still has difficulty getting the publishing world to take her book seriously.^[98] Another writer, Ros Barber, thinks self-publishing is a "terrible idea for serious novelists" since the requirements of marketing and promoting a book will prevent one from writing, and he continues to recommend the traditional approach.^[97]

You have to forget writing for a living ... Self-publishing can make you behave like a fool ... The vast majority of indie authors have tweetstreams that are 90% adverts, perhaps a reflection of the fact that they must spend 90% of their time marketing ... Good writers become good because they undertake an apprenticeship.

— Ros Barber on the benefits of the traditional approach, 2016.^[97]

• Self-published books usually ineligible for prizes. Books are not eligible for major prizes such as the Hay festival, the Booker, the Baileys, the Costa and the Man Booker, and literary novels need these prizes to become a bestseller.^[97] However, there are signs that this is changing as more books become self-published.

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