Orxus - Aarhus
Orxus | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Muhr | |
| Taxallus (lar): Smilets by (Tabassumlar shahri) | |
  Orxus Daniya ichida joylashgan joy  Orxus Skandinaviya ichida joylashgan joy  Orxus Evropa ichida joylashgan joy | |
| Koordinatalari: 56 ° 09′N 10 ° 13′E / 56.150 ° N 10.217 ° E | |
| Mamlakat | Daniya |
| Mintaqa | Daniyaning markaziy viloyati (Midtjylland) |
| Shahar hokimligi | Orxus |
| O'rnatilgan | 8-asr |
| Shahar holati | 15-asr |
| Nomlangan | Orxus daryosi og'iz |
| Hukumat | |
| • turi | Magistrat |
| • shahar hokimi | Jeykob Bundsgaard (S ) |
| Maydon | |
| • shahar | 91 km2 (35 kvadrat milya) |
| • munitsipal | 468 km2 (181 kvadrat milya) |
| Eng yuqori balandlik | 105 m (344 fut) |
| Eng past balandlik | 0 m (0 fut) |
| Aholisi (1 yanvar 2020 yil)[2] | |
| • daraja | Daniya: 2-chi |
| • Shahar | 280,534 |
| • Shaharlarning zichligi | 2,854 / km2 (7,390 / sqm mil) |
| • munitsipal | 349,983 |
| • shahar zichligi | 745 / km2 (1,930 / sqm mil) |
| Demonim (lar) | Orxusianer |
| Vaqt zonasi | UTC + 1 (CET ) |
| • Yoz (DST ) | UTC + 2 (CEST ) |
| Pochta Indeksi | 8000, 8200, 8210, 8220, 8230 |
| Hudud kodlari | (+45) 8 |
| Veb-sayt | Rasmiy veb-sayt |
Orxus (/ˈ.rhuːs/, shuningdek BIZ: /ˈ.r-/,[3][4][5][6] Daniya:[ˈⱰːˌhuˀs] (
tinglang); rasmiy ravishda yozilgan Arxus 1948 yildan 2011 yil 1 yanvargacha[7][1-eslatma]) ikkinchi yirik shahar Daniya va joy Orxus munitsipaliteti. U sharqiy sohilida joylashgan Yutland yarimorol, Daniyaning geografik markazida, shimoli-g'arbdan 187 kilometr (116 milya) Kopengagen va shimoldan 289 kilometr (180 milya) Gamburg, Germaniya. Shaharning ichki qismida 280 534 kishi istiqomat qiladi (2020 yil 1-yanvar holatiga ko'ra)[yangilash]) va munitsipal aholi 349 983 kishini tashkil etadi (2020 yil holatiga ko'ra)[yangilash]).[2] Orhus - markaziy shahar Orxus mintaqasi va Sharqiy Yutland metropoliteni, 2016 yilda jami 1,378 million aholisi bo'lgan.[8][9]
Orxus tarixi mustaxkamlangan holda boshlandi Viking 8-asrda tashkil topgan va birinchi yozma yozuvlardan kelib chiqqan episkoplik Bu erda kamida 948 yildan beri joylashgan. Shahar shimoliy qirg'oqlarida tashkil etilgan fyord a tabiiy port O'sishning asosiy qo'zg'atuvchisi asrlar davomida qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlari savdosi bo'lgan. Bozor shaharchasi imtiyozlar 1441 yilda berilgan edi, ammo o'sish 17-asrda to'xtab qoldi, chunki shahar blokada va bombardimonlarga uchradi. Shvetsiya urushlari. 19-asrda Germaniya qo'shinlari tomonidan ikki marta bosib olingan Shlezvig urushlari ammo yo'q qilinishdan saqlanardi. Sifatida sanoat inqilobi 20-asrga kelib shahar mamlakatdagi ikkinchi yirik shaharga aylandi.
Bugungi kunda Orxus mintaqaning madaniy va iqtisodiy markazida va Yutlandiyadagi eng yirik savdo, xizmat ko'rsatish, sanoat va turizm markazida joylashgan. Shahar 92-chi eng yirik shahar bo'lib turadi Yevropa Ittifoqi va kabi 234 raqami orasida dunyo shaharlari. Shuningdek, bu eng yaxshi 100 ta konferensiya dunyodagi shahar.[10] Orxus - bu konteyner bilan ishlash bo'yicha mamlakatning asosiy sanoat porti va muhim savdo markazidir Kattegat. Daniyaning yirik kompaniyalari o'zlarining shtab-kvartiralarini shu erda joylashtirdilar va odamlar keng hududdan ish va bo'sh vaqt o'tkazish uchun boradilar Midtjylland mintaqasi. Bu tadqiqot va ta'lim markazidir Shimoliy shimoliy mamlakatlar va uyga Orxus universiteti, Skandinaviya eng yirik universitet, shu jumladan Orxus universiteti kasalxonasi va INKUBA fan parki. 18 yoshgacha bo'lgan 48482 nafar aholisi bo'lgan eng yosh demografik ko'rsatkichlarga ega Daniya shahri bo'lish,[2] Orhus, shuningdek, Daniyaning tez sur'atlar bilan o'sib borayotgan ikkinchi shahri bo'lib, 2008 yildan buyon yiliga o'rtacha 4500 kishi o'smoqda.[11]
Orxus musiqiy tarixi bilan mashhur. 1950-yillarda ko'pchilik jazz shahar atrofida yosh aholi tomonidan quvvatlanadigan klublar paydo bo'ldi. 1960-yillarga kelib musiqa sahnasi rok va boshqa janrlarga tarqaldi. 1970-80-yillarda Orxus Daniyaning rok-musiqasi markaziga aylandi va ko'plab taniqli guruhlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Kliçe, TV-2 va Gnags. Orxusda yillik sakkiz kunlik uy bor Orxus Jaz festivali, SPOT festivali, va NorthSide festivali.
2017 yilda Orxus edi Evropa madaniyat poytaxti bilan birga Pafos Kiprda.[12]
Etimologiya
Ism shaharning og'zida joylashgan joyidan kelib chiqqan Orxus Å (Orxus daryosi ).[13][14] "Orhus" imlosi birinchi bo'lib 1406 yilda topilgan va 17-asrda asta-sekin odatiy holga aylangan.[15]
Yilda Valdemarning aholini ro'yxatga olish kitobi (1231) shahar chaqirildi Arus, va Islandiyada u shunday ma'lum bo'lgan Aros, keyinchalik Aars sifatida yozilgan.[15] Bu ikki so'zning birikmasi ar, genetik á ("daryo", zamonaviy daniyalik å) va oss ("og'iz", zamonaviy island tilida bu so'z, yozilgan ós, hali ham "daryo deltasi" uchun ishlatiladi).[16]
Imlo
Bilan 1948 yil Daniya imlo islohoti, "Aa" "Å" ga o'zgartirildi. Daniyaning ba'zi shaharlari o'z ismlarining yangi yozilishiga qarshilik ko'rsatdilar, xususan Olborg va Aabenraa. Arhus shahar kengashi yangi imlovni aniq qabul qildi, chunki u taraqqiyparvarlik obro'sini oshiradi.[17] 2010 yilda shahar kengashi nomini o'zgartirishga ovoz berdi Arxus ga Orxus shaharning xalqaro obro'sini mustahkamlash. Qayta nomlash 2011 yil 1 yanvardan kuchga kirdi.
Orhus daryosi kabi shahar nomini aks ettiruvchi ba'zi geografik bog'langan nomlar yangilandi. Hrhus Å ga Orxus Å.[13] Geografik nomlarni Å harfi bilan yozish hali ham grammatik jihatdan to'g'ri keladi va mahalliy kengashlarga alternativa sifatida Aa imlosidan foydalanishga ruxsat beriladi. Mahalliy hokimiyat qaysi imlovni tanlasa, aksariyat gazetalar va davlat muassasalari buni qabul qiladilar. Kabi ba'zi rasmiy idoralar Daniya tili qo'mitasi, nashriyoti Daniya orfografik lug'ati, hali ham saqlang Arxus ta'minlovchi asosiy nom sifatida Orxus yangi, ikkinchi variant sifatida, qavs ichida[7] va ba'zi muassasalar hali ham foydalanmoqdalar Arxus aniq rasmiy nomida, masalan, mahalliy axborot vositalari Arhus Stiftstidende va maktablar Hrhus Kunstakademi va Arxus Statsgimnaziyasi masalan.
Shunisi e'tiborliki, "Aa" imlosi eng uzoq qo'llanilgan. "Aa" 1948-2011 yillarda ham ba'zi yirik muassasalar tomonidan ishlatilgan, masalan Orxus universiteti yoki eng yirik mahalliy sport klubi, Orxus gimnastikasi (AGF), hech qachon "Å" imlosidan foydalanmagan.[18] Izoh: Aa bitta harf sifatida qaralishi kerak, to'liq $ Å $ bilan sinonimi va ikkilangan $ a $ emas. Å bo'lgani uchun, bu oxirgi harf Daniya alifbosi, Aa alifbo ro'yxatlarida oxirgi o'rinda turishi kerak.
Tarix
Dastlabki tarix
Dastlab tashkil etilgan Viking yoshi, Orxus, Daniyaning eng qadimgi shaharlaridan biridir Ribe va Xebbi.[19]
Aros aholi punkti mudofaasi ostidagi arxeologik dalillarga ko'ra, bu joy 8-asrning so'nggi choragida, umuman taxmin qilinganidan ancha oldinroq bo'lgan shahar edi.[20][21] 2003 yilda olib borilgan arxeologik qazishma natijasida topilgan yarim ko'milgan tuproq uzoq uylar, kaminlar, shisha marvaridlar va 700-yillarning oxiriga to'g'ri keladigan yo'l.[22] Arxeologlar 1960-yillardan buyon shaharning ichki qismida quduqlar, ko'chalar, uylar va ustaxonalarni ochib beradigan bir necha qazishmalar olib borishdi. Binolarda va ularga tutashgan arxeologik qatlamlarda taxminan 900 yildan beri taroq, zargarlik buyumlari va ko'p maqsadli asosiy vositalar kabi kundalik idishlar topilgan.[23]
Orxusning markazi bir paytlar a butparastlarning dafn etilgan joyi Orhus davrida birinchi yog'och cherkovi bo'lgan Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovi yog'och qurilish bo'lib qurilgan paytgacha Frode, Yutland qiroli, 900 atrofida.[24] 900-yillarda dastlabki shaharni himoya qilish uchun yer qo'riqxonasi qurilgan bo'lib, xuddi shu erda joylashgan mudofaa inshootlari singari, aholi punktini o'rab olgan. Viking halqa qal'alari boshqa joyda. Keyinchalik devor bilan mustahkamlangan Harald Bluetooth va shaharning geografik joylashuvi bilan birgalikda bu Arosning muhim savdo va harbiy markaz bo'lganligidan dalolat beradi. Viking davridan sobiq qirollik qarorgohi to'g'risida aniq ma'lumot mavjud Viby, Orxus shahar markazidan bir necha kilometr janubda.[25][26]
Orxus episkopiyasi kamida 948 yilga to'g'ri keladi Bremenlik Odam episkop xabar berdi Reginbrand ishtirok etdi Ingelxaymning sinodi Germaniyada.[27][28] Episkopiya va shaharning geografik joylashuvi dastlabki o'rta asrlar shaharchasining gullab-yashnashi va rivojlanishiga turtki bo'ldi.[29] Oltitaning topilishi runestones Orxus va uning atrofida shahar 1000 yilga kelib qandaydir ahamiyatga ega bo'lganligidan dalolat beradi, chunki an'anaviy ravishda faqat boy zodagonlar ulardan foydalanganlar.[30] Bu davr shaharga qarshi bir necha dengiz hujumlari bilan notinch va zo'ravon edi Xarald Hardrada Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovi yoqib yuborilganda, taxminan 1050 yilgi hujum.[20][31]
O'rta yosh
Davrida cherkovning kuchayib borayotgan ta'siri O'rta yosh asta-sekin o'z episkopi bilan birga Orxusni obod diniy markazga aylantirdi. Shahar va uning atrofida ko'plab jamoat va diniy binolar qurilgan; ayniqsa Orxus sobori 12-asr oxirida nufuzli episkop tomonidan boshlangan Peder Vognsen. 1441 yilda, Kristofer III bozor qadimiy maqomini beradigan eng qadimgi nizomni chiqardi, ammo shunga o'xshash imtiyozlar XII asrda ham bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin. Xartiya shaharning mintaqaviy hokimiyat sifatida birinchi rasmiy e'tirofidir va ba'zi odamlar tomonidan Orxusning tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasi hisoblanadi.[32]
Rasmiy va diniy maqom o'sishga turtki berdi, shuning uchun 1477 yilda Viking yoshidan buyon shaharni himoya qiladigan mudofaa tuproq devorlari kengayishni ta'minlash uchun tark etildi. Devorlarning ayrim qismlari bugungi kunda ham mavjud bo'lib, ular daryo bo'yidagi tik qiyaliklar singari tajribaga ega va ular ichki shaharning ba'zi joy nomlarida, shu jumladan ko'chalarida ham saqlanib qolgan. Volden (Rampart) va Graven (Moat).[33][34] 16-asr boshlarida Orxus mamlakatning eng yirik shaharlaridan biriga aylandi. 1657 yilda, oktroi Daniyaning yirik shaharlarida joriy qilingan, bu keyingi o'n yilliklar davomida Orxusning joylashuvi va yuzini o'zgartirdi. Kontrabandaning oldini olish uchun shaharning yog'och devorlari barpo etilgan bo'lib, katta magistral yo'llarda eshiklar va pullik stantsiyalari bilan, Mejlade va Studsgade. Shahar darvozalari savdogarlar kvartallari qurilgan bir necha ko'chalar orqali ko'plab transport vositalarini olib keldi.[35]
17-asrda Orxus turg'unlik davriga kirdi, chunki u blokirovka va bombardimonlarga uchradi Shvetsiya urushlari va davlat tomonidan poytaxtga imtiyozli imtiyoz berilishi savdo-sotiqni susaytirdi.[36] Faqat 18-asrning o'rtalariga kelib yirik qishloq xo'jaligi bilan savdo-sotiq tufayli o'sish ko'p jihatdan qaytdi suv yig'adigan joylar shahar atrofida; xususan, g'alla eksportga haqli ekanligini isbotladi.[29] Bu vaqtda birinchi zavodlar tashkil etilgan sanoat inqilobi mamlakatga etib bordi va 1810 yilda tobora o'sib borayotgan savdo-sotiqni ta'minlash uchun port kengaytirildi.[37]
Sanoatlashtirish
Keyingi Napoleon urushlari, Daniya Norvegiyani yo'qotdi va bir necha yillar davomida xalqaro savdodan chetlashtirildi, bu esa 1830 yillarga qadar davom etgan Orxus savdo-sotiqqa asoslangan iqtisodiyotining turg'unligini keltirib chiqardi. Iqtisodiyot quyidagicha aylandi sanoat inqilobi shaharga etib bordi va bug 'bilan ishlaydigan mashinalar bilan fabrikalar yanada samarali bo'ldi.
1838 yilda saylov qonunchiligi isloh qilinib, shahar kengashidagi 15 o'rin uchun saylovlar o'tkazildi. Qoidalar dastlab juda badavlat fuqarolarning ishlashiga imkon beradigan juda qattiq edi. 1844 yilgi saylovlarda 7000 dan ortiq aholidan atigi 174 nafar fuqaro malakasini oldi.[38] Birinchi shahar kengashi, asosan boy savdogarlar va sanoatchilardan iborat bo'lib, tezda portni obodonlashtirishga intildi. Orxus daryosi. Kattaroq kemalar va ortib borayotgan yuk tashish hajmi daryo portini tobora amaliylashtirmoqda. 1840 yilda port daryoning shimolidan qirg'oqqa ko'chirildi, u keyingi 15 yil ichida Kopengagen tashqarisidagi eng yirik sanoat portiga aylandi. Boshidanoq yangi bandargoh hozirgi kungacha bo'lgani kabi shahar kengashi tomonidan boshqarilardi.[39]
Davomida Birinchi Shlezvig urushi Orxus 1849 yil 21 iyundan 24 iyulgacha nemis qo'shinlari tomonidan ishg'ol qilindi. Shahar har qanday janglardan saqlanib qoldi, ammo Vejlby shaharning shimolida otliqlar otishmasi sifatida tanilgan Rytterfætningen Germaniyaning Yutlandiya orqali o'tishini to'xtatgan voqea sodir bo'ldi.[40] Urush va bosib olish shaharga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ayniqsa ko'plab ko'chalarda Frederiksbjerg, vaqt Daniya zobitlari nomi bilan atalgan. O'n besh yildan so'ng, 1864 yilda, shahar yana ishg'ol qilindi, bu safar etti oy davomida Ikkinchi Shlezvig urushi.[41][42]
Urushlar va ishg'ollarga qaramay shahar rivojlanishda davom etdi. 1851 yilda, oktroi bekor qilindi va savdo uchun qulay sharoit yaratish uchun shahar devorlari olib tashlandi. Muntazam paroxod Kopengagen bilan aloqalar 1830 yilda boshlangan va 1862 yilda Yutlandiyaning birinchi temir yo'li Orhus va Randers.[39]
19-asrning ikkinchi yarmida sanoatlashtirish to'liq kuchga kirdi va qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini, ayniqsa, yog 'va moyni ishlab chiqarish va qayta ishlash atrofida bir qator yangi sanoat tarmoqlari paydo bo'ldi. Shu vaqtdan boshlab ko'plab kompaniyalar Orxusda doimiy belgi izlarini qoldirish uchun kelishadi. The Ceres pivo zavodi 1856 yilda tashkil topgan va 150 yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida Orxusning mahalliy pivo zavodi bo'lib xizmat qilgan va asta-sekin Ceres-grunden nomi bilan tanilgan sanoat tumaniga aylangan (yoritilgan: Ceres maydonchalari).[43][44][45] 1896 yilda mahalliy fermerlar va ishbilarmonlar yaratdilar Korn- og Foderstof Kompagniet (KFK), donga yo'naltirilgan va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari. KFK butun mamlakat bo'ylab bo'limlarni tashkil qildi, uning shtab-kvartirasi Orxusda qoldi, u erda yirik donli siloslar hozirgacha saqlanib kelmoqda.[46][47] Otto Monsted 1874 yilda Daniya konservalangan sariyog 'kompaniyasini yaratdi, u Angliya, Xitoy va Afrikaga sariyog' eksportiga e'tibor qaratdi va keyinchalik 1883 yilda Daniyaning birinchi margarin zavodi bo'lgan Orhus Butterine kompaniyasiga asos soldi.[48] Sanoat muhim ish beruvchiga aylandi, fabrika ishchilari 1896 yilda 100 dan 1931 yilda 1000 ga ko'tarilib, shaharni samarali ravishda mintaqaviy savdo markazidan sanoat markaziga aylantirdilar.[49] Notaning boshqa yangi zavodlari tarkibiga quyidagilar kiritilgan bog 'bog'i Orxus Flydedok, yog 'tegirmoni Arxus Oliefabrik va temirchilik Frichlar.
Asr boshlarida Orxus mamlakatdagi eng yirik provinsiya shahriga aylandi va shahar o'zini "Yutlandiyaning poytaxti" deb nomladi. Aholisi 1870 yilda 15000 kishidan 1901 yilda 52000 kishiga o'sdi va bunga javoban shahar yangi turar joylarni o'zlashtirish uchun katta er maydonlarini qo'shib oldi. Troyborg, Frederiksbjerg va Marselisborg.[50] Bu davrda uning ko'plab madaniy muassasalari tashkil etilgan Orxus teatri (1900), asl nusxasi Davlat kutubxonasi (1902), Orxus universiteti (1928) va bir nechta kasalxonalar.[51]
Ikkinchi jahon urushi
1940 yil 9-aprelda Germaniya Daniyaga bostirib kirdi va ertasi kuni Orxusni egallab oldi va shu bilan 5 yil. Bu ishg'ol katta falokatlar, halok bo'lganlar va iqtisodiy tushkunlik bilan vayron qiluvchi davr edi. The Orxus porti etkazib berish markaziga aylandi Boltiq bo'yi va Norvegiya atrofdagi temir yo'l tarmog'i esa Atlantika devori g'arbda Yutland va yuk Germaniyaga yo'l oldi. Birgalikda ushbu omillar, ayniqsa 1944–45 yillarda Germaniyaning kuchli ishtirokiga olib keldi.[52] Dastlabki yillar Daniya siyosati bilan birgalikda tinch edi Protektorat hukumati, lekin qonun qabul qilinganidan keyin Kommunistik qonun 1941 yil avgustida birinchi qurolli qarshilik va sabotaj boshlandi, bunga javoban qatag'on va terror bilan yillar davomida asta-sekin kuchayib bordi.
Kichik, mustaqil qarshilik guruhlari birinchi bo'lib 1941–42 yillarda paydo bo'lgan, ammo birinchi bilan muvofiqlashtirgan Ozodlik Kengashi edi Samsing guruhi, 1943 yil boshidanoq ko'plab operatsiyalar uchun javobgardir.[53][54] Samsh guruhi, Orxus va uning atrofidagi boshqalar bilan birga, 1944 yil iyun oyida tarqatib yuborilgan edi Grathe "Thora" Bartram oilasi va tanishlari Germaniya rasmiylariga topshirilgan.[55] Bunga javoban, yordam so'rovlari Angliyadagi aloqalarga va 1944 yil oktyabrda yuborilgan Qirollik havo kuchlari Gestapo shtab-kvartirasini bombardimon qildi arxivlarni muvaffaqiyatli yo'q qilish va davom etayotgan tergovga to'sqinlik qilish.[56][57] The 5 Kolonne guruhi tomonidan tashkil etilgan Xolger Danske bilan birga Orxusda qarshilik harakatini tiklash L guruhlari, suiqasd hamkasblariga topshirilgan.[58] Qarshilik operatsiyalari 1944 yil o'rtalaridan boshlab 1944-45 yillarda sodir bo'lgan eng yirik sabotaj operatsiyalari va suiqasdlar bilan avj oldi.[59][60] Kuchayib borayotgan qarshilikka 19 ga qarshi kurash olib borildi Schalburgtage tomonidan terror operatsiyalari Butrus guruhi 1944 yil avgustdan, shu jumladan keng miqyosli yong'in bombalari va qotilliklar. Borgan sari vayron qiluvchi ishg'ol an o'q-dorilar barjasi portladi 1944 yilda portning katta qismini vayron qildi va ichki shaharga zarar etkazdi.[61] 1945 yil 5-mayda Daniyadagi nemis kuchlari taslim bo'ldi, ammo o'tish davrida Orhusda qarshilik va nemis askarlari o'rtasida 22 kishi halok bo'lgan janglar boshlandi.[62] Tartib kun oxiriga kelib va 8 may kuni inglizlar tomonidan tiklandi Qirollik ajdarlari shaharga kirdi.[63]
Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyingi yillar
1980-yillarda shahar tez o'sish davriga qadam qo'ydi[tushuntirish kerak ] va xizmat ko'rsatish sohasi birinchi marotaba bandlikning etakchi sektori sifatida savdo, sanoat va hunarmandchilikni bosib o'tdi. Ishchilar asta-sekin sharqiy va markaziy Yutlandiyadan shaharga qatnay boshladilar, chunki mintaqa bir-biri bilan o'zaro bog'liq bo'lib qoldi. Talabalar soni 1965 va 1977 yillar orasida uch baravar ko'payib, shaharni Daniyaning tadqiqot va ta'lim markaziga aylantirdi.[64] O'sib borayotgan va taqqoslanadigan yosh aholi ijodkorlik va optimizm davrini boshlab berdi; Gaffa va KaosPilot maktab 1983 va 1991 yillarda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, Orxus Daniya rok va pop musiqasida uyg'onish markazida bo'lgan. TV2, Gnags, Tomas Helmig, Bamses Venner, Anne Dorte Mishelsen, Mek Pek va Shit & Chanel.[65][66][67]
2000-yillar
Ming yillikning boshidan beri Orxusda ko'plab yangi muassasalar, infratuzilma loyihalari, shahar tumanlari va dam olish maskanlari bilan misli ko'rilmagan qurilish jadal rivojlandi. Qurilish loyihalarining bir nechtasi Evropadagi eng yirik loyihalar qatoriga kiradi Yangi Universitet kasalxonasi (DNU) va harbourfront qayta qurish.
Sobiq sanoat joylari yangi shahar tumanlari va mahallalariga aylantirilayotgani sababli shaharning ichki qiyofasi ham, erdan foydalanish ham o'zgarib bormoqda. 2008 yildan boshlab sobiq doklandlar nomi bilan tanilgan De Bynære Havnearealer (Shahar atrofi bandargohi) va shahar dengiz qirg'og'iga eng yaqin bo'lgan hududlar yangi aralash tumanlarga aylantirilmoqda. Bu Evropadagi eng yirik harbourfront loyihalari qatoriga kiradi. Shimoliy qismi dublyaj qildi Orxus Ø (Orxus doklandlari ) deyarli 2018 yil yakuniga etdi, janubiy tuman esa dublyaj qilindi Sydhavnskvarteret (Saut-port bandargohi) endigina rivojlana boshlaydi.[68][69][70] Avvalgi Frederiks Plads-ning qo'shni joyi DSB ta'mirlash inshootlari 2014 yildan buyon yangi biznes va turar joy kvartirasi sifatida qurilmoqda.[71][72][73] Yaqin atrofdagi asosiy avtovokzalni markaziy temir yo'l stantsiyasiga ko'chirish rejalashtirilgan va bu joy yangi turar-joy mahallasida qayta ishlanadi.[74][75] Boshqa shaharning ichki qismida, avvalgisining sayti Ceres pivo zavodlari sifatida tanilgan yangi aralash foydalanish mahallasi sifatida 2012-2019 yillarda qayta ishlangan CeresByen.[76]
Qurilishi Orxus Letban, birinchi engil temir yo'l mamlakatda tizim 2013 yilda boshlangan va birinchi o'sish 2017 yil dekabrda tugagan.[77] O'sha paytdan boshlab, shaharlarga yo'naltirilgan ikkita shaharlararo uchastka bilan temir yo'l xizmati kengaytirildi G'alati va Grena navbati bilan, shuningdek, shahar atrofiga shimoliy oyoqni ham o'z ichiga oladi Lisbjerg.[78][79] Yengil temir yo'l tizimi kelajakda boshqa ko'plab shahar atroflarini Orxusning markaziga yaqinlashtirishni rejalashtirmoqda, keyingi bosqich esa mahalliy yo'nalishlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Brabrand sharqda va Hinnerup shimolga.[80]
2000 yillarning boshidan beri o'sishni jadallashtirish 2014 yilga kelib shaharning ichki qismini taxminan 260 ming aholiga etkazdi. Tez o'sish kamida 2030 yilga qadar davom etishi kutilmoqda, Orxus munitsipaliteti 375 ming aholiga katta maqsad qo'ygan.[81]
Geografiya
Orxus joylashgan Orxus ko'rfazi tomonga qarab Kattegat ning yarimorollari bilan sharqda dengiz Mollar va Helgen ko'rfaz bo'ylab shimoli-sharqda. Mollar va Helgenlar ikkalasi ham mintaqaviy yarim orolning bir qismidir Djurslend. Bir qator yirik shaharlar va qishloqlarga Orhusdan avtomobil va temir yo'l orqali, shu jumladan osonlikcha etib borish mumkin Randers (Shimoliy yo'l bilan 38,5 kilometr (23,9 milya)), Grena (shimoli-sharqda), Otlar (50 kilometr (31 milya) janubda) va Silkeborg (44 kilometr (27 milya) sharqda).[82]
Topografiya
Orhus joylashgan joyda, Orhus ko'rfazida qirg'oqqa juda yaqin chuqurlikdagi 10 m (33 fut) tabiiy port mavjud.[36] Orxus sho'r suvning og'zida tashkil etilgan fyord, lekin asl fyord endi mavjud emas, chunki u asta-sekin hozirgi holatga aylandi Orxus daryosi va Brabrand ko'li, tabiiy tufayli cho'kma. Orxus atrofidagi erlarni bir vaqtlar o'rmonlar qoplagan, ularning qoldiqlari qismlarida mavjud Marselisborg o'rmoni janubga va Riis Skov shimolga.[83][84] Bir nechta ko'llar shahar ichkarisidan g'arbga cho'zilgan, chunki landshaft katta mintaqaga qo'shilib ketgan Søhøjlandet balandligi 152 metrdan (499 fut) oshganda Himmelbjerget o'rtasida Skanderborg va Silkeborg.[85] Orhus munitsipalitetining eng baland tabiiy nuqtasi - dengiz sathidan 128 metr balandlikda joylashgan janubiy okrugdagi Jelshoy. Xoybjerg. Tepalik tepasida a joylashgan Bronza davri mahalliy afsonalar va afsonalar bilan o'ralgan kurka.[86]
Orxus atrofidagi tepaliklar maydoni a dan iborat morainal plato murakkab tizim tomonidan buzilgan so'nggi muzlik davridan boshlab tunnel vodiylari. Ushbu tarmoqning eng ko'zga ko'ringan vodiylari janubda Orxus vodiysi bo'lib, ichki sharqdan g'arbiy tomonga cho'zilib, Orhus daryosi, Brabrand ko'li, Arslev ko'li va Tasstrup ko'li va Ega vodiysi shimolga, oqim bilan Egen, Egå Engsø, bog ' Geding-Kasted Mose va Geding ko'li. Ikki vodiyning aksariyat qismi quritilgan va keyinchalik dehqonchilik qilingan, ammo 2000-yillarning boshlarida drenajning bir qismi olib tashlangan va ekologik sabablarga ko'ra suv-botqoqli joylarning bir qismi tiklangan. Vodiy tizimiga, shuningdek, shaharning g'arbiy qismida Lyngbygård Å oqimi va janub tomonidagi vodiylar kiradi. to'rtinchi davrgacha. Aksincha, Orxus daryosi vodiysi va Giber daryosi vodiysi kech muzli erigan suv vodiylari. Orxus ko'rfazidagi qirg'oq qoyalari sayozlardan iborat uchinchi darajali loydan Eosen va Oligotsen (57 dan 24 million yil oldin).[87][88][89][90]
Iqlim
| Sharqiy Yutland | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Iqlim jadvali (tushuntirish) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Orxusda a mo''tadil okeanik iqlim (Köppen: Cfb)[92] va ob-havoga doimiy ravishda asosiy ob-havo tizimlari ta'sir qiladi to'rtta tartib yo'nalishlari, natijada yil davomida beqaror sharoitlar mavjud.[93] Aprel va may oylarida yumshoq bahor, iyun-avgust oylarida yozning iliqroq bo'lishi, oktyabr va sentyabr oylarida tez-tez yomg'irli va shamolli kuz oylari, qish oylarida esa sovuq va vaqti-vaqti bilan qor yog'ib turishi bilan dekabrdan to haroratgacha har xil fasllarda harorat o'zgarib turadi. Mart. Shahar markazi atrofdagi ochiq erga qaraganda shamol tezligi, tuman ko'proq, yog'ingarchilik va yuqori haroratga ega bo'lgan boshqa yirik shaharlar singari iqlimiy ta'sirlarni boshdan kechirmoqda.[94]
G'arbiy shamollar Atlantika va Shimoliy dengiz dominant bo'lib, Daniyaning g'arbiy qismida ko'proq yog'ingarchilik bo'ladi. Bundan tashqari, Yutland havoda yuqori va sovuq balandliklarga ko'tarilish uchun markazda etarlicha ko'tarilib, sharqiy Yutlandiyada yog'ingarchilikning ko'payishiga yordam beradi. Ushbu omillar birgalikda sharqiy va janubiy Yutlandiyani mamlakatning boshqa hududlariga nisbatan nisbatan namroq qiladi.[91] Yil davomida o'rtacha harorat 8.43 ° C (47.17 ° F), fevral eng sovuq oy (0.1 ° C yoki 32.2 ° F), avgust esa eng iliq (15.9 ° C yoki 60.6 ° F). Dengizdagi harorat iyun-avgust oylarida 17-22 ° C (63-72 ° F) gacha yetishi mumkin, ammo plyajlar mahalliy joylarda 25 ° C (77 ° F) ni qayd etishi odatiy hol emas.[94][95]
Ushbu hududdagi geografiya shaharning mahalliy iqlimiga ta'sir qiladi va Orxus ko'rfazi markaziy Orhus joylashgan pasttekislikdagi vodiy tubiga mo''tadil ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda. Brabrand ko'li g'arbda bu ta'sirga yanada ko'proq hissa qo'shadi va natijada vodiy nisbatan yumshoq, mo''tadil iqlimga ega. Vodiy tubidagi qumli er qishdan keyin tez quriydi va yozda namlikni saqlaydigan tepaliklarga qaraganda tezroq isiydi. tosh gil. Ushbu holatlar vodiyda shimoliy va janubiy tog 'yonbag'irlariga qaraganda tez-tez 1-2 hafta oldin gullaydigan ekinlar va o'simliklarga ta'sir qiladi.[96]
Shimoliy kenglik tufayli kunduzgi soatlarning soni yoz va qish o'rtasida juda farq qiladi. Yozgi kunduzda quyosh soat 04:26 da ko'tarilib, soat 21:58 da botadi va kunduzgi 17 soat 32 minutni ta'minlaydi. Qishki kunduzda u soat 8:37 da ko'tariladi va 15:39 da 7 soat 2 daqiqa kunduzi bilan o'rnatiladi. Yoz va qish kunlari o'rtasidagi kunlar va tunlarning davomiyligi 10 soatu 30 minut.[97]
| Sharqiy Yutlend uchun ob-havo ma'lumotlari (1961-1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oy | Yanvar | Fevral | Mar | Aprel | May | Iyun | Iyul | Avgust | Sentyabr | Oktyabr | Noyabr | Dekabr | Yil |
| O'rtacha yuqori ° C (° F) | 2.4 (36.3) | 2.5 (36.5) | 5.4 (41.7) | 10.5 (50.9) | 15.8 (60.4) | 18.9 (66.0) | 21.2 (70.2) | 20.8 (69.4) | 16.3 (61.3) | 11.8 (53.2) | 6.9 (44.4) | 4.1 (39.4) | 11.4 (52.5) |
| Kundalik o'rtacha ° C (° F) | 0.2 (32.4) | 0.1 (32.2) | 2.3 (36.1) | 5.8 (42.4) | 10.8 (51.4) | 14.1 (57.4) | 16.2 (61.2) | 15.9 (60.6) | 12.1 (53.8) | 8.7 (47.7) | 4.4 (39.9) | 1.8 (35.2) | 7.7 (45.9) |
| O'rtacha past ° C (° F) | −2.7 (27.1) | −2.8 (27.0) | −0.9 (30.4) | 1.2 (34.2) | 5.5 (41.9) | 9.2 (48.6) | 11.3 (52.3) | 11.1 (52.0) | 7.8 (46.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | 1.5 (34.7) | −0.9 (30.4) | 3.8 (38.8) |
| O'rtacha yog'ingarchilik mm (dyuym) | 60 (2.4) | 41 (1.6) | 48 (1.9) | 42 (1.7) | 50 (2.0) | 55 (2.2) | 67 (2.6) | 65 (2.6) | 72 (2.8) | 77 (3.0) | 80 (3.1) | 68 (2.7) | 722 (28.4) |
| O'rtacha yomg'irli kunlar (≥ 1 mm) | 11 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 123 |
| O'rtacha oylik quyoshli soat | 41 | 68 | 112 | 164 | 208 | 212 | 194 | 190 | 130 | 86 | 59 | 43 | 1,506 |
| Manba: Danmarks Meteorologiske Instituti[91] | |||||||||||||
Siyosat va boshqaruv
Orhus - Orxus munitsipaliteti va Orxus shahar kengashi (Orxus Bayrad), shuningdek, shtab-kvartirasi bo'lgan shahar hukumati Orxus shahar hokimligi. 2010 yildan beri Orxus meri Jeykob Bundsgaard ning Sotsial-demokratlar.[98] Munitsipalitet saylovlari har to'rtinchi yilda noyabrning uchinchi seshanba kuni bo'lib o'tadi va keyingi saylovlar bilan 2021 yilda o'tkaziladi. Shahar kengashi to'rt yillik muddatga saylangan 31 kishidan iborat. Saylov kengash tarkibini aniqlagach, u shahar hokimi, hokimning ikki o'rinbosari va beshtasini saylaydi aldermenlar ularning safidan.[99] Ovoz berish huquqiga ega bo'lgan va munitsipalitetda yashovchi har bir kishi shahar hokimiyatining 50 nafar aholisining tasdiqlari va imzolarini ta'minlashi sharti bilan shahar kengashidagi deputatlikka nomzodini ko'rsatishi mumkin.[100]
Birinchi bo'lib Orxus shahar hokimi etib saylangan meri 1919 yilda tayinlangan 1970 yil Daniya munitsipal islohoti hozirgi Orxus munitsipaliteti 20 ta munitsipalitetni birlashtirish yo'li bilan tashkil etilgan.[101] Orhus o'tirgan joy edi Orxus okrugi Daniya okruglarini beshta mintaqa bilan almashtirib, Orxus okrugini o'rniga 2007 yil Daniya munitsipal islohotiga qadar Markaziy Daniya viloyati (Midtjylland mintaqasi), o'tirgan Viborg.[102]
Bo'limlar
Orxus munitsipalitetida 45 ta saylov uchastkalari va saylov uchastkalari to'rtda saylov okruglari uchun Folketing (milliy parlament).[103] The Orxus yeparxiyasi to'rttasi bor dekanatlar Orxus munitsipaliteti tarkibidagi 60 ta cherkovdan iborat.[104] Orxus munitsipalitetida 21 ta mavjud pochta tumanlari va boshqa 9 ning ba'zi qismlari.[105] Orxus shahar atrofi va yaqin atrofdagi tumanlar tumanlarga bo'lingan Orxus S, Orxus N, Orxus V, Viby J, Xoybjerg va Brabrand.
Atrof-muhitni rejalashtirish
Orxus tobora ko'proq sarmoya kiritmoqda atrof-muhitni rejalashtirish va milliy siyosatga muvofiq CO2 neytral va mustaqil bo'lishiga qaratilgan Yoqilg'i moyi 2030 yilgacha isitish uchun.[106][107] Shahar elektr stantsiyalari ushbu maqsadga 2010-yillarda moslashtirilgan edi. 2015 yilda munitsipalitet uchta xususiy mulkni o'z qo'liga oldi somon - olovli issiqlik inshootlari va keyingi yil, yangi 77 MW birgalikda issiqlik va quvvat biomassa zavodi Lisbjerg elektr stantsiyasi tugallandi Studstrup elektr stantsiyasi ko'mirdan yog'och chiplariga o'tish uchun ta'mirlashni tugatdi.[108][109] Rivojlanishi bilan birgalikda Doklend tumani kommunal miqyosdagi dengiz suvi uchun rejalar mavjud issiqlik nasosi elektr energiyasini etkazib berish uchun o'zgaruvchan elektr narxlaridan foydalanadi markazlashtirilgan isitish tizim.[110] 2015 yildan beri shahar energiya tejashni amalga oshirmoqda LED ko'chalarni yoritish texnologiyasi; 2019 yil yanvariga qadar shahar ko'cha yoritilishining qariyb yarmi o'zgartirildi. Shaharning CO miqdorini kamaytirishdan tashqari2 emissiya, bu elektr energiyasi uchun to'lovning 30 foizini tejaydi va shu bilan uni 20 yil davomida o'zini o'zi moliyalashtiradigan loyihaga aylantiradi.[111]
Munitsipalitet ma'muriyatni izchil va yaxlit boshqarishni maqsad qiladi suv aylanishi oldingi ifloslanishdan himoya qilish yoki tozalash va rag'batlantirish yashil o'sish va o'zini o'zi ta'minlash. Asosiy masalalar ortiqcha oziq moddalar, olib keladigan yog'ingarchilik darajasining ko'payishiga (va ortib borishiga) moslashish Iqlim o'zgarishi va suv ta'minotini ta'minlash.[112] Ushbu maqsadlar ko'pincha xususiy sheriklar bilan hamkorlikda suvni tozalash bo'yicha bir qator yirik loyihalarda namoyon bo'ldi. Ikki ko'l paytida 2000-yillarda shahar bo'ylab yomg'ir suvi havzalari qurilgan Arslev Engsø va Egå Engsø mos ravishda 2003 va 2006 yillarda yaratilgan. Soni kanalizatsiya tozalash o'simliklarni 2025 yilgacha 17 dan 2 gacha kamaytirish rejalashtirilgan, chunki Marselisborg va Egadagi tozalash inshootlari barcha chiqindi suvlarni tozalashni o'z zimmasiga olish uchun kengaytirilishi rejalashtirilgan. Ular allaqachon to'ldirilgan biogaz elektr va issiqlikning aniq ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'lish uchun ishlab chiqarish.[113][114] Yangi tozalash inshootlariga yordam berish va toshqinlardan, kanalizatsiya va bo'ron suvi butun shahar bo'ylab ikki xil drenaj tizimiga ajratish rejalashtirilgan. Qurilish 2017 yilda bir nechta sohalarda boshlangan, ammo bu uzoq jarayon va 2085 yilga qadar qurilishi rejalashtirilgan.[115][116]
O'rmonzorlar oldini olish uchun loyihalar amalga oshirildi er osti suvlarining ifloslanishi, xavfsiz ichimlik suvi, sekvestr CO2, kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish biologik xilma-xillik, jozibali qishloqni yaratish, tabiatga osonlik bilan kirishni ta'minlash va jamoat uchun ochiq havoda faoliyatni taklif qilish. 2000 yilda birinchi loyiha Orxusning yangi o'rmonlari, qurib bitkazildi, bu munitsipalitetda o'rmon qoplamini ikki baravar ko'paytirishni maqsad qildi va 2009 yilda 2030 yilgacha yana bir marta o'rmon qoplamini ikki baravar ko'paytirishni e'lon qildi.[117] O'rmonlarni barpo etish rejalari mahalliy loyiha sifatida xususiy tomorqa egalari bilan hamkorlikda, milliy kun tartibida amalga oshirildi.[118] Tabiiy yashash joylarini kengaytirish bo'yicha boshqa loyihalarga a rewilding harakat Geding-Kasted Bog va doimiy monitoring to'rt Natura 2000 yil munitsipalitetdagi hududlar.
Demografiya
| Asosiy immigratsion guruhlar, 2017 yil[119] | |
| Millati | Aholisi |
|---|---|
 Livan | 5,030 |
 Somali | 4,554 |
 kurka | 4,370 |
 Iroq | 3,688 |
 Eron | 2,577 |
 Vetnam | 2,551 |
 Germaniya | 2,261 |
 Polsha | 2,235 |
 Afg'oniston | 2,092 |
 Ruminiya | 1,983 |
Orxusda 261570 kishi istiqomat qiladi 91 kvadrat kilometr (35 kvadrat milya) 2,874 / km zichlik uchun2 (7,444 / sqm mil).[2] Orhus munitsipalitetining 468 km² maydonida 330,639 kishi yashaydi, zichligi 706 / km² (1,829 / sqm mil). Shahar aholisining beshdan bir qismidan kamrog'i shahar chegaralaridan tashqarida yashaydi va deyarli barchasi shahar hududida yashaydi.[120] Orxus aholisi milliy o'rtacha ko'rsatkichdan ham yoshroq va o'qimishli, buni ta'lim muassasalarining yuqori konsentratsiyasi bilan izohlash mumkin.[121] Aholining 40% dan ortig'i ilmiy darajaga ega, faqat 14 foizigina o'rta ma'lumot yoki savdo-sotiqga ega emas.[122] Eng katta yosh guruhi - 20 yoshdan 29 yoshgacha bo'lgan yoshlar va o'rtacha yoshi 37,5, bu mamlakatning eng yosh shahri va uning eng yosh belediyeleridan biri.[123][124] Ko'p yillar davomida ayollar erkaklar sonidan ozgina ko'p.[123]
Shaharda 75 xil diniy guruhlar va mazhablar istiqomat qiladi, ularning aksariyati xristian yoki musulmonlar, kamroq sonli buddist, hindu va yahudiy jamoalari. 1990-yillardan boshlab turli xil yangi ma'naviy guruhlarda sezilarli o'sish kuzatilmoqda, ammo izdoshlarining umumiy soni oz bo'lib qolmoqda.[126] Aholining aksariyati protestant davlat cherkovining a'zolari, Daniya cherkovi Bu shahar va umuman mamlakatdagi eng yirik diniy muassasadir. Aholining 20 foizga yaqini hech qanday din bilan aloqador emas, bu foizlar ko'p yillar davomida asta-sekin o'sib bormoqda.[127]
1990-yillarda Turkiyadan sezilarli immigratsiya bo'lgan va 2000-yillarda umumiy immigrantlar jamoasida tez o'sish kuzatilgan, 1999 yildagi 27 783 kishidan 2008 yilda 40 431 kishiga.[128] Muhojirlarning aksariyati Evropadan va rivojlangan dunyodan tashqarida, 130 millat vakillaridan 25000 ga yaqin odamni o'z ichiga oladi, ularning eng katta guruhlari Yaqin Sharq va Shimoliy Afrikadan. Evropadan kelgan 15 mingga yaqin odam, Polsha, Germaniya, Ruminiya va Norvegiya eng ko'p mablag 'qo'shgan.[123]
Ko'plab immigrantlar o'zlarini shahar atrofi bo'ylab tanib oldilar Brabrand, Xasl va Viby, bu erda 2000 yildan beri xorijdan kelib chiqadigan aholining ulushi 66% ga o'sgan. Natijada bir nechta odamlar gettolar, aholisining yarmidan ko'pi bo'lgan turar-joy maydoni sifatida belgilangan g'arbiy bo'lmagan mamlakatlar va nisbatan yuqori qashshoqlik va / yoki jinoyatchilik darajasi bilan. Gellerup bu jihatdan eng ko'zga ko'ringan mahalla hisoblanadi. Getto-markirovka keraksiz stigmatizatsiya va tegishli sohalarni ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy rivojlantirish uchun teskari ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda deb tanqid qilindi.[129][130][131]
Iqtisodiyot
Orxus iqtisodiyoti asosan bilim va xizmatga asoslangan bo'lib, kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatgan Orxus universiteti va katta sog'liqni saqlash sanoati. Xizmat ko'rsatish sohasi iqtisodiyotda hukmronlik qilmoqda va shahar ishlab chiqarishdan uzoqlashishi bilan o'sib bormoqda. Savdo va transport muhim tarmoq bo'lib qolmoqda, bu katta port va temir yo'l tarmog'idagi markaziy pozitsiyadan foydalanmoqda. Qishloq xo'jaligi uzoq vaqtdan beri munitsipalitetning chekka sohasi bo'lgan ishlab chiqarish 1960-yillardan beri sekin, ammo barqaror pasayib bormoqda.[132] Baladiyya 175,000 ish joyiga ega bo'lib, 100,000 xususiy sektorda ishlaydi, qolganlari esa shtat, viloyat va munitsipalitetga bo'linadi.[133] Mintaqa asosiy hisoblanadi qishloq xo'jaligi ishlab chiqaruvchisi, chekka tumanlarda ko'plab yirik fermer xo'jaliklari bilan.[134] Odamlar Orxusga uzoqroqdan borishadi Randers, Silkeborg va Skanderborg va Orxus munitsipalitetida ish bilan ta'minlanganlarning deyarli uchdan bir qismi qo'shni jamoalardan qatnab turishadi.[135][136][137] Orhus - Shimoliy va Boltiqbo'yi mamlakatlaridagi chakana savdo markazi, keng savdo markazlari, mamlakatning eng gavjum tijorat ko'chasi va ko'plab ixtisoslashgan do'konlari bo'lgan zich shahar yadrosi.[138][139]
Mehnat bozori bilim va xizmatga asoslangan bo'lib, bandlikning eng katta sohalari sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy xizmatlar, savdo, ta'lim, konsalting, tadqiqot, sanoat va telekommunikatsiyalardir.[133] Baladiyya yuqori va o'rta daromadli ish joylariga ega, kam daromadli ish joylari esa o'rtacha respublika ko'rsatkichidan kamroq.[133] Bugungi kunda munitsipalitetdagi yirik kompaniyalarning aksariyati savdo, transport va ommaviy axborot vositalari sohalariga tegishli.[140] Shamol energetikasi Orxus va uning katta mintaqalarida kuchli ildizlarga ega Markaziy Yutland va milliy miqyosda ushbu sohadagi daromadlarning katta qismi Orxus mintaqasidagi kompaniyalar tomonidan ishlab chiqariladi. Shamol sanoatida munitsipalitet tarkibida mingga yaqin kishi ishlaydi, bu esa uni mahalliy iqtisodiyotning markaziy qismiga aylantiradi.[141] Shaharda biotexnologiya sanoati yaxshi yo'lga qo'yilgan bo'lib, ko'plab kichik va o'rta kompaniyalar asosan tadqiqot va ishlanmalarga yo'naltirilgan.[142]
Kabi bir qancha yirik kompaniyalarning shtab-kvartirasi Orxusda joylashgan Arla Foods, Evropaning eng yirik sut guruhlaridan biri, Salling guruhi, Daniyaning eng yirik chakana savdosi, Jysk, maishiy buyumlar, ko'rpa-to'shak, mebel va ichki makon dizayni bo'yicha ixtisoslashgan butun dunyo bo'ylab chakana sotuvchi, Vestalar, bozor ulushi bo'yicha dunyodagi eng yirik shamol turbinasi ishlab chiqaruvchisi,[143] Terma A / S, mudofaa va aviatsiya sohasida yirik ishlab chiqaruvchi va bir nechta etakchi chakana kompaniyalar.[16][144] Hammasi bo'lib, mamlakatdagi o'nta yirik kompaniyalardan to'rttasi munitsipalitetda joylashgan. 2000-yillarning boshlaridan beri shahar Yutlend yarim orolining boshqa qismlaridan ko'chib o'tadigan yirik kompaniyalar oqimini boshdan kechirmoqda.[145][146] Notaning boshqa yirik ish beruvchilariga Krifa (a kasaba uyushmasi tashkilot), Tizimli A / S (yirik dasturiy ta'minot kompaniyasi[147]) va Bestseller A / S.
Orxus porti
Orxus porti - Daniyaning eng katta konteyner terminali bo'lgan va dunyodagi eng yirik konteyner kemalarini joylashtiradigan, Daniyadagi eng yirik konteyner terminali bo'lgan shimoliy Evropaning eng yirik sanoat portlaridan biri.[148][149] Bu mustaqil moliyaga ega bo'lgan shahar o'zini o'zi boshqarish portidir. Korxonalar yiliga 9,5 million tonna yuk tashiydi (2012). G'alla asosiy eksport hisoblanadi oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari, stone, cement and coal are among the chief imports.[150] Since 2012 the port has faced increasing competition from the Gamburg porti and freight volumes have decreased somewhat from the peak in 2008.[149]
The ferry terminal presents the only alternative to the Great Belt Link for passenger transport between Jutland and Zelandiya. It has served different ferry companies since the first steamship route to Copenhagen opened in 1830. Currently, Mols-Linien operates the route and annually transports some two million passengers and a million vehicles. Qo'shimcha yoyish / tarqatish cargo ferries serve Finlyandiya va Kalundborg on a weekly basis and smaller outlying Danish ports at irregular intervals. Since the early 2000s the port has increasingly become a destination for cruise lines operating in the Boltiq dengizi.[151]
Turizm
The ARoS Art Museum, Eski shahar muzeyi va Tivoli Friheden are among Denmark's top tourist attractions.[152] With a combined total of almost 1.4 million visitors they represent the driving force behind tourism but other venues such as Moesgård Museum va Kvindemuseet shuningdek, mashhurdir. The city's extensive shopping facilities are also said to be a major attraction for tourists, as are festivals, especially NorthSide va SPOT.[153][154] Many visitors arrive on cruise ships: in 2012, 18 vessels visited the port with over 38,000 passengers.[155]
In the 2010s, there was a significant expansion of tourist facilities, culminating in the opening of the 240-room Comwell Hotel in July 2014, which increased the number of hotel rooms in the city by 25%. Some estimates put the number of visitors spending at least one night as high as 750,000 a year, most of them Danes from other regions, with the remainder coming mainly from Norway, Sweden, northern Germany and the United Kingdom. Overall, they spend roughly DKK 3 billion (€402 million) in the city each year.[156] The primary motivation for tourists choosing Aarhus as a destination is experiencing the city and culture, family and couples vacation or as a part of a round trip in Denmark. The average stay is little more than three days on average.[156]
There are more than 30 tourist information spots across the city. Some of them are staffed, while others are online, publicly accessible touchscreens. The official tourist information service in Aarhus is organised under VisitAarhus, a corporate foundation initiated in 1994 by Aarhus Municipality and local commercial interest organisations.[157][158][159]
Research parks
The largest research park in Aarhus is INKUBA fan parki, qaratilgan IT va biomedikal tadqiqotlar, It is based on Denmark's first research park, Forskerpark Aarhus (Research Park Aarhus), founded in 1986, which in 2007 merged with another research park to form INCUBA Science Park. The organisation is owned partly by Orxus universiteti and private investors and aims to foster close relationships between public institutions and startup companies.[160] It is physically divided across 4 locations after a new department was inaugurated in Navitas Park in 2015, which it will share with the Orhus dengiz va texnik muhandislik maktabi va AU muhandisligi. Another major centre for knowledge is Agro Food Park yilda Skejby, established to facilitate co-operation between companies and public institutions working within food science and agriculture. 2017 yil yanvar oyida Arla Foods will open the global innovation centre Arla Nativa in Agro Food Park and in 2018 Aarhus University is moving the Danish Centre for Food and Agriculture u erda ham.[161][162] In 2016 some 1000 people worked at Agro Food Park, spread across 50 companies and institutions and in August 2016 Agro Food Park management published plans to expand facilities from 92,000 m2 to 325,000 square metres (3,500,000 sq ft).[162]
In addition, Aarhus is home to the Arxus arxitektura maktabi, one of two Danish Ta'lim vazirligi institutions that provide degree programs in architecture, and some of the largest architecture firms in the Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlar kabi Shmidt Hammer Lassen me'morlari, Arkitema Architects va C. F. Moller me'morlari.[163] Taken together these organisations form a unique concentration of expertise and knowledge in architecture outside Copenhagen, which the Danish Ministry of Business and Growth refers to as arkitekturklyngen (the architecture cluster). To promote the "cluster", the School of Architecture will be given new school buildings centrally in the new Freight Station Neighborhood, planned for development in the 2020s. In the interim, the city council supports a culture, business and education centre in the area, which may continue in the future neighbourhood in some form. The future occupants of the neighbourhood will be businesses and organisations selected for their ability to be involved in the local community, and it is hoped that the area will evolve into a hotspot for creativity and design.[164][165][166]
Shahar manzarasi
Aarhus has developed in stages, from the Viking age to modern times, all visible in the city today. Many architectural styles are represented in different parts of the city such as Romanesk, Gotik, Uyg'onish davri, Barokko, Rokoko, National Romantic, Shimoliy Klassizm, Neoklassik, Imperiya va Funktsionalizm.[167] The city has grown up around the main transport hubs, the river, the harbour and later the railway station, and as a result, the oldest parts of the city are also the most central and busiest today.
Ko'chalar Volden (The Rampart) and Graven (The Moat) testify to the defences of the initial Viking settlement and Allégaderingen yilda Midtbyen roughly follows the boundaries of that settlement. The street network in the ichki shahar formed during the Middle Ages with narrow, curved streets and low, dense housing by the river and coast. Vesterport (Westward Gate) still bears the name of a medieval city gate and the narrow alleyways Posthussmøgen va Telefonsmøgen are remnants of toll stations from that time.[168] The inner city has the oldest preserved buildings, especially the Lotin chorak, with houses dating back to the early 17th century in Mejlade va Skolegade.[36] Medieval merchants' mansions with courtyards can be seen in Klostergade, Studsgade and Skolegade. By far, the largest part of the present day city was built during and after the industrialization of the late 1800s and the most represented architectural styles are tarixiylik va modernizm, especially Danish functionalism of which there are many fine examples.
Rivojlanishlar
In recent years, Aarhus has experienced a large demand in housing and offices. Due to this, there has been a construction boom in certain parts of the city. The newly built Aarhus Ø, formerly docklands where shipping houses major housing developments, mostly consisting of privately owned apartments, designed by architects such as, SEBRA va JDS Architects.
In the 2nd quarter of 2012, the population of the area stood at only 5, however that number had risen to 3,940 by October 2019.[169]
The main public transportation service is bus line 23, as well as train station Ostbanetorvet. In addition to this, the area will be serviced by the light rail line, Aarhus Letbane.
Belgilangan joylar
Aarhus Cathedral (Århus Domkirke) in the centre of Aarhus, is the longest and tallest church in Denmark at 93 m (305 ft) and 96 m (315 ft) in length and height respectively. Originally built as a Romanesk basilica in the 13th century, it was rebuilt and enlarged as a Gotik cathedral in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.[170] Even though the cathedral stood finished around 1300, it took more than a century to build; the associated cathedral school of Orxus Katedralskole was already founded in 1195 and ranks as the 44th oldest school in the world.[171] Another important and historic church in the inner city, is the Church of our Lady (Vue Frue Kirke) also from the 13th century in Romanesque and Gothic style. It is smaller and less impressive, but it was the first cathedral of Aarhus and founded on an even older church constructed in 1060; the oldest stone church in Scandinavia. Parts of this former church were excavated in the 1950s and can now be experienced as a crypt beneath the nave of Vue Frue Kirke.[172][173][174][175] Langelandsgade Kaserne yilda Milliy romantik uslub from 1889 is the oldest former military barracks left in the country; home to the university Department of Aesthetics and Communication since 1989.[176][177][178]Marselisborg saroyi (Marselisborg uyasi), designed by Hack Kampmann yilda Neoklassik va Art Nouveau styles, was donated by the city to Shahzoda nasroniy va Malika Aleksandrin as a wedding present in 1898.[179][180] The Orxus maxsus uyi (Toldkammeret) from 1898, is said to be Hack Kampmann's finest work.[181]
Tivoli Friheden (Tivoli Freedom) opened in 1903 and has since been the largest amusement park in the city and a tourist attraction. Orxus teatri from 1916 in the Art Nouveau style is the largest provincial theatre in Denmark.[182][183] The early buildings of Orxus universiteti, especially the main building completed in 1932, designed by Kay Fisker, Povl Stegmann va tomonidan C.F. Myler have gained an international reputation for their contribution to funktsionalistik me'morchilik.[184] The hokimiyat (Aarhus Rådhus) from 1941 with an iconic 60 m (200 ft) tower clad in marble, was designed by Arne Jacobsen va Erik Moller in a modern Functionalist style.
Madaniyat
Aarhus is home to many annual cultural events and festivals, museums, theatres, and sport events of both national and international importance, and presents some of the largest cultural attractions in Denmark. There is a long tradition here in music of all genres and many Danish bands have emerged from Aarhus. Libraries, cultural centres and educational institutions present free or easy opportunities for the citizens to participate in, engage in, or be creative with cultural events and productions of all kinds.
Since 1938, Aarhus has marketed itself as Smilets by (City of smiles) which has become both an informal moniker and official slogan. In 2011, the city council opted to change the slogan to "Aarhus. Danish for Progress" but it was unpopular and abandoned after just a few years.[185] Other slogans that have occasionally been used are Byen ved havet (City by the sea), Mellem bugt og bøgeskov (Between bay and beechwood) and Verdens mindste storby (World's smallest big city).[186][187] Aarhus is featured in popular songs such as Hjem til Aarhus tomonidan På Slaget 12, Lav sol over Aarhus tomonidan Gnags, 8000 Orxus S tomonidan Flemming Yorgensen, Pigen ud af Aarhus tomonidan Tina Dikov va Slingrer ned ad Vestergade tomonidan Gnags. In 1919, the number Sangen til Aarhus (Song to Aarhus) had become a popular hit for a time, but the oldest and perhaps best known "national anthem" for the city is the classical Aarhus Tappenstreg from 1872 by Karl Kristian Myuller which is occasionally played at official events or at performances by local marching bands and orchestras.[188][189]
Muzeylar
Aarhus has a range of museums, including two of the largest in the country, measured by the number of paying guests, Den Gamle By va ARoS Orhus Kunstmuseum. Den Gamle By (The Old Town), officially Danmarks Købstadmuseum (Denmark's Market Town Museum), presents Danish townscapes from the 16th century to the 1970s with individual areas focused on different time periods. 75 historic buildings collected from different parts of the country have been brought here to create a small town in its own right.[190][191]
ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum, the city's main art museum is one of the largest art museums in Scandinavia with a collection covering Danish art from the 18th century to the present day as well as paintings, installations and sculptures representing international badiiy harakatlar and artists from all over the world. The iconic glass structure on the roof, Your Rainbow Panoramatomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Olafur Eliasson and features a promenade offering a colourful panorama of the city.[192][193]
The Moesgård Museum ixtisoslashgan arxeologiya va etnografiya in collaboration with Aarhus University with exhibits on Denmark's tarix, including weapon sacrifices from Illerup dal va Grauballe odam.[194] Kvindemuseet, the Women's Museum, from 1984 contains collections of the lives and works of women in Danish cultural history.[195] The Kasb-hunar muzeyi (Besættelsesmuseum) presents exhibits illustrating the Nemis istilosi of the city during the Ikkinchi jahon urushi;[196] the University Park on the campus of Orxus universiteti o'z ichiga oladi Tabiiy tarix muzeyi with 5,000 species of animals, many in their natural surroundings;[197] va Steno muzeyi muzeyi fan tarixi va Dori bilan planetariy.[198] Kunsthal Orxus (Aarhus Art Hall) hosts exhibitions of contemporary art including painting, sculpture, photography, performance art, film and video.[199] Strictly speaking it is not a museum but an san'at markazi, and one of the oldest in Europe, built and founded in 1917.
Libraries and community centres
Ommaviy kutubxonalar in Denmark are also cultural and community centres. They play an active role in the cultural life and host many events, exhibitions, discussion groups, workshops, educational courses and facilitate everyday cultural activities for and by the citizens. In June 2015, the large central library and cultural centre of Dokk1 opened at the harbour front. Dokk1 also includes civil administrations and services, commercial office rentals and a large underground robotic car park and aims to be a landmark for the city and a public meeting place. The building of Dokk1 and the associated squares and streetscape is also collectively known as Urban Mediaspace Aarhus and it is the largest construction project Aarhus municipality has yet undertaken.[200] Apart from this large main library, some neighbourhoods in Aarhus have a local library engaged in similar cultural and educational activities, but on a more local scale.[201]
The Davlat kutubxonasi (Statsbiblioteket) at the university campus has status of a national library.[202] The city is a member of the ICORN organisation (International Cities of Refuge Network ) in an effort to provide a safe haven to authors and writers persecuted in their countries of origin.[203]
There are also several cultural and community centres scattered throughout the city. This includes Folkestedet in the central Arkenparken, facilitating events for and by non-commercial associations, organisations and clubs, and activities for the elderly, the nearby Godsbanen at the railway yard, with workshops, events and exhibitions, and Globus1 in Brabrand facilitating sports and various cultural activities.[204]
Ijro san'ati
The city enjoys strong musical traditions, both classical and alternative, underground and popular, with educational and performance institutions such as the concert halls of Musikhuset, the opera of Den Jiske operasi, Orxus Simfoniorkester (Aarhus Symphony Orchestra) and Det Jyske Musikkonservatorium (Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus/Aalborg). Musikhuset is the largest concert hall in Scandinavia, with seating for more than 3,600 people. Other major music venues include VoxHall, rebuilt in 1999, and the associated venue of Atlas, Train nightclub at the harbourfront, and Godsbanen, a former rail freight station.[205][206][207]
Since the 1970s, the city has seen major developments on the pop and rock scene, with the arrival of many acclaimed bands such as Kliçe, Byen ostida, Gnags, TV-2, Maykl Rok qilishni o'rganadi, Jiyan, Shimoliy Carpark, "Splin Yunayted", VETO, Nafosat va Illdisposed in addition to popular individual performers like Tomas Helmig, Anne Linnet va Madina. Since 2010 the music production centre of PROMUS (Produktionscentret for Rytmisk Musik) has supported the rock scene in the city along with the publicly funded ROSA (Dansk Rock Samråd), which promotes Danish rock music in general.[208]
The acting scene in Aarhus is diverse, with many groups and venues engaged in a broad span of genres, from animatsiya teatri va bolalar teatri ga classical theatre va improvisational theatre. Aarhus Teater is the oldest and largest venue with mostly professional classical acting performances. Svalegangen, the second largest theatre, is more experimental with its performances and other notable groups and venues includes EntréScenen, Katapult, Gruppe 38, Helsingør Teater, Det Andet Teater and Teater Refleksion as well as raqs venues like Bora Bora.[209][210][211] The cultural center of Godsbanen includes several scenes and stages[205] and the Concert Halls of Musikhuset also stage theatrical plays regularly and is home to the children's theatre Filuren and a comedy club.[212][213][214] The city hosts a biannual international theatre festival, International Living Theatre (ILT), with the next event being scheduled for 2021.[215]
Events and festivals
Aarhus hosts many annual or recurring festivals, concerts and events, with the festival of Orxus bayrami as the most popular and wide-ranging, along with large sports events.[216][217] Aarhus Festuge is the largest multicultural festival in Scandinavia, always based on a special theme and takes place every year for ten days between late August and early September, transforming the inner city with festive activities and decorations of all kinds.[218][219]
There are numerous music festivals; the eight-day Orxus Jaz festivali features jazz in many venues across the city. It was founded in 1988 and usually takes place in July every year, occasionally August or September.[220] There are several annually recurring music festivals for contemporary popular music in Aarhus. NorthSide festivali presents well known bands every year in mid June on large outdoor scenes. It is a relatively new event, founded in 2010, but grew from a one-day event to a three-day festival in its first three years, now with 35,000 paying guests in 2015.[221][222] Spot festival is aiming to showcase up-and-coming Danish and Scandinavian talents at selected venues of the inner city. Tashqi makon Grøn Koncert music festival takes place every year in many cities across Denmark, including Aarhus. Danmarks grimmeste festival (lit. Denmark's ugliest Festival) is a small summer music festival held in Skjoldxoykilen, Brabrand.
Aarhus also hosts recurring events dedicated to specific art genres. International Living Theatre (ILT) is a bi-annual festival, established in 2009, with ijrochilik san'ati and stage art on a broad scale. The festival has a vision of showing the best plays and stage art experiences of the world, while at the same time attracting thespians and stage art interested people from both Aarhus and Europe at large.[223] LiteratureXchange is a new annual festival from 2018, focused on literature from around the world as well as regional talents.[224] The city actively promotes its gey va lezbiyen community and celebrates the annual Orxus mag'rurligi gay pride festival while Aarhus Festuge usually includes exhibits, concerts and events designed for the LGBT communities.[225]
Notable events of a local scope include the universitet boat-race, held in the University Park since 1991, which has become a local spectator event attracting some 20,000 people. The boat race pits costumed teams from the university departments against each other in inflatable boats in a challenge to win the Gyldne Bækken (Golden Chamber Pot) trophy.[226] The annual lighting of the Christmas lights on the Salling in universal do'kon Søndergade has also become an attraction in recent times, packing the pedestrianised city centre with thousands of revellers.[227] Significant dates such as Saint Lucy's Day, Sankt Hans (Seynt Jonning arafasi ) va Fastelavn are traditionally celebrated with numerous events across the city.
Parks, nature and recreation
The beech forests of Riis Skov va Marselisborg occupy the hills along the coast to the north and south, and apart from the city centre, sandy beaches form the coastline of the entire municipality. There are two public seabaths, the northern Den Permanente below Riis Skov and close to the harbour area, and the southern Ballehage plyaji in the Marselisborg Forests. As in most of Denmark, there are no private beaches in the municipality, but access to Den Permanente requires a membership, except in the summer.[228]
The relatively mild, temperate marine climate, allows for outdoor recreation year round, including walking, hiking, cycling and outdoor team sports. Mountain biking is usually restricted to marked routes.[229] Watersports like sailing, kayaking, motor boating, etc. are also popular, and since the bay rarely freezes up in winter, they can also be practised most of the year. Recreational and transportational pathways for pedestrians and cyclists, radiate from the city centre to the countryside, providing safety from motorised vehicles and a more tranquil experience.[230][231] This includes the 19 kilometre long pathway of Brabrandstien, atrofini o'rab turgan Brabrand ko'li.[232][233] The long-range hiking route Aarhus-Silkeborg, starts off from Brabrandstien.[234]
Aarhus has an unusually high number of parks and green spaces, 134 of them, covering a total area of around 550 ha (1,400 acres).[235] Markaziy Botanika bog'lari (Botanisk Have) from 1875 are a popular destination, as they include Eski shahar open-air museum and host a number of events throughout the year. Originally used to cultivate fruit trees and other useful plants for the local citizens, there are now a significant collection of trees and bushes from different habitats and regions of the world, including a section devoted to native Danish plants.[236] Recently renovated tropical and subtropical greenhouses, exhibit exotic plants from throughout the world.[237] Also in the city centre is the undulating Universitet parki, recognised for its unique landscaped design with large old oak trees.[238] The Xotira parki (Mindeparken) at the coast below Marselisborg Palace, offers a panoramic view across the Orxus ko'rfazi and is popular with locals for outings, picnics or events.[239][240] Other notable parks include the small central Shahar hokimligi bog'i (Rådhusparken) va Marienlyst bog'i (Marienlystparken).[241] Marienlyst Park is a relatively new park from 1988, situated in Xasl out of the inner city and is less crowded, but it is the largest park in Aarhus, including woodlands, large open grasslands and soccer fields.[242][243]
Marselisborg Forests and Riis Skov, has a long history for recreational activities of all kinds, including several restaurants, hotels and opportunities for green exercise. There are marked routes here for jogging, running and mountain biking and large events are hosted regularly. This includes running events, velosiped poygasi va yo'nalish, the annual Classic Race Aarhus with historic racing cars, all attracting thousands of people.[244] Marselisborg kiyik bog'i (Marselisborg Dyrehave) in Marselisborg Forests, comprises 22 ha (54 acres) of fenced woodland pastures with free-roaming sika va kiyik.[245] Quyida Moesgård Museum in the southern parts of the Marselisborg Forests, is a large historical landscape of pastures and woodlands, presenting different eras of Denmark's prehistory. Sections of the forest comprise trees and vegetation representing specific climatic epochs from the oxirgi muzlik davri hozirgi kunga qadar. Dotted across the landscape are reconstructed Stone Age and Bronze Age graves, buildings from the Iron Age, Viking Age and medieval times, with grazing goats, sheep and horses in between.
Food, drink and nightlife
Aarhus has a large variety of restaurants and eateries offering food from cultures all over the world, especially Mediterranean and Asian, but also international gourmet cuisine, traditional Danish food va Yangi shimoliy oshxona.[246] Among the oldest restaurants are Rådhuscafeen (lit. The City Hall Café), opened in 1924, serving a menu of traditional Danish meals, and Peter Gift from 1906, a tavern with a broad beer selection and a menu of smørrebrød and other Danish dishes.[247][248] In Aarhus, New Nordic can be experienced at Kähler Villa Dining, Hærværk va Ichki, but local produce can be had at many places, especially at the twice-weekly food markets in Frederiksbjerg.[249] Aarhus and Markaziy Daniya viloyati sifatida tanlangan Evropaning Gastronomiya mintaqasi 2017 yilda.[250][251] The city (and municipality) is a member of the Délice Network, an international non-profit organization nurturing and facilitating knowledge exchange in gastronomy.[252]
Appraised high-end restaurants serving international gourmet cuisine include Frederikshøj, Substans, Gastromé, Det Glade Vanvid, Nordisk Spisehus, Restaurant Varna, Restaurant ET, Gäst, Brasserie Belli, Møf and Pondus, all considered among the best places to eat in Denmark.[253][254][255][256] Restaurants in Aarhus were the first in provincial Denmark to receive Mishel yulduzlari since 2015, when Michelin inspectors ventured outside Copenhagen for the first time.[257]
Vendors of street food are numerous throughout the centre, often selling from small trailers on permanent locations formally known as Pølsevogne (lit. sausage wagons), traditionally serving a Danish variety of Xot doglar, sausages and other fast food. There are increasingly more outlets inspired by other cultural flavours such as sushi, kabob va karrywurst.[258][259]
The city centre is packed with cafés, especially along the river and the Latin quarter. Some of them also include an evening restaurant, such as Café Casablanca, Café Carlton, Café Cross va Gyngen.[260] Aarhus Street Food and Aarhus Central Food Market are two indoor oziq-ovqat sudlari from 2016 in the city centre, comprising a variety of street food restaurants, cafés and bars.[261][262]
Aarhus has a robust and diverse nightlife. The action tends to concentrate in the inner city, with the pedestrianised riverside, Frederiksgade, the Latin Quarter, and Jægergårdsgade on Frederiksbjerg as the most active centres at night, but things are stirring elsewhere around the city too. The nightlife scene offers everything from small joints with cheap alcohol and a homely atmosphere to fashionable night clubs serving champagne and cocktails or small and large music venues with bars, dance floors and lounges. A short selection of well-established places where you can have a drink and socialise, include the fashionable lounge and night club of Kupé at the harbour front, the relaxed Ris Ras Filliongongong offering waterpipes and an award-winning beer selection, Fatter Eskild with a broad selection of Danish bands playing mostly blues and rock, the vino va book café ning Løve's in Nørregade, Sherlok Xolms, a British-style pab with live music and the brew pub ning Sct. Klemens bilan A Hereford Beefstouw restaurant across the cathedral.[263][264][265] A few nightlife spots are aimed at gays and lesbians specifically, including Gbar (Tungi klub ) va Café Sappho.
The Århus Set (Daniya: Århus Sæt) is a set of drinks often ordered together, named for the city and consisting of two beverages, one Ceres Top beer and one shot Arnbitter, both originally from Aarhus. Ordering "a set" suffices in most bars and pubs.[266][267] Aarhus Bryghus is a local hunarmandchilik pivo zavodi with a sizeable production. The brewery is located in the southern district of Viby and a large variety of their craft brews are available there, in most larger well-assorted stores in the city, and in some bars and restaurants as well. They also export.[268]
Mahalliy lahja
The Aarhus dialect, commonly called Aarhusiansk (Aarhusian in English), is a Jutlandic dialect ichida Mid-Eastern Jutland dialect area, traditionally spoken in and around Aarhus.[269] Aarhusian, as with most local dialects in Denmark, has diminished in use through the 20th century and most Danes today speak some version of Standard Danish with slight regional features. Aarhusian, however, still has a strong presence in older segments of the population and in areas with high numbers of immigrants, surprisingly.[270][271][272] Some examples of common, traditional and unique Aarhusian words are: trl (tiresome), noller (silly or dumb) and dælme (Istisno. damn me).[273][274] The dialect is notable for single-syllable words ending in "d" being pronounced with yaxshi while the same letter in multiple-syllable words is pronounced as "j", i.e., G'alati is pronounced "Ojjer". Like other dialects in East Jutland, it has two grammatical genders, similar to Standard Danish, but different from West Jutlandic dialects, which have only one.[275] In 2009, the University of Aarhus compiled a list of contemporary public figures who best exemplify the dialect, including Jeykob Xauard, Tomas Helmig, Steffen Brandt, Tigfting, Flemming Yorgensen, Tina Dikov va Kamilla Martin. In popular culture, the dialect features prominently in Nilz Malmros film Aarhus by Night and in 90s comedy sketches by Jacob Haugaard and Finn Norbygaard.[276]
Sport
| Klub | Sport | Liga | Joy (sig‘imi) | Tashkil etilgan | Sarlavhalar | Davomat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orxus gimnastikasi | Futbol | Superliga | Ceres Park (20,032) | 1880 | 5 | 23,990[277] |
| Orxus GF Xondbold | Gandbol | Daniya gandbol ligasi | Ceres Arena (4,700) | 2001 | 9[278] | 4,700[279] |
| Bakken ayiqlar | Basketbol | Daniya basketbol ligasi | Vejlby-Risskov Xallen (1,800) | 1962 | 16 | 2,500[280] |
Aarhus has three major men's professional sports teams: the Superliga team Orxus gimnastikasi (AGF), Daniya gandbol ligasi "s Orxus GF Xondbold va Daniya basketbol ligasi "s Bakken ayiqlar. Notable or historic clubs include Orxus 1900 yil, Idrætsklubben Skovbakken va Orxus Seylklub. Orxus Idrtspark has hosted matches in the premiere Danish soccer league since it was formed in 1920 and matches for the national men's soccer team in 2006 and 2007.[281] The five sailing clubs routinely win national and international titles in a range of disciplines and the future national watersports stadium will be located on the Orxus doklandlari shahar markazida.[282][283] The Bakken Bears have most recently won the Danish basketball championships in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014.
The municipality actively supports sports organisations in and around the city, providing public organisations that aim to attract major sporting events and strengthen professional sports.[284] The Daniya milliy olimpiya qo'mitasi va sport konfederatsiyasi counts some 380 sports organisations within the municipality and about one third of the population are members of one.[285] Soccer is by far the most popular sport followed by Gimnastika, Gandbol va Badminton.[285]
In recent decades, many free and public sports facilities have sprung up across the city, such as ko'cha futboli, basketbol, devorlarga chiqish, skeytbord va plyajdagi voleybol. Several natural sites also offer green exercise, with exercise equipment installed along the paths and tracks reserved for tog 'velosipedi. The newly reconstructed area of Skjoldxoykilen eng yorqin misoldir.[286]
Aarhus has hosted many sporting events including the 2010 yil ayollar o'rtasida gandbol bo'yicha Evropa chempionati, 2014 yil erkaklar o'rtasida gandbol bo'yicha Evropa chempionati, 2013 Men's European Volleyball Championships, 2005 yil Stol tennisi bo'yicha Evropa chempionati, Daniya Ochiq yilda badminton, UCI Women's Road Cycling World Cup, the 2006 Yo'nalish bo'yicha jahon chempionati, 2006 yil badiiy gimnastika bo'yicha jahon chempionati va GF World Cup (women's handball).[287] On average, Aarhus is hosting one or two international sailing competitions every year. In 2008, the city hosted the Yelkanlar bo'yicha ISAF yoshlar o'rtasidagi jahon chempionati[288][289] and in 2018 it was host to the Yelkanlar bo'yicha ISAF bo'yicha jahon chempionati, the world championship for the 12 Olympic sailing disciplines.[290] Aarhus is an important qualifier for the 2020 Olympics.[291]
Ta'lim
Aarhus is the principal centre for education in the Jutland region. It draws students from a large area, especially from the western and southern parts of the peninsula. Yoshlar va talabalarning nisbatan katta miqdordagi oqimi madaniy tadbirlar uchun tabiiy zamin yaratmoqda.[292] Orxus Daniyada talabalarning eng katta kontsentratsiyasiga ega, ya'ni qisqa, o'rta yoki uzoq o'quv kurslarida qatnashadigan fuqarolarning to'liq 12%. Taxminan 25 ta oliy o'quv yurtlaridan tashqari, bir nechta ilmiy forumlar tajribalarni ta'limdan biznesga ko'chirishda yordam berdi.[293] Shaharda 52 mingdan ortiq talaba yashaydi.[294][qachon? ]
2012 yildan beri, Orxus universiteti (AU) qabul qilingan talabalar soni bo'yicha Daniyadagi eng yirik universitet bo'lgan.[295] Bu tartiblangan dunyodagi eng nufuzli va hurmatga sazovor bo'lgan bir nechta reytinglar bo'yicha 100 ta eng yaxshi universitetlar qatoriga kiradi. Universitetda taxminan 41,500 mavjud Bakalavr va Ustoz talabalar, shuningdek 1500 ga yaqin PhD talabalari o'qishga qabul qilindi.[295] An'anaviy sohalardan boshlab ko'plab sohalarda yuqori ilmiy tadqiqotlar bilan shug'ullanish mumkin tabiatshunoslik, gumanitar fanlar va muhandislik kabi kasb-hunar akademik sohalariga ilohiyot stomatologiya.[296]
Orhus Tech Daniyadagi eng yirik texnik kollejlardan biri bo'lib, bakalavriat dasturlarini ingliz tilida o'qitadi, shu jumladan kasb-hunar ta'limi va o'qitish (VET), doimiy kasb-hunar ta'limi (CVT) va inson resurslarini rivojlantirish.[297] Orxus biznes akademiyasi Daniyadagi eng yirik biznes akademiyalari qatoriga kiradi va bakalavr va ba'zi ilmiy darajalarni taqdim etadi IT, biznes va texnik sohalar. Akademik darajadagi texnik jihatlar Arxus Tech bilan hamkorlikda, Orhus dengiz va texnik muhandislik maktabi va Orxus qishloq xo'jaligi bo'yicha o'quv markazi.[298] The Daniya Media va jurnalistika maktabi (DMJX) 1946 yildan beri jurnalistika kurslarini olib boradigan kollejlarning eng qadimiy va eng kattasi bo'lib, 2014 yilga kelib 1700 nafar talaba tahsil oladi. DMJX 1974 yildan buyon mustaqil institut bo'lib, bakalavriat darajasida ilmiy tadqiqotlar olib boradi va o'quv mashg'ulotlarini olib boradi, 2004 yilda esa magistrlik kurslari jurnalistikasi Orxus universiteti bilan hamkorlikda tashkil etilgan. Ikkinchisi Jurnalistika bo'yicha Universitetni o'rganish markazi orqali taqdim etiladi va universitet orqali ilmiy darajalar beradi.[299]
The Orxusdagi Qirollik musiqa akademiyasi (Det Jyske Musikkonservatorium) a konservatoriya homiyligida tashkil etilgan Daniya madaniyat vazirligi 1927 yilda. 2010 yilda u 1930 yilda tashkil etilgan Olborgdagi Qirollik musiqa akademiyasi bilan ma'muriy jihatdan birlashdi.[300] Oliy shoh hazratlarining homiyligida Valiahd Frederik, musiqa o'qitish va yakka va professional musiqachilik kabi yo'nalishlarda magistr darajasida o'qishni taklif etadi. VIA Universitet kolleji 2008 yil yanvar oyida tashkil etilgan va sakkizta yangi mintaqaviy tashkilotlardan biri hisoblanadi bakalavr davomida barcha turdagi kurslar Markaziy Daniya viloyati. Daniyalik yoki ba'zan ingliz tilida o'qitiladigan, kasb-hunar ta'limi bilan shug'ullanadigan 50 dan ortiq oliy ma'lumotni taklif etadi va u turli ilmiy-tadqiqot va loyihalashtirish loyihalarida qatnashadi.[301] Arxus arxitektura maktabi (Arkitektskolen Orhus) 1965 yilda tashkil etilgan. bilan birga Daniya Qirollik tasviriy san'at akademiyasi Kopengagendan u Daniyadagi me'morlarning ta'limi uchun javobgardir. Taxminan 900 nafar talabani qamrab olgan holda, u beshta asosiy bo'limda o'qitadi: arxitektura va estetika, shahar va landshaft, me'moriy meros, dizayn va arxitektura dizayni.[302] Shuningdek, eslatma KaosPilots va boshqa bir qancha oliy o'quv markazlari.
Transport
Orxusda ikkitasi bor halqa yo'llari; Ring 1, taxminan, Orxus S markaziy okrugini va uning chekkasini o'rab olgan Ring 2. Olti yirik shaharlararo avtomobil yo'llari shahar markazidan yaqin atrofdagi shaharlar bilan bog'lab turadi Grena, Randers, Viborg, Silkeborg, Skanderborg va G'alati.
Ichki shaharda avtoulovlar harakati juda tartibga solingan, katta qismlari piyodalar bilan yurishgan va 2000 yillarda velosipedchilar uchun ustuvor yo'llar tizimi qo'llanilib, shahar atrofiga ulangan.
Orxusdagi asosiy temir yo'l stantsiyasi Orxus markaziy stantsiyasi shahar markazida joylashgan. DSB Daniya bo'ylab yo'nalishlarga va shuningdek, xizmatlarga ulanishga ega Flensburg va Gamburg Germaniyada.[303]
Orxus Letban mahalliy elektr engil temir yo'l yoki tramvay 2017 yil dekabrida ochilgan tizim, markaziy stantsiyani va shaharni Skeybidagi Universitet kasalxonasi bilan bog'lab, shuningdek mahalliy temir yo'l xizmatlarini Grenaa va G'alati 2018 yil oxirida. Bu Daniyadagi birinchi elektr yengil temir yo'l tizimi va keyingi yillarda yana ko'plab yo'nalishlarni ochish rejalashtirilgan. Yengil temir yo'l uchun chiptalar mahalliy sariq avtobus yo'nalishlarida ham baholanadi.[304]
Shahar avtobuslarining aksariyat yo'nalishlari ichki shahar orqali o'tib, ikkalasidan ham o'tadi Park Allé yoki Banegårdspladsen yoki ikkalasi ham, markaziy stantsiyada.[305] Mintaqaviy va shaharlararo avtobuslar markaziy stantsiyaning sharqida, Orxus avtovokzalida to'xtaydi.[306][307] FlixBus Daniya va Evropaning boshqa shaharlariga sayohat qiladigan uzoq masofali avtobuslarni taqdim etadi.[308]
Daniya parom kompaniyasi tomonidan boshqariladigan paromlar Mols-Linien yo'lovchilar va transport vositalarini Orxus va Sjællands Odde kuni Zelandiya.[309] Paromlardan iborat HSC KatExpress 1 va HSC KatExpress 2, dunyodagi eng yirik dizel yoqilg'isi katamaran,[310] va HSC Maks Mols.
Orxus aeroporti Djurslandda, Orxusdan 40 km shimoliy-sharqda joylashgan Tirstrup, va Kopengagenga ham, xalqaro yo'nalishlarga ham bog'lanishni ta'minlaydi.[311] Kattaroq Billund aeroporti Orxusdan 95 km (59 mil) janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan.[312] Shaharga yaqinroq yangi aeroport qurish haqida ko'p yillar davomida ko'p munozaralar bo'lgan, ammo hozircha hech qanday rejalar amalga oshirilmagan.[313] 2014 yil avgust oyida shahar kengashi rasmiy ravishda yangi xalqaro aeroportning hayotiyligini tasdiqlash jarayonini boshladi.[314][315] Kichkina dengiz samolyoti endi Orhus porti va Kopengagen porti o'rtasida har kuni to'rtta reysni amalga oshiradi.[316]
Orxusda velosiped almashish bepul tizimi mavjud, Orxus Bikikler (Orhus shahar velosipedlari). Velosipedlarni 1 apreldan 30 oktabrgacha shahar bo'ylab 57 ta stendda sotib olish mumkin va ularni DKK 20 tangani supermarketdagi kassalar singari bo'shatish joyiga qo'yish orqali olish mumkin. Velosiped tasodifiy stendda qaytarilganda tanga olinishi mumkin. Velosipedlarni ko'plab do'konlardan ham yollash mumkin.[317]
Sog'liqni saqlash
Orxus uyi Orxus universiteti kasalxonasi, Daniyaning oltita "Super Hospital" laridan biri, qachon rasmiy ravishda 2007 yilda tashkil etilgan mintaqalar Daniya sog'liqni saqlash tizimini isloh qildi.[318] Universitet kasalxonasi 2000-yillarda mahalliy kasalxonalar o'rtasidagi birlashmalarning natijasidir Skeybi Sygexus, Shahar kasalxonasi, Tuman kasalxonasi, Marselisborg kasalxonasi va Risskov nomidagi psixiatriya kasalxonasi. Bugungi kunda Daniyadagi eng katta kasalxonadir, u 10 ming va 1150 bemor yotoqxonasidan iborat.[319] va Daniyadan 2008 yildan beri ketma-ket eng yaxshi kasalxonaga aylandi.[320] 2012 yilda kasalxonaning yangi yirik binosi qurilishi boshlandi Det Nye Universitetshospital (DNU) yoki ingliz tilidagi Yangi Universitet kasalxonasi va u 2019 yilda tugaydigan barcha sobiq bo'limlarni markazlashtirgan va joylashtirgan. Yangi shifoxona to'rtta klinik markaz, xizmat ko'rsatish markazi va bitta ma'muriy bo'linma bilan birga o'n ikkita ilmiy markazga bo'lingan.[321][322]
Orxusda ham plastik jarrohlikdan tortib to tug'ilishni davolashgacha bo'lgan turli sohalarda ixtisoslashgan xususiy shifoxonalar faoliyat ko'rsatmoqda. Ciconia Orhus xususiy kasalxonasi 1984 yilda tashkil etilgan Daniyada tug'ilishning etakchi klinikasi va Daniyada bunday birinchi. Tsikoniya sun'iy urug'lantirish yo'li bilan 6000 ta bola tug'ilishini ta'minladi va doimiy ravishda tug'ish sohasida tadqiqotlar olib boradi.[323] Aagaard klinikasi, 2004 yilda tashkil etilgan, yana bir xususiy tug'ish va ginekologiya 2004 yildan beri tug'ruqni davolashni amalga oshirgan klinikasi, natijada 1550 tug'ilish.[324] Orxus munitsipaliteti shuningdek, ovqatlanish, jismoniy mashqlar, jinsiy aloqa, chekish va ichkilikbozlik, qariyalar uchun tadbirlar, sog'liqni saqlash kurslari va turmush tarzi bo'yicha qator ixtisoslashtirilgan xizmatlarni taklif etadi.[325]
OAV
Orxusda paydo bo'lgan birinchi kundalik gazeta Arhus Stiftstidende, 1794 yilda tashkil etilgan Orhus Adresse-Contoirs Tidenderni Stift qiladi, o'rtacha konservativ yondashuv bilan. Bir paytlar Daniyaning eng yiriklaridan biri bo'lgan[326][to'liq iqtibos kerak ] u bir muncha vaqt uchun etakchi viloyat gazetasi bo'lgan, ammo Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin u tobora ko'proq raqobatga duch kelgan Demokraten (1884-1974) va Jillands-Posten, ikkalasi ham Orxusda nashr etilgan. 1998 yilda u birlashdi Randers Amtsavis va hozir Midtjyske Medier tomonidan boshqariladi, uning bir qismi Berlingske Media.[327] Ning kundalik gazetasi Jillands-Posten 1871 yilda Orxusda tashkil etilgan va odatda o'ng qanot tahririyat yondashuvini oladi. Jiddiy yangiliklar nashri sifatida obro'ga ega bo'lgan gazeta har doim kelgan yangiliklarni o'z ichiga olgan Yutland xususan, ammo 1960 yillarda milliy gazeta sifatida targ'ib qilinganidan beri biroz kamroq. Bugungi kunda bu Daniyadagi eng ko'p sotiladigan uchta gazetadan biri, boshqalari esa Berlingske va Politiken.[328] Jyllands-Posten nashr etadi JP Orhus, Orxus va uning atrofidagi yangiliklarga bag'ishlangan bo'lim va 2010 yildan 2016 yilgacha bepul shahar yo'riqlarining veb-saytini joylashtirdi.[329][330] Kopengagendagi media kompaniyasi Politiken, shuningdek, bir nechta nashr etadi bepul mahalliy hujjatlar Daniya va Shvetsiya qismlarida haftada bir marta. Orxusda ular jami beshta mahalliy gazetalarni nashr etadilar; Orxus Midt, Orxus Nord, Orxus Vest, Orxus Sid va Orxus Onsdag.[331][332] Orxus Onsdag (Orxus chorshanba kuni) to'liq reklama bilan moliyalashtiriladi va qog'oz shaklida ham, Internetda ham mavjud. U sotib olingan Arhus Stiftstidende 2017 yil iyun oyida, ammo ko'p yillar oldin nashr etilgan.[333][334]
Danmarks radiosi Orxusda 200 dan ortiq ishchilari bo'lgan katta bo'lim mavjud. DR Østjylland radio dasturini boshqaradi, mahalliy hissalarni taqdim etadi DR P4, va mahalliy mintaqaviy televizion dasturlarni ishlab chiqaradi.[335] 1999 yilda, TV 2 Yutland shtab-kvartirasini ko'chib o'tdi Randers ga Skeybi shimoliy Orxusda. Stansiya mintaqaviy yangiliklar va dolzarb mavzudagi televidenie va radio dasturlarini namoyish etadi. 2012 yildan beri u o'zining telekanalini boshqaradi, TV 2 Ostjylland.[336] Orhus 1984 yildan beri efirga uzatuvchi o'zining mahalliy TVAarhus telekanaliga ega.[337][338] 2014 yil 1 iyuldagi kelishuvdan so'ng TVAarhusni Orxusdagi 130 ming xonadon tomosha qilishi mumkin, bu uni Daniyadagi kabel orqali uzatiladigan eng yirik mahalliy telekanalga aylantiradi.[339]
1700 dan ortiq talaba bilan Daniya Media va jurnalistika maktabi (Danmarks Medie- og Journalisthøjskole) mamlakatning eng yirik va qadimgi jurnalistika maktabidir. Maktab 1946 yilda birinchi jurnalistika kursi tashkil etilgan Orxus universiteti bilan yaqindan hamkorlik qiladi. 2004 yilda ikkala muassasada magistrlik kurslarini taklif qiladigan Jurnalistika bo'yicha universitetlarni o'rganish markazi tashkil etildi.[340]
Qarindosh shaharlar va konsulliklar
Orxusda 32 ta konsullik joylashgan, shahar esa egizak davlat maktablari, madaniyat, farovonlik va tijorat manfaatlari sohasida hamkorlik qiluvchi etti shahar bilan.[341][342]
- Qarindosh shaharlar / qardosh shaharlar
- Konsulliklar
Taniqli odamlar
Iqtiboslar
Izohlar
Adabiyotlar
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- Nashrlar
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Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Jensen, Kurt Balle (2006). Vaqt o'tishi bilan - en jazzkrønike. Presse Bureauet Silkeborg. ISBN 87-991273-1-8.
- Lykke, Palle (1996). Og universiteti tomonidan. Orxus Universitetsforlag. ISBN 87-7288-683-8.
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- Elgaard, Syoren (2009). Arxus Xavn. Orxus Universitetsforlag. ISBN 978-87-7934-457-0.
- Hansen, Fin Egeland (2010). Verdens navle. Siesta. ISBN 978-87-92539-25-0.
- Damm, Annette (2005). Vikingernes Aros. Moesgard. ISBN 87-87334-62-3.
Tashqi havolalar
- Orxus Kommune Rasmiy shahar va shahar portali (Daniya tilida)
- Orxusga tashrif buyuring Rasmiy sayyohlik sayti
Vikipediyadagi matnlar:- "Orxus ". Nuttall Entsiklopediyasi. 1907.
- "Orxus ". Britannica entsiklopediyasi (11-nashr). 1911 yil.
- "Orxus ". Katolik entsiklopediyasi. 1913.
- "Orxus (shahar) ". Collierning yangi entsiklopediyasi. 1921.
Vikipediyadagi matnlar:
Turkum
Orxusga ulashgan joylar | |
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Orxus
Koordinatalar: 56 ° 09′26 ″ N 10 ° 12′39 ″ E / 56.1572 ° N 10.2107 ° E
