Aleksandr Alexin - Alexander Alekhine

"Alekhine" bu erga yo'naltiriladi. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Alexin (ajralish).
Bunda Sharqiy slavyan nomi, otasining ismi bu Aleksandrovich va familiya bu Alexin.

Aleksandr Alexin
Alexandre Alekhine Color.jpg
To'liq ismAleksandr Aleksandrovich Alexin
MamlakatRossiya imperiyasi (1917 yilgacha)
Sovet Rossiyasi (1918−1922)
Fuqaroligi yo'q (1922−1927, 1943−1946)
Frantsiya (1927−1940)
Natsistlar Germaniyasi (1941−1943)
Tug'ilgan(1892-10-31)1892 yil 31 oktyabr
Moskva, Rossiya imperiyasi
O'ldi1946 yil 24 mart(1946-03-24) (53 yoshda)
Estoril, Portugaliya
Jahon chempioni1927–1935
1937–1946

Aleksandr Alexin (Ruscha: Aleksándr Aleksándrovich Alexhin, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Alexin; talaffuz qilingan[ɐlʲɪkˈsandr ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪtɕ ɐˈlʲexʲɪn];[1][2] 31 oktyabr [O.S. 19 oktyabr] 1892 - 1946 yil 24 mart) - rus va frantsuz shaxmatchisi va to'rtinchisi Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempioni. U keng tarqalganlardan biri hisoblanadi eng zo'r shaxmatchilar hamma vaqt.

22 yoshida Alexin allaqachon dunyodagi eng kuchli shaxmatchilar qatoriga kirgan. 1920-yillarda u ko'pchiligida g'olib bo'ldi turnirlar u o'ynagan. 1921 yilda Alexin Sovet Rossiyasini tark etib, 1925 yildan keyin u vakili bo'lgan Frantsiyaga hijrat qildi. 1927 yilda u mag'lubiyatga uchrab, to'rtinchi Jahon shaxmat chempioni bo'ldi. Xose Raul Kapablanka.

1930-yillarning boshlarida Alexin turnir o'yinlarida ustunlik qildi va ikkita yuqori darajadagi turnirlarda yirik hisobda g'olib bo'ldi. Shuningdek, u Frantsiyada beshta o'yinda birinchi taxtada o'ynadi Shaxmat olimpiadalari, har birida individual sovrinlarni yutib olish (to'rtta medal va yorqin sovrin). Alexin Kapablankaga qo'ygan talabchan shartlarda qayta jang o'tkazishni taklif qildi va muzokaralar uzoq davom etmasdan uzoq yillar davom etdi. Ayni paytda, Alexin bemalol o'z unvonini himoya qildi Efim Bogoljubov 1929 va 1934 yillarda u mag'lubiyatga uchradi Maks Euve 1935 yilda, ammo 1937 yilgi revansh jangida o'z tojini tikladi. Ammo uning turnirdagi rekordi notekis bo'lib qoldi va o'sib borayotgan yosh yulduzlar kabi Pol Keres, Ruben Fine va Mixail Botvinnik unvoniga tahdid qildi. 1939 yilda Evropada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanishi bilan Keres yoki Botvinnik bilan chempionlik uchrashuvi bo'yicha muzokaralar to'xtatildi. Jahon chempionligi uchun Botvinnik bilan muzokaralar 1946 yilda, Alexine Portugaliyada vafot etganida, noaniq sharoitlarda olib borildi. Alexine bu unvonga ega bo'lgan paytda vafot etgan yagona shaxmat bo'yicha Jahon chempionidir.

Alexin o'zining ashaddiy va xayoliy hujum uslubi bilan mashhur bo'lib, ajoyib pozitsion va so'nggi o'yin mahorat. U shaxmat yozuvchisi sifatida juda qadrlanadi va nazariyotchi, keng doiradagi yangiliklarni ishlab chiqargan shaxmat teshiklari va ismini berib Alexinning mudofaasi va boshqalar ochilish o'zgarishlar. U shuningdek, ba'zilarini bastalagan endgame tadqiqotlar.

Biografiya

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Alexin 1892 yil 31 oktyabrda Rossiyada, Moskvada boy oilada tug'ilgan.[3][4][5] Uning otasi Aleksandr Ivanovich Alexin er egasi va konservativ qonunchilikning maxfiy maslahatchisi edi. Duma.[6] Uning onasi Anisya Ivanovna Alexina (tug'ilgan Proxorova) boy sanoatchining qizi edi. Alexinni shaxmat bilan onasi, akasi tanishtirgan Aleksey va uning katta opasi Varvara (Barbara).[7]

Dastlabki shaxmat faoliyati (1902–1914)

Alexin 1909 yilda

Alexinning birinchi ma'lum bo'lgan o'yini a yozishmalar shaxmat 1902 yil 3-dekabrda, o'n yoshida boshlangan turnir. U shaxmat jurnali homiyligidagi bir nechta yozishmalar turnirlarida qatnashgan Shaxmatnoe obozrenie ("Shaxmat bo'yicha sharh"), 1902–1911 yillarda. 1907 yilda Alexin birinchi bo'lib o'ynadi bortda turniri, Moskva shaxmat klubining bahorgi musobaqasi. O'sha yilning oxirida u klubning Kuzgi turnirida 11-13-o'rinlarni bog'ladi; uning akasi, Aleksey, 4-6 o'rinlar bilan tenglashdi. 1908 yilda Aleksandr 15 yoshida klubning bahorgi musobaqasida g'olib chiqdi.[8][ishonchli manba ] 1909 yilda u Butunrossiya havaskorlar musobaqasida g'olib chiqdi Sankt-Peterburg. Keyingi bir necha yil ichida u tobora kuchayib borayotgan turnirlarda, ba'zilari esa Rossiyadan tashqarida o'ynadi. Dastlab u turli xil natijalarga erishgan, ammo 16 yoshida u o'zini Rossiyaning eng yaxshi o'yinchilaridan biri sifatida ko'rsatgan.[9] U jamoaning ikkita o'rtoqlik uchrashuvida birinchi taxtada o'ynagan: 1911 yilda Sankt-Peterburg shaxmat klubi va Moskva shaxmat klubi va 1912 yil Moskva va Sankt-Peterburgda (ikkalasi ham durang o'ynagan) Yevgeniy Znosko-Borovskiy ).[10] 1911 yil oxiriga kelib, Alexin Sankt-Peterburgga ko'chib o'tdi va u erda dvoryanlar uchun imperatorlik huquq maktabiga o'qishga kirdi. 1912 yilgacha u Sankt-Peterburg shaxmat jamiyatida eng kuchli shaxmatchi bo'lgan. 1912 yil mart oyida u Sankt-Peterburg shaxmat klubi qishki musobaqasida g'olib chiqdi. 1912 yil aprel oyida u Sankt-Peterburg shaxmat klubining 1-toifadagi turnirida g'olib chiqdi.[11] 1914 yil yanvar oyida Alexin birinchi yirik Rossiya turnirida g'alaba qozondi, u birinchi o'ringa tenglashdi Aron Nimzovich ichida Butunrossiya ustalari musobaqasi Sankt-Peterburgda. Keyinchalik, ular tortdi birinchi sovrin uchun mini-matchda (har biri o'yinda g'alaba qozondi).[12] Alexin ham ushbu davrda bir nechta uchrashuvlarni o'tkazdi va uning natijalari bir xil uslubni namoyish etdi: dastlab aralashgan, ammo keyinchalik doimiy ravishda yaxshi.

Yuqori darajadagi grossmeyster (1914–1927)

1914 yil aprel-may oylarida yana bir mayor Sankt-Peterburg 1914 yilgi shaxmat musobaqasi Rossiya imperiyasining poytaxtida bo'lib o'tdi, unda Alexin uchinchi o'rinni egalladi Emanuel Lasker va Xose Raul Kapablanka. Ba'zi hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, Tsar Nikolay II "unvoniga sazovor bo'ldiShaxmat bo'yicha grossmeyster "beshta finalchining har birida (Lasker, Kapablanka, Alexin, Zigbert Tarrasch va Frank Marshall ). (Shaxmat tarixchisi Edvard Vinter bu hikoyani qo'llab-quvvatlovchi eng qadimgi manbalar Robert Lyuis Teylorning 1940 yil 15 iyundagi sonidagi maqolasi ekanligini aytib, buni shubha ostiga qo'ydi. Nyu-Yorker va Marshalning tarjimai holi Mening 50 yillik shaxmatim (1942).)[13][14][15] Alexinning ajablantiradigan muvaffaqiyati uni jiddiy raqibga aylantirdi Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempionati.[9] Unvon unga rasmiy ravishda beriladimi yoki yo'qmi, "Ushbu spektakl tufayli Alexin o'zi va tomoshabinlar nazarida grossmeysterga aylandi".[16] 1914 yil iyul oyida Alexin Parijda Marshall bilan birinchi bo'lib bog'langan.[17]

Birinchi jahon urushi va inqilobdan keyingi Rossiya

1914 yil iyul-avgust oylarida Alexin xalqaro tashkilotga rahbarlik qildi Manxaym turniri, 19-chi DSB Kongressi (Germaniya shaxmat federatsiyasi Kongressi) yilda Manxaym, Germaniya, Birinchi Jahon urushi boshlanganda to'qqizta g'alaba, bitta durang va bitta mag'lubiyat bilan. Alexinning mukofoti 1100 markani tashkil etdi (qiymati taxminan 11000) evro bugungi kunda sotib olish qobiliyati nuqtai nazaridan).[18] Rossiyaga qarshi urush e'lon qilingandan so'ng, o'n bitta "rus" o'yinchi (Alexine, Efim Bogoljubov, Fedor Bogatyrchuk, Aleksandr Flamberg, N. Koppelman, Boris Maliutin, Ilya Rabinovich, Piter Romanovskiy, Pyotr Saburov, Aleksey Selezniev va Samuil Vaynshteyn ) Germaniyaning Rastatt shahrida internirlangan. 1914 yil 14, 17 va 29 sentyabrda ulardan to'rttasi (Alexine, Bogatyrchuk, Saburov va Koppelman) ozod qilindi va uylariga qaytishlariga ruxsat berildi.[19] Alexin 1914 yil oktyabr oyining oxiriga kelib Rossiyaga (Shveytsariya, Italiya, London, Shvetsiya va Finlyandiya orqali) qaytdi. Beshinchi o'yinchi Romanovskiy 1915 yilda ozod qilindi,[20] va oltinchisi Flambergga 1916 yilda Varshavaga qaytishga ruxsat berilgan.[21]

Alexin Rossiyaga qaytib kelgach, Germaniyada stajirovka qilingan rus shaxmatchilariga yordam berish uchun pul yig'ishga yordam berdi. 1915 yil dekabrda u shaxmat bo'yicha Moskva chempionatida g'olib chiqdi. 1916 yil aprelda u mini-o'yinda g'alaba qozondi Aleksandr Evensohn ikkita g'alaba va bitta mag'lubiyat bilan Kiev va yozda u Avstriya frontida Shaharlar ittifoqida (Qizil Xoch) xizmat qilgan. Sentabr oyida u Rossiya harbiy kasalxonasida ko'r-ko'rona ko'rgazmada besh kishini o'ynadi Tarnopol. 1918 yilda u Moskvadagi "uchburchak turnir" da g'olib chiqdi. Keyingi yilning iyunida, ruslar Germaniya armiyasini chekinishga majbur qilgandan keyin Ukraina, Alexinga aloqadorlikda ayblangan Oq harakat qarshi razvedka va qisqa muddat qamoqqa tashlangan Odessa Odessaning o'lim kamerasi Cheka. G'arbda u tomonidan o'ldirilganligi haqida mish-mishlar paydo bo'ldi Bolsheviklar.[8][ishonchli manba ]

1920–1927

Rossiyadagi sharoit yanada barqarorlashgach, Alexin Rossiyaning eng kuchli futbolchilari qatorida ekanligini isbotladi. 1920 yil yanvar oyida u supurdi Moskva shahar shaxmat chempionati (11/11), ammo u shahar rezidenti bo'lmaganligi sababli Moskva chempioni deb e'lon qilinmadi. 1920 yil oktyabrda u g'alaba qozondi Butunrossiya chempionati Moskvada (+ 9−0 = 6): turnir orqaga qaytish deb nomlandi birinchi SSSR chempionati. Uning akasi Aleksey havaskorlar turnirida uchinchi o'rinni egalladi.[8][ishonchli manba ]

1920 yil mart oyida Alexin Aleksandra Batayevaga uylandi. Ular keyingi yil ajrashishdi.[22] Qisqa vaqt ichida 1920–21 yillarda u Kommunistik Xalqaro tashkilotda tarjimon bo'lib ishladi (Komintern ) va Ta'lim bo'limiga kotib etib tayinlandi. Bu lavozimda u shveytsariyalik jurnalist va o'zidan o'n uch yosh katta bo'lgan Komintern vakili Anneliese Rüegg bilan uchrashdi va ular 1921 yil 15 martda turmush qurishdi. Ko'p o'tmay Alexinga G'arbga tashrif buyurish uchun Rossiyani tark etishga ruxsat berildi. xotini bilan. U qaytib kelmadi. 1921 yil iyun oyida u ikkinchi xotinini Parijda qoldirib, Berlinga yo'l oldi.[8][ishonchli manba ]

1921-1923 yillarda Alexin ettita mini-o'yin o'tkazdi. 1921 yilda u g'alaba qozondi Nikolay Grigoryev (+ 2−0 = 5) Moskvada, bilan durang o'ynadi Richard Teyxmann (+ 2−2 = 2) va g'alaba qozondi Fridrix Semich (+ 2−0 = 0), ikkalasi ham Berlinda. 1922 yilda u g'alaba qozondi Ossip Bernshteyn (+ 1−0 = 1) va Arnold Aurbach (+ 1−0 = 1), ikkalasi ham Parijda va Manuel Golmayo (+ 1−0 = 1) ichida Madrid.[23] 1923 yilda u g'alaba qozondi André Muffang (+ 2−0 = 0) Parijda.[24]

1921 yildan 1927 yilgacha Alexin o'zi o'ynagan ko'plab turnirlarning uchdan ikki qismida birinchi sovrinni qo'lga kiritdi yoki o'rtoqlashdi. Uning kamida muvaffaqiyatli urinishlar Vena 1922 da uchinchi o'ringa tenglashdi Akiba Rubinshteyn va Richard Reti, va uchinchi o'rin Nyu-York 1924 shaxmat musobaqasi, sobiq chempionning orqasida Emanuel Lasker va jahon chempioni Xose Raul Kapablanka (lekin oldinda Frank Marshall, Richard Reti, Géza Maróczy, Efim Bogoljubov, Savielly Tartakower, Frederik Yeyts, Edvard Lasker va Dovid Janovskiy ).[12] Texnik jihatdan, Alexinning o'yini asosan raqiblaridan, hatto Kapablankadan ham yaxshiroq edi, ammo asosiy raqiblari bilan o'ynashda unga ishonch etishmadi.[9]

Bu davrda Alexinning asosiy maqsadi Kapablanka bilan o'yin tashkil qilish edi.[9] U eng katta to'siq Kapablankaning o'yini emas, balki 1922 yilgi "London qoidalari" (Kapablanka talabiga binoan) da'vogarning 10000 AQSh dollari miqdoridagi hamyonni ko'tarishi (2006 yildagi 391000 AQSh dollariga teng) degan talab deb o'ylagan.[25]), undan amaldagi chempion mag'lubiyatga uchragan taqdirda ham yarmidan ko'pini oladi.[26] 1921 yil noyabrda Alexin, 1923 yilda Rubinshteyn va Nimzovits Kapablankaga qarshi bahs olib borishdi, ammo 10 000 AQSh dollarini to'play olmadilar.[27][28] Pul yig'ish Alexinning dastlabki maqsadi edi; u hatto kundan-kunga kamtarona haq evaziga bir vaqtning o'zida ko'rgazmalar o'ynab, gastrol safariga chiqdi.[29] 1924 yil 27-aprelda Nyu-Yorkda u yigirma oltita raqibni o'ynaganida (birdaniga 25 marta o'ynagan) bir vaqtning o'zida ko'zni bog'lash bo'yicha jahon rekordini yangiladi. Dyula Breyer ), o'n olti o'yinda g'alaba qozongan, beshta mag'lub bo'lgan va o'n ikki soatlik o'yindan keyin beshta durang o'ynagan. U 1925 yil 1 fevralda Parijda bir vaqtning o'zida yigirma sakkizta o'yinni ko'r-ko'rona o'ynab, yigirma ikkitasida g'alaba qozongan, uchta durang o'ynagan va uchta mag'lub bo'lgan.[8][ishonchli manba ]

1924 yilda u Frantsiyada yashash huquqi va Frantsiya fuqaroligini olish uchun birinchi marta murojaat qildi. Sorbonna Huquq fakulteti a PhD. U erda o'qishni tugatganligi to'g'risida manbalar bir-biridan farq qilsa-da, u 30-yillarda "Doktor Alexin" nomi bilan tanilgan.[8][ishonchli manba ][9][30] Uning tezisi Xitoy qamoqxona tizimiga bag'ishlangan. "U diplom oldi qonun 1914 yilda Sankt-Peterburgda, lekin hech qachon mashq qilmagan. "[31]

Uning Frantsiya fuqaroligini olish to'g'risidagi arizasi chet elga tez-tez shaxmat o'ynash uchun borgani va 1922 yil aprelida, Frantsiyaga kelganidan ko'p o'tmay, "Frantsiyadagi maxsus missiya Sovetlari tomonidan ayblangan bolshevist" sifatida xabar berilganligi sababli qoldirilgan. Keyinchalik 1927 yilda Frantsiya shaxmat federatsiyasi Adliya vazirligidan 1927 yil iyulda Londonda bo'lib o'tadigan birinchi millat turnirida frantsuz jamoasini boshqarishi uchun Alexinning foydasiga aralashishini so'radi. Shunga qaramay, Alexin 1927 yil 10 avgustda e'lon qilingan fuqarolikni qabul qilish to'g'risidagi yangi qonunni kutishiga to'g'ri keldi. Unga Frantsiya fuqaroligini berish to'g'risidagi farmon (yuzlab boshqa fuqarolar qatorida) 1927 yil 5-noyabrda imzolangan va 1927-yil 14-15-noyabr kunlari Frantsiya Respublikasining rasmiy gazetasida nashr etilgan, shu bilan birga Alexin Buenos-Ayresda Jahon unvoni uchun Kapablanka o'ynagan.[32]

1926 yil oktyabrda Alexin g'alaba qozondi Buenos-Ayres. 1926 yil dekabrdan 1927 yil yanvargacha u kaltaklandi Maks Euve Matchda 5½ – 4½. 1927 yilda u o'zining uchinchi rafiqasi Nadiezda Vasilevga (ism-sharif Fabritskiy), yana bir keksa ayol, rus general V. Vasilevning bevasi bilan turmush qurdi.[33]

Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempioni, birinchi hukmronligi (1927–1935)

1927 yilgi chempionlik uchrashuvi

1927 yilda Alexinning chaqirig'i Kapablanka mablag'ni kafolatlagan bir guruh argentinalik ishbilarmonlar va Argentina prezidenti tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi,[34] va "Argentino de Ajedrez" klubi (Argentina shaxmat klubi) tomonidan tashkil etilgan Buenos-Ayres.[26] In Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempionati uchrashuvi 1927 yil sentyabrdan noyabrgacha Buenos-Ayresda o'ynagan, Alexin + 6−3 = 25 hisobida g'olib chiqqan.[35] Bu Jahon chempionatigacha bo'lgan eng uzoq rasmiy o'yin bo'ldi 1984 yilda o'tkazilgan tanlov o'rtasida Anatoliy Karpov va Garri Kasparov.[36] Alexinning g'alabasi deyarli butun shaxmat olamini hayratda qoldirdi, chunki u ilgari hech qachon Kapablankada bitta o'yinda g'alaba qozonmagan edi.[35] Kapablanka vafotidan so'ng Alexin o'zining g'alabasidan hayratda qoldi, chunki 1927 yilda u o'zini Kapablankadan ustun deb o'ylamagan va u Kapablanka o'ziga juda ishongan deb taxmin qilgan.[37] Kapablanka o'yinga hech qanday texnik va jismoniy tayyorgarliksiz kirdi,[38][39] Alexin o'zini yaxshi holatga keltirdi[9] va Kapablanka o'yinini yaxshilab o'rganib chiqdi.[40] Kasparovning so'zlariga ko'ra, Alexinning tadqiqotlari ko'plab mayda noaniqliklarni aniqladi, bu Kapablanka kuchli konsentratsiya qilishni xohlamaganligi sababli yuz berdi.[41] Vladimir Kramnik bu Kapablanka osonlikcha g'alaba qozonmagan birinchi musobaqa ekanligini izohladi.[42]

Uchrashuv taklif qilingan, hech qachon yakunlanmagan

Uchrashuvda g'alaba qozonganidan so'ng darhol Alexin Kapablanka chempioni sifatida talab qilgan shartlar bilan javob o'yinini berishga tayyorligini aytdi: raqib 10 000 AQSh dollari miqdorida ulushni taqdim etishi kerak, ularning yarmidan ko'pi himoyalanuvchilarga beriladi. mag'lub bo'lsa ham chempion.[26] Muzokaralar bir necha yilga cho'zilib ketdi, ko'pincha kelishuv ko'zga tashlanganda buzilib ketdi. Ularning munosabatlari achchiqlanib ketdi va Alexin Kapablanka ham o'ynagan turnirlar uchun tashqi ko'rinish narxlarini ancha oshirishni talab qildi.[9] Javob uchrashuvi hech qachon bo'lib o'tmagan. 1942 yilda Kapablanka vafot etganidan so'ng, Alexin Kapablankaning 10000 dollar miqdoridagi ulushni talab qilishi muammolardan qochish uchun qilingan harakat deb yozgan.[37]

Grossmeyster Robert Byrn Alexin ongli ravishda Kapablankaga yana bir imkoniyat berish o'rniga, undan keyingi chempionat o'yinlari uchun kamroq raqib qidirganini yozdi.[43]

Bogoljubovni titul bahslarida ikki marta mag'lubiyatga uchratdi

Alexin (chapda) va boshqalar Efim Bogoljubov (o'ngda); Emanuel Lasker (o'tirgan, markazda) va boshqalar qarashmoqda

Garchi u hech qachon Kapablankaga qarshi revansh jangini o'tkazish shartlariga rozi bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, Alexin jahon chempionligi uchun ikkita o'yin o'tkazdi Efim Bogoljubov, 1929 va 1934 yillarda, ikkala marotaba ham g'alaba qozondi.[44][45] Birinchisi bo'lib o'tdi Visbaden, Geydelberg, Berlin, Gaaga va Amsterdam 1929 yil sentyabrdan noyabrgacha. Alexin + 11−5 = 9 hisobida o'z unvonini saqlab qoldi.[24] 1934 yil aprel-iyun oylarida Alexin Bogoljubov bilan Germaniyaning o'n ikkita shahrida bo'lib o'tgan chempionlik uchrashuvida yana to'qnash keldi va uni beshta o'yinda mag'lub etdi (+ 8−3 = 15).[24] 1929 yilda Bogoljubov qirq yoshda edi va, ehtimol, allaqachon o'zining eng yuqori cho'qqisiga chiqqan edi.[46]

Bolsheviklarga qarshi bayonotlar, tortishuvlar

Jahon chempionatidagi uchrashuvdan so'ng Alexin Parijga qaytib keldi va qarshi chiqdi Bolshevizm. Keyinchalik, Nikolay Krylenko, Sovet shaxmat federatsiyasi prezidenti, Alexinni Sovetlarning dushmani deb hisoblash kerakligi to'g'risida rasmiy memorandum e'lon qildi. Sovet shaxmat federatsiyasi 30-yillarning oxiriga qadar Alexin bilan barcha aloqalarni uzdi. Aleksandr Alexin bilan juda yaqin aloqada bo'lgan uning akasi Aleksey ko'p o'tmay uni va uning sovetlarga qarshi chiqishlarini rad etdi, ammo Aleksey bu qarorni tanlashda juda oz tanlovga ega edi.[47] 1939 yil avgustda Aleksey Rossiyada, ehtimol fashistlarni ochiqchasiga qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi sababli o'ldirildi.[48]

30-yillarning boshlari

Ga binoan Ruben Fine, Alexin 30-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib shaxmatda ustunlik qildi.[9] Uning eng taniqli musobaqadagi g'alabalari San-Remo 1930 shaxmat musobaqasi (+ 13 = 2, Nimzovitchdan 3½ oldinda) va Bled 1931 yilgi shaxmat musobaqasi (Bogoljubovdan + 15 = 11, 5½ ochko oldinda). U boshqa turnirlarning aksariyatida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri g'alaba qozondi, ikkitasida birinchi o'rinni bo'lishdi va birinchi darajadan pastroq bo'lgan birinchi turnir Xastings 1933–34 (ikkinchi o'rinni bo'lishdi, ½ ochko ortda Salo Flohr ). 1933 yilda Alexin ham Rafael Cintronga qarshi ko'rgazma o'yinini o'tkazdi San-Xuan (+ 4−0 = 0), lekin faqatgina boshqa o'yinda durang o'ynay oldi Ossip Bernshteyn Parijda (+ 1-1 = 2).[49]

1930 yildan 1935 yilgacha Alexin to'rt kishida Frantsiya uchun birinchi taxtada o'ynadi Shaxmat olimpiadalari, da birinchi yorqin sovrinni yutib olish Gamburg 1930 yilda,[50] oltin medallar bortda bitta Praga 1931 yilda va Folkestone 1933 yilda,[51][52] va kumush medal bortda bitta Varshava 1935 yilda.[53] Uning yo'qotishi Latviya usta Hermanis Matisons 1931 yilda Pragada jahon chempionatida g'olib chiqqandan beri jiddiy shaxmat musobaqasidagi birinchi mag'lubiyati bo'ldi.[8][ishonchli manba ]

30-yillarning boshlarida Alexin butun dunyo bo'ylab sayohat qildi bir vaqtning o'zida ko'rgazmalar, shu jumladan Gavayi, Tokio, Manila, Singapur,[54] Shanxay, Gonkong, va Gollandiyalik Sharqiy Hindiston. 1933 yil iyul oyida u o'ttiz ikki kishining rolini o'ynadi ko'zni bog'lash bir vaqtning o'zida (yangi jahon rekordi) yilda Chikago, o'n to'qqizta g'alaba, to'qqizta durang va to'rtta o'yinda mag'lub bo'lish.[55]

1934 yilda Alexin to'rtinchi xotiniga uylandi, Greys Friman (Vishar ismli shaxs), o'zidan o'n olti yosh katta. U Amerikada tug'ilgan, ingliz choy ekuvchisining bevasi edi Seylon, umrining oxirigacha Buyuk Britaniya fuqaroligini saqlab qolgan va o'limigacha Alexinning rafiqasi bo'lib qolgan.[8][ishonchli manba ][56]

30-yillarning boshlarida, taxminan 1933 yilga ko'ra Ruben Fine, Alexin miqdori ko'payib borayotgani sezildi spirtli ichimliklar.[9] Xans Kmoch Alexin birinchi marta 1931 yilda Bleddagi musobaqa paytida juda ko'p ichgan va 1934 yil Bogoljubov bilan bo'lgan o'yinda juda ko'p ichganligini yozgan.[56]

Dunyo unvonini yo'qotish (1935-1937)

Alexin gapiradi (1937)
Maks Euve 1935 yilda Alexinning jahon chempionligini qo'lga kiritgan, ammo 1937 yilgi javob o'yinida yutqazgan.

1933 yilda Alexin qarshi chiqdi Maks Euve chempionat o'yiniga.[shubhali – muhokama qilish] 1930-yillarning boshlarida Euve uchta ishonchli da'vogarlardan biri sifatida qaraldi (boshqalari shunday edi) Xose Raul Kapablanka va Salo Flohr ).[9] Evve 1935 yil oktabrdagi da'voni qabul qildi. O'sha yil boshida Gollandiyalik radio sport jurnalisti Xan Hollander Kapablankadan bo'lajak o'yin haqidagi fikrlarini so'radi. Kapablanka va Eve ikkalasi gaplashadigan nodir arxiv filmi kadrlarida Kapablanka shunday javob beradi: "Doktor Alexinning o'yini 20 foizga ravshan. Doktor Evening o'yini aniq va ravshan. Doktor Evening o'yini - ba'zi jihatlari bo'yicha Alexinning o'yiniga o'xshamaydi. yanada mutanosib. " Keyin Evve o'zining baholarini golland tilida beradi va uning his-tuyg'ulari optimizmdan pessimizmga o'tishini tushuntiradi, ammo o'tgan o'n yil ichida ularning hisoblari teng ravishda 7-7 ga teng bo'lgan.[57]

1935 yil 3 oktyabrda jahon chempionati uchrashuvi boshlandi Zandvoort, Nederlandiya. Alexin erta yetakchilik qilgan bo'lsa-da, o'n uchinchi o'yindan boshlab Evve Alexindan ikki baravar ko'p g'alaba qozondi. Chaqiruvchi 1935 yil 15-dekabrda to'qqizta g'alaba, o'n uchta durang va sakkizta mag'lubiyat bilan yangi chempion bo'ldi.[58] Bu rasmiy ravishda bir necha soniya bo'lgan birinchi jahon chempionati uchrashuvi edi: Alexinning xizmatlari bor edi Salo Landau va Euve bor edi Géza Maróczy.[59] Evening g'alabasi katta xafa bo'ldi.[9] Kmochning yozishicha, Alexin o'yinning birinchi yarmida spirtli ichimlik ichmagan, ammo keyinchalik ko'pchilik o'yinlardan oldin stakan ichgan.[56]Biroq, Salo Flohr Evvega ham yordam bergan. O'ziga bo'lgan ishonch bu o'yinda Alexin uchun alkogoldan ko'ra ko'proq muammo tug'dirgan deb o'ylagan va Alexinning o'zi ham osonlikcha g'alaba qozonishini aytgan.[60][61] Keyinchalik jahon chempionlari Vasiliy Smyslov, Boris Spasskiy, Anatoliy Karpov va Garri Kasparov uchrashuvni o'z manfaatlari uchun tahlil qildi va Evening g'alaba qozonishga loyiqligi va o'yin standarti jahon chempionatiga loyiq degan xulosaga keldi.[60]

Kmochning so'zlariga ko'ra, Alexin 1935 yilgi o'yindan keyin besh yil davomida alkogoldan butunlay voz kechgan.[56] Unvonni yo'qotganidan keyin o'n sakkiz oy ichida Alexin o'nta musobaqada qatnashdi va natijada notekis natijalar qayd etildi: Pol Keres da Yomon Nauxaym 1936 yil may oyida; birinchi o'rin Drezden 1936 yil iyun oyida; 1936 yil iyulda Podbradida Flohrdan keyin; oltinchidan, Kapablanka orqasida, Mixail Botvinnik, Ruben Fine, Samuel Reshevskiy va Euwe da Nottingem 1936 yil avgustda; uchinchidan, Euve va Fine ortida, da Amsterdam 1936 yil oktyabrda; birinchi bilan bog'langan Salo Landau da Amsterdam (To'rtburchak), shuningdek, 1936 yil oktyabrda; 1936/37 yilda u g'alaba qozondi Xastings Yangi yil musobaqasi, Fine va Erix Eliskases; birinchi o'rin Yaxshi (To'rtburchak) 1937 yil mart oyida; uchinchidan, Keres va Fine ortida, da Margate 1937 yil aprel oyida; Flohr, Reshevskiy va orqasida Keres bilan to'rtinchi o'ringa bog'langan Vladimirs Petrovlar, 1937 yil iyun-iyul oylarida Kemerida; Bogoljubov bilan, Evening orqasida, ikkinchi o'rinda Yomon Nauxaym (To'rtburchak) 1937 yil iyulda.[8]

Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempioni, ikkinchi hukmronlik (1937–1946)

1937–1939

Maks Euve Alexin bilan javob uchrashuvini tezda tashkil qildi, nimadir Xose Raul Kapablanka Alexin 1927 yilda jahon chempionligini qo'lga kiritgandan keyin ololmagan edi. Alexin 1937 yil dekabrida Evvadan katta farq bilan unvonni qaytarib oldi (+ 10−4 = 11). Gollandiyada bo'lib o'tgan ushbu o'yinda Eveni Fayn, Alexin esa maydonga tushirishdi Erix Eliskases. Uchrashuv dastlab haqiqiy bahs edi, ammo Eve so'nggi besh o'yinning to'rttasida mag'lubiyatga uchrab, oxirigacha qulab tushdi.[42][62] Fayn kollapsni asabiy taranglik bilan bog'ladi, ehtimol bu Evening tinch ko'rinishni saqlab qolish urinishlari tufayli yanada kuchaygan. Alexin boshqa titul o'yinlarini o'tkazmadi va shu tariqa vafotigacha unvonni saqlab qoldi.[9]

1938 yil g'alaba qozongan Alexin uchun yaxshi boshlandi Montevideo 1938 shaxmat musobaqasi Carrasco-da (mart oyida) va Margate (aprelda) va birinchi bo'lib Sir bilan bog'langan Jorj Alan Tomas da Plimut (sentyabrda). Noyabr oyida esa, u faqat Euwe va Samuel Reshevskiy, orqada Pol Keres, Ruben Fine va Mixail Botvinnik, Kapablanka va Flohrdan oldinda AVRO turniri Gollandiyada. Ushbu musobaqa Gollandiyaning bir nechta shaharlarida har kuni bir necha kun o'ynagan; shuning uchun yulduzlarning birinchi uchta o'rinni egallashi ajablanarli emas edi, chunki yoshi kattaroq futbolchilar sayohatni juda charchatdilar, ammo Fine bu tushuntirishni rad etdi, chunki masofalar qisqa edi.[9]

AVRO turniridan so'ng darhol uchinchi o'rinni egallagan Botvinnik Alexinni jahon chempionligi uchun bahsga chorladi. Ular sovrin jamg'armasi 10 000 AQSh dollarini, uchdan ikki qismi g'olibga topshirilishini kelishib oldilar va agar o'yin Moskvada bo'lib o'tadigan bo'lsa, Alexin kamida uch oy oldin taklif qilinib, u turnirda qatnashishi mumkin edi. o'yinga tayyor. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi muzokaralarni to'xtatganda boshqa tafsilotlar kelishilmagan edi, bu ikki futbolchi urushdan keyin qayta boshlangan.[63]

AVRO turnirida g'olib chiqqan Keres galstuk taqish Fayn ustidan ham Alexinni jahon chempionati o'yiniga da'vat etdi. Muzokaralar 1939 yilda Ikkinchi Jahon urushi tufayli buzilganida davom etmoqda. Urush paytida Keresning vatani, Estoniya, bosqin qilingan birinchi tomonidan SSSR, keyin Germaniya tomonidan, keyin yana SSSR tomonidan. Urush oxirida Sovet hukumati Keresni Germaniyani Estoniyani ishg'ol qilish paytida (Sovet standartlari bo'yicha) ular bilan hamkorlik qilganligi sababli muzokaralarni davom ettirishga to'sqinlik qildi.[64]

Alekhine birinchi bortida Frantsiya vakili edi 8-shaxmat olimpiadasi da Buenos-Ayres 1939 yil Evropada Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanganda. Alexine (Frantsiya) bosh rollarni ijro etgan barcha jamoa sardorlarining yig'ilishi, Savielly Tartakower (Polsha) va Albert Beker (Germaniya), shuningdek, Argentina shaxmat federatsiyasi prezidenti, Augusto de Muro, Olimpiadani davom ettirishga qaror qildi.[65]

Alexin shaxsiy kumush medalni qo'lga kiritdi (to'qqizta g'alaba, mag'lubiyat yo'q, etti durang), Kapablankani ortda qoldirdi (faqat A va B final natijalari - ikkala bo'lim uchun alohida - eng yaxshi individual ballar hisoblanadi).[66] Olimpiadadan ko'p o'tmay Alexin turnirlarni boshladi Montevideo (7/7) va Karakas (10/10).

1939 yil avgust oxirida Alexin ham, Kapablanka ham Augusto de Muroga jahon chempionatining mumkin bo'lgan qayta jangi haqida yozishdi. Birinchisi revansh jangi haqida virtual ishonch sifatida gapirgan bo'lsa ham, hattoki kubalik Buenos-Ayresda u paydo bo'lguncha qolishini aytgan bo'lsa, ikkinchisi Olimpiadadan keyingi moliyaviy yuk haqida gapirdi.[67] Lotin Amerikasi moliyaviy va'dalari bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan Xose R. Kapablanka Aleksandr Alexinni noyabr oyida jahon chempionligi bahsiga chorladi. Ammo taxminiy rejalar, aslida, kerakli sumkaning depozitiga (10 ming dollar oltindan) ega bo'lib, 1940 yil 14 apreldan boshlab Argentinaning Buenos-Ayres shahrida o'ynash uchun virtual kelishuvga olib keldi.

Ikkinchi jahon urushi (1939-1945)

1939 yilgi shaxmat olimpiadasining ko'plab ishtirokchilaridan farqli o'laroq,[66] Alexin 1940 yil yanvarda Evropaga qaytib keldi. Portugaliyada qisqa vaqt turgandan so'ng,[68] u sanitariya xodimi sifatida Frantsiya armiyasiga qo'shildi.[56]

Frantsiya qulaganidan so'ng (1940 yil iyun) u qochib ketdi Marsel. Alexin sayohat qilib Amerikaga borishga harakat qildi Lissabon va Amerika vizasiga murojaat qilish. 1940 yil oktyabrda u Kubaga kirish uchun ruxsat so'radi va Kapablanka bilan o'yin o'tkazishni va'da qildi. Ushbu talab rad etildi.[48][ishonchli manba ] Xotini himoya qilish uchun, Greys Alekhine va uning frantsuz boyliklari (Sankt-Oubin-le-Kofdagi qal'a, yaqin atrofda) Dieppe, fashistlar tomonidan talon-taroj qilingan), u fashistlar bilan hamkorlik qilishga rozi bo'ldi.[69] Alexin shaxmat bo'yicha musobaqalarda qatnashdi Myunxen, Zaltsburg, Krakov /Varshava va Praga tomonidan tashkil etilgan Ehrhardt Post, fashistlar nazorati ostidagi ijrochi direktor Grossdeutscher Schachbund ("Buyuk Germaniya shaxmat federatsiyasi") - Keres, Bogoljubov, Gösta Stolts Bunday tadbirlarda fashistlar tomonidan bosib olingan Evropadagi yana bir necha kuchli ustalar ham o'ynashgan.[70] 1941 yilda u ikkinchi uchdan biriga bog'landi Erik Lundin ichida Myunxen 1941 shaxmat musobaqasi (Evropaturnier sentyabrda, Stolts tomonidan g'alaba qozongan), birinchi bo'lib o'rtoqlashdi Pol Feliks Shmidt Krakovda / Varshava (2-chi) Bosh hukumat-ch, oktyabrda)[71]va g'alaba qozondi Madrid (dekabrda). Keyingi yil u Zaltsburg 1942 yilgi shaxmat bo'yicha musobaqa (1942 yil iyun) va Myunxendagi (1942 yil sentyabr; fashistlar buni Evropameisterschaftbu "ma'nosini anglatadiEvropa chempionati ").[72][73] Keyinchalik 1942 yilda u Varshava / Lyublin / Krakovda g'alaba qozondi (3-GG-ch; 1942 yil oktyabr) va birinchi bo'lib bog'landi Klaus Junge yilda Praga (Duralar Yubiley; 1942 yil dekabr). 1943 yilda u Varshavada Bogoljubov bilan mini-match (+ 1−1) chizgan (1943 yil mart), u Pragada g'alaba qozongan (1943 yil aprel) va Keres bilan birinchi bo'lib bog'langan. Zaltsburg (1943 yil iyun).

1943 yil oxiriga kelib, Alexin butun vaqtini Ispaniya va Portugaliyada, Germaniyaning shaxmat bo'yicha vakili sifatida o'tkazdi. Bu unga Sovet Ittifoqining Sharqiy Evropaga bostirib kirishidan qochishga imkon berdi.[48][ishonchli manba ][74] 1944 yilda u qarshi o'yinda ozgina g'alaba qozondi Ramon Rey Ardid yilda Saragoza (+ 1−0 = 3; 1944 yil aprel) va g'alaba qozondi Gijon (1944 yil iyul). Keyingi yil u g'alaba qozondi Madrid (1945 yil mart), ikkinchi o'rin bilan bog'langan Antonio Medina Gijonda (1945 yil iyul; tadbir g'alaba qozondi Antonio Riko ), qo'lga kiritdi Sabadell (1945 yil avgust), u F. Lopes Nunez bilan birinchi bo'lib bog'langan Almeriya (1945 yil avgust), g'alaba qozondi Melilla (1945 yil sentyabr) va ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi Caceres, orqada Frantsisko Lupi (1945 yil kuz). Alexinning so'nggi o'yini Lupi bilan bo'lgan Estoril yaqin Lissabon, Portugaliya, 1946 yil yanvarda. Alexin ikkita o'yinda g'alaba qozondi, bittasida mag'lub bo'ldi va bittasida durang o'ynadi.[12]

Alexin shaxmatni rivojlantirish bilan qiziqdi prodigy Arturo Pomar va oxirgi kitobining bir qismini bag'ishladi (¡Legado! 1946) unga. Ular Gijon 1944da o'ynashgan, o'sha paytda 12 yoshli Pomar chempion bilan ishonchli durangga erishgan.[75]

Yakuniy yil va o'lim

Frantsiyaning Parij shahridagi Aleksandr Alexinning qabri

Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan so'ng, Alexin, Iberiya yarim orolidan tashqarida shaxmat musobaqalariga taklif qilinmadi, chunki u fashistlarga tegishli edi. Uning London 1946 yilgi musobaqaga taklifnomasi boshqa raqiblar norozilik bildirganda qaytarib olingan.[6]

Botvinnikga qarshi jahon chempionati o'yinini rejalashtirayotganda,[63] Alexin 53 yoshida mehmonxonadagi xonasida vafot etdi Estoril, Portugaliya, 1946 yil 24 martda. Uning o'limi sabablari hali ham munozarali masaladir. Odatda bu yurak xuruji bilan bog'liq, ammo ichidagi xat Shaxmat hayoti Jasadni o'ldirish guvohining jurnali o'limga haqiqiy sabab go'shtni bo'g'ib qo'yganligini aytgan. Otopsi paytida uch dyuym uzunlikdagi chaynalmagan go'sht parchasi uning naychasini to'sib qo'yganligi aniqlandi.[76] Ba'zilar uni frantsuz "o'lim guruhi" tomonidan o'ldirilgan deb taxmin qilishmoqda. Bir necha yil o'tgach, Alexinning o'g'li, kichik Aleksandr Alexin "Moskvaning qo'li otasiga yetdi", dedi.[77] Kanadalik Grossmeyster Kevin Spraggett 1980-yillarning oxiridan beri Portugaliyada yashagan va Alexinning o'limini yaxshilab tekshirgan ushbu imkoniyatni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Spraggett portugaliyalik maxfiy politsiya tomonidan jinoyat joyini manipulyatsiya qilish va otopsi bo'yicha ish yuritadi PIDE. Uning fikricha, Alexin o'z mehmonxonasi tashqarisida, ehtimol Sovetlar tomonidan o'ldirilgan.[78]

Alexinning dafn marosimi homiysi bo'lgan FIDE va qoldiqlar Cimetière du Montparnasse, Parij, Frantsiya, 1956 yilda.[79][80]

Baholash

Kuch va uslubda o'ynash

Asosiy maqola: Tarix davomida eng yaxshi shaxmatchilarni taqqoslash

Statistik reyting tizimlari Alexine haqidagi qarashlari bilan keskin farq qiladi. "Aqlning jangchilari" unga barcha davrlarning faqat 18-eng kuchli futbolchisi deb baho berib, Bogoljubov va Evve kabi futbolchilar ustidan qozonilgan g'alabalar "hamma vaqt" reytingi uchun kuchli asos emasligini ta'kidlamoqda.[81] Ammo veb-sayt "Shaxmatshunoslik "taqqoslanadigan cho'qqilar davrlari uzunligiga qarab, uni eng yaxshi to'rtinchi va sakkizinchi o'rinlarni egallab turibdi va o'zining mutlaq cho'qqisida u Emanuil Lasker va Kapablankadan sal kuchliroq edi, garchi Botvinnikdan biroz kuchsizroq bo'lsa ham.[82] Jeff Sonas, "Chessmetrics" veb-sayti muallifi, Alexinni taqqoslash mumkin bo'lgan reytinglar asosida o'sha davrning boshqa o'yinchilariga nisbatan oltinchi eng yuqori cho'qqisi deb baholaydi.[83] Shuningdek, u Alexinning 1930 yilda San-Remo turniridagi g'alabasini turnirlardagi eng yaxshi oltinchi ko'rsatkich sifatida baholaydi.[83] Uning 1978 yilgi kitobida Chessplayersning o'tmishi va hozirgi reytingi, Arpad Elo retrospektiv Elo reytingini futbolchilarga faoliyatidagi eng yaxshi besh yillik davridagi ko'rsatkichlariga qarab berdi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Alexin (2690) so'rovda qatnashganlarning beshinchi eng kuchli futbolchisi (bog'langan) Pol Morfi va Vasiliy Smyslov ), Kapablanka orqasida (2725), Botvinnik (2720), Emanuel Lasker (2720) va Mixail Tal (2700).[84]

Alexinning eng yuqori cho'qqisi 1930-yillarning boshlarida bo'lib, u deyarli har bir turnirda g'alaba qozongan, ba'zida katta farqlar bilan g'alaba qozongan. Keyinchalik, uning o'yini pasayib ketdi va u 1934 yildan keyin hech qachon yuqori darajadagi turnirda g'olib chiqa olmadi. 1937 yilda Alexin jahon chempioni unvonini qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, bir nechta yangi da'vogarlar paydo bo'ldi, ularning hammasi jiddiy da'vogarlar edi.[9]

Reti Alexinga qarshi,
Baden-Baden 1925 yil
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f3 oq ritsar
g3 oq piyon
d2 oq qal'a
e2 qora ritsar
f2 oq piyon
h2 oq qirol
c1 oq qal'a
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8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
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Alexinning eng taniqli va murakkab g'alabalaridan biri. 31 ... Ne4 o'n ikkala harakatda Uaytning ritsarini b7 da g'alaba qozonishiga majbur qiladi.[9]

Alexin eng zo'r hujumkor futbolchilardan biri edi va aftidan ishlab chiqarishi mumkin edi kombinatsiyalar xohishiga ko'ra. Uni aksariyat hujumkor o'yinchilaridan ajratib turadigan narsa, uning hujum potentsialini ko'rish qobiliyati va boshqalar hech narsa ko'rmaydigan joylarda unga tayyorlanishi edi. Rudolf Spielmann, ko'plab yorqinliklarni yaratgan usta taktik: "Men kombinatsiyalarni ham, Alexinni ham ko'rishim mumkin, ammo men bir xil pozitsiyalarga erisha olmayman".[9] Doktor Maks Euve: "Alexine - bu boshqa odamni uyga rasmli postkartani yuborish uchun ilhomlantiradigan narsadan badiiy asar yaratadigan shoir", dedi.[85] Reti taklif qilgan tushuntirish shunday edi: "u raqiblarini oddiy va ko'rinishda zararsiz ketma-ketliklarni tahlil qilib, uning oxirida biron bir vaqt ichida yoki boshqa birida asl ehtimolligini va shuning uchun ko'rish qiyin bo'lganini yashirish mumkinligini ko'rish uchun mag'lub etdi. . "[86] Jon Nunn "Alexin ortiqcha xavf-xatarga duch kelmasdan asoratlarni keltirib chiqaradigan maxsus qobiliyatga ega edi", deb izohladi[87] va Edvard Vinter uni "murakkab pozitsiyaning oliy dahosi" deb atagan.[88] Alexinning ba'zi kombinatsiyalari shu qadar murakkabki, hatto zamonaviy chempionlar va da'vogarlar ham ularni tahlil qilishda rozi emaslar.[89]

Shunga qaramay, Garri Kasparov Alexinning hujumkor o'yinlari mustahkam pozitsion asoslarga asoslanganligini aytdi,[89] va Garri Golombek "Alexin barcha shaxmat daholaridan eng ko'p qirrali bo'lgan, har qanday o'yin uslubida va o'yinning barcha bosqichlarida uyda teng bo'lgan" deb aytdi.[90] Ruben Fine, 1930-yillarning oxiridagi jahon chempionatiga jiddiy da'vogar, 1950-yillarda Alexinning eng yaxshi o'yinlar to'plami u bilgan uchta eng chiroyli o'yinlardan biri ekanligini yozgan edi.[9] Golombek ham birdek taassurot qoldirdi.[90]

Alexinning o'yinlari boshqa Jahon chempionlariga qaraganda ko'proq g'alaba qozonish foiziga ega va uning chizilgan o'yinlari o'rtacha barcha chempionlar orasida eng uzun o'yinlar qatoriga kiradi.[91] Uning g'alaba qozonishga bo'lgan ishtiyoqi rasmiy shaxmat musobaqalaridan tashqari kengayib ketdi. 1933 yilda Fine uni tasodifiy o'yinlarda mag'lubiyatga uchratganida, Alexin kichik ulush uchun o'yin talab qildi. Va ichida stol tennisi, buni Alexin ishtiyoq bilan, lekin yomon o'ynadi, u yutqazganda tez-tez to'pni ezardi.[9]

Bobbi Fischer, 1964 yilgi maqolasida Alexinni tarixdagi eng buyuk o'yinchilarning o'ntaligiga kiritdi.[92] O'yinining ravshanligi bilan mashhur bo'lgan Fischer Alexin haqida shunday yozgan edi:

Alexin hech qachon mening qahramonim bo'lmagan va men uning o'yin uslubiga hech qachon ahamiyat bermaganman. Bu erda hech qanday engil yoki shamol yo'q; bu unga ishladi, ammo boshqalarga deyarli ishlamasligi mumkin edi. U g'ayritabiiy va misli ko'rilmagan g'oyalarga to'la ulkan kontseptsiyalarni ijro etdi. ... [H] e ajoyib tasavvurga ega edi; u vaziyatni shaxmat tarixidagi boshqa har qanday o'yinchiga qaraganda chuqurroq ko'rishi mumkin edi. ... Aynan eng murakkab pozitsiyalarda Alexin o'zining eng buyuk tushunchalarini topdi.[92]

Alexinning uslubi Kasparovga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi, u shunday dedi: "Aleksandr Alexin - menga hali ham katta ta'sir o'tkazayotgan boshqalar orasida birinchi nuroniy. Menga uning universalligi, o'yinga munosabati, shaxmat g'oyalari yoqadi. Ishonchim komilki kelajak Alexine shaxmatiga tegishli ekanligini. "[93] 2012 yilda, Levon Aronian u Alexinni barcha zamonlarning eng buyuk shaxmatchisi deb bilishini aytdi.[94]

O'yinga ta'sir

Alexin
Endgame o'rganish
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b7 qora shoh
f7 qora piyon
h7 qora piyon
d6 oq piyon
g6 qora piyon
d4 oq qirol
g4 oq piyon
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abvdefgh
Ko'chib o'tish va g'alaba qozonish uchun oq rang[95]
Yechim: 1. g5! Kc6 2.Ke5 Kd7 3.Kd5! (3.Kf6? Kxd6 4.Kxf7 Ke5) Kd8 4.Kc6 va Oq g'alaba qozonadi.

Bir nechta teshiklar va ochilish o'zgarishlari Alexinning nomi bilan atalgan. Bundan tashqari, taniqli Alexinning mudofaasi (1.e4 Nf6) va Albin-Chatard-Alexin hujumi "ortodoksal" Paulsen o'zgarishi. Frantsiya mudofaasi,[96] Alexine Variations mavjud: the Budapesht Gambit,[97][98] The Vena o'yini, ning o'zgarishi Ruy Lopez, Frantsiya mudofaasining Winawer o'zgarishi; ning ajdaho o'zgarishi Sitsiliya mudofaasi, Qirolichaning gambiti qabul qilindi, Slav mudofaasi, Qirolichaning piyon o'yini, Kataloniya ochilishi va Gollandiya mudofaasi (bu erda uch xil satr uning nomini olgan).[99] Irving Chernev izoh berdi: "Teshiklar Alexinning o'yinlaridan iborat bo'lib, bir nechta o'zgarishlarga ega."[100]

Alexin ham bir nechtasini yaratdi endgame tadqiqotlar, ulardan biri diagrammada ko'rsatilgan miniatyura (maksimal etti qismdan iborat ish).[95]

Alexin shaxmat bo'yicha yigirmadan ortiq kitoblar yozdi, asosan yirik o'yin yoki turnirdagi o'yinlarning izohli nashrlari, shuningdek, 1908-1937 yillar orasidagi eng yaxshi o'yinlari to'plamlarini.[101][ishonchli manba ] Aksincha Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, Capablanca and Euwe, he wrote no books that explained his ideas about the game or showed beginners how to improve their play.[88] His books appeal to expert players rather than beginners:[9] they contain many long analyses of variations in critical positions, and "singularities and exceptions were his forte, not rules and simplifications".[88]

Although Alekhine was declared an enemy of the Soviet Union after his anti-Bolshevik statement in 1928,[47] he was gradually rehabilitated by the Soviet chess elite following his death in 1946. Aleksandr Kotov 's research on Alekhine's games and career, culminating in a biography,[102] led to a Soviet series of Alekhine Memorial tournaments. The first of these, at Moscow 1956, was won jointly by Botvinnik and Vasiliy Smyslov.[103] Ularning kitobida Sovet shaxmat maktabi Kotov and Yudovich devoted a chapter to Alekhine, called him "Russia's greatest player" and praised his capacity for seizing the initiative by concrete tactical play in the opening.[104] Botvinnik wrote that the Soviet School of chess learned from Alekhine's fighting qualities, capacity for self-criticism and combinative vision.[105] Alekhine had written that success in chess required "Firstly, self-knowledge; secondly, a firm comprehension of my opponent's strength and weakness; thirdly, a higher aim – ... artistic and scientific accomplishments which accord our chess equal rank with other arts."[106]

Accusations of "improving" games

abvdefgh
8
Shaxmat taxtasi480.svg
a8 qora rook
c8 qora episkop
g8 oq malika
a7 qora piyon
b7 qora piyon
b6 qora shoh
c6 qora ritsar
c5 qora episkop
d5 qora piyon
f4 oq malika
e3 oq malika
f3 oq qirol
c2 qora malikasi
f2 oq piyon
b1 qora malika
f1 oq episkop
g1 oq ritsar
h1 oq qal'a
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abvdefgh
Famous and much-analyzed position from the "Five Queens" game

Samuel Reshevskiy wrote that Alekhine "allegedly made up games against fictitious opponents in which he came out the victor and had these games published in various chess magazines."[107] Yaqinda kitobda Endi Soltis lists "Alekhine's 15 Improvements".[108] The most famous example is his game with besh malikalar in Moscow in 1915. In the actual game, Alekhine, playing as Black, beat Grigoriev in the Moscow 1915 tournament; but in one of his books he presented the "Five Queens" variation (starting with a move he rejected as Black in the original game) as an actual game won by the White player in Moscow in 1915. (He did not say in the book who was who in this version, nor that it was in the tournament.)[109]

In the position shown in the diagram, which never arose in real play, Alekhine claimed that White wins by 24.Rh6, as after some complicated play Black is mated or goes into an so'nggi o'yin a queen down. A later computer-assisted analysis concludes that White can force a win, but only by diverging from Alekhine's move sequence at move 20, while there are only three queens.[110]

Shaxmat tarixchisi Edvard Vinter investigated a game Alekhine allegedly won in fifteen moves via a queen qurbonlik da Sabadell 1945 yilda.[111] Some photos of the game in progress were discovered that showed the players during the game and their chessboard. Based on the position that the chess pieces had taken on the chessboard in this photo, the game could never have taken the course that was stated in the published version. This raised suspicions that the published version was made up. Even if the published version is a fake, however, there is no doubt that Alekhine did defeat his opponent in the actual game, and there is no evidence that Alekhine was the source of the famous fifteen-move win whose authenticity is doubted.[112]

Antisemitizmda ayblovlar

During World War II, Alekhine played in several tournaments held in Germany or German-occupied territory, as did many strong players in occupied and neutral countries.[70][113] In March 1941, a series of articles appeared under Alekhine's name in the Pariser Zeitung, a German-language newspaper published in Paris by the occupying German forces. Among other things, these articles said that Jews had a great talent for exploiting chess but showed no signs of chess artistry; tasvirlangan gipermodern theories of Nimzowitsch and Réti as "this cheap bluff, this shameless self-publicity", hyped by "the majority of Anglo-Jewish pseudo-intellectuals"; and described his 1937 match with Euwe as "a triumph against the Jewish conspiracy".[114][115]

During interviews with two Spanish newspapers in September 1941, Alekhine criticised Jewish chess strategy. In one of these, he said that Aryan chess was aggressive but "the Semitic concept admitted the idea of pure defence". He also praised rival chessplayer Capablanca for taking the world title from "the Jew Lasker".[114]

Almost immediately after the liberation of Paris, Alekhine publicly stated that "he had to write two chess articles for the Pariser Zeitung before the Germans granted him his exit visa ... Articles which Alekhine claims were purely scientific were rewritten by the Germans, published and made to treat chess from a racial viewpoint." He wrote at least two further disavowals, in an open letter to the organizer of the 1946 London tournament (W. Hatton-Ward) and in his posthumous book ¡Legado!. These three denials are phrased differently.[114]

Extensive investigations by Ken Xayld have not yielded conclusive evidence of the authenticity of the articles. Chess writer Jacques Le Monnier claimed in a 1986 issue of Evropa Échecs that in 1958 he saw some of Alekhine's notebooks and found, in Alekhine's own handwriting, the exact text of the first antisemitic article, which appeared in Pariser Zeitung on March 18, 1941. In his 1973 book 75 parties d'Alekhine ("75 of Alekhine's games"), however, Le Monnier had written "It will never be known whether Alekhine was behind these articles or whether they were manipulated by the editor of the Pariser Zeitung."[114]

British chess historian Edvard G. Vinter notes that the articles in the Pariser Zeitung misspelled the names of several famous chess masters, which could be interpreted as evidence of forgery or as attempts by Alekhine to signal that he was being forced to write things that he did not believe; but these could simply have been matn terish errors, as Alekhine's handwriting was not easy to read. The articles contained (probably) incorrect claims that Lionel Kieseritskiy (Kieseritsky inglizchada, Kizierycki in Polish) was a Polish Jew, although Kieseritzky was neither Polish nor Jewish.[116] Winter concludes: "Although, as things stand, it is difficult to construct much of a defence for Alekhine, only the discovery of the articles in his own handwriting will settle the matter beyond all doubt." Under French mualliflik huquqi law, Alekhine's notebooks did not enter the jamoat mulki until January 1, 2017.[114]

There is evidence that Alekhine was not antisemitic in his personal or chess relationships with Jews. In June 1919, he was arrested by the Cheka, qamoqda Odessa va o'limga hukm qilindi. Yakov Vilner, a Jewish master, saved him by sending a telegram to the chairman of the Ukrain Council of People's Commissars, who knew of Alekhine and ordered his release.[117] Alekhine accepted and apparently used chess analysis from Charlz Jaffe in his World Championship match against Capablanca. Jaffe was a Jewish master who lived in Nyu York, where Alekhine often visited, and upon his return to New York after defeating Capablanca, Alekhine played a short match as a favour to Jaffe, without financial remuneration.[118] Alekhine's second for the 1935 match with Maks Euve was the master Salo Landau, a Dutch Jew. The American Jewish grandmaster Arnold Denker wrote that he found Alekhine very friendly in chess settings, taking part in consultation games and productive analysis sessions. Denker also wrote that Alekhine treated the younger and (at that time) virtually unproven Denker to dinner on many occasions in New York during the 1930s, when the economy was very weak because of the Katta depressiya. Denker added that Alekhine, during the early 1930s, opined that the American Jewish grandmaster Ishoq Kashdan might be his next challenger (this did not in fact take place).[6] He gave chess lessons to 14-year-old prodigy Gerardo Budowski, a German Jew, in Paris in spring 1940.[119] Alekhine also married an American woman who may, or may not, have had Jewish ancestry, Grace Wishard, as his fourth wife. Grace Alekhine was the women's champion of Paris in 1944.[120]

Yozuvlar

Alekhine wrote over twenty books on chess.[121][101] Some of the best-known are:

  • Alekhine, Alexander (1985). My Best Games of Chess 1908–1937. Dover. ISBN  0-486-24941-7. Originally published in two volumes as My Best Games of Chess 1908–1923 va My Best Games of Chess 1924–1937.
  • Alekhine, Alexander (1968). The Book of the Hastings International Masters' Chess Tournament 1922. Dover. ISBN  0-486-21960-7.
  • Alekhine, Alexander (1961). The Book of the New York International Chess Tournament 1924. Dover. ISBN  0-486-20752-8.
  • Alekhine, Alexander (1962). The Book of the Nottingham International Chess Tournament. Dover. ISBN  0-486-20189-9.
  • Alekhine, Alexander (1973). The World's Chess Championship, 1937. Dover. ISBN  0-486-20455-3.

Games analysis published after 1938 were edited by Edvard Vinter and published in 1980 in the book:

  • Alekhine, Alexander; Edward Winter (1992). 107 Great Chess Battles 1939–1945. Dover. ISBN  0-486-27104-8.

Summary of results in competitions

Turnir natijalari

Here are Alekhine's placings and scores in tournaments:[8][ishonchli manba ][12][24][122][123][124][125][126]

  • Under score, + games won, − games lost, = games drawn
SanaManzilJoyXolIzohlar
1907Moskva11–135½/15+5−9=1uning akasi Aleksey Alexin tied for 4-6th
1908Moskva1-chi??Moscow Chess Club Spring Tournament[127]
1908Dyusseldorf3–49/13+8−3=216-chi DSB Kongressi, A Tournament
1908/09Moskva1-chi6½/9+5−1=3Moscow Chess Club Autumn Tournament
1909Sankt-Peterburg1-chi13/16+12−2=2All-Russian Amateur Tournament
1910Gamburg7–88½/16+5−4=717-chi DSB Kongressi, Shlechter yutuq
1911Kyoln1-chi3/3+3−0=0To'rtburchak
1911Karlsbad8–913½/25+11−9=5Teyxman yutuq
1912Sankt-Peterburg1–28/9+8-1=0First Winter Tournament, lost a game to Vasiliy Osipovich Smyslov
1912Sankt-Peterburg1-chi7/9+6−1=2 ?Second Winter Tournament, lost a game to Boris Koyalovich
1912Stokgolm1-chi8½/10+8−1=18-chi Shimoliy Shimoliy chempionat, dan oldin Spielmann
1912Vilnyus6–78½/18+7−8=37-chi Rossiya chempionati (All-Russian Masters' Tournament), Rubinshteyn yutuq
1913Sankt-Peterburg1–22/3+2−1=0Quadrangular, tied with Levenfish
1913Scheveningen1-chi11½/13+11−1=1dan oldin Janovskiy
1913/14Sankt-Peterburg1–213½/17+13−3=18-chi Rossiya chempionati (All-Russian Masters' Tournament), tied with Nimzovitsch
1914Sankt-Peterburg3-chi10/18+6−4=8Lasker 13½, Kapablanka 13, Alekhine 10, Tarrasch 8½, Marshal 8
1914Parij1–22½/3+2−0=1Cafe Continental Quadrangular, tied with Marshal, uchinchisi Muffang, to'rtinchi Hallegua
1914Manxaymetakchi9½/11+9−1=119-chi DSB Kongressi, interrupted by the start of World War I
1915Moskva1-chi10½/11+10−0=1Moscow Chess Club Championship
1919/20Moskva1-chi11/11+11−0=0Moskva shahar chempionati, not declared Moscow Champion because he was not a resident of Moscow
1920Moskva1-chi12/15+9−0=6later recognised as the 1st SSSR chempionati
1921Triberg1-chi7/8+6−0=2dan oldin Bogoljubov
1921Budapesht1-chi8½/11+6−0=5dan oldin Grünfeld
1921Gaaga1-chi8/9+7−0=2dan oldin Tartakower
1922Pistyan2–314½/18+12−1=5bilan bog'langan Spielmann, orqada Bogoljubov
1922London2-chi11½/15+8−0=7Kapablanka 13, Alekhine 11½, Vidmar 11, Rubinshteyn 10½
1922Xastings1-chi7½/10+6−1=3Rubinshteyn 7, Bogoljubov va Tomas 4½, Tarrasch 4, Yeyts 2½
1922Vena3–69/14+7−3=4Rubinshteyn yutuq
1923Margate2–54½/7+3−1=3Grünfeld yutuq
1923Karlsbad1–311½/17+9−3=5bilan bog'langan Bogoljubov va Maróczy
1923Portsmut1-chi11½/12+11−0=1dan oldin Vajda
1924Nyu York3-chi12/20+6−2=12Lasker 16, Kapablanka 14½, Alekhine 12, Marshal 11, Reti 10½. Maróczy 10, Bogoljubov 9½
1925Parij1-chi6½/8+5−0=3dan oldin Tartakower
1925Bern1-chi4/6+3−1=2To'rtburchak
1925Baden-Baden1-chi16/20+12−0=8dan oldin Rubinshteyn
1925/26Xastings1–28½/9+8−0=1bilan bog'langan Vidmar
1926Semmering2-chi12½/17+11−3=3Spielmann yutuq
1926Drezden2-chi7/9+5−0=4Nimzovitsch yutuq
1926Skarboro1-chi5½/6+5−0=1Alekhine won a play-off match against Kolle 2-0
1926Birmingem1-chi5/5+5−0=0dan oldin Znosko-Borovsky
1926Buenos-Ayres1-chi10/10+10−0=0dan oldin Villegas va Illa
1927Nyu York2-chi11½/20+5−2=13Kapablanka 14, Alekhine 11½, Nimzovitsch 10½, Vidmar 10, Spielmann 8, Marshal 6
1927Keckemet1-chi12/16+8−0=8dan oldin Nimzovitsch va Shtayner
1929Bredli plyaji1-chi8½/9+8−0=1dan oldin Layx Shtayner
1930San-Remo1-chi14/15+13−0=2Nimzovitsch 10½; Rubinshteyn 10; Bogoljubov 9½; Yeyts 9
1931Yaxshi1-chi6/8+4−0=4konsultatsiya turniri
1931Bled1-chi20½/26+15−0=11Bogoljubov 15; Nimzovitsch 14; Flohr, Kashdan, Stoltz va Vidmar 13½
1932Bern1–32/3+2−1=0Quadrangular, tied with Voellmi va Naegeli
1932Bern1-chi12½/15+11−1=3Shveytsariya chempionati (title awarded to Xans Yoxner va Pol Yoxner )
1932London1-chi9/11+7−0=4dan oldin Flohr
1932Pasadena1-chi8½/11+7−1=3dan oldin Kashdan
1932Mexiko1–28½/9+8−0=1bilan bog'langan Kashdan
1933Parij1-chi8/9+7−0=2dan oldin Tartakower
1933/34Xastings2-chi6½/9+4−0=5Flohr 7, Alekhine and Andor Lilienthal 6½, C.H.O'D. Aleksandr va Eliskazalar 5
1934Rotterdam1-chi3/3+3−0=0To'rtburchak
1934Tsyurix1-chi13/15+12−1=2Shveytsariya chempionati (title awarded to Xans Yoxner )
1935Orebro1-chi8½/9+8−0=1dan oldin Lundin
1936Yomon Nauxaym1–26½/9+4−0=5bilan bog'langan Keres
1936Drezden1-chi6½/9+5−1=3dan oldin Engels
1936Podbraydi2-chi12½/17+8−0=9Flohr yutuq
1936Nottingem6-chi9/14+6−2=6Botvinnik va Kapablanka 10; Euve, Yaxshi va Reshevskiy 9½
1936Amsterdam3-chi4½/7+3−1=3Euve va Yaxshi yutuq
1936Amsterdam1–22½/3+2−0=1Quadrangular, tied with Landau
1936/37Xastings1-chi8/9+7−0=2Yaxshi 7½, Eliskazalar 5½, Vidmar va Feigins 4½
1937Margate3-chi6/9+6−3=0tied for 1–2 were Keres va Yaxshi
1937Kemeri4–511½/17+7−1=9tied for 1–3 were Flohr, Petrovs va Reshevskiy
1937Yomon Nauxaym2–33½/6+3−2=1Quadrangular, Euve won, the other players were Bogoljubov va Sämisch
1937Yaxshi1-chi2½/3+2−0=1To'rtburchak
1938Montevideo1-chi13/15+11−0=4dan oldin Gimard
1938Margate1-chi7/9+6−1=2dan oldin Spielmann
1938Gollandiya
(ten cities)		4–67/14+3−3=8AVRO turniri, Keres va Yaxshi 8½; Botvinnik 7½; Alekhine, Euve va Reshevskiy 7; Kapablanka 6
1939Montevideo1-chi7/7+7−0=0dan oldin Golombek
1939Karakas1-chi10/10+10−0=0
1941Myunxen2–310½/15+8−2=5bilan bog'langan Lundin, orqada Stoltz
1941Krakov, Varshava1–28½/11+6−0=5bilan bog'langan Shmidt
1941Madrid1-chi5/5+5−0=0
1942Zaltsburg1-chi7½/10+7−2=1dan oldin Keres
1942Myunxen1-chi8½/11+7−1=31-Evropa chempionati, dan oldin Keres
1942Varshava, Lyublin, Krakov1-chi7½/11+6−1=3dan oldin Junge
1942Praga1–28½/11+6−0=5bilan bog'langan Junge
1943Praga1-chi17/19+15−0=4dan oldin Keres
1943Zaltsburg1–27½/10+5−0=5bilan bog'langan Keres
1944Xijon1-chi7½/8+7−0=1
1945Madrid1-chi8½/9+8−0=1
1945Xijon2–36½/9+6−2=1bilan bog'langan Madina, orqada Riko
1945Sabadell1-chi7½/9+6−0=3
1945Almeriya1–25½/8+4−1=3tied with Lopez Nunez
1945Melilla1-chi6½/7+6−0=1
1945Caceres2-chi3½/5+3−1=1Lupi yutuq

Uchrashuv natijalari

Here are Alekhine's results in matches:[8][ishonchli manba ][24][123]

  • Under score, + games won, − games lost, = games drawn
SanaRaqibNatijaManzilXolIzohlar
1908Kurt fon BardelebenYutuqDyusseldorf4½/5+4−0=1 
1908Xans FaxrniDrewMyunxen1½/3+1−1=1 
1908Benjamin BlumenfeldYutuqMoskva4½/5+4−0=1 
1908Vladimir NenarokovYo'qotilganMoskva0/3+0−3=0 
1913Stepan LevitskiyYutuqSankt-Peterburg7/10+7−3=0 
1913Edvard LaskerYutuqParis, London3/3+3−0=0 
1913Xose Raul KapablankaYo'qotilganSankt-Peterburg0/2+0−2=0ko'rgazma o'yini
1914Aron NimzovichDrewSankt-Peterburg1/2+1−1=0pley-off uchrashuvi
1916Aleksandr EvensohnYutuqKiev2/3+2−1=0 
1918Abram RabinovichYutuqMoskva3½/4+3−0=1 
1918Boris VerlinskiyYutuqOdessa6/6+6−0=0 
1920Nikolay Pavlov-PianovDrewMoskva1/2+1−1=0training match
1921Nikolay GrigoryevYutuqMoskva4½/7+2−0=5training match
1921Efim BogoljubovDrewTriberg2/4+1−1=2"secret" training match
1921Richard TeyxmannDrewBerlin3/6+2−2=2 
1921Fridrix SemichYutuqBerlin2/2+2−0=0 
1922Ossip BernshteynYutuqParij1½/2+1−0=1 
1922Arnold AurbachYutuqParij1½/2+1−0=1 
1922Manuel GolmayoYutuqMadrid1½/2+1−0=1 
1923André MuffangYutuqParij2/2+2−0=0 
1926Edgar KolleYutuqSkarboro2/2+2−0=0pley-off uchrashuvi
1926/7Maks EuveYutuqAmsterdam5½/10+3−2=5 
1927Xose Raul KapablankaYutuqBuenos-Ayres18½/34+6−3=25Alekhine became world champion
1927Charlz JaffeYutuqNyu York2/2+2−0=0ko'rgazma o'yini
1929Efim BogoljubovYutuqWiesbaden, Berlin, Amsterdam15½/25+11−5=9retained world championship
1933Rafael CintronYutuqSan-Xuan4/4+4−0=0ko'rgazma o'yini
1933Ossip BernshteynDrewParij2/4+1−1=2
1934Efim BogoljubovYutuqBaden-Baden, Villingen, Pforzheim,
Bayreuth, Kissingen, Berlin		15½/25+8−3=15retained world championship
1935Maks EuveYo'qotilganAmsterdam, The Hague, Utrecht14½/30+8−9=13lost world championship
1937Maks EuveYutuqRotterdam, Haarlem, Leiden, Zwolle,
Amsterdam, Delft, The Hague		15½/25+10−4=11regained world championship
1937Maks EuveYo'qotilganGaaga2/5+1−2=2ko'rgazma o'yini
1941Lopez EsnaolaYutuqVitoriya2/2+2−0=0
1943Efim BogoljubovDrewVarshava2/4+2−2=0
1944Ramon Rey ArdidYutuqSaragoza2½/4+1−0=3
1946Frantsisko LupiYutuqEstoril2½/4+2−1=1

Chess Olympiad results

Here are Alekhine's results in Shaxmat olimpiadalari. He played top board for France in all these events.

  • Under score, + games won, − games lost, = games drawn
SanaManzilRaqamXolIzohlar
1930Gamburg39/9+9−0=0Alekhine won the brilliancy prize for his o'yin qarshi Gideon Stalberg (Shvetsiya). He did not win a medal because the medallists played 17 games each.[50]
1931Praga413½/18+10−1=7Alekhine won the Oltin medal for 1st board. Uning yo'qotishi Hermanis Matisons (Latviya ) was his first loss in a serious chess event since winning the world championship.[51]
1933Folkestone59½/12+8−1=3Alekhine won the Oltin medal for 1st board. Uning yo'qotishi Savielly Tartakower (Poland) was his second and last loss in chess olympiads.[52]
1935Varshava612/17+7−0=10Alekhine won the kumush medal for 1st board (Salo Flohr ning Chexoslovakiya took the gold by scoring 13/17).[53]
1939Buenos-Ayres87½/10 (12½/16)+9−0=7Alekhine won the kumush medal for 1st board (Xose Raul Kapablanka ning Kuba took the gold by scoring 8½/11). Only games in the final stage were counted for awarding the medals. The first score is for the final stage, the one in parentheses is Alekhine's total score.[66]

Boshqa ma'lumotlar

Shahrida Cascais, Portugal, there is a street named after Alekhine: Rua Alexander Alekhine.[128] Cascais is near Estoril, where Alekhine died.

Uning kitobi My Best Games of Chess 1924–1937 xususiyatli Maykl Pauell va Emerik Pressburger "s Hayot va o'lim masalasi, filmed the same year of his death.[129]

The asteroid 1909 yil Alexin was named in honor of Alekhine.

Izohlar

  1. ^ In English his surname would normally be transliterated as "Alekhin", but when he became a French citizen, the standard French transliteration "Alekhine" became the correct way to spell his name in the Latin alphabet. He became angry when Russians sometimes pronounced the ⟨е⟩ siz ning Alexin as ⟨ё⟩ yo, [ɐˈlʲoxʲɪn], which he regarded as a Yidishcha distortion of his name, and insisted that the correct Russian pronunciation was "Al-YEH-khin". Qarang Kmoch, H. "Grandmasters I Have Known: Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine" (PDF). 2, 5-betlar. Olingan 2010-05-30.
  2. ^ Official name as French citizen: Alexandre Alekhine (Brazilian visa ) (Officiel jurnali )
  3. ^ Litmanovich, Vladislav; Giżycki, Jerzy (1986). Szachy od A do Z (Polshada). Wydawnictwo Sport i Turystyka, Warszawa. p. 16.
  4. ^ Qish, Edvard. "Archive 28 - "When was Alekhine born?"". Shaxmat bo'yicha eslatmalar. Olingan 2008-05-20.
  5. ^ Kotov, Alexander Alexandrovich (1973). Aleksandr Alexin. Fizkultura i sport. pp. 8 (Russian edition).
  6. ^ a b v Denker 1995
  7. ^ "Biography of Alexander Alekhinen on supreme-chess.com". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 2 mayda. Olingan 2008-05-23.
  8. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k Wall, W. "Alexander Alekhine (1892–1946)". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 28 oktyabrda. Olingan 2008-05-20.[ishonchli manba ]
  9. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r s Ruben Fine, The World's Great Chess Games, 1952
  10. ^ Bartelski, Voytsex. OlimpBase :: the encyclopedia of team chess > Non-cyclic > Friendly matches. OlimpBase.
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    • Alexin fashistlarning maqolalari, Ken Whyld tomonidan tahrirlangan va ingliz tilidagi tarjimasini o'z ichiga olgan shaxsiy bosma risola Pariser Zeitung maqolalar;
    • Alexinning ushbu maqolalarni rad etganligi Yangiliklar sharhi, 1944 yil 23-noyabr, da Britaniya shaxmat jurnali 1944 yil dekabr va Shaxmat 1945 yil yanvar;
    • Alexinning o'limidan keyingi kitobi ¡Legado!;
    • 1941 yil 3 sentyabrdagi nashrlaridagi intervyular El-Alkazar va Informaciones, Alexin shaxmat haqida antisemitik bayonotlar bergani haqida xabar beradi.
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  127. ^ Aleksandr Alexin shaxmat o'yinlari Alexine tomonidan qo'lga kiritilgan va 1938 yilda nashr etilgan to'rtta o'yinni beradi, mualliflar quyidagilarni yozadilar:

    Alexine ushbu tadbirda g'olib chiqdi, ammo na batafsil natijalar va na ishtirokchilarning to'liq ro'yxati ma'lum.

  128. ^ Rua Aleksandr Alexin kuni Google xaritalari.
  129. ^ Kristi, Yan (2000). "Hayot va o'lim masalasi". London: Britaniya kino instituti. p.77. ISBN  0-8517-0479-4.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

Mukofotlar
Oldingi
Xose Raul Kapablanka		 Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempioni
1927–1935		Muvaffaqiyatli
Maks Euve
Oldingi
Maks Euve		 Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempioni
1937–1946		Bo'sh
Sarlavha keyingi tomonidan o'tkaziladi
Mixail Botvinnik