Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempionati 1972 yil - World Chess Championship 1972
The Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempionati 1972 yil uchun o'yin bo'ldi Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempionati raqib o'rtasida Bobbi Fischer ning Qo'shma Shtatlar va amaldagi chempion Boris Spasskiy ning Sovet Ittifoqi. Uchrashuv Laugardalshol maydon Reykyavik, Islandiya, va deb nomlangan Asr o'yini. Fischer Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida tug'ilgan birinchi bo'lib dunyo chempionligini qo'lga kiritdi va ikkinchi amerikalik bo'ldi (Wilhelm Steinitz, birinchi jahon chempioni, 1888 yilda naturalizatsiya qilingan Amerika fuqarosi bo'ldi). Fischerning g'alabasi ham qisqa vaqt ichida Sovet Ittifoqining 24 yillik jahon chempionatidagi hukmronligi bilan yakunlandi.
Birinchi o'yin 1972 yil 11 iyulda o'tkazilgan. Oxirgi o'yin (21-chi) 31 avgustda boshlangan tanaffus 40 ta harakatdan keyin va Spasskiy iste'foga chiqdi ertasi kuni o'yinni davom ettirmasdan. Fischer 12½-8½ uchrashuvida g'alaba qozondi va o'n birinchi jahon chempioni bo'ldi.
Sobiq shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempioni Garri Kasparov Fischerning g'alabasini "Sovuq urush davridagi eng zo'r on" deb ta'rifladi.[1]
Fon
Uchrashuv davomida bo'lib o'tdi Sovuq urush o'sish davrida bo'lsa ham détente. The Sovet shaxmat maktabi Jahon chempionati unvoni bo'yicha 24 yillik monopoliyaga ega edi, Spasskiy sovetlarning uzluksiz zanjirida eng so'nggi shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempionlari, orqaga cho'zilgan 1948 yilgi chempionat.[2]
Fischer, ekssentrik[3] 29 yoshli amerikalik, sovet futbolchilari kaltakka rozi bo'lish orqali adolatsiz ustunlikka ega bo'lishgan deb da'vo qildilar chizadi turnirlarda o'zaro.[4] 1962 yilda Amerika jurnali Sport Illustrated va nemis jurnali Der Spiegel Fischerning "Ruslar jahon shaxmatini aniqladilar" nomli maqolasini chop etdi va unda ushbu qarashni tushuntirib berdi.[5][6] Fisherning o'zi kamdan-kam hollarda erta durangga rozi bo'ldi.
Spasskiy uchrashuvni yutish uchun siyosiy bosimga duch keldi.[7][8][9] Fischer tez-tez o'z vatanini tanqid qilgan ("Amerikaliklar televizor oldida o'g'irlashni xohlashadi va kitob ochishni istamaydilar ..."), u ham o'yinning siyosiy ahamiyati tufayli kutish yukini ko'targan.[10] Birinchi chempiondan beri biron bir amerikalik jahon chempioniga erisha olmagan, Wilhelm Steinitz, 1888 yilda fuqarolikka ega bo'lgan Amerika fuqarosi bo'ldi.[11] Uchrashuv atrofidagi hayajon shunday bo'ldiki, u "Asr o'yini" deb nomlandi,[12][13][14] ga nisbatan xuddi shu atama qo'llanilgan bo'lsa ham SSSR va boshqa dunyo faqat ikki yil oldin o'yin.[15]
Spasskiy chempion bo'lib, jahon chempionati o'yinlariga yo'l olgan edi 1966 va 1969. U jahon chempionati o'yinida mag'lub bo'ldi Tigran Petrosian 1966 yilda.[16] 1969 tsiklda u qarshi o'yinlarda g'alaba qozondi Efim Geller, Egilgan Larsen va Viktor Korchnoy ikkinchi marta da'vo qilish huquqini qo'lga kiritish uchun,[17] keyin Petrosianni 12½ – 10½ mag'lub etib, jahon chempionligini qo'lga kiritdi.[18] U ko'pincha "universal uslub", "eng xilma-xil pozitsiyalarni o'ynash qobiliyatini o'z ichiga olgan", deyishadi.[19] lekin Garri Kasparov "u bolaligidanoq keskin, hujumkor o'yinga moyil bo'lganligi va tashabbusga nisbatan ajoyib tuyg'uga ega bo'lganligi" ni ta'kidlaydi.[19]
In Nomzodlar 1972 yilda raqib bo'lish uchun yo'lga chiqqan o'yinlar, Fischer jahon darajasida vayron qilgan edi grossmeysterlar Mark Taymanov va Egilgan Larsen, har biri a mukammal hisob 6-0, hech kim hech qachon Nomzodlar o'yinida qilmagan yutuq. Shundan so'ng, Fischer Petrosianga qarshi o'yinning dastlabki beshta o'yinini ikkiga bo'lib tashladi, so'ngra so'nggi to'rtta o'yinda g'alaba qozonib o'yinni yopdi.[2] "Hech qanday yalang'och bayonot ushbu natijalarning kattaligi va ta'sirini ko'rsatmaydi ... Fischer vayronagarchilikni sepdi."[20] Interzonalning so'nggi etti turidan boshlab Petrosianga qarshi birinchi o'yinga qadar Fischer ketma-ket 20 ta o'yinda g'alaba qozondi, deyarli barchasi eng yaxshi grossmeysterlarga qarshi kechdi.
Fischer ham ancha yuqori ko'rsatkichga ega edi Elo reytingi Spasskiyga qaraganda.[21] 1972 yil iyul oyida FIDE reyting reytingida Fischer's 2785 a 125 ochko oldinda qayd etish ikkinchi raqamli o'yinchi - reytingi 2660 bo'lgan Spasskiy.[22] Fischerning so'nggi natijalari va rekord darajadagi Elo reytingi uni o'yin oldidan favoritga aylantirdi.[23][24][25] Boshqa kuzatuvchilar esa, Fischer hech qachon Spasskiyga qarshi o'yinda g'alaba qozonmaganini ta'kidlashdi.[26] Uchrashuvdan oldin Fischer Spasskiyga qarshi beshta o'yin o'tkazib, ikkitasida durang o'ynagan va uchtasida mag'lub bo'lgan.[27]
Spasskiyniki soniya o'yin uchun edi Efim Geller, Nikolay Krogius va Iivo Nei.[28] Fischerniki edi Uilyam Lombardiya.[29][30][31][32] Shuningdek, uning atrofiga advokat Pol Marshal ham kiritilgan edi, u o'yin bilan bog'liq voqealarda katta rol o'ynagan va USCF vakili Fred Kramer.[33] O'yin hakami edi Lotar Shmid.[34]
Bir muncha vaqt o'yin umuman o'tkazilishi shubhali edi.[35] Uchrashuvdan biroz oldin Fischer futbolchilardan kelishilgan mukofot jamg'armasidan tashqari $ 125,000 (g'olibga 5/8, yutqazganga 3/8) va televidenie va kino huquqlaridan tushumning 30% miqdorida pul olishni talab qildi. Kassa tushumlarining 30%.[36][37] U Islandiyaga 1 iyul kuni ochilish marosimiga etib borolmadi.[36][38][39] Fischerning fe'l-atvori, butun faoliyati davomida bo'lgani kabi, qarama-qarshiliklarga to'la edi. Nihoyat u Islandiyaga uchib ketdi va FIDE prezidenti o'yinni ikki kunga qoldirganidan keyin o'ynashga rozi bo'ldi Maks Euve, Britaniyalik investitsiya bankiri tomonidan mukofot fondining kutilmaganda ikki baravar ko'payishi Jim Slater va juda ishontirish, shu jumladan telefon orqali qo'ng'iroq Genri Kissincer.[40][41] Ko'plab sharhlovchilar, xususan, SSSRdan kelganlar, bularning barchasi (va uning doimiy talablari va asossizligi) Fischerning Spasskiyni "ruhdan chiqarish" rejasining bir qismi deb taxmin qilishgan. Fischerning tarafdorlari Jahon chempionatida g'alaba qozonish uning hayotiy vazifasi bo'lganligini, u shunchaki sahnaga chiqqanda, unga sharoitlar mukammal bo'lishini istaganini va o'zini tutishi har doimgidek bo'lganini aytishadi.
Jahon darajasidagi o'yin (ya'ni bir xil ikkita raqib o'rtasidagi qator o'yinlar) ko'pincha bir yoki ikkala o'yinchini bir yoki ikkitasini tayyorlashni o'z ichiga oladi teshiklar juda chuqur va ularni o'yin davomida qayta-qayta o'ynatish.[42] Bunday o'yinga tayyorgarlik shuningdek, raqib o'ynashi ma'lum bo'lgan chiziqlarni tahlil qilishni ham o'z ichiga oladi. Fischer o'zining g'ayrioddiy tor ochilish repertuari bilan mashhur bo'lgan: masalan, deyarli doimo 1 o'ynagan.e4 kabi Oq, va deyarli har doim o'ynash Najdorf o'zgarishi ning Sitsiliya mudofaasi 1.e4 ga qarshi qora sifatida.[43][44] U Spasskiyni teshiklarni bir necha marta almashtirib, ilgari o'ynagan yoki kamdan-kam hollarda o'ynagan teshiklarni o'ynab hayron qoldirdi (masalan, 1).c4 sifatida Oq, va Alexinning mudofaasi, Pirc mudofaasi, va Polsen Sitsilian qora).[43] Fischer oldinroq o'yinda o'ynagan teshiklarda ham u doimo ilgari o'ynagan o'zgarishlardan chetga chiqib, deyarli bir xil chiziqni takrorlamagan.[45]
1970 yil Interzonal turniri
The Interzonal turnir bo'lib o'tdi Palma de Mallorca, 1970 yil noyabr va dekabr oylarida Ispaniya. Interzonalning eng yaxshi oltita o'yinchisi (quyidagi jadvalda qalin harflar bilan ko'rsatilgan) nomzodlar turniriga yo'l olishdi. Bobbi Fischer 1969 yilgi AQSh chempionatida (Zonal) qatnashmaganligi sababli ushbu musobaqada o'ynashga loyiq emas edi. Biroq, Benko (va zaxira Lombardiya ) o'z o'rnidan voz kechdi va FIDE prezidenti Maks Euve munozarali ravishda uning o'rniga Fischerga qatnashishga ruxsat berdi. Buning sodir bo'lishi uchun Benkoga 1500 AQSh dollar miqdorida tovon puli to'langan.[46]
1970 yil mintaqalararo musobaqa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Jami Tanaffus 1 
Bobbi Fischer (Qo'shma Shtatlar)- 0 1 ½ 1 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 18½ 2 
Egilgan Larsen (Daniya)1 - ½ ½ 0 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 0 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 ½ 1 ½ 15 167.50 3 
Efim Geller (Sovet Ittifoqi)0 ½ - 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 15 167.00 4 
Robert Xyubner (G'arbiy Germaniya)½ ½ 0 - ½ 1 ½ 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 15 155.25 5 Mark Taymanov (Sovet Ittifoqi)0 1 ½ ½ - ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 1 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 14 146.50 6 
Volfgang Ulman (Sharqiy Germaniya)0 0 0 0 ½ - 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 0 1 ½ 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 14 141.50 7 
Layx Portisch (Vengriya)½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 - ½ 0 1 ½ 1 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 0 13½ 149.75 8 Vasiliy Smyslov (Sovet Ittifoqi)0 ½ 0 1 ½ ½ ½ - 1 ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 13½ 141.00 9 Lev Polugaevskiy (Sovet Ittifoqi)½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 0 - ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 0 ½ 1 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 13 146.75 10 
Svetozar Gligorich (Yugoslaviya)0 ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 0 ½ ½ - 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ ½ 1 0 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 13 135.50 11 
Oskar Panno (Argentina)0 0 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 0 - ½ ½ ½ 1 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 1 ½ 1 12½ 130.75 12 
Henrique Mecking (Braziliya)0 0 0 ½ 1 ½ 0 1 ½ ½ ½ - 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 12½ 130.00 13 
Vlastimil Xort (Chexoslovakiya)0 1 ½ ½ ½ 0 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 - 1 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ 11½ 14 Borislav Ivkov (Yugoslaviya)0 ½ ½ 0 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 - ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ 10½ 15 
Duncan Suttles (Kanada)0 ½ 0 ½ 0 1 ½ ½ ½ 0 0 ½ ½ ½ - 0 ½ ½ 1 ½ 0 1 ½ 1 10 105.75 16 Dragoljub Minić (Yugoslaviya)0 0 ½ 0 0 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 - 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 10 96.00 17 Samuel Reshevskiy (Qo'shma Shtatlar)0 ½ 0 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ 0 - ½ ½ ½ 0 0 ½ 1 9½ 18 Milan Matulovich (Yugoslaviya)½ 0 ½ 0 0 0 ½ ½ ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ - ½ ½ 0 0 ½ 1 9 98.50 19 Uilyam Addison (Qo'shma Shtatlar)0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 0 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ - ½ 0 0 1 1 9 95.25 20 Miroslav Filip (Chexoslovakiya)0 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 0 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ - ½ 1 ½ 0 8½ 91.50 21 
Renato Naranja (Filippinlar)½ 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ 0 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 1 1 1 ½ - 0 0 1 8½ 88.75 22 
Tudev Ujtumen (Mo'g'uliston)½ ½ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ½ ½ 0 0 ½ 0 0 ½ 1 1 1 0 1 - 1 ½ 8½ 85.25 23 Xorxe Rubinetti (Argentina)0 0 ½ 0 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 0 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 1 0 - 1 6 24 
Eleazar Ximenes (Kuba)½ ½ ½ 0 0 0 1 0 ½ 0 0 0 ½ ½ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ½ 0 - 5½
Portish va Smislov oltita o'yindan iborat pley-off bahsida qatnashishdi Portoroz, Yugoslaviya, 1971 yil boshida nomzodlar musobaqasi uchun zaxira lavozimiga. Uchrashuv 3: 3 hisobida yakunlandi; Portish asosiy turnirda tay-brek hisobi yaxshiroq bo'lganligi sababli g'olib deb topildi.
1971 yil nomzodlar o'yinlari
Petrosian so'nggi chempionat o'yinida yutqazgan va Korchnoy avvalgi nomzodlar finalida ikkinchi o'rinni egallagan. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri nomzodlar o'yin bosqichiga qo'shilgan va Interzonal-dan kuchli oltilikka qo'shilgan. Seviliyada bo'lib o'tgan Petrosian-Xyubner chorak finalida Xyubner shov-shuv shikoyati tufayli 7-o'yinda mag'lubiyatga uchraganidan keyin o'yinni tark etdi.[47]
Fischerning ikkalasini ham 6: 0 hisobidagi mag'lubiyati Mark Taymanov va Egilgan Larsen shaxmatning bu darajasida misli ko'rilmagan edi. Uning 2-o'yindagi mag'lubiyati qarshi Tigran Petrosian 20 o'yindan iborat g'alabali seriyani tugatdi.
| Chorak final | Yarim final | Yakuniy | |||||||||||||
| Vankuver, 1971 yil may | |||||||||||||||
 Bobbi Fischer | 6 | ||||||||||||||
 Mark Taymanov | 0 | Denver, 1971 yil iyul | |||||||||||||
| Bobbi Fischer | 6 | ||||||||||||||
| Las-Palmas, 1971 yil may-iyun |  Egilgan Larsen | 0 | |||||||||||||
| Egilgan Larsen | 5½ | ||||||||||||||
 Volfgang Ulman | 3½ | Buenos-Ayres, 1971 yil sentyabr - oktyabr | |||||||||||||
| Bobbi Fischer | 6½ | ||||||||||||||
| Moskva, 1971 yil may | Tigran Petrosian | 2½ | |||||||||||||
| Viktor Korchnoy | 5½ | ||||||||||||||
| Efim Geller | 2½ | Moskva, 1971 yil iyul | |||||||||||||
| Viktor Korchnoy | 4½ | ||||||||||||||
| Sevilya, 1971 yil may | Tigran Petrosian | 5½ | |||||||||||||
| Tigran Petrosian | 4 | ||||||||||||||
 Robert Xyubner (bekor qilingan)[47] | 3 | ||||||||||||||
Fischerning g'alabasi unga amaldagi chempion Spasskiyga unvon uchun da'vo qilish huquqini berdi.
1972 yilgi jahon chempionati o'yini
Jadval va natijalar
Uchrashuv 24 o'yinning eng zo'ri sifatida o'tkazildi, g'alaba 1 ochkoni va durangni ½ ochkoni hisobga olgan holda, o'yinchilarning biri 12½ ball to'plaganida tugaydi.[48] Agar o'yin 12: 12 hisobida tugagan bo'lsa, amaldagi chempion (Spasskiy) o'z nomini saqlab qoladi.[49] Birinchi vaqtni boshqarish 2 soat ichida 40 ta harakatni tashkil etdi.[50] Haftasiga uchta o'yin belgilangan edi.[51] Uchrashuv davomida har bir futbolchi tibbiy sabablarga ko'ra uch marta keyinga qoldirilishga haqli edi.[52][53] O'yinlar yakshanba, seshanba va payshanba kunlari boshlanishi kerak edi.[28] Agar o'yin to'xtatilgan bo'lsa, uni ertasi kuni davom ettirish kerak edi.[28] Shanba dam olish kuni edi.[28]
Fischer ta'kidladi a Staunton shaxmat to'plami dan Londonning jaklari ishlatilishi kerak. The shaxmat taxtasi Fischerning iltimosiga binoan qayta tiklanishi kerak edi.[54] Uchrashuv butun dunyo bo'ylab yoritildi. Fischer butun dunyo bo'ylab taniqli shaxsga aylandi Eynshteyn shaxmat Uning mehmonxonasiga har kuni o'ziga jalb qilingan ayollardan o'nlab qo'ng'iroqlar kelib tushgan va Fischer kelgan maktublar va telegrammalarni maqtov yoki tanqid bilan o'qishdan mamnun edi.[55] Uchrashuv keyinga qoldirilgach, odamlar Fischerning paydo bo'lish-bo'lmasligidan shubhalanishdi. Ilgari u aeroportga kelgan va jurnalistlar qurshovida jo'nab ketgan. "U o'ynaydimi?" va "amerikalik rus tiliga qarshi" butun dunyoda hayajonni yaratdi.
| Reyting | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | Ballar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boris Spasskiy (SSSR) | 2660 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | 8½ |
| Bobbi Fischer (AQSH) | 2785 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 12½ |
O'yinlar
| Ushbu bo'lim foydalanadi algebraik yozuv shaxmat harakatlarini tavsiflash uchun. |
1-o'yin: Spasskiy-Fischer, 1-0 (Nimzo-hindistonlik)
11 iyul. Ochilish sust edi Nimzo-hind mudofaasi va 17 dan keyin ... Ba4 o'yin teng edi (Filip ).[56] Bir qator qismlardan keyin almashinuvlar, diagrammadagi mavqega 29.b5 dan keyin erishildi. Bu a edi quritilgan tugatish Va agar o'yinchilar bo'lsa, hech kim uzoqdan ajablanmagan bo'lar edi durangga rozi bo'ldi Bu yerga.[57][58][59]
| a | b | v | d | e | f | g | h | ||
| 8 |        | 8 | |||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||
| 6 | 6 | ||||||||
| 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| a | b | v | d | e | f | g | h | ||
Shokka soladigan narsa, Fischer 29 ... Bxh2 o'ynagan?,[60] bir nechta o'yinchilar aniq 30.g3 nuri ostida o'ylab topadigan harakat episkop.[59] Yo'qotilgan episkop evaziga Blek faqat ikkitasini olishga qodir piyonlar (qarang shaxmat donasining nisbiy qiymati ). Gligorich, Kasparov va boshqa sharhlovchilar Fischer 30 ... h5 31.Ke2 h4 32.Kf3 h3 33.Kg4 Bg1 ni rejalashtirgan, ammo 34.Kxh3 Bxf2 35.Bd2 ni hisobga olmasdan, noto'g'ri hisoblashgan bo'lishi mumkin, deb taxmin qilishgan.[61][62] Anatoliy Karpov Spasskiy Fischerdan qo'rqqan va oq donalar bilan rasm chizish mumkinligini ko'rsatmoqchi bo'lgan, Fischer esa o'yin eskirgan durang tomon yo'l olgani sababli buni rad etmoqchi edi.[63] Pozitsiyadagi g'ayrioddiy xususiyatlar tufayli, Fischer faqat ikkitasiga ega bo'lishiga qaramay, chizish uchun yaxshi imkoniyatlarga ega edi piyonlar episkop uchun.[64] Ammo u hech bo'lmaganda yana bir yomon harakatni amalga oshirgandan keyin (39 va / yoki 40-chi, keltirilgan manbaga qarang) bu lavozim umidsiz bo'lib qoldi. tanaffus, 40-harakatdan keyin sodir bo'lgan.[65] Fischer baribir o'yinni to'g'ri 39 yoki 40-harakat bilan chizib berishi mumkin edi.[66] U iste'foga chiqdi 56-harakatda.
2-o'yin: Fischer yo'qotadi
Yo'qotilganidan keyin Fischer tashkilotchilarga qo'shimcha talablarni qo'ydi, shu jumladan barcha kameralarni olib tashlashni talab qildi. Ular bo'lmaganida, u Spasskiyga g'alaba qozonib, 2-o'yinda qatnashishdan bosh tortdi. Uning apellyatsiya shikoyati rad etildi. Karpov bu bekor qilingan o'yin aslida Fischerning usta zarbasi, bu Spasskiyni xafa qilish uchun maxsus qilingan deb taxmin qilmoqda. tenglik.[63]
Hozirda 2: 0 hisobi Spasskiy foydasiga bo'lsa, ko'plab kuzatuvchilar o'yin tugadi va Fischer Islandiyani tark etadi, deb ishonishdi va haqiqatan ham Fischer keyingi samolyotga chiqmoqchi bo'lib, uni ikkinchi, Uilyam Lombardidan ko'ndirdi.[68] Uning uchrashuvda qolish qarorini ba'zilar Kissincerning boshqa telefon qo'ng'irog'i va kabelgrammalar to'foni bilan bog'lashdi.[69][70] Sport bilan shug'ullanadigan bo'lsak, Spasskiy uchinchi o'yinni tomoshabinlar nazaridan chetda, kichkina xonada o'tkazishga rozi bo'ldi. Ga binoan Pal Benko va Burt Xoxberg, bu imtiyoz Spasskiyning psixologik xatosi edi.[71]
3-o'yin: Spasskiy-Fischer, 0-1 (Zamonaviy Benoni)
| a | b | v | d | e | f | g | h | ||
| 8 |       | 8 | |||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||
| 6 | 6 | ||||||||
| 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| a | b | v | d | e | f | g | h | ||
16 iyul. Ushbu o'yin uchrashuvning burilish nuqtasi bo'lganini isbotladi. 11.Qc2 dan keyin Fischer 11 ... Nh5 bilan pozitsiyani tushunishini namoyish etdi!? - aftidan antipozitsion Oqning Qora rangni parchalashiga imkon beradigan harakat qirol tomoni garov tuzilishi, ammo Fischerning bahosi uning qirol tomoni hujum muhim yaratdi qarshi o'yin to'g'ri isbotlangan.[72] Fischernikidan hayratda qoldi yangilik, Spasskiy eng yaxshi munosabat bildirmadi. 15.Bd2, 15.Ne2 o'rniga !? mumkin edi (Zaytsev ),[73] yoki 15.f3 oldini olish uchun ... Ng4.[74] Xususan, Spasskiyning engil kvadratlarni zaiflashtirgan 18-harakati xato bo'ldi.[75] O'yin bo'ldi tanaffusVa Spasskiy ertasi kuni Fischer eng yaxshi harakatni muhrlaganini ko'rib, iste'foga chiqdi, 41 ... Bd3 +! Ushbu g'alaba Fischerning Spasskiyga qarshi birinchi g'alabasi bo'ldi.[76]
4-o'yin: Fischer – Spasskiy, ½ – ½ (Sitsiliya Sozin)
| a | b | v | d | e | f | g | h | ||
| 8 | | 8 | |||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||
| 6 | 6 | ||||||||
| 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| a | b | v | d | e | f | g | h | ||
18 iyul. Ushbu o'yin Spasskiyning talabiga binoan asosiy zal sahnasida davom ettirildi, ammo Fischerning talabiga binoan televizor kameralarisiz.
Fischer Uayt rolida Spasskiyning Sitsiliya mudofaasiga qarshi Sozin hujumini o'ynadi. Spasskiy qurbon qilingan piyon, va 17 dan keyin ... Bxc5 + biroz ustunlikka ega edi (Nunn ).[78] Spasskiy shohlar tomon kuchli hujum uyushtirdi, ammo uni g'alabaga aylantira olmadi,[79] durang bilan yakunlangan o'yin.
5-o'yin: Spasskiy-Fischer, 0-1 (Nimzo-hindistonlik)
| a | b | v | d | e | f | g | h | ||
| 8 | | 8 | |||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||
| 6 | 6 | ||||||||
| 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||
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20 iyul. 5-o'yin yana bir Nimzo-Hindiston edi, bu safar Xyubnerning o'zgarishi: 4.Nf3 c5 5.e3 Nc6 6.Bd3 Bxc3 + 7.bxc3 d6.[81] Fischer Spasskiyning hujumga urinishini rad etdi; 15 ... 0-0 dan keyin o'yin tenglashdi (Adorjan ).[82] Fischer, Spasskiyni zaif piyonlar bilan o'ralgan holda to'sib qo'yilgan pozitsiyani qo'lga kiritdi episkop juftligi istiqbollari yo'q edi.[83] 26 ta harakatdan so'ng, Spasskiy diagrammada pozitsiyaga duch keldi, unda u 27.Qc2 bilan xato qildi??, va Fischerning 27 ... Bxa4 dan keyin iste'foga chiqdi! 28.Qxa4 Qxe4 dan so'ng, Blekning 29 ... Qxg2 bo'lgan ikki tomonlama tahdidlari# va 29 ... Qxe1 # qaror qiladi; Shu bilan bir qatorda, 28.Qd2 (yoki 28.Qb1) Bxd1 29.Qxd1 Qxe4 30.Qd2 a4 g'alaba qozonadi.
Shunday qilib, Fischer durang natija qayd etdi (hisob endi 2½-2 was), garchi FIDE qoidalariga ko'ra, chempion 24-o'yindan keyin tenglik bilan tugagan taqdirda chempion unvonini saqlab qoladi.
5-o'yindan so'ng Fischer Lombardiyaga 6-o'yin uchun kutib olgan syurprizi haqida ishora qildi.[85]
6-o'yin: Fischer-Spasskiy, 1-0 (QGD Tartakower)
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23 iyul. Uchrashuv boshlanishidan oldin, Spasskiyni mashq qilgan sovet jamoasi Fischer o'zining odatdagi 1.e4-dan farqli o'laroq ochilish harakatini o'ynashi mumkinmi yoki yo'qmi deb bahslashdi.[86] "Ammo 1.d4 yoki 1.c4 ni Fischerdan kutish mumkinmi degan savol tug'ilganda, Spasskiy shunday javob berdi:" Keling, bunday bema'nilik bilan ovora bo'lmaylik - men [Tartakower] himoyasini o'ynayman. U nimaga erishishi mumkin? ..'"[87]
Fischer jiddiy o'yinda faqat uchinchi marta 1.c4 (1.e4 o'rniga) o'ynadi.[88] 3.d4 bilan o'yin ko'chirildi uchun Qirolichaning gambiti, Fischerni ushbu ochilishning Oq tomonida o'ynashini hech qachon ko'rmagan ko'pchilikni ajablantirmoqda. Aslida, u ilgari buni ochiqchasiga qoralagan edi.
Spasskiy Tartakuerning mudofaasini o'ynadi (7 ... b6), bu ko'plab turnirlarda eng sevimli tanlovi va u hech qachon mag'lub bo'lmagan.[89] 14.Bb5 dan keyin!? (Furman-Geller, Moskva 1970 yilda kiritilgan),[90] Spasskiy 14 ... a6 bilan javob qaytardi?!. Geller bundan oldin Spasskiy 14 ... Qb7 ni namoyish etgan edi!, keyinchalik Geller mag'lub bo'lgan harakat Jan Timman Hilversum 1973 da,[90] aftidan Spasskiy bu haqda unutgan.[91] Fischerning 20.e4! - "o'yinning asosiy harakati" - Blekning markazida zarba berdi va Spasskiyni yaxshi alternativsiz qoldirdi.[92] Spasskiyning 20 ... d4 dan keyin "garovlar oldinga siljishga umid qilishmaydi va oq episkop hech qanday to'siqsiz."[93] 21.f4 dan keyin Fischerning qo'li baland keldi (Hort ).[94] 26.f5 dan keyin Uayt zarba bilan hujum qildi.
Ushbu o'yindan so'ng Spasskiy tomoshabinlar qatoriga qo'shilib, Fischerning g'alabasini olqishladi.[96] Bu raqibini "haqiqiy sportchi" deb atagan Fischerni hayratda qoldirdi.[55]
"Lombardiya juda hayajonli edi:" Bobbi barqaror, ravon o'yin ko'rsatdi va shunchaki Spasskiyning dahshatli harakatlarini tomosha qildi. Spasskiy ilgari taxtadagi har bir parcha uchun kurashadigan Bobbi dahosi va kalibridagi o'yinchi bilan uchrashmagan; u bermaydi Rossiyalik grossmeysterlarga o'xshab durangga rozi bo'ling va bu Spasskiy uchun shok.'"[97]
Ga binoan C.H.O'D. Aleksandr:[98] "Bu o'yin ikki narsada diqqatga sazovor edi. Birinchidan, Fischer hayotida birinchi marta Qirolichaning Gambitini jiddiy o'yinda o'ynadi; ikkinchidan, u buni mukammal darajada o'ynadi, bu o'yin haqiqatan ham Blekning ochilish tizimiga shubha tug'dirdi."
Ushbu g'alaba Fischerga uchrashuvda birinchi marta (3 lead-2½) ustunlikni taqdim etdi.[99]
7-o'yin: Spasskiy-Fischer, ½ – ½ (Sitsiliya Najdorf)
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25 iyul. Spasskiy uchrashuvda birinchi marta 1.e4 o'ynadi.[96][100] Fischer o'zining sevimli Najdorf sitsiliyasining zaharlangan piyon o'zgarishi bilan tajovuzkorona himoya qildi va 17 dan keyin ... Nc6 ustunlik qildi (Gipslis ).[101] U qo'shimcha garovini birlashtirdi va yutuqqa erishdi so'nggi o'yin, ammo keyin beparvolik bilan o'ynab, Spasskiyga durangni saqlab qolishga imkon berdi.[102] Yakuniy pozitsiyada Fischer ikkita qo'shimcha piyonga ega edi, ammo durang natijani bajarishi kerak edi abadiy tekshirish Spasskiyning ikkita qaroqchisi va ritsari tomonidan matdan qutulish uchun.[103]
8-o'yin: Fischer-Spasskiy, 1-0 (inglizcha simmetrik)
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27 iyul. Fischer yana 1.c4 o'ynadi; O'yin o'rniga inglizcha ochilish bo'lib qoldi transpozitsiya 6-o'yinda bo'lgani kabi boshqa ochilishga. 14 ... a6 dan keyin o'yin tenglashdi.[105] Spasskiy an almashish 15 ... b5 bilan? ozgina uchun tovon puli pozitsion ustunlik yo'lida. Spasskiyning 15-harakati qurbon bo'lganmi yoki xato bo'lganmi, noma'lum, ammo uning 19-harakati shubhasiz piyonni yo'qotgan va uni umidsiz holatda qoldirgan xato edi. Fischer 5: 3 hisobida oldinga olib chiqib, g'alaba qozondi.
9-o'yin: Spasskiy-Fischer, ½ – ½ (QGD Semi-Tarrasch)
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1 avgust. Spasskiy kasalligi uchun vaqt ajratganda o'yin kechiktirildi. Ochilish Qirolicha Gambitining rad etilgan yarim himoyachisi edi. Fischer o'ynadi nazariy yangilik to'qqizinchi harakatda. 13 ... 0-0dan keyin o'yin tenglashdi (Parma ),[107] va o'yin atigi 29 ta harakatdan so'ng tinchgina durang bilan yakunlandi.
10-o'yin: Fischer-Spasskiy, 1-0 (Ruy Lopes Breyer)
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3 avgust. Fischer o'ynadi Ruy Lopez, u ajoyib mutaxassis bo'lgan ochilish.[109] 25 dan keyin ... Qxa5?! (25 ... axb5!? 26.Rxb5 Ba6 Spasskiyga ko'proq imkoniyat beradi; Fischer 26.Bb3 bilan Spasskiy shohiga xavfli hujumni boshlash orqali ustunlikni qo'lga kiritdi.! (Matanovich ),[110] to'satdan Blekni tanqidiy vaziyatga qo'ydi.[111][112] Spasskiy piyonga almashinuvni qurbon qilib, ikkalasi turgan joyda keskin o'yinlarga erishdi ulangan piyonlar Fischerning kichigi uchun deyarli etarli kompensatsiya berdi material afzallik.[113] Spasskiyda durang natija bor edi, ammo noaniq o'ynadi va Fischer aniq o'yin bilan g'alaba qozondi.[112][114]
11-o'yin: Spasskiy-Fischer, 1-0 (Sitsiliya Najdorf)
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6 avgust. Ushbu o'yin Spasskiy uchun g'alaba qozondi, birinchi va ikkinchi o'yinlardan beri birinchi bo'lib, 7-o'yinda bo'lgani kabi, Fischer o'zining sevimli zaharlangan garov o'zgarishini esse qildi; Spasskiy uni 14.Nb1 (berilgan) hayratga solishi bilan hayratga soldi !! o'sha paytda ko'plab izohlar tomonidan), ritsarni dastlabki holatiga qaytarish.[116] Keyinchalik tahlillar shuni ko'rsatdiki, bu harakat faqat etarli edi tenglik agar Blek to'g'ri javob bergan bo'lsa, Fischer javob bermadi.[117] Agar 15 ... Ne7!? by Black keyin 16.N1d2 !? va o'yin noaniq (Gipslis ).[118] Fischerning past darajadagi himoyasidan so'ng, Spasskiy Fischerning malikasini tuzoqqa tushirdi va unga zaharlangan piyonda Qora singari yagona mag'lubiyatini taqdim etdi.[119]
12-o'yin: Fischer-Spasskiy, ½ – ½ (QGD pravoslav)
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8 avgust. Sokin malikaning Gambiti rad etildi. 19. Be4dan keyin!, Fischer biroz ustunlikka ega edi (Yudovich ),[121] va 24 ... a5 dan keyin o'yin teng edi (Polugaevskiy ).[122] O'yin an bilan tugadi qarama-qarshi rangli episkoplar endgame 55 harakatdan keyin durang.
13-o'yin: Spasskiy-Fischer, 0-1 (Alexin mudofaasi)
10 avgust. Fischer 11-o'yinda mag'lub bo'lgan Sitsiliya mudofaasidan qochib, Alexin mudofaasini tanladi. 8 ... a5 dan keyin! 9.a4? (9.c3!? va Qora biroz yaxshiroqdir; Gligorić) dxe5 10.dxe5 Na6! 11.0-0 Nc5, Fischerning qo'li baland keldi (Bog'irov ).[124] O'yin bir tomonga, so'ngra boshqasiga o'tdi va nihoyat 42-harakatda tanaffus qilindi, Fischer keskin vaziyatga ega bo'ldi, ammo aniq g'alaba qozonmadi. Sovet jamoasi tahlillari ularni pozitsiya aniqlanganiga ishontirdi. Fischer uni tahlil qilib ertalab soat 8gacha turdi (qayta boshlash soat 14:30 da). U ham g'alaba topa olmadi, ammo Spasskiy 69.Rc3 + bilan nisbatan sodda durangni o'tkazib yuborganidan so'ng, garovga qarshi o'yinda murakkab o'yinda g'alaba qozondi. Spasskiyning soniyalari hayratda qoldi va Spasskiyning o'zi o'yin tugagandan so'ng, natijaga ishonolmay, uzoq vaqt taxtadan chiqishni rad etdi. U shunday dedi: "Bu juda g'alati. G8-da raqibning bitta qasrini butunlay yopib qo'ygan holda qanday qilib yutqazish mumkin?"[53]
Lombardiya Spasskiy iste'foga chiqqandan so'ng boshiga tushgan zarbani ta'kidladi:[125]
Fischer mashinasiga qarab ketayotganda, Spasskiy o'z joyiga yopishtirilgan bo'lib qoldi. Xayrixoh Lotar Shmid kelib, ikkalasi Boris uning beparvo xatolarini namoyish qilib, buyumlarni almashtirishdi. Ikkalasi Bobbi taniqli sovet jamoasi tomonidan o'tkazilgan vakolatli tahlil kechasi kafolatlangan durang sifatida ko'rsatgan pozitsiyadan g'alabani qanday siqib chiqarishi mumkinligi haqida hayron qolishdi.
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Avvalgi Jahon chempioni Mixail Botvinnik bu o'yin unga ayniqsa kuchli taassurot qoldirdi dedi. U buni "Fischerning eng yuqori ijodiy yutug'i" deb atadi. U hal qildi chizish qarama-qarshi yepiskoplar endgame episkopini qurbon qilish va o'z roukini tuzoqqa tushirish orqali. "Keyin beshta o'tgan piyonlar oppoq rook bilan kurashdi. Shaxmatda bunga o'xshash hech narsa ko'rilmagan edi ".[126]
Devid Bronshteyn "O'yindagi barcha o'yinlardan 13-chi menga ko'proq yoqadi. O'yin davomida o'ynaganimda hamon u yoki bu reja yoki hattoki individual harakat ortidagi ichki motivni anglay olmayman. Jumboq singari, u hanuzgacha masxara qiladi mening tasavvurim. "[127]
Spasskiy va Fischer qo'l berib ko'rishganda, tomoshabinlarning ko'plari 75.Rf4 durang o'ynaydi deb o'ylab, durangga rozi bo'ldik deb o'ylashdi. Ammo 75 ... Rxd4! 76. Rxd4 Ke2 g'olib chiqadi; 75. Be5 Rd1 76.Kxb3 Re1 ham Blek uchun g'alaba qozonadi.[129]
Keyingi ettita o'yin (14 dan 20 gacha bo'lgan o'yinlar) qur'a tashlandi. Fischer bu ma'lumotni ololmadi tashabbus. Spasskiy Fischer sindira olmagan chiziqlarni tanladi.[130] Uch ochkolik farq bilan Fischer bu unvonga intilayotganidan qoniqdi va Spasskiy o'z taqdiri bilan iste'foga chiqqanday tuyuldi.
Bortdan tashqaridagi antiqa voqealar davom etdi, shu qatorda Fischerga qarshi o'yinni suratga olish huquqiga ega bo'lgan Chester Foks tomonidan etkazilgan zararni qoplash to'g'risidagi sud jarayoni davom etdi (Fischer uning ta'kidlashicha kameraning shovqinlariga e'tiroz bildirgan va Islandiyalik mezbonlar istamay gapirishgan - ular kerak edi) Ikki ishtirokchi bilan birga film daromadlarida ulush - televizor kameralarini olib tashlagan), Fischerning birinchi etti qator tomoshabinni olib tashlashni talab qilishi (oxir-oqibat, uchta qator tozalangan) va Sovet Ittifoqi Fischer elektron va kimyoviy vositalardan foydalanganligi - Spasskiy, natijada Islandiyalik politsiya zalni supurib tashladi.
14-o'yin: Fischer-Spasskiy, ½ – ½ (QGD Harrvits)
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15 avgust. O'yin Spasskiyning iltimosiga binoan qoldirildi.[53] Fischer yana qirolichaning gambiti rad etilgan oq edi. 18. Be5dan keyin? (18.Nxb6 Qxb6 19.Be5 va Fischer biroz ustunlikni saqlab qolishmoqda; Gligorić) Bxa4! 19. Qxa4 Nc6! Spasskiyning qo'li baland edi (Karpov ).[131] Fischer 21. pog'onani xatoga yo'l qo'ydi. Spasskiy 27-harakatda uni qaytarib yubordi, ammo o'yin 40 pog'onali durang bilan yakunlandi.[132]
15-o'yin: Spasskiy-Fischer, ½ – ½ (Sitsiliya Najdorf)
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17 avgust. Fischer sitsiliyalik Najdorfga qaytib keldi, ammo 11-o'yinda mag'lubiyatga uchragan zaharlangan piyon o'zgarishi o'rniga asosiy chiziqda o'ynadi. 13-harakatda Fischer piyonni qurbon qildi qarshi o'yinbuni Spasskiy qabul qildi. 19.c3 dan keyin Spasskiyning qo'li baland keldi (Gipslis ).[134] 28 ... Rd7 dan keyin o'yin teng edi, lekin Spasskiy 29.Qxh5 bilan ikkinchi piyonni olganida?! bu Fischerga juda kuchli hujum qilishga imkon berdi.[135] Spasskiy, falokat yoqasida, "vaqt bosimida mo''jizaviy javoblarni topdi" va Fischer faqatgina durangga erishdi. uch marta takrorlash 43 ta harakatdan keyin.[136] Ikki yildan so'ng, yugoslaviyalik grossmeyster Dragoljub Velimirovich Spasskiyning o'yinida 13.Bxb5 parcha qurbonligi bilan yaxshilandi!?, Velimirovich-Al Kazzazda g'olib bo'lgan g'alaba, Nitssa Olimpiadasi 1974 yil.[137][138][139] Keyinchalik qora rang Fischerning 12 ... 0-0-0-da 12 ... b4 bilan yaxshilandi.[140]
16-o'yin: Fischer – Spasskiy, ½ – ½ (Ruy Lopez almashinuvi)
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20 avgust. Fischer o'zining sevimli liniyasi - "Ruy Lopez" ning almashinuvi o'zgarishini ijro etdi.[142] After 17...Rfe8 the game was equal (Gipslis ).[143] Spassky defended well, and after a taktik flurry in the so'nggi o'yin, ended up with the nominal advantage of an extra pawn in a rook ending known to be an easy kitob chizish.[144] Although a draw could have been agreed after move 34,[145] Spassky "used his symbolic material advantage for a little psychological torture", prolonging the game until move 60 before agreeing to a draw.[146]
Game 17: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (Pirc Defense)
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22 avgust. Fischer played the Pirc Defense for the first time in his career.[148] After 18...Qc7 the game was unclear (Parma ).[149] The game ended in a draw by the threefold repetition rule.[150]
Game 18: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Sicilian Rauzer)
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24 avgust. The game opened with a Richter–Rauzer Attack. After 19...Ne5 the game was equal (Matanovich, Ugrinović).[152] Like game 17, the game ended in a draw by threefold repetition.
Game 19: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (Alekhine's Defense)
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27 avgust. The second Alekhine's Defense of the match, the game ended in a draw after 40 moves. After 18...Bg5!, Gligorić commented "a queer situation has arisen with many tactical possibilities for both sides."[154] After 19.Bh5 the position was unclear (Bog'irov ).[155] After 37...a6, C.H.O'D. Alexander wrote: "A miracle; after all the excitements – two piece sacrifices by White and the counter-sacrifice of a rook by Black – the players have reached a completely equal endgame with no chances for either side."[156]
Game 20: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Sicilian Rauzer)
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29 avgust. Another Richter–Rauzer, after 13...Nxd2 the game was equal (Matanovich, Ugrinović).[158] Spassky outplayed Fischer and got a better position. Fischer headed for a drawish so'nggi o'yin but Spassky twice avoided a draw by threefold repetition.[130] After 54 moves, Fischer made an incorrect claim of threefold repetition, but Spassky agreed to a draw anyway.[159] Qarang Threefold repetition#Fischer versus Spassky.
Game 21: Spassky–Fischer, 0–1 (Sicilian Taimanov)
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31 avgust. This game turned out to be the final game. Fischer used a line of the Sicilian that he had never before played as Black, and further surprised Spassky with a yangilik on move eight.[43][161] After 14...Qxf6 the game was equal (Taymanov ).[162] Spassky played badly in the so'nggi o'yin, and the game was tanaffus with a big advantage for Fischer. Fischer's 40th move was not the best, however; he should have played 40...Kg4! before ...h5 (his actual 40th move). Had Spassky muhrlangan 41.Kh3! (preventing ...Kg4), he would have had drawing chances. Instead he sealed 41.Bd7?, which would have permitted Black to win with 41...Kg4 followed by itarish his h-pawn.[163] On September 1, the day scheduled for resumption of the game, arbiter Lothar Schmid informed Fischer and the audience that Spassky had resigned the game by telephone, making Fischer the winner of the match.[164] FIDE President Max Euwe expressed disappointment that Spassky did not go to the playing hall to congratulate Fischer.[165]
The final score was 12½–8½ in favor of Fischer, making him the eleventh world champion. Spassky won three games (including the forfeit in game 2), Fischer won seven games, and there were eleven draws.[167]
Natijada
Fischer's crushing victory made him an instant celebrity. Upon his return to New York,[168] a Bobby Fischer Day was held.[169] He was offered numerous product endorsement offers worth "at least $5 million", all of which he declined.[170] U muqovada paydo bo'ldi Sport Illustrated with American Olympic swimming champion Mark Spits.[171] Fischer also made an appearance on a Bob umid Maxsus televizor.[172] But the games in this match proved to be his last public competitive games for two decades. Fischer had, prior to the match, felt that the first-to-12½-points format was not fair, since it encouraged whoever was leading to play for draws instead of wins. He himself adopted this strategy in the match: after having taken a comfortable lead, he drew games 14–20. With each game, he coasted closer to the title, while Spassky lost a chance to fight back.
Ushbu shaxmat uslubi Fischerni xafa qildi. Instead he demanded the format be changed to that used in the very first World Chess Championship, o'rtasida Wilhelm Steinitz va Yoxannes Zukertort, where the winner was the first player to score 10 wins, with draws not counting. 9-9 ball to'plagan taqdirda, chempion o'z nomini saqlab qoladi va sovrin jamg'armasi teng ravishda bo'linadi.[173][174] 1974 yilda FIDE Kongressi bo'lib o'tdi Yaxshi Olimpiada. Delegatlar Fischerning 10 g'alaba taklifini yoqlab ovoz berishdi, ammo 9-9 bandini hamda cheksiz o'yin imkoniyatini rad etishdi.[175] In response, Fischer refused to defend his title. Anatoliy Karpov, who had fought his way through the 1975 candidates tournament, was declared World Champion by forfeit.
O'n yetti yildan so'ng, Fischer yugoslaviyalik millionerning taklifiga binoan o'z taklif qilgan formati bo'yicha o'yinni moliyalashtirishni istagan homiylar bilan muzokaralarga kirishdi. Jezdimir Vasiljevich. Fischer insisted that since he had not been defeated in a match, he was still the true world champion. Shuningdek, u FIDE tomonidan tasdiqlangan Jahon chempionati o'yinlarida Karpov va uning da'vogarlari ishtirokidagi barcha o'yinlarni da'vo qildi Korchnoy va Kasparov, oldindan rejalashtirilgan natijalarga ega edi.[176] He then challenged Spassky (tied for 96th–102nd on the FIDE rating list at the time) to a rematch, leading to the 1992 Fischer–Spassky match.
Ommaviy madaniyatda
- Musiqiy Shaxmat, so'zlari bilan Tim Rays va musiqa Byörn Ulvaey va Benni Andersson, tells the story of two chess champions, referred to only as "The American" and "The Russian". The musical is loosely based on the 1972 World Championship match between Fischer and Spassky.[177]
- During the 1972 Fischer–Spassky match, the Soviet bard Vladimir Vysotskiy wrote an ironic two-song cycle "Honor of the Chess Crown". The first song is about a rank-and-file Soviet worker's preparation for the match with Fischer; the second is about the game. Many expressions from the songs have become iboralar rus madaniyatida.[178]
- 2011 yilgi hujjatli film Bobbi Fischer dunyoga qarshi features extensive archival footage from the match.
- 2014 yilgi film Lombard qurbonligi tells the story of Fischer's attempts to defeat Russian Boris Spassky and become the world champion. Film rejissyori Edvard Tsvik va yulduzlar Tobey Maguayr as Fischer and Liev Shrayber as Spassky.
- In the sixth episode of season 3 of Mast tarix, komediyachi Boy Fulcher recounts the 1972 World Championship match between Fischer and Spassky. "O'yinlar". Mast tarix. Season 3. Episode 6. 6 October 2015. Comedy Central.
- Leading to the official announcement of Duty of Call: Black Ops Sovuq Urushi on August 19, 2020, the chess match between Fischer and Spassky was used as a result of a solved shifr, BISH YOU WERE HERE.[179] An Instagram story tomonidan Treyarch read: "_ _ _ _ _ _ K _ _ _ _ _ _", once solved with projector slides, Summit map elements, and chess move "TURN ELEVEN WHITE", pawn takes pawn, led to the main site for the Qora Ops Sovuq Urushi e'lon, pawntakespawn.com.[180][181]
Shuningdek qarang
Izohlar
- ^ "Garry Kasparov on Conversations with Bill Kristol". Bill Kristol bilan suhbatlar.
- ^ a b Evans & Smith 1973, p. 8
- ^ "Fischer, according to some of the psixiatrlar who are regulars at the Manxetten shaxmat klubi, a paranoid and is 'psychotically suspicious, like most paranoids'." Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, p. 75
- ^ "Bobby Fischer, then as now the enfant dahshatli of the chess world, charged that the Russians were in collusion, agreeing to draw with each other while playing no-holds-barred games with non-Russians, and to nothing to jeopardize the position of whichever one of them was leading." Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, p. 35
- ^ Bobby Fischer: The Russians Have Fixed World Chess Arxivlandi 2013 yil 27 iyul, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Bobby Fischer: Schacher im Schach. Das abgekartete Spiel der Russen (nemis tilida)
- ^ "Throughout all the Soviet comments on their chess successes runs the theme that more than chess is at stake. For example, when Botvinnik won the world title in 1948 "Pravda" commented, 'Botvinnik was not simply playing chess, he was defending the honour of his country', and in 1961 The Moral Code of the Builder of Communism stated, 'Our task is to educate chess-players towards communist consciousness, love of labour and discipline and loyalty to the good of society.'" Alexander 1972, p. 46
- ^ "When Botvinnik won the Nottingham tournament of 1936, "Pravda" said in an editorial that his victory was a triumph of Marxist–Leninist chess". Donner 2006, p. 138 (originally published in De Tijd, June 28, 1972)
- ^ "Spassky, of course, was carrying a burden that Fischer was not laden with: he was playing not only for himself, but also for the Soviet government, the Soviet system. He represented an ideology. Soviet chess players were supreme, so the theory went, because the Soviet social, political and governmental system was so much better." Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, p. 108
- ^ Fisher's 1972 Match Was Cold War Battle 2008 yil 19-yanvar
- ^ Steinitz entry at World Chess Museum and Hall of Fame Arxivlandi 2008-07-04 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. Chessmuseum.org. 2009-03-03 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ Perhaps the best-selling book on the match was subtitled The New York Times Report on the Chess Match of the Century (Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972). Gligorić's book on the match was also subtitled The Chess Match of the Century (Gligorić 1972).
- ^ "Even before a move has been made, this breathtaking, blood-curdling and heartrending encounter is justly being labelled as 'the Match of the Century'." Donner 2006, p. 136 (originally published in De Tijd, June 28, 1972)
- ^ Byrne & Nei 1974, p. vii
- ^ The term is used that way in Russian, and also by Edmar Mednis uning kitobida How to Beat Bobby Fischer. Mednis 1997, p. 247
- ^ Kažić 1974, pp. 230–31
- ^ Kažić 1974, pp. 194–96
- ^ Kažić 1974, pp. 231–32
- ^ a b Kasparov 2004a, p. 182
- ^ Steiner 1974, p. 42
- ^ Alexander 1972, p. 74
- ^ Barcha vaqt reytinglari Arxivlandi 2009 yil 26-noyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi - 1970 yildan 1997 yilgacha bo'lgan eng yaxshi 10 ta ro'yxat.
- ^ "Despite his dismal score against Spassky, Fischer is the choice of nearly every expert. Indeed, London bookmakers favor him 6-to-5." Evans & Smith 1973, p. 8
- ^ Of the players and expert commentators at the annual Hastings Christmas tournament in 1971–72, apart from one Xalqaro usta who predicted a Spassky victory, almost everyone else predicted that Fischer would win easily. Gligorić 1972, pp. 13–14
- ^ "Lay opinion is overwhelmingly in support of Fischer, expert opinion is divided in the proportion of about 2 to 1 in his favour." Alexander 1972, p. 74
- ^ Bill Goyxberg, "Masters and Experts View the Match", Shaxmat hayoti va sharhi, July 1972, pp. 409–10 (also available on DVD)
- ^ Alexander 1972, pp. 60–61
- ^ a b v d Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, p. 59
- ^ Alexander 1972, p. 79
- ^ Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 156
- ^ Brady 2011, p. 184
- ^ Lombardy 2011, pp. 219–20
- ^ Alexander 1972, pp. 77, 79
- ^ Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, p. 76
- ^ Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, pp. 63–64
- ^ a b Alexander 1972, p. 77
- ^ Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, p. 60
- ^ Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, pp. 62–63
- ^ Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 138–39
- ^ Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, pp. 63–67
- ^ Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 143–44
- ^ An extreme example of this was seen in the 1927 World Championship match between Xose Raul Kapablanka va Aleksandr Alexin, where all but two of the 34 games featured the Qirolichaning Gambiti rad etildi. José Raul Capablanca, World's Championship Matches, 1921 and 1927, Dover Publications, 1977, p. 46, ISBN 0-486-23189-5
- ^ a b v Mednis 1997, p. xxviii
- ^ "Before the match there was a lot of talk that it is comparatively easy to prepare for Fischer, because he is very conservative in his choice of openings. Especially with White, Fischer plays [1.e4] almost without exception." Byrne & Nei 1974, p. 106
- ^ Gligorić 1972, pp. 48, 65, 87, 91, 113, 117
- ^ Plisetsky, Dmitry; Voronkov, Sergey (2005). Russians versus Fischer. Everyman Shaxmat. p. 166.
- ^ a b "Petrosian - Hübner Candidates Quarterfinal (1971)". ChessGames.com. Olingan 23 avgust 2018.
Since it was also clear that the organisers would do nothing to fulfill my justified demands, I decided not to play on and to leave Seville.
- ^ FIDE Article 7, Rule 8, reproduced in Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, p. 204
- ^ FIDE Article 7, Rule 6, reproduced in Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, p. 204
- ^ FIDE Article 7, Rule 9b, reproduced in Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, p. 204
- ^ FIDE Article 7, Rule 9a, reproduced in Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, p. 204
- ^ FIDE Article 7, Rule 10, reproduced in Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, p. 204
- ^ a b v Gligorić 1972, p. 86
- ^ Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, pp. 163–64
- ^ a b Darrach, Brad (1972-08-11). "Bobby is Not a Nasty Kid". Hayot. p. 40. Olingan 25 mart, 2013.
- ^ Matanović 1991 (Vol E), p. 312, n. 28
- ^ Evans & Smith 1973, p. 26
- ^ Byrne & Nei 1974, p. 82
- ^ a b Alexander 1972, p. 86
- ^ Garri Kasparov (2004b), Maks Euve & Jan Timman (2009), Dmitry Plisetsky & Sergey Voronkov (2005), Svetozar Gligorich (1972) va C.H.O'D. Aleksandr (1972) all give this move one question mark (a bad move but not a xato ). Larri Evans & Ken Smit (1973), and Richard Roberts, Garold Schonberg, Al Horowitz & Samuel Reshevskiy (1972) give it "?! " (a dubious move).
- ^ Kasparov 2004b, p. 434
- ^ Gligorić 1972, p. 34
- ^ a b Karpov 1990, p. 100
- ^ Robert Byrn wrote, "The wonder is that, even though he now loses the bishop for two pawns, he would have been able to draw had it not been for his later mistakes." Byrne & Nei 1974, p. 83
- ^ Mednis 1997, pp. 275–76
- ^ Gligorić 1972 (p. 34), Alexander 1972 (p. 86), and Evans & Smith 1973 (p. 29) all give Fischer's 40th move as a bad move, stating that he could still have drawn with the correct 40th move. More recent books by Kasparov 2004b (p. 435) and Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005 (p. 443) give Fischer's 39th move as weak, claiming that his last opportunity to draw the game was with 39...e5! Mednis 1997 (pp. 274–76) says that Fischer's 37th move was bad, and thinks he missed a draw with 37...a6. Euwe & Timman 2009 (pp. 55–57), citing analysis of Fridrik aflafsson va mustaqil ravishda Jon Spelman say that Fischer could have forced a draw after 36.a4? with 37...a6 or with 39...e5.
Speelman analyzed the position in depth in his 1980 book, Endgame-ni tahlil qilish, pp. 74–80, taking into account previous analysis by others. He states that 29...Bxh2 was a bad move, giving White excellent winning chances without any compensating chances for Black. But the position was not lost after that move; only after two more errors (37...Ke4?! and 39...f5?) was Black was clearly lost.
- ^ "Spassky vs. Fischer, Reykjavik 1972, rd 1". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ "Fischer lodged a formal protest [over the second-game-forfeit] less than six hours after the forfeiture. It was overruled by the match committee... Everyone knew that Fischer wouldn't accept it lightly. And he didn't. His instant reaction was to make a reservation to fly home immediately. He was dissuaded by Lombardy, but it seemed likely that he'd refuse to continue the match unless the forfeit was removed." Brady 2011, p. 193
- ^ Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, pp. 99–100
- ^ Brady 2011, pp. 194–95
- ^ They write that it "had a costly psychological effect on Spassky". Pal Benko va Burt Hochberg, Winning with Chess Psychology, David McKay, 1991, p. 87, ISBN 0-8129-1866-5; Benko and Hochberg also quote Spassky as saying after the match, "My acceding to Fischer's groundless demand to play in a closed room was a big psychological mistake." Id., p. 92
- ^ Evans & Smith 1973, p. 40
- ^ Matanovich 1996 (A jild), p. 481, n. 26
- ^ Alexander 1972, p. 89
- ^ Evans & Smith 1973, pp. 40–42
- ^ Gligorić 1972, p. 41
- ^ "Spassky vs. Fischer, Reykjavik 1972, rd 3". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Matanović 1984 (Vol B), p. 438, n. 72
- ^ Gligorić 1972, pp. 43–46
- ^ "Fischer vs. Spassky, Reykjavik 1972, rd 4". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Gligorić 1972, p. 48
- ^ Matanović 1991 (Vol E), p. 251, n. 67
- ^ Gligorić 1972, pp. 47–49
- ^ "Spassky vs. Fischer, Reykjavik 1972, rd 5". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ "Despite the victory [in game 5], neither Bobby nor I was satisfied with the outcome of his king pawn sally in Game Four. "Don't worry. Sunday I will play something that will make you very happy...""A Mystery Wrapped in an Enigma" Arxivlandi 2015-09-02 at the Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Uilyam Lombardiya, January 21, 1974, Bobby-Fischer.net
- ^ "Krogius: Of course, we ourselves tried to forecast the direction of the American grandmaster's preparations. I remember that repeated suggestions were made about possible changes in Fischer's style, and in particular his opening repertoire." Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 308.
- ^ Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 308.
- ^ The two prior occasions were at the 1970 Palma de Mallorca Interzonal, when Fischer played 1.c4 against Lev Polugaevskiy va Oskar Panno. Gligorić 1972, p. 52
- ^ Gligorić 1972, pp. 51–52
- ^ a b D. Marović, Qirolichaning gambitini o'ynang, Maxwell Macmillan Chess, 1991, p. 130, ISBN 1-85744-016-1
- ^ After Furman–Geller, Semyon Furman, Geller, Spassky, and Eduard Gufeld analyzed the game, and "Geller analyzed a plan associated with material sacrifices that would begin with the move 14...Qb7!" Geller was also one of Spassky's soniya for the match, and "during the preparation for the match they studied this position" (after 14.Bb5). Eduard Gufeld, "Inventors and Novelty-Makers", Shaxmat hayoti, 2001 yil mart, p. 26
- ^ "20...d4 weakens his light squares. 20...dxe4 21.Rc4 and Black's pawns are all weak and doomed; or 20...Nf6 21.e5 Nd7 (21...Ne4 22.f3) 22.f4." Gligorić 1972, p. 53
- ^ Alexander 1972, p. 98
- ^ Matanović 1976 (Vol D), p. 273, n. 69
- ^ "Fischer vs. Spassky, Reykjavik 1972, rd 6". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ a b Gligorić 1972, p. 55
- ^ Brady 1973, p. 252.
- ^ Alexander 1972, p. 96
- ^ Gligorić 1972, p. 54
- ^ Byrne & Nei 1974, p. 112
- ^ Matanović 1984 (Vol B), p. 489, n. 163
- ^ Gligorić 1972, pp. 58–59
- ^ Gligorić 1972, p. 59
- ^ "Spassky vs. Fischer, Reykjavik 1972, rd 7". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Matanovich 1996 (A jild), p. 285, n. 36
- ^ "Fischer vs. Spassky, Reykjavik 1972, rd 8". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Matanović 1976 (Vol D), p. 197, n. 32
- ^ "Spassky vs. Fischer, Reykjavik 1972, rd 9". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Byrne & Nei 1974, p. 106
- ^ Matanovich 1981 (Vol C), p. 466, n. 68
- ^ Byrne & Nei 1974, p. 133
- ^ a b Gligorić 1972, p. 71
- ^ Byrne & Nei 1974, p. 134
- ^ Byrne & Nei 1974, pp. 134–35
- ^ "Fischer vs. Spassky, Reykjavik 1972, rd 10". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Mednis 1997, pp. 278–79
- ^ Mednis 1997, p. 279
- ^ Matanović 1984 (Vol B), p. 489, n. 158
- ^ "Fischer games as Black in Poisoned Pawn". Chessgames.com. Olingan 28 fevral 2009.
- ^ "Spassky vs. Fischer, Reykjavik 1972, rd 11". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Matanović 1976 (Vol D), p. 289, n. 35
- ^ Matanović 1987 (Vol D), p. 354, n. 27
- ^ "Fischer vs. Spassky, Reykjavik 1972, rd 12". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Matanović 1984 (Vol B), p. 41, n. 82
- ^ "A Mystery Wrapped in an Enigma" Arxivlandi 2015-09-02 at the Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Uilyam Lombardiya, January 21, 1974, Bobby-Fischer.net
- ^ Soltis 2003, p. 271
- ^ Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 359
- ^ "Spassky vs. Fischer, Reykjavik 1972, rd 13". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Soltis 2003, p. 275
- ^ a b Gligorić 1972, p. 116
- ^ Matanović 1987 (Vol D), p. 205, n. 88
- ^ Gligorić 1972, pp. 87–89
- ^ "Fischer vs. Spassky, Reykjavik 1972, rd 14". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Matanovich 1997 (Vol B), p. 539, n. 48
- ^ Gligorić, pp. 92–93
- ^ Gligorić 1972, pp. 90–91
- ^ Raymond Kin va Devid Levi, The 1974 World Chess Olympiad, R.H.M. Matbuot, 1975, p. 34, ISBN 978-0-89058-205-3
- ^ "Velimirović vs. Al Kazzaz, Nice Olympiad 1974 (1–0, 28)". Chessgames.com. Olingan 5 mart 2009.
- ^ Shuningdek qarang "Gunawan vs. Adianto, Indonesia 1983 (1–0, 31)". Chessgames.com. Olingan 5 mart 2009. Ammo qarang "Anderson vs. Gormally, British Championship 2007 (0–1, 73)". Chessgames.com. Olingan 5 mart 2009.
- ^ Nik de Firmian, Zamonaviy shaxmat o'yinlari (15th ed. 2008), Random House Puzzles & Games, p. 255, ISBN 978-0-8129-3682-7
- ^ "Spassky vs. Fischer, Reykjavik 1972, rd 15". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Larri Kaufman, Qora va oq rangdagi shaxmatning afzalligi, Random House Puzzles & Games, 2004, pp. 4–5, ISBN 978-0-8129-3571-4
- ^ Matanovich 1981 (Vol C), p. 327, n. 83
- ^ Gligorić 1972, pp. 96–98
- ^ Gligorić 1972, p. 99
- ^ Gligorić 1972, p. 96
- ^ "Fischer vs. Spassky, Reykjavik 1972, rd 16". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Gligorić 1972, p. 102
- ^ Matanović 1984 (Vol B), p. 81, n. 32
- ^ Alexander 1972, p. 132
- ^ "Spassky vs. Fischer, Reykjavik 1972, rd 17". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Matanović 1984 (Vol B), pp. 336–37, n. 9
- ^ "Fischer vs. Spassky, Reykjavik 1972, rd 18". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Gligorić 1972, p. 114
- ^ Matanović 1984 (Vol B), p. 48, n. 113
- ^ Alexander 1972, p. 135
- ^ "Spassky vs. Fischer, Reykjavik 1972, rd 19". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Matanović 1984 (Vol B), p. 335, n. 12
- ^ Gligorić 1972, p. 119
- ^ "Fischer vs. Spassky, Reykjavik 1972, rd 20". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Byrne & Nei 1974, pp. 207–08
- ^ Matanovich 1997 (Vol B), p. 279, n. 31
- ^ Gligorić 1972, p. 123
- ^ Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, pp. 192–93
- ^ Andrew Torchia, Fischer is Crowned World Chess Champ, Associated Press, September 1, 1972
- ^ "Spassky vs. Fischer, Reykjavik 1972, rd 21". Chessgames.com. Olingan 8 aprel 2018.
- ^ Roberts, Schonberg, Horowitz & Reshevsky 1972, p. 194
- ^ Soltis 2003, pp. 10–11.
- ^ "Wearing city's gold medal and accompanied by Mayor Jon Lindsay, Bobby shakes hands with some 3,000 fans attending..." Saidy & Lessing 1974, photo on pp. 224–25; captions on p. 227.
- ^ Larry Evans, in Müller 2009, p. 13.
- ^ "BOBBY'S CHESSBOARD MASTERY". Sport Illustrated. 1972 yil 14 avgust. Olingan 12 may, 2007.
- ^ Cavett, Dick (February 8, 2008). "Was It Only a Game?". The New York Times. Olingan 4-yanvar, 2014.
- ^ Seyrovan, Yassir. Winning Chess Brilliancies. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-1857443479.
- ^ Kasparov, Garri. Mening buyuk salaflarim, IV jild. Gloucester Publishers. ISBN 1-85744-395-0.
- ^ Plisetskiy va Voronkov 2005, 412-13 betlar
- ^ Haftalar, Mark (1997-2008). "1992 yil Fischer - Spasskiyning javob uchrashuvidagi eng muhim voqealar". Printer. Olingan 28 yanvar, 2014.
- ^ Uilyam Xartston, Chess: The Making of the Musical, Pavilion Books, 1986, p. 10. ISBN 1-85145-006-8.
- ^ Zhaskyran, Musin (January 2001). "Chess Problems (about chess songs of Vladimir Vysotsky)" (rus tilida). Olingan 29 yanvar, 2014.
- ^ "First Part of Call of Duty ARG Solved, Teasing Black Ops Cold War Reveal". PlayStation LifeStyle. 2020-08-10. Olingan 2020-08-20.
- ^ "CoD 2020: Mystery Boxes Drop Hints Ahead Of Game Reveal". GameSpot. Olingan 2020-08-20.
- ^ "Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War teaser site gets more teasers". PCGamesN. Olingan 2020-08-20.
Adabiyotlar
- Alexander, C.H.O'D. (1972). Fischer v. Spassky. Amp. ISBN 0-394-71830-5.
- Benko, Pal; Hochberg, Burt. Winning with Chess Psychology. McKay shaxmat kutubxonasi.
- Brady, Frank (1973). Profile of a Prodigy (2-nashr). Devid MakKey. OCLC 724113.
- Brady, Frank (2011). Endgame: Bobbi Fischerning ajoyib ko'tarilishi va qulashi - Amerikaning eng yorqin prodigidan to jinnilikning chekkasigacha. (1-nashr). Toj. ISBN 978-0-307-46390-6.
- Byorn, Robert; Nei, Ivo (1974). Both Sides of the Chessboard. Quadrangle / The New York Times Book Co. ISBN 0-8129-0379-X.
- Donner, J. H. (2006). Qirol: Shaxmat buyumlari. Shaxmatda yangi. ISBN 90-5691-171-6.
- Edmonds, Devid; Eidinow, John (2004). Bobby Fischer Goes to War: How the Soviets Lost the Most Extraordinary Chess Match of All Time. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-06-051024-2.
- Euwe, Maks; Timman, Jan (2009). Fischer Jahon chempioni! (3-nashr). Shaxmatda yangi. ISBN 978-90-5691-263-5.
- Evans, Larri; Smith, Ken (1973). Chess World Championship 1972: Fischer vs. Spassky. Simon va Shuster. ISBN 0-671-21546-9.
- Gligorich, Svetozar (1972). Fischer vs. Spassky • The Chess Match of the Century. Simon va Shuster. ISBN 978-0-671-21397-8.
- Karpov, Anatoliy (1990). Karpov on Karpov: Memoirs of a chess world champion. Liberty Publishing. ISBN 0-689-12060-5.
- Kasparov, Garri (2004a). Mening buyuk salaflarim, part III. Everyman Shaxmat. ISBN 1-85744-371-3.
- Kasparov, Garry (2004b). Mening buyuk salaflarim, IV qism. Everyman Shaxmat. ISBN 1-85744-395-0.
- Kažić, B. M. (1974). Xalqaro chempionat shaxmat: FIDE tadbirlarining to'liq qaydnomasi. Pitman. ISBN 0-273-07078-9.
- Lombardiya, Uilyam (2011). Understanding Chess: My System, My Games, My Life. Russell Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-936490-22-6.
- Matanovich, Aleksandar, tahrir. (1996). Shaxmat ochilishlari ensiklopediyasi. A (2-nashr). Yugoslaviya: Shaxmat haqida ma'lumot beruvchi.
- Matanović, Aleksandar, ed. (1984). Shaxmat ochilishlari ensiklopediyasi. B (2-nashr). Yugoslaviya: Shaxmat haqida ma'lumot beruvchi.
- Matanović, Aleksandar, ed. (1997). Shaxmat ochilishlari ensiklopediyasi. B (3-nashr). Yugoslaviya: Shaxmat haqida ma'lumot beruvchi. ISBN 86-7297-032-2.
- Matanović, Aleksandar, ed. (1981). Shaxmat ochilishlari ensiklopediyasi. C (2-nashr). Yugoslaviya: Shaxmat haqida ma'lumot beruvchi.
- Matanovich, Aleksandar, tahr. (1976). Shaxmat ochilishlari ensiklopediyasi. D. (1-nashr). Yugoslaviya: Shaxmat haqida ma'lumot beruvchi.
- Matanovich, Aleksandar, tahr. (1987). Shaxmat ochilishlari ensiklopediyasi. D. (2-nashr). Yugoslaviya: Shaxmat haqida ma'lumot beruvchi. ISBN 86-7297-008-X.
- Matanovich, Aleksandar, tahr. (1991). Shaxmat ochilishlari ensiklopediyasi. E (2-nashr). Yugoslaviya: Shaxmat haqida ma'lumot beruvchi. ISBN 86-7297-023-3.
- Mednis, Edmar (1997). Bobbi Fischerni qanday mag'lub etish kerak. Dover. ISBN 0-486-29844-2.
- Plisetskiy, Dimitriy; Voronkov, Sergey (2005). Ruslar Fischerga qarshi. Everyman Shaxmat. ISBN 1-85744-380-2.
- Roberts, Richard; Schonberg, Garold C.; Horovits, Al; Reshevskiy, Shomuil (1972). Fischer / Spasskiy • Nyu-York Taymsning "Asrning shaxmat o'yini to'g'risida" hisoboti. Bantam kitoblari. ISBN 978-0-553-07667-7.
- Soltis, Endi (2003). Bobbi Fischer qayta kashf etdi. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-8846-3.
- Shtayner, Jorj (1974). Kuch kuchlari: Reycheravskdagi Fischer va Spasskiy. Viking Press.
Tashqi havolalar
- PGN formatidagi o'yinlar va javascript interfeysi
- Chessgames.com veb-saytida Internetda PGN shaxmatchi bilan mavjud o'yin o'yinlari
- Bobbi Fischerning 1972 yilgi o'yin haqida qisqacha sharhlari video klip
- Fischer vs Spassky hujjatli filmi BBC hujjatli filmi
- Spasskiy va Fischer 1972, ekspert sharhlari bilan videokliplar: O'yin 3, 5-o'yin, 6-o'yin, 8-o'yin, 10-o'yin, 11-o'yin, 13-o'yin
- Edvard Vinter tomonidan "Spasskiy va Fischer, Reykyavik, 1972"
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