Auksion - Auction

"Auktsioner" bu erga yo'naltiradi. DC Comics nazoratchisi uchun qarang Auktsioner (komikslar).
Auktsionchi va yordamchilar olomonni savdo ishtirokchilari uchun skanerlashadi
Amerikalik kim oshdi savdogari foydalanmoqda kim oshdi savoli chorva mollari kim oshdi savdosida, 2010 yil noyabr

An kim oshdi savdosi odatda jarayonidir sotib olish va sotish tovarlar yoki xizmatlar ularni taklif qilish orqali taklif qilish, takliflarni qabul qilish, so'ngra mahsulotni eng yuqori narxga sotuvchiga sotish yoki eng past narxni taklif qiluvchidan sotib olish. Ushbu ta'rifga nisbatan ba'zi istisnolar mavjud va boshqacha bobda keltirilgan turlari. Ning filiali iqtisodiy nazariya kim oshdi savdosi turlari va ishtirokchilarning kim oshdi savdosi bilan shug'ullanishi deyiladi kim oshdi savdosi nazariyasi.

Ochiq ko'tarilayotgan narxlar kim oshdi savdosi tarix davomida qo'llanilgan eng keng tarqalgan kim oshdi savdosi.[1] Ishtirokchilar bir-birlariga qarshi ochiq taklif qilishadi, har bir keyingi taklif avvalgi taklifdan yuqori bo'lishi talab etiladi.[2] An kim oshdi savdogari narxlarni e'lon qilishi mumkin, ishtirokchilar o'zlarini takliflarini chaqirishi yoki ularning nomidan ishonchli vakil taklif qilishlari mumkin yoki takliflar eng yuqori joriy taklif ochiq holda elektron shaklda taqdim etilishi mumkin.[2]

Savdo uchun kim oshdi savdosi turli xil bo'lgan va qo'llanilmoqda kontekstlar. Ushbu kontekstlar antiqa buyumlar, rasmlar, kamdan-kam kollektsiyalar, qimmat sharoblar, tovarlar, chorva mollari, radio spektri, ishlatilgan mashinalar, hatto emissiya savdosi va boshqa ko'plab narsalar.

Tarix

"Auksion" so'zi lotin tilidan olingan auktum, yotgan augeō, "Ko'paytiraman".[1] Tarixning aksariyat qismida kim oshdi savdosi tovarlar va tovarlarni almashtirish bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borish uchun nisbatan kam uchraydigan usul bo'lib kelgan. Amalda, ikkalasi ham haggging va belgilangan narx bo'yicha sotish ancha keng tarqalgan.[3] Darhaqiqat, XVII asrgacha bir nechta auksionlar o'tkazilgan.[4]

Klassik antik davr

Shuningdek qarang: Qadimgi Yunonistonda kim oshdi savdosi

Shunga qaramay, kim oshdi savdosi miloddan avvalgi 500 yilda yozilgan bo'lib, uzoq tarixga ega.[5] Ga binoan Gerodot, yilda Bobil uchun ayollar kim oshdi savdosi nikoh har yili o'tkazildi. Auktsionlar kim oshdi savdogarini eng chiroyli deb hisoblagan va eng kichigacha rivojlangan ayol bilan boshlandi. Auktsion usulidan tashqarida qizini sotishga ruxsat berish noqonuniy deb topildi.[4] Jozibali qizlarga a oldinga kim oshdi savdosi cho'chqa tomonidan to'lanadigan narxni aniqlash, qizlarga jozibadorlik etishmasa a teskari kim oshdi savdosi shlangga to'lanadigan narxni aniqlash uchun kerak edi.[6]

Davomida Rim imperiyasi, harbiy g'alabadan so'ng, Rim askarlari tez-tez nayzani erga urib, urush o'ljalari qoldirilgan bo'lib, kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yilishi kerak edi. Keyinchalik, ko'pincha "urush o'ljasi" sifatida qo'lga olingan qullar, savdo-sotiqdan tushgan mablag 'urush harakatiga yo'naltirilgan holda, Forumda nayza belgisi ostida kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yilgan.[4]

Rimliklar, shuningdek, kim oshdi savdosidan foydalanganlar tugatish mol-mulki musodara qilingan qarzdorlarning mol-mulki.[7] Masalan, Markus Avreliy qarzlarni to'lash uchun uy mebellarini sotdi, savdolar bir necha oy davom etdi.[8] Eng muhim tarixiy auktsionlardan biri milodning 193-yilida butun Rim imperiyasi tomonidan auksion blokiga qo'yilganida sodir bo'lgan Imperator gvardiyasi. 1933 yil 28 martda imperator gvardiyasi birinchi marta imperatorni o'ldirdi Pertinaks, keyin imperiyani eng yuqori narxga taklif qildi. Didius Julianus boshqalardan 6250 narxidan ustunroq draxmalar har bir qo'riqchi uchun,[9][10][11] qisqa fuqarolar urushini boshlagan harakat. Didius o'shanda edi boshi kesilgan ikki oydan keyin qachon Septimius Severus Rimni bosib oldi.[7]

Rim imperiyasining oxiridan XVIII asrgacha Evropada kim oshdi savdosi,[7] ular Osiyoda hech qachon keng tarqalmagan bo'lsa-da.[4] Xitoyda marhumning shaxsiy buyumlari buddist rohiblar milodiy VII asrdayoq kim oshdi savdosida sotilgan.[6]

Zamonaviy uyg'onish

Christies-ga qarash (1796) - aktrisaning karikaturasi Elizabeth Farren va ovchi Lord Derbi Christie's-da rasmlarni o'rganish, tomonidan Jeyms Gillray
London Mikrokosmi (1808), o'yma Christie's kim oshdi savdosi xonasi
19-asrning oxiri kim oshdi savdosi Drouot mehmonxonasi, Parij (rasm tomonidan Albert Bettannier ).
Artemis, Qadimgi yunon marmar haykali. 2007 yilda, a Rim davri bronza haykal ning "Artemis va Stag "da sotilgan Sotheby's uchun Nyu-Yorkda AQSH$ 28,6 million, bu o'z taxminidan ancha yuqori va yangi rekord o'rnatgan paytda eng qimmat haykal shuningdek, kim oshdi savdosida sotilgan qadimgi davrdan qolgan asarlar.[12][13]

Auktsion haqida birinchi eslatma paydo bo'ldi Oksford ingliz lug'ati 1595 yilda.[6] XVII-XVIII asrlarda Angliyaning ayrim qismlarida sham bilan kim oshdi savdosi tovarlarni sotish va ijaraga berish uchun ishlatila boshlandi.[14] Shamlar kim oshdi savdosida kimdir kim oshdi savdosi qachon tugashini aniq bilmasligini va oxirgi soniyali taklifni amalga oshirishi uchun mo'ljallangan sham alangasi muddati tugashi bilan kim oshdi savdosi to'g'risida signal berildi. Ba'zan, boshqa kutilmagan hodisalar, masalan piyoda, shamning amal qilish muddati tugagan joyda ishlatilgan. Ushbu kim oshdi savdosi haqida birinchi marta 1641 yilda Lordlar palatasi yozuvlarida qayd etilgan.[15] Amaliyot tezda ommalashdi va 1660 yilda Samuel Pepys kundaligida ikkita holat qayd etilgan Admirallik ortiqcha kemalarni "bir dyuym sham bilan" sotgan. Pepis, shuningdek, juda muvaffaqiyatli ishtirokchining shuni aytib o'tdi: u muddati tugashidan oldin, shamchiroq har doim bir oz yonib ketishini kuzatgan: u buni ko'rib, o'zining so'nggi va g'olib bo'lgan takliflarini baqirar edi.

The London Gazetasi dagi badiiy asarlarning kim oshdi savdosi to'g'risida hisobot berishni boshladi kofexonalar va tavernalar 17-asrning oxirida Londonning. Birinchi ma'lum kim oshdi savdosi uyi dunyoda edi Stokgolm kim oshdi savdosi uyi, Shvetsiya (Stokgolm kim oshdi savdosi), 1674 yilda baron Claes Rålamb tomonidan tashkil etilgan.[16][17] Sotheby's, hozirda dunyodagi ikkinchi eng katta kim oshdi savdosi uyi,[16] yilda tashkil etilgan London 1744 yil 11 martda, Semyuel Beyker bir tanishining kutubxonasidagi "bir necha yuz kamyob va qimmatli" kitoblarni olib tashlashga rahbarlik qilganida. Christie's, hozirda dunyodagi eng katta kim oshdi savdosi uyi,[16] tomonidan tashkil etilgan Jeyms Kristi 1766 yilda Londonda[18] va o'sha yili o'zining birinchi kim oshdi savdosi katalogini nashr etdi, ammo Christie-ning 1759 yildan beri sotilganligi to'g'risida gazeta e'lonlari topilgan.[19]

Hali ham faoliyat yuritayotgan boshqa erta kim oshdi savdosi uylari kiradi Göteborgs Auktionsverk (1681), Doroteum (1707), Uppsala auktionskammare (1731), Mallams (1788), Bonxemlar (1793), Phillips de Pury & Company (1796), Freemanniki (1805) va "Lion" va "Ternbull" (1826).[20]

18-asrning oxiriga kelib, badiiy asarlarning kim oshdi savdosi odatda bo'lib o'tdi tavernalar va kofexonalar. Ushbu auktsionlar har kuni bo'lib o'tdi va kim oshdi savdosi kataloglari mavjud narsalarni e'lon qilish uchun bosilgan. Ba'zi hollarda ushbu kataloglar o'zlari ishlab chiqilgan badiiy asarlar bo'lib, ular kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yiladigan narsalar haqida batafsil ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan. Ayni paytda, Christie's Londondan keyin xalqaro san'at savdosining asosiy markazi maqomidan foydalanib, etakchi kim oshdi savdosi uyi sifatida obro'ga ega bo'ldi. Frantsiya inqilobi. Buyuk qullar kim oshdi savdosi 1859 yilda bo'lib o'tgan va eng yirik savdo sifatida qayd etilgan qul bo'lgan odamlar AQSh tarixida - 436 erkaklar, ayollar va bolalar.[21] Davomida Amerika fuqarolar urushi, qo'shinlar tomonidan olib qo'yilgan tovarlar kim oshdi savdosida sotilgan Polkovnik bo'linish. Shunday qilib, bugungi AQShdagi kim oshdi savdosi auksionchilari norasmiy "polkovnik" unvoniga ega.[8] Tamaki auksion auksionerlari AQShning janubi 19-asrning oxirlarida 17-asr Angliya urf-odatlarini chanqoqlar bilan aralashtiradigan uslub mavjud edi qullar Afrikadan.[22]

Internetning rivojlanishi

Internetning rivojlanishi kim oshdi savdosining savdogarlari buyurtma berishlari mumkinligi sababli kim oshdi savdosidan foydalanishning sezilarli darajada o'sishiga olib keldi Internet orqali xaridorlarning keng doirasidan tovarlarning ilgari amaliy bo'lganidan ancha kengroq assortimentida.[3] 1990-yillarda, Ko'p atributli kim oshdi savdosi qurilish va elektr energiyasining keng ko'lamli shartlarini kim oshdi savdosi orqali muzokara qilish uchun ixtiro qilingan.[23][24] Shuningdek, 1990-yillarda OnSale.com rivojlandi Yanki kim oshdi savdosi uning savdo belgisi sifatida.[25] 2000 yil boshida, Braziliya kim oshdi savdosi tomonidan gaz bilan savdo qilish uchun auksionlarning yangi turi sifatida ixtiro qilingan elektron kim oshdi savdosi uchun Linde plc yilda Braziliya.[26][27]

Iqtisodiy ahamiyati

2008 yilda AQSh Milliy kim oshdi savdosi uyushmasi o'sha yil uchun kim oshdi savdosi sanoatining yalpi daromadi taxminan 268,4 milliard dollarni tashkil etganligi, qishloq xo'jaligi, mashinasozlik va uskunalar kim oshdi savdosi va turar-joylar eng tez o'sib borayotgani haqida xabar berdi ko `chmas mulk kim oshdi savdosi.[28]

Hukumat uchun eng katta daromadga ega bo'lgan kim oshdi savdolari ko'pincha o'tkaziladi spektrli kim oshdi savdosi (odatdagi daromad milliardlab evroga baholanadi) va kvota kim oshdi savdosi, 2019 yilda Rossiyaning Qisqichbaqa kvotasi 2 mlrd. Evro.[29] 1999 yildan 2002 yilgacha Britaniya hukumati oltin zaxiralarini kim oshdi savdosiga qo'ydi, taxminan ko'tarish AQSH$ 3,5 mlrd.[30]

Auksionlarda sotiladigan eng qimmat buyum - Leonardo da Vinchi Najot beruvchi Mundi 2017 yilda (450,3 million dollar).[31]

Ikki eng yirik kim oshdi savdosi uyining 2018 yildagi yillik daromadi 5 milliard dollarni tashkil etadi (Christie's ) va 4 milliard dollar (Sotheby's ).[32]

Turlari

Shuningdek qarang: Kategoriya: kim oshdi savdosi turlari

Auktsionlar har xil turdagi va toifadagi bo'lib, ular ba'zan bir-birini inkor etmaydi. Auktsion turlari quyidagi ro'yxat bo'yicha umumlashtirilishi mumkin bo'lgan xususiyatlarni baham ko'radi. Auktsionlarning tipifikatsiyasi uning bir qismi hisoblanadi Auksion nazariyasi.[33] Iqtisodchilar Pol Milgrom va Robert B. Uilson 2020 yil taqdirlandi Nobel mukofoti yangi auksion turlarini (yoki shuningdek formatlarini) joriy etish uchun.[34]

Ishtirokchilar

Oldinga kim oshdi savdosiTeskari kim oshdi savdosiIkki marta kim oshdi savdosi
Purchaseauction.svg
Supplyauction.svg
Doubleauction.svg
sotuvchilar uchun stend va xaridorlar uchun

Auktsionlar ishtirokchilar soni va turi bo'yicha farq qilishi mumkin. A ni ajratib ko'rsatish kerak xaridor dan sotuvchi. Xaridor ma'lum bir tovar yoki xizmatni sotib olish uchun pul to'laydi, sotuvchi esa tovar yoki xizmatlarni pulga yoki barter almashinuviga taklif qiladi. Auksionda bitta yoki bir nechta xaridor va bitta yoki bir nechta sotuvchi bo'lishi mumkin. Agar bitta sotuvchi va bitta xaridor ishtirok etsa, emissiya kim oshdi savdosi deb hisoblanmaydi.[35][36][37]

Yagona sotuvchiKo'p sotuvchilar
Yagona xaridorSavdoTeskari kim oshdi savdosi
Bir nechta xaridorOldinga kim oshdi savdosiIkki marta kim oshdi savdosi

Oldinga savdo kim oshdi savdosi - bu eng keng tarqalgan holat - sotuvchi sotish uchun buyum yoki buyumlarni taklif qiladi va eng yuqori narxni kutadi. Teskari kim oshdi savdosi - bu xaridor va sotuvchining rollari o'zgarib ketadigan auksion turi bo'lib, asosiy maqsad sotib olish narxlarini pastga yo'naltirishdir.[38] Oddiy kim oshdi savdosi etkazib beruvchilarga manfaatdor xaridorlar orasida eng yaxshi narxni topish imkoniyatini beradi, teskari kim oshdi savdosi yoki xaridor tomonidan belgilangan kim oshdi savdosi xaridorlarga eng arzon narxdagi etkazib beruvchini topish imkoniyatini bering. Teskari kim oshdi savdosi paytida etkazib beruvchilar bir nechta takliflarni taqdim etishlari mumkin, odatda raqobatdosh etkazib beruvchilarning takliflariga javob sifatida, tovar yoki xizmat narxini ular olishni istagan eng past narxga taklif qilishadi. Teskari narxlar kim oshdi savdosi "tushayotgan narx" shart emas - teskari Gollandiyalik kim oshdi savdosi - ko'tarilgan narxdagi kim oshdi savdosi, chunki oldinga Gollandiya kim oshdi savdosi pasaymoqda.[39] Raqobat takliflarini real vaqt rejimida har bir ishtirokchi etkazib beruvchiga etkazish orqali teskari kim oshdi savdosi "axborot shaffofligi" ga yordam beradi. Bu dinamik savdo jarayonlari bilan birgalikda buyumning adolatli bozor qiymatiga erishish imkoniyatini yaxshilaydi.[40]

Ikki tomonlama kim oshdi savdosi - bu ikkala, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va teskari kim oshdi savdosi. Valrasiya kim oshdi savdosi yoki Valrasiyalik totmonatsiya bu ikki tomonlama kim oshdi savdosi bo'lib, unda kim oshdi sotuvchisi bir nechta tovarlar bozorida xaridorlardan ham, sotuvchilardan ham takliflarni qabul qiladi.[41] Auksion sotuvchisi xaridorlarning ham, sotuvchilarning ham takliflariga qarab joriy taklif etilayotgan narxni bosqichma-bosqich oshirib boradi yoki pasaytiradi, kim oshdi savdosi talab va taklif aynan muvozanat bilan yakunlanadi.[42] Yuqori narx talabni pasaytirishga, past narx esa talabni oshirishga intilayotgani sababli, nazariy jihatdan talabning va talabning mos keladigan o'rtalarida ma'lum bir narx mavjud.[41] A Barter ikki tomonlama kim oshdi savdosi auktsion bo'lib, unda har bir ishtirokchida bir nechta atributlardan tashkil topgan talab va taklif mavjud bo'lib, unda pul bo'lmaydi.[43] Mamnuniyat darajasini matematik modellashtirish uchun Evklid masofasi taklif va talab vektor sifatida qaraladigan joyda ishlatiladi.

Narxlarning rivojlanishi

Auktsionlarni narxlarning rivojlanishiga qarab, kim oshdi savdosini o'tkazish tartibini uch turga bo'lish mumkin[37] kim oshdi savdosi paytida va uning sabablari.

Faqat savdo ishtirokchilari tomonidan boshqariladi

  • Ingliz kim oshdi savdosi, shuningdek, an ochiq ko'tarilgan narxlar kim oshdi savdosi. Ushbu turdagi kim oshdi savdosi bugungi kunda qo'llanilayotgan eng keng tarqalgan auksion shaklidir.[1] Ishtirokchilar bir-birlariga qarshi ochiq taklif qilishadi, har bir keyingi taklif avvalgi taklifdan yuqori bo'lishi talab qilinadi.[2] Auksion sotuvchisi narxlarni e'lon qilishi mumkin, ishtirokchilar o'z takliflarini chaqirishlari mumkin (yoki ularning nomidan ishonchli vakil taklifni taklif qilishlari mumkin) yoki takliflar eng yuqori joriy taklif ochiq holda elektron shaklda taqdim etilishi mumkin.[2] Ba'zi hollarda, kim oshdi savdosi ishtirokchisining ko'rsatmasiga binoan ishtirokchi nomidan taklif qilishi mumkin bo'lgan maksimal narx taklif kim oshdi savdosida qoldirilishi mumkin.[2] Auktsion hech bir ishtirokchi o'z taklifini berishni xohlamagani bilan tugaydi va shu vaqtda eng yuqori narxni taklif etgan ishtirokchi o'z taklifini to'laydi.[2] Shu bilan bir qatorda, agar sotuvchi oldindan minimal sotish narxini ("zaxira" narxi) o'rnatgan bo'lsa va yakuniy taklif ushbu narxga etib bormasa, mahsulot sotilmay qoladi.[2] Ba'zida kim oshdi savdosi auktsioni minimal narxni belgilaydi, unga ko'ra keyingi taklif joriy eng yuqori narxdan oshib ketishi kerak.[2] Ushbu kim oshdi savdosining eng muhim farq qiluvchi omili shundaki, hozirgi eng yuqori narx har doim potentsial ishtirokchilarga taqdim etiladi.[2] Ingliz kim oshdi savdosi odatda tovarlarni, eng ko'zga ko'ringan antiqa buyumlar va san'at asarlarini sotishda ishlatiladi,[2] shuningdek, ikkinchi darajali tovarlar va ko `chmas mulk.
  • Sham bilan kim oshdi savdosi. Angliyada kemalarni sotish uchun ishlatiladigan auksion turi, unda yonayotgan sham o'chib ketguncha stol ustiga qo'yilgan eng yuqori narx g'olib chiqadi.
  • Shotlandiya kim oshdi savdosi kim oshdi savdosi bo'lib, unda barcha savdolar ma'lum bir vaqt oralig'ida yakunlanishi kerak, bu savdo ishtirokchilariga mulohazalar uchun tegishli vaqtni beradi va cho'ktirish harakatlarining oldini oladi.[44]

Qisman vaqtni boshqaradi

1957 yilda Germaniyada meva sotish bo'yicha Gollandiyalik kim oshdi savdosi.
  • Gollandiyalik kim oshdi savdosi an nomi bilan ham tanilgan ochiq tushayotgan narxlar kim oshdi savdosi.[1] An'anaviy Gollandiyalik kim oshdi savdosida kim oshdi sotuvchisi shunga o'xshash buyumlarning yuqori narxini talab qilish bilan boshlanadi; ishtirokchi lotdagi tovarlarning bir qismi uchun kim oshdi savdosining narxini qabul qilishga tayyor bo'lgunga qadar yoki sotuvchining zaxira narxi qondirilgunga qadar narx tushiriladi.[2] Agar birinchi ishtirokchi lotni to'liq sotib olmasa, kim oshdi savdosi sotuvchisi barcha buyumlar taklif qilinmaguncha yoki zaxira narxiga yetguncha narxni tushirishni davom ettiradi. Ob'ektlar buyurtma asosida ajratiladi; eng yuqori narxdagi ishtirokchi o'z mahsulotlarini (mahsulotlarini), so'ngra ikkinchi eng yuqori savdogarni va hokazolarni tanlaydi. O'zgartirishda barcha g'olib ishtirokchilar o'zlari taklif qilgan narsalar uchun faqat oxirgi e'lon qilingan narxni to'laydilar.[1] Gollandiyalik kim oshdi savdosi eng yaxshi tanilgan namunasi - gollandlar deb nomlangan lola kim oshdi savdosi. ("Gollandiyalik kim oshdi savdosi" ba'zan bir nechta bir xil tovarlar bir vaqtning o'zida teng miqdordagi yuqori savdogarlarga sotiladigan onlayn-auksionlarni tavsiflash uchun ham ishlatiladi.[45]Da gul sotishni qisqartirishdan tashqari Gollandiya, Gollandiyalik kim oshdi savdosi baliq va tamaki kabi tez buziladigan mahsulotlar uchun ham ishlatilgan.[2] Gollandiyalik kim oshdi savdosi keng qo'llanilmaydi, faqat fond birjalarida yoki valyuta birjalarida funktsional jihatdan bir xil bo'lgan bozor buyurtmalaridan tashqari.[1]
  • Yaponiya kim oshdi savdosi Gollandiyalik kim oshdi savdosining o'zgarishi. Savdolar boshlanganda hech qanday yangi ishtirokchilar qo'shila olmaydi va har bir ishtirokchi narx o'zgarishi yoki tashlab ketilishi har bir turda ishtirok etishni davom etishi kerak. Uning o'xshashliklari bor ante yilda Poker.[46]

Yagona otish

  • Muhrlangan birinchi narx kim oshdi savdosi yoki ko'r-ko'rona kim oshdi savdosi,[47] a nomi bilan ham tanilgan birinchi narx muhrlangan kim oshdi savdosi (FPSB). Ushbu kim oshdi savdosida barcha ishtirokchilar bir vaqtning o'zida biron bir ishtirokchi boshqa biron bir ishtirokchining taklifini bilmasligi uchun muhrlangan takliflarni taqdim etadilar. Eng yuqori narxni taklif etgan ishtirokchi ular taqdim etgan narxni to'laydi.[1][2] Ushbu turdagi kim oshdi savdosi inglizcha kim oshdi savdosidan ajralib turadi, chunki ishtirokchilar har biri bittagina taklif qilishlari mumkin. Qolaversa, ishtirokchilar boshqa ishtirokchilarning takliflarini ko'ra olmasliklari sababli o'zlarining takliflarini mos ravishda o'zgartira olmaydilar.[2] Nazariy nuqtai nazardan qaraganda, ushbu turdagi takliflar strategik jihatdan teng keladigan deb ta'kidlangan Gollandiyalik kim oshdi savdosi.[48] Shu bilan birga, laboratoriya tajribalaridan olingan empirik dalillar shuni ko'rsatdiki, soat tezligi yuqori bo'lgan Gollandiya kim oshdi savdosi FPSB kim oshdi savdosiga qaraganda past narxlarni keltirib chiqaradi.[49][50] Samarali muhrlangan birinchi narx kim oshdi savdosi odatda chaqiriladi tender savdolari uchun xaridlar kompaniyalar va tashkilotlar tomonidan, xususan tog'-kon ijarasi shartnomalari va kim oshdi savdolari uchun.[2]
  • Vikri kim oshdi savdosi, shuningdek, a muhrlangan ikkinchi narx kim oshdi savdosi.[51] Bu muhrlangan birinchi narx kim oshdi savdosiga o'xshaydi, faqat g'olib bo'lgan ishtirokchi o'z narxini emas, ikkinchi eng yuqori narxni to'laydi.[52] Vikrey auksionlari kim oshdi savdosi nazariyasida juda muhimdir va odatda avtomatlashtirilgan sharoitlarda ishlatiladi onlayn reklama uchun real vaqtda savdo qilish, lekin kamdan-kam hollarda avtomatlashtirilmagan kontekstlarda.[2]

Auksionga qo'yilgan tovarning xususiyatlari

Ko'p birlikli kim oshdi savdolari har birida alohida kim oshdi savdosiga ega bo'lishdan ko'ra, bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta bir xil mahsulotni sotish. Ushbu turni keyinchalik a deb tasniflash mumkin yagona narxlar kim oshdi savdosi yoki a diskriminatsion narxlar kim oshdi savdosi. Ular uchun namuna spektrli kim oshdi savdosi.

Kombinatorial kim oshdi savdosi bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta mahsulotni sotish uchun har qanday kim oshdi savdosi bo'lib, unda ishtirokchilar takliflarni faqat alohida buyumlar emas, balki "paketlar" asosida "umuman yoki umuman yo'q" asosida joylashtirishlari mumkin. Ya'ni, ishtirokchi A va B buyumlari uchun pul to'lashini belgilashi mumkin, lekin u olgan taqdirdagina ikkalasi ham.[53] Kombinatorial kim oshdi savdosida g'olib bo'lgan ishtirokchilarni aniqlash murakkab jarayon bo'lishi mumkin, hatto eng yuqori narxga ega bo'lgan ishtirokchi ham g'olib bo'lishiga kafolat berilmaydi.[53] Masalan, to'rtta buyum (W, X, Y va Z) bilan o'tkazilgan kim oshdi savdosida, agar ishtirokchi A W & Y buyumlari uchun $ 50 taklif qilsa, B qatnashuvchisi W & X buyumlari uchun $ B $ taklif qilsa, ishtirokchi C X va Z buyumlari uchun $ 5 taklif qiladi. Tender qatnashuvchisi Y & Z buyumlari uchun $ 30 taklif qiladi, g'olib B&D qatnashchilari bo'ladi, A Tender ishtirokchisi esa o'tkazib yuboradi birlashtirilgan B va D ishtirokchilarining takliflari A va C (55 dollar) ishtirokchilariga qaraganda yuqori (60 dollar). Kechiktirilgan qabul qilish kim oshdi savdosi kombinatorial kim oshdi savdosining alohida holatidir.[54]

Kombinatorial kim oshdi savdosining yana bir maxsus holati bu kombinatorial soat kim oshdi savdosi (CCA), kim oshdi savdosini birlashtirgan bo'lib, unda ishtirokchilar narxlarning ko'tarilishiga javoban o'zlarining tasdiqlarini keyingi muhrlangan savdo takliflari bilan taqdim etishlari mumkin, unda ishtirokchilar muhrlangan paketli takliflarni taqdim etishadi. Auktsionchi eng yaxshi narxlarni taqsimlash va Vikrey to'lovlarini hisoblash uchun yakuniy takliflardan foydalanadi.[55][56]

Umumlashtirilgan birinchi narx kim oshdi savdosi va Umumlashtirilgan ikkinchi narxlar kim oshdi savdosi bitta bitim tuzish o'rniga bir nechta ishtirokchilar uchun uyalar taklif eting. Savdo ishtirokchilari takliflar reytingiga ko'ra uyalarni oladilar. Ikkinchi narx to'g'risidagi qaror, olingan Vikri kim oshdi savdosi va birinchi raqamli ishtirokchi uchun yakuniy bitim muhri ikkinchi ishtirokchining narxiga asoslanganligini anglatadi.

Zaxira narxi

Zaxira qilinmagan kim oshdi savdosi (NR), shuningdek an mutlaq kim oshdi savdosi, kim oshdi savdosi bo'lib, unda sotiladigan buyum narxidan qat'iy nazar sotiladi.[57][58] Sotuvchi nuqtai nazaridan kim oshdi savdosini yo'q deb e'lon qilish zaxira narxi maqbul bo'lishi mumkin, chunki u savdolashish ehtimoli tufayli ko'proq ishtirokchilarni jalb qilishi mumkin.[57] Agar kim oshdi savdogarlari ko'proq kim oshdi savdosida qatnashsa, natijada yuqori narxga erishish mumkin, chunki ishtirokchilarning raqobati kuchaygan.[58] Bu a bilan qarama-qarshi zaxira kim oshdi savdosi, agar bu erda yakuniy taklif sotuvchini qondirish uchun etarlicha yuqori bo'lmasa, sotiladigan buyum sotilmasligi mumkin. Amalda, "mutlaq" yoki "zaxira yo'q" deb e'lon qilingan kim oshdi savdosi, baribir, shu kuni ham eng yuqori savdogarga sotilmasligi mumkin, masalan, agar sotuvchi buyumni kim oshdi savdosidan olib qo'ysa yoki kim oshdi savdosi muddatini uzaytirsa,[59] garchi ushbu amaliyotlar ba'zi yurisdiktsiyalarda yoki kim oshdi savdosi tashkilotida mavjud bo'lgan savdo shartlari bo'yicha qonun bilan cheklanishi mumkin.

Zaxira kim oshdi savdosi agar kim oshdi savdosi sotuvchini qoniqtiradigan darajada yuqori bo'lmasa, sotiladigan buyum sotilmasligi mumkin bo'lgan kim oshdi savdosi; ya'ni sotuvchi zaxiralar eng yuqori narxni qabul qilish yoki rad etish huquqi.[58] Bunday hollarda kim oshdi savdogari tomonidan ma'lum bo'lgan, lekin shartli ravishda ishtirokchilarga ma'lum bo'lmagan "zaxira" narxi belgilanishi mumkin, undan pastda buyum sotilmasligi mumkin.[57] Agar sotuvchi ishtirokchilarga zaxira narxini e'lon qilsa, bu ommaviy zaxira narxlari kim oshdi savdosi.[60] Aksincha, agar sotuvchi zaxira narxini sotishdan oldin emas, faqat sotilgandan keyin e'lon qilsa, bu maxfiy zaxira narxlari kim oshdi savdosi.[61] Zaxira narxi bo'lishi mumkin sobit yoki ixtiyoriy. Ikkinchi holatda, taklifni qabul qilish to'g'risidagi qaror kim oshdi savdosiga qoldiriladi, u undan pastroq bo'lgan taklifni qabul qilishi mumkin. Sotuvchi uchun zaxira kim oshdi savdosi zaxirasiz kim oshdi savdosidan ko'ra xavfsizroq, chunki ular past narxni qabul qilishlari shart emas, ammo bu savdoda kamroq foizlar paydo bo'lsa, bu yakuniy narxning pasayishiga olib kelishi mumkin.[58]

Savdo narxlari

To'liq kim oshdi savdosi kim oshdi savdosi bo'lib, unda barcha ishtirokchilar g'olib bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar o'z takliflarini to'lashlari shart. Eng yuqori narxni taklif qiluvchi ushbu mahsulotni yutadi. To'liq to'lanadigan kim oshdi savdosi birinchi navbatda akademik qiziqish uyg'otadi va lobbi yoki pora olishni (takliflar siyosiy hissalar) yoki yugurish poygasi kabi musobaqalarni modellashtirish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.[62] Savdo uchun kim oshdi savdosi, bir tinga kim oshdi savdosi deb ham ataladigan barcha pullik kim oshdi savdosining o'zgarishi, ko'pincha har bir ishtirokchidan har bir taklifni joylashtirish uchun belgilangan narxni to'lashni talab qiladi, odatda amaldagi taklifdan bir tiyin (shuning uchun ism). Kim oshdi savdosining muddati tugagandan so'ng, eng yuqori narx ishtirokchisi ushbu mahsulotni yutadi va oxirgi narxni to'lashi kerak.[63] Oddiy kim oshdi savdosidan farqli o'laroq, yakuniy narx odatda buyum qiymatidan ancha past bo'ladi, ammo barcha ishtirokchilar (nafaqat g'olib) har bir joylashtirilgan taklif uchun pul to'laydilar; g'olib buyumni juda arzon narxda sotib oladi (shuningdek, foydalanilgan taklif qilish huquqlari narxi), barcha yutqazganlar to'lagan bo'ladi va sotuvchi odatda buyum qiymatidan sezilarli darajada ko'proq oladi.[64] Katta kim oshdi savdosi barcha pullik kim oshdi savdosidagi o'zgarishdir va g'olibdan tashqari, aniq yutqazuvchiga ega. Eng yaxshi ikki ishtirokchi o'zlarining yakuniy taklif miqdorini to'lashlari kerak va kim oshdi savdosida faqat g'olib chiqadi. Maqsad yuqori savdogarlarni yuqori chegaralaridan yuqori narxlarda taklif qilishdir. Savdolarning so'nggi turlarida, hozirgi yutqazuvchi partiya maksimal narxiga etib kelganida, ular maksimal narxni qaytarib bermasdan (juda katta yo'qotish) yo'qotmaslik uchun maksimal narxni (kichik yo'qotish sifatida qaraladi) taklif qilishadi. To'liq kim oshdi savdosining yana bir o'zgarishi, Top-kim oshdi savdosi birinchi navbatda xayriya tadbirlari uchun ishlatiladi. Yo'qotilgan ishtirokchilar o'z takliflari bilan keyingi eng past narxlar o'rtasidagi farqni to'lashlari shart. G'olib bo'lgan ishtirokchi buyum uchun taklif miqdorini to'ldirmasdan to'laydi. A Xitoy kim oshdi savdosi, ishtirokchilar muhrlangan takliflarni oldindan to'laydilar va ularning g'olib bo'lish ehtimoli ularning takliflarining nisbiy kattaligiga qarab oshadi.[65]

Tender taklifi tarkibi

Ingliz savdolari kabi odatiy kim oshdi savdolarida narxlar. Gollandiya va Yaponiya kim oshdi savdosida takliflar tasdiqlanadi. Ning versiyasida Braziliya kim oshdi savdosi, takliflar - bu sotilayotgan birliklarning soni. Taklifning tuzilish elementlari atributlar deb ataladi. Agar taklif narxga o'xshash bitta raqam bo'lsa, u a bitta atributli kim oshdi savdosi. Agar takliflar bir nechta atributlardan iborat bo'lsa, u a ko'p atributli kim oshdi savdosi.[66][67]

A Yanki kim oshdi savdosi Gollandiyalik kim oshdi savdosi kabi ishlaydigan bitta atributli ko'p birlikli kim oshdi savdosi, bu erda takliflar bir xil birliklarning umumiy miqdorining qismidir.[68][69][70] Auktsion savdosi buyumlari miqdori Yanki kim oshdi savdosida Braziliya kim oshdi savdosidan farqli o'laroq qat'iy hisoblanadi. Ishtirokchilar taklif qilishlari mumkin bo'lgan umumiy summaning bir qismi, umumiy miqdordan pastroq raqamlar bilan cheklangan. Shu sababli, umumiy summaning faqat bir qismi eng yaxshi narxga, qolgan qismi esa eng maqbul narxlarga sotiladi.

Tijorat takliflarining ko'rinishi

Inglizcha kim oshdi savdosida barcha takliflar barcha ishtirokchilarga ko'rinadi va muhrlangan kim oshdi savdosida ishtirokchilar faqat ularning takliflari eng yaxshi bo'lganligini bilib olishadi. Eng yaxshi / eng yaxshi kim oshdi savdosi bir nechta takliflarga ega bo'lgan yopiq kim oshdi savdosi, bu erda ishtirokchilar o'z narxlarini ingliz kim oshdi savdosidagi kabi taqdim etadilar va o'zlarining takliflari etakchisi to'g'risida javob olishadi.[71] Rank auksioni eng yaxshi / eng yaxshi bo'lmagan kim oshdi savdosining kengaytmasi bo'lib, bu erda ishtirokchilar o'zlarining takliflari reytingini ham ko'rishadi.[72] Svetoforning kim oshdi savdosi savdo ishtirokchilariga ularning takliflariga javob sifatida svetoforlarni ko'rsatadi.[73] Ushbu svetoforlar barcha takliflarni taqsimlashdagi so'nggi taklifning pozitsiyasiga bog'liq.

Xarid qilish opsiyasi

Buyuk kim oshdi savdosi har qanday ishtirokchi kim oshdi savdosi paytida istalgan vaqtda qabul qilishi mumkin bo'lgan va shu bilan darhol kim oshdi savdosiga yakun yasab, buyumni yutib oladigan qo'shimcha belgilangan narxga ("sotib olish" narxiga) ega bo'lgan kim oshdi savdosi.[74] Agar biron bir ishtirokchi sotib olish opsiyasidan foydalanishni tanlamasa, kim oshdi savdosi yakunlanguniga qadar eng yuqori narx qatnashchisi g'olib chiqadi va ularning taklifini to'laydi.[74] Xarid qilish variantlari ham bo'lishi mumkin vaqtinchalik yoki doimiy.[74] Vaqtinchalik sotib olish kim oshdi savdosida kim oshdi savdosini sotib olish imkoniyati birinchi taklif joylashtirilganidan keyin mavjud emas.[74] Doimiy sotib olish kim oshdi savdosida sotib olish opsiyasi savdolar tugaguniga qadar butun auksion davomida mavjud bo'lib qoladi.[74] Sotib olish narxi butun auksion davomida bir xil bo'lib qolishi yoki qoidalarga muvofiq yoki sotuvchining qaroriga binoan o'zgarishi mumkin.[74]

G'olibni tanlash

Aksariyat kim oshdi savdosidagi g'oliblar eng yaxshi taklifni tanlaydilar. Noyob savdo auktsionlari maxsus g'olib tanlovini taklif qiladi.[75] G'olib eng past narxga ega bo'lgan ishtirokchi hisoblanadi. Yuqorida aytib o'tilganidek, Xitoy kim oshdi savdosi g'olibni qisman tasodifiy asosda tanlaydi.[65] Shvetsiya kim oshdi savdosi g'olib tanlovini kim oshdi savdosiga topshiradi.

Tanlangan g'olib bilan yakuniy bitim har doim ham uning oxirgi taklifiga binoan amalga oshirilmaydi. Ikkinchi narx qaroridagi kabi Vikri kim oshdi savdosi, g'olib uchun yakuniy bitim ikkinchi ishtirokchining narxiga asoslanadi. Proksi-server taklifi tomonidan ishlatiladigan ikkinchi narx bo'yicha qaror chiqarilishining alohida holatidir eBay, bu erda ikkinchi narxga oldindan belgilangan o'sish qo'shiladi.

Bir nechta g'olib bo'lgan kim oshdi savdosi chaqiriladi ko'p g'oliblar kim oshdi savdosi.[76] Ko'p birlikli kim oshdi savdosi, Kombinatorial kim oshdi savdosi, Umumlashtirilgan birinchi narx kim oshdi savdosi va Umumlashtirilgan ikkinchi narxlar kim oshdi savdosi ko'p g'olib bo'lgan kim oshdi savdosi.

Kaskadli

Auktsionlarni birin-ketin kaskad qilish mumkin. Masalan; misol uchun, Amsterdam kim oshdi savdosi ingliz kim oshdi savdosi sifatida boshlanadigan premium kim oshdi savdosining bir turi. Faqat ikkita ishtirokchi qolgandan so'ng, har biri muhrlangan taklifni taqdim etadi. Kattaroq taklif qiluvchi birinchi yoki ikkinchi narxni to'lab yutadi. Ikkala finalist ham mukofot oladi: ikkinchi narxning uchinchi narxdan oshib ketishi (unda ingliz kim oshdi savdosi yakunlandi).[77] Angliya-Gollandiya kim oshdi savdosi ingliz yoki yapon kim oshdi savdosi sifatida boshlanib, keyin Gollandiyalik kim oshdi savdosi sifatida ishtirokchilar soni kamaygan holda davom etadi.[78][79] Frantsiya kim oshdi savdosi zaxira narxini belgilaydigan haqiqiy kim oshdi savdosi oldidan yopiq buyurtma bo'yicha kim oshdi savdosi. Ketma-ket kim oshdi savdosi auktsion bo'lib, unda ishtirokchilar auksionlar ketma-ketligida ishtirok etishlari mumkin. Kalkutta kim oshdi savdosi ketma-ketlikdagi buyurtma tasodifiy ravishda belgilanadigan ketma-ket kim oshdi savdosi subtipidir.[80] Bir vaqtning o'zida ko'tarilgan kim oshdi savdosi auktsionlar parallel ravishda o'tkaziladigan ketma-ket kim oshdi savdosiga qarama-qarshi.[81]

Boshqa xususiyatlar

Tovushsiz kim oshdi savdosi takliflar qog'ozga yozilgan ingliz kim oshdi savdosining bir variantidir. Auktsionning oldindan belgilangan oxirida eng ko'p ro'yxatga olingan ishtirokchi ushbu mahsulotni yutib oladi.[82] Ushbu kim oshdi savdosi ko'pincha ishlatiladi xayriya ko'plab buyumlar bir vaqtning o'zida kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yilgan va umumiy tugash vaqtida "yopilgan" hodisalar.[82][83] Auktsion "jim", chunki individual buyumlarni sotadigan auksionchi yo'q,[82] o'z takliflarini savdo varag'iga yozgan ishtirokchilar ko'pincha buyum yaqinidagi stolda qoldirib ketishadi.[84] Xayriya auksionlarida takliflar varaqalarida odatda belgilangan boshlang'ich miqdori, oldindan belgilangan narxlar oshishi va "hozir sotib olish" summasi bilan bir xil bo'lgan "kafolatlangan taklif" miqdori mavjud. Ushbu turdagi kim oshdi savdosining boshqa farqlari muhrlangan takliflarni ham o'z ichiga olishi mumkin.[82] Eng yuqori narxni taklif etgan ishtirokchi o'zi taqdim etgan narxni to'laydi.[82]

Yilda xususiy qiymat kim oshdi savdosi, har bir ishtirokchi kim oshdi savdosi tovarini o'z bahosiga ega.[85] Umumiy qiymat kim oshdi savdosi qarama-qarshi bo'lib, bu erda kim oshdi savdosidagi tovarni baholash ishtirokchilar orasida bir xil bo'ladi.

Kontekstlar

Shuningdek qarang: Kategoriya: kim oshdi savdosi uchun kontekstlar

Auktsion kontekst doirasi nihoyatda keng bo'lib, deyarli hamma narsani sotib olish mumkin: uydan tortib to ehson qilish siyosatigacha va boshqa narsalar. So'nggi paytdagi ba'zi o'zgarishlar Internetdan turli xil kim oshdi savdosi to'g'risida ma'lumot tarqatish vositasi sifatida ham, o'zlari kim oshdi savdosini o'tkazish vositasi sifatida ham foydalanmoqda.

Inson tovarlari kim oshdi savdosi

Qullar kim oshdi savdosi

Tarix bo'limida aytib o'tilganidek, kim oshdi savdosi savdo-sotiq uchun ishlatilgan tovar birinchi navbatda odamlar. Auktsionlar ishlatilgan qul bozorlari tarix davomida hozirgi zamonga qadar Liviya.[86][87][88] IShID yaqin tarixda 7000 tagacha Yazidiy ayolni sotish uchun qullar kim oshdi savdosini o'tkazdi.[89][90] Qullar kim oshdi savdosi so'zi Atlantika qul savdosi bu aralashtirmoq. A bolalar kim oshdi savdosi - bu shved va finlarning tarixiy amaliyoti bo'lib, bolalarni qullik holatiga o'xshash sharoitlarda sotish bo'yicha inglizlarning kim oshdi savdosi yordamida hokimiyat tomonidan sotilishi. Fattigauktion kambag'al odamlarni cherkov tashkilotlariga kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yishni o'z ichiga olgan shvedlarning o'xshash amaliyoti. Xotinlarning kim oshdi savdosi shuningdek, tarix davomida keng tarqalgan amaliyot edi. Masalan, eski Xotinlarni sotish bo'yicha inglizcha odat, rafiqasi eng yuqori narx uchun uni kim oshdi savdosida sotish bilan ajrashgan. A bokira qizlarni kim oshdi savdosi o'zlarini sotmoqchi bo'lgan shaxslarning ixtiyoriy amaliyoti bokiralik eng yuqori narxgacha. Kriket futbolchilar muntazam ravishda kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yiladi, u erda kriket jamoalari o'z narxlarini taklif qilishlari mumkin.[91][92] Hindiston Premer-ligasi (IPL) kriket o'yinchilarining yillik ommaviy kim oshdi savdosini 2008 yilda ommaviy iste'mol uchun o'yin-kulgi sifatida boshladi.[93] Shuningdek, Bangladesh Premer-ligasi 2012 yildan boshlab kriket o'yinchilari kim oshdi savdosini o'tkazadi.[94]

Ko'chmas mulk kim oshdi savdosi

Mulk agenti Jon Morrisbi, Avstraliyaning Viktoriya, Melburn shahrida ko'chmas mulk kim oshdi savdosini o'tkazmoqda.

Kabi ba'zi mamlakatlarda Avstraliya, kim oshdi savdosi - bu sotishning keng tarqalgan usuli ko `chmas mulk. Ga muqobil ravishda ishlatiladi xususiy sotish / shartnoma usul, bu erda narx oshkor qilinadi va ushbu mol-mulkni sotib olish bo'yicha takliflar berilishi mumkin, auksionlar an'anaviy ravishda o'ziga xos xususiyatlariga ko'ra narxni aniqlash qiyin bo'lgan mol-mulkni sotish uchun ishlatilgan. Qonunda sotuvchidan ularning ma'lumotlarini oshkor qilish talab qilinmaydi zaxira narxi kim oshdi savdosidan oldin. 1990 va 2000 yillarda kim oshdi savdosi ikki yirik shaharda ko'chmas mulkni sotishning asosiy usuli bo'ldi, Melburn va Sidney. Bu, asosan, xususiy sotuvda sotuvchi o'zlari xohlagan narxni oshkor qilganligi va potentsial xaridorlar buni amalga oshirishi bilan bog'liq edi. past to'p kim oshdi savdosida xaridorlar sotuvchining nimani xohlashini bilishmaydi va shu sababli zaxira narxiga yetguncha narxni ko'tarishda davom etishlari kerak.

Yigirma birinchi asr davomida ushbu usul tobora kuchayib borayotgan bahs-munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi uylarning narxi osmonga ko'tarildi. Tez o'sib borayotgan uy-joy bozori ko'plab uylarni, ayniqsa Viktoriya va Yangi Janubiy Uelsda, sotuvchilarning zaxira narxidan va e'lon qilingan narx oralig'idan ancha qimmatga sotilishini ko'rdi. Keyinchalik, kim oshdi savdosi tizimlarining mulk qiymati to'g'risida shaffofligi yo'qligi shubha ostiga qo'yildi ko'chmas mulk agentlari va ularning sotuvchisi mijozlari "past kotirovkada" ayblanmoqda. Avstraliya ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan bu masalaga katta e'tibor berildi, Viktoriya hukumati oxir-oqibat shaffoflikni oshirish maqsadida tazyiqlar va qonunchilikdagi o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirdi.[95]

Hokimiyat tomonidan kim oshdi savdosi

Shuningdek qarang: Turkum: Hukumat kim oshdi savdosi
Pima okrugi, Arizona okrug xazinachisi tomonidan kim oshdi savdosi uchun mol-mulk solig'i bo'yicha huquqbuzarliklar ro'yxati

A hukumat kim oshdi savdosi bu shunchaki umumiy savdoda davlat organi nomidan o'tkaziladigan kim oshdi savdosi. Sotish uchun mo'ljallangan narsalar ko'pincha ortiqcha narsalarni yo'q qilish uchun kerak bo'ladi. Mulk ijrochilari tomonidan buyurtma qilingan kim oshdi savdosi, ehtimol o'lib ketgan (vasiyat qoldirmasdan vafot etganlar) yoki qarzdor bo'lgan shaxslarning mol-mulkiga kiradi. Huquqiy sharoitda qaerda majburiy auksionlar bo'lib o'tadi, chunki uning fermasi yoki uyi kim oshdi savdosida sotilganda sud binosi qadamlar. Hibsga olingan mulk mol-mulk solig'ini to'lamaslik yoki ostida musodara qilish, shu tarzda sotiladi. Politsiya kim oshdi savdosi odatda umumiy kim oshdi savdosida o'tkaziladi, biroq ba'zi kuchlar yo'qolgan va topilgan va olib qo'yilgan tovarlarni utilizatsiya qilish uchun eBay, shu jumladan onlayn saytlardan foydalanadilar. Qarz hukumatlar sotadigan kim oshdi savdosi qarz vositalari, kabi obligatsiyalar, investorlarga. Kim oshdi savdosi odatda muhrlanadi va investorlar tomonidan to'lanadigan yagona narx odatda yutuqsiz eng yaxshi taklif hisoblanadi. Ko'pgina hollarda, investorlar, shuningdek, deb nomlangan joylarni joylashtirishlari mumkin raqobatbardosh bo'lmagan takliflar, bu sotib olishga qiziqishni bildiradi qarz vositasi olingan narxda, nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar. Ba'zi davlatlar foydalanadilar bunday auksionlarni o'tkazish uchun sudlar. Yilda Spektrli kim oshdi savdosi hukumat tomonidan olib boriladigan kompaniyalar uning qismlaridan foydalanish uchun litsenziyalar sotib olishadi elektromagnit spektr aloqa uchun (masalan, mobil telefon tarmoqlari). Muayyan yurisdiktsiyalarda, agar a saqlash ombori ijarachi ijara haqini to'lamagan bo'lsa, ularning shkafi (lar) ining tarkibi ochiq kim oshdi savdosida sotilishi mumkin. Bir nechta teledasturlar ana shu kim oshdi savdosiga, shu jumladan Saqlash urushlari va Auktsion ovchilari.

Tovar kim oshdi savdolari

Jun xaridorlari xonasi jun kim oshdi savdosida, Nyukasl, NSW
O't bilan oziqlangan qoramol kim oshdi savdosida, Walcha, NSW
Fermer xo'jaliklarini tozalash, Woolbrook, NSW
Tuna auksioni Tsukiji baliq bozori yilda Tokio
Baliq kim oshdi savdosi Honolulu, Gavayi

Savdo uchun kim oshdi savdosi ishlatiladi tovarlar; masalan, baliq ulgurji savdolari. Jun auksionlarida jun xalqaro bozorda sotiladi.[96] The sharob kim oshdi savdosi biznes jiddiy kollektorlarga odatda chakana savdo kanallari orqali mavjud bo'lmagan noyob butilkalar va etuk vintajlarga kirish imkoniyatini beradi. Yilda chorva mollari kim oshdi savdosi, qo'y, qoramol, cho'chqa va boshqa chorva mollari sotiladi. Ba'zida juda ko'p sonli aktsiyalar kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yiladi, masalan, kun davomida muntazam ravishda 50 000 va undan ortiq qo'y sotilishi Yangi Janubiy Uels.[97] Yilda yog'och kim oshdi savdosi, kompaniyalar hukumat yerlarida ro'yxatdan o'tish uchun litsenziyalar sotib olishadi. Yog'och ajratish bo'yicha kim oshdi savdosida kompaniyalar yog'ochni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hukumatdan sotib olishadi.[98] Yilda elektr kim oshdi savdosi, elektr energiyasining yirik ishlab chiqaruvchilari va distribyutorlari ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha shartnomalarni taklif qilishmoqda. Auksionlarni ishlab chiqaruvchilar ishlab chiqaruvchilarni ulgurji ulgurji xaridorlar bilan bog'lashadi (mahalliy darajada yetishtirilgan mahsulotlarni ko'p miqdorda sotib olishga qiziquvchilar).[99]

Onlayn kim oshdi savdosi

Asosiy maqola: Onlayn kim oshdi savdosi

Kabi veb-saytlar eBay sotuvchilarga millionlab potentsial auditoriyani taqdim etish. O'rnatilgan kim oshdi savdosi uylari, shuningdek, mutaxassislarning Internet-auksionlari antiqa buyumlar va kollektsiyalardan tortib ta'tilgacha, havo sayohatlari, yangi kompyuterlar va uy jihozlarini sotadi. Xususiy elektron bozorlar tovarlarni (ko'mir, temir rudasi, g'alla, suv ...) doimiy ravishda onlayn ravishda oldindan sotib olingan xaridorlar guruhiga (narxlar va narxlarga bog'liq bo'lmagan omillarga) sotish uchun kombinatsiyaviy kim oshdi savdosi usullaridan foydalaning.

Noyob buyumlar kim oshdi savdosi

  • Avtotransport vositasi va avtomobil kim oshdi savdosi - Bu erda avtohalokatga uchragan avtoulovdan tortib to eng yangi modelga qadar har qanday narsani sotib olish mumkin; ishlab chiqariladigan oilaviy salondan nodir kollektsion buyumgacha.
  • Antiqiy buyumlar va kollektsiyalar buyumlari kim oshdi savdosi juda ko'p narsalarni ko'rish imkoniyatini beradi. The antiqa biznes, bu erda imkoniyat bo'lishdan tashqari savdo ular shuningdek, ijtimoiy tadbirlar va o'yin-kulgilar sifatida xizmat qiladi. Sotish kollektsiyalar markalar, tangalar, vintage o'yinchoqlar va poezdlar, klassik avtomobillar, tasviriy san'at kabi narsalarni o'z ichiga oladi.[100]
  • On-site auctions – Sometimes when the stock or assets of a company are simply too vast or too bulky for an auction house to transport to their own premises and store, they will hold an auction within the confines of the bankrupt company itself. Bidders could find themselves bidding for items which are still plugged in, and the great advantage of these auctions taking place on the premises is that they have the opportunity to view the goods as they were being used, and may be able to try them out. Bidders can also avoid the possibility of goods being damaged whilst they are being removed as they can do it or at least supervise the activity.[101]
  • Second-hand goods – For the sale of consumer ikkinchi qo'l mahsulotlar of all kinds, particularly farm (equipment) and house clearances and online auctions.
  • Sale of industrial machinery, both surplus or through insolvency.
  • Yaxshi nasl horses, where yearling horses and other bloodstock are auctioned.[102]
  • Travel tickets – One example is SJ AB in Sweden auctioning surplus at Tradera (Swedish eBay).
  • Holidays – A variety of holidays are available for sale online particularly via eBay. Vacation rentals appear to be most common. Many holiday auction websites have launched but failed.[103]
  • Mystery auction is an auction where bidders bid for boxes or envelopes containing unspecified or underspecified items, usually on the hope that the items will be humorous, interesting, or valuable.[104][105] Ning dastlabki kunlarida eBay 's popularity, sellers began promoting boxes or packages of random and usually low-value items not worth selling by themselves.[106]
  • Some rare CryptoKitties, which are tokens representing virtual cats, have been sold over automated blok zanjiri auctions for more $200.000.[107]

Boshqa kontekstlar

  • Charity auctions – Used by nonprofits, higher education, and religious institutions as a method to raise funds for a specific mission or cause both through the act of bidding itself, and by encouraging participants to support the cause and make personal donations.[108] Often, these auctions are linked with another charity event like a foyda konserti.[109]
  • Insurance policies – Auctions are held for second-hand endowment policies. The attraction is that someone else has already paid substantially to set up the policy in the first place, and one will be able (with the help of a financial calculator) to calculate its real worth and decide whether it is worth taking on. Lloyd's, the world's qayta sug'urtalash market, runs auctions of syndicate capacity for the anderrayting.[110]
  • Private treaty sales – Occasionally, when looking at an auction catalog some of the items have been withdrawn. Usually, these goods have been sold by 'private treaty'. This means that the goods have already been sold off, usually to a trader or dealer on a private, behind-the-scenes basis before they have had a chance to be offered at the auction sale. These goods are rarely in single lots – photocopiers or fax machines would generally be sold in bulk lots.
  • Environmental auctions, in which companies bid for licenses to avoid being required to decrease their environmental impact. These include auctions in emissiya savdosi sxemalar.

Bidding strategy

Shuningdek qarang: Category:Bidding strategy

By the bidders

An 18th century Chinese meiping porcelain vase. Chinni has long been a staple at art sales. In 2005, a 14th-century Chinese porcelain piece was sold by the Christie's uchun £ 16 million, or US$ 28 million. It set a world auction record for any ceramic work of art.[111]

Katehakis and Puranam provided the first model[112]for the problem of optimal bidding for a firm that in each period procures items to meet a random demand by participating in a finite sequence of auctions. In this model an item valuation derives from the sale of the acquired items via their demand distribution, sale price, acquisition cost, salvage value and lost sales. They established monotonicity properties for the value function and the optimal dynamic bid policy. They also provided a model[113]for the case in which the buyer must acquire a fixed number of items either at a fixed buy-it-now price in the open market or by participating in a sequence of auctions. The objective of the buyer is to minimize his expected total cost for acquiring the fixed number of items.

Tender takliflarini soya qilish is placing a bid which is below the bidder's actual value for the item. Such a strategy risks losing the auction but has the possibility of winning at a low price. Bid shading can also be a strategy to avoid the g'olibning la'nati. Auction cancellation hunters bid minimal amounts on multiple auctions and expect them to be cancelled. If an auction is cancelled by the seller, they will claim for damages in the amount of the difference between the maximum bid at the time of the auction cancellation and the price of a replacement purchase of the offered item in the auction. Auktsion merganlik is the practice of placing own bid right in the last moment of the auction. O'tish taklifi is an aggressive tactic of increasing every bid by high amounts. Calor licitantis is also known as "auction fever" and describes the irrational behaviour of bidders at auctions.

Kelishuv

Whenever bidders at an auction are aware of the identity of the other bidders there is a risk that they will form a "ring" or "pool" and thus manipulate the auction result, a practice known as til biriktirish.[114][115] By agreeing to bid only against outsiders, never against members of the "ring", competition becomes weaker, which may dramatically affect the final price level. After the end of the official auction, an unofficial auction may take place among the "ring" members. The difference in price between the two auctions could then be split among the members. This form of a ring was used as a central plot device in the opening episode of the 1979 British television series The House of Caradus, 'For Love or Money', uncovered by Helena Caradus on her return from Paris.

Yilda Buyuk Britaniya, this auction practice is illegal.[116] It jepardises competition on the auction and can demotivate other bidders from participating. It robs the seller of the true value of his good and reduces the auctioneer’s commission.

By the auctioneer

Chandelier or rafter bidding

This is the practice, especially by high-end art auctioneers,[117] of raising false bids at crucial times in the bidding in order to create the appearance of greater demand or to extend bidding momentum for a work on offer. To call out these nonexistent bids auctioneers might fix their gaze at a point in the auction room that is difficult for the audience to pin down.[118] The practice is frowned upon in the industry.[118] In the United States, chandelier bidding is not illegal. In fact, an auctioneer may bid up the price of an item to the reserve price, which is a threshold below which the consignor may refuse to sell the item. However, the auction house is required to disclose this information.

In Birlashgan Qirollik this practice is legal on property auctions up to but not including the reserve price, and is also known as off-the-wall bidding.[119]

Collusion involving auctioneer

A ring can also be used to increase the price of an auction lot, in which the owner of the object being auctioned may increase competition by taking part in the bidding him or herself, but drop out of the bidding just before the final bid. This form of a ring was used as a central plot device in an episode of the British television series Lovejoy (series 4, episode 3), in which the price of a watercolour by the (fictional) Jessie Webb is inflated so that others by the same artist could be sold for more than their purchase price. In an English auction, a dummy bid is a bid made by a dummy bidder acting in collusion with the auctioneer or vendor, designed to deceive genuine bidders into paying more. In a first-price auction, a dummy bid is an unfavourable bid designed so as not to become the winning bid. (The bidder does not want to win this auction, but he or she wants to make sure to be invited to the next auction).

In Britain and many other countries, rings and other forms of bidding on one's own object are illegal. In Australia, a dummy bid or also a chill is a criminal offence, but a vendor bid or a co-owner bid below the zaxira narxi is permitted if clearly declared as such by the auctioneer. These are all official legal terms in Australia but may have other meanings elsewhere. A co-owner is one of two or several owners (who disagree among themselves). In Sweden and many other countries, there are no legal restrictions, but it will severely hurt the reputation of an auction house that knowingly permits any other bids except genuine bids. If the reserve is not reached this should be clearly declared. In South Africa auctioneers can use their staff or any bidder to raise the price as long as it's disclosed before the auction sale. The Auction Alliance[120] controversy focused on vendor bidding and it was proven to be legal and acceptable in terms of the South African consumer laws.

Suggested opening bid (SOB)

There will usually be an estimate of what price the lot will fetch. In an ascending open auction it is considered important to get at least a 50-percent increase in the bids from start to finish. To accomplish this, the auctioneer must start the auction by announcing a suggested opening bid (SOB) that is low enough to be immediately accepted by one of the bidders.[121] Once there is an opening bid, there will quickly be several other, higher bids submitted. Experienced auctioneers will often select an SOB that is about 45 percent of the (lowest) estimate. Thus there is a certain margin of safety to ensure that there will indeed be a lively auction with many bids submitted. Several observations indicate that the lower the SOB, the higher the final winning bid. This is due to the increase in the number of bidders attracted by the low SOB.

A kvadratchalar bo'yicha taqsimlash shows many low bids but few high bids. Bids "show up together"; without several low bids there will not be any high bids.

Another approach to choosing an SOB: The auctioneer may achieve good success by asking the expected final sales price for the item, as this method suggests to the potential buyers the item's particular value. For instance, say an auctioneer is about to sell a $1,000 car at a sale. Instead of asking $100, hoping to entice wide interest (for who wouldn't want a $1,000 car for $100?), the auctioneer may suggest an opening bid of $1,000; although the first bidder may begin bidding at a mere $100, the final bid may more likely approach $1,000.

Terminologiya

Duo Yun Xuan auction house in Malakka, Malayziya
  • Absentee Bids - This is when a prospective buyer places a bid on an item without attending the sale. The bid is submitted prior to the auction by whatever means the auctioneer has stipulated.[122]
  • Baholash – an estimate of an item's worth, usually performed by an expert in that particular field.[123]
  • Auktsion blok - a raised platform on which the auctioneer shows the items to be auctioned; can also be slang for the auction itself.
  • Auktsion ashula - a rhythmic repetition of numbers and "filler words" spoken by an auctioneer in the process of conducting an auction.
  • Auction fever - an emotional state elicited in the course of one or more auctions that causes a bidder to deviate from an initially chosen bidding strategy.[124][125]
  • Auksion uyi - the company operating the auction (i.e., establishing the date and time of the auction, the auction rules, determining which items are to be included in the auction, registering bidders, taking payments, and delivering the goods to the winning bidders).
  • Auktsioner - the person conducting the actual auction. They announce the rules of the auction and the items being auctioned, call and acknowledging bids made, and announce the winner. They generally will call the auction using auction chant.
    • The auctioneer can sometimes just be the owner of the business, in this case they may hire a bid caller/s to announce the rules and call bids.
    • The auctioneer may operate his/her own auction house (and thus perform the duties of both auctioneer and auction house), and/or work for another house.
    • Auctioneers are frequently regulated by governmental entities, and in those jurisdictions must meet certain criteria to be licensed (be of a certain age, have no disqualifying criminal record, attend auction school, pass an examination, and pay a licensing fee).
    • Auctioneers may or may not (depending on the laws of the jurisdiction and/or the policies of the auction house) bid for their own account, or if they do, must disclose this to bidders at the auction; similar rules may apply for employees of the auctioneer or the auction house.
  • Savdo - the act of participating in an auction by offering to purchase an item for sale.
  • Xaridorning mukofoti - a haq paid by the buyer to the auction house; it is typically calculated as a percentage of the winning bid and added on it. Depending on the jurisdiction the buyer's premium, in addition to the sales price, may be subject to QQS yoki savdo solig'i.
  • Buyout price – A price that, if accepted by a bidder, immediately ends the auction and awards the item to him/her (an example is eBay 's "Buy It Now" feature).
  • Choice - a form of bidding whereby a number of identical or similar items are bid at a single price for each item
  • Clearance rate – The percentage of items that sell over the course of the auction.
  • komissiya – a fee paid by a consignor/seller to the auction house; it is typically calculated as a percentage of the winning bid and deducted from the gross proceeds due to the consignor/seller.
  • Consignee and consignor - as pertaining to auctions, the consignor (also called the seller, and in some contexts the vendor) is the person owning the item to be auctioned or the owner's representative,[118] while the consignee is the auction house. The consignor maintains title until such time that an item is purchased by a bidder and the bidder pays the auction house.
  • Dummy bid (a/k/a "ghost bid") - a false bid, made by someone in collusion with the seller or auctioneer, designed to create a sense of increased interest in the item (and, thus, increased bids).
  • Dynamic closing - a mechanism used to prevent kim oshdi savdosi, by which the closing time is extended for a small period to allow other bidders to increase their bids.
  • eBidding – electronic bidding, whereby a person may make a bid without being physically present at an auction (or where the entire auction is taking place on the Internet).
  • Earnest money deposit (a/k/a "caution money deposit" or "registration deposit") – a payment that must be made by prospective bidders ahead of time in order to participate in an auction.
    • The purpose of this deposit is to deter non-serious bidders from attending the auction; by requiring the deposit, only bidders with a genuine interest in the items being sold will participate.
    • This type of deposit is most often used in auctions involving high-value goods (such as ko `chmas mulk ).
    • The winning bidder has his/her earnest money applied toward the final selling price; the non-winners have theirs refunded to them.
  • Pul yoki mulkni saqlashga topshirish – an arrangement in which the winning bidder pays the amount of his/her bid to a third party, who in turn releases the funds to the seller under agreed-upon terms.
  • Hammer price – the nominal price at which a lot is sold; the winner is responsible for paying any additional fees and taxes on top of this amount
  • O'sish – a minimum amount by which a new bid must exceed the previous bid. An auctioneer may decrease the increment when it appears that bidding on an item may stop, so as to get a higher hammer price. Alternatively, a participant may offer a bid at a smaller increment, which the auctioneer has the discretion to accept or reject.
  • Lot – either a single item being sold, or a group of items[118] (which may or may not be similar or identical, such as a "job lot" of manufactured goods) that are bid on as one unit.
    • If the lot is for a group of items, the price paid is for the entire lot and the winning bidder must take all the items sold.
    • Variants on a group lot bid include "choice" and "times the money" (see definitions for each).
      • Example: An auction has five bath fragrance gift baskets where bidding is "lot", and the hammer price is US$5. The winner must pay $5 (as the price is for the whole lot) and must take all five baskets.
  • Minimum bid – The smallest opening bid that will be accepted.
    • A minimum bid can be as little as US$0.01 (one cent) depending on the auction.
    • If no one bids at the initial minimum bid, the auctioneer may lower the minimum bid so as to create interest in the item.
    • The minimum bid differs from a reserve price (see definition), in that the auctioneer sets the minimum bid, while the seller sets the reserve price (if desired).
  • "New money" - a new bidder, joining bidding for an item after others have bid against each other.
  • No reserve auction (a/k/a "absolute auction") – an auction in which there is no minimum acceptable price; so long as the winning bid is at least the minimum bid, the seller must honor the sale.
  • Outbid (also spelled "out-bid" or "out bid") – to bid higher than another bidder.
  • Opening bid – the first bid placed on a particular lot. The opening bid must be at least the minimum bid, but may be higher (e.g., a bidder may shout out a considerably larger bid than minimum, to discourage other bidders from bidding).
  • Paddle - a numbered instrument used to place a bid[118]
  • Protecting a Market - when a dealer places a bid on behalf of an artist he or she represents or otherwise has a financial interest in ensuring a high price. Artists represented by major galleries typically expect this kind of protection from their dealers.[118]
  • Proxy bid (a/k/a "absentee bid") – a bid placed by an authorized representative of a bidder who is not physically present at the auction.
    • Proxy bids are common in auctions of high-end items, such as art sales (where the proxy represents either a private bidder who does not want to be disclosed to the public, or a museum bidding on a particular item for its collection).
    • If the proxy is outbid on an item during the auction, the proxy (depending on the instructions of the bidder) may either increase the bid (up to a set amount established by the bidder) or be required to drop out of the bidding for that item.
    • A proxy may also be limited by the bidder in the total amount to spend on items in a multi-item auction.
  • Relisting - re-selling an item that has already been sold at auction, but where the buyer did not take possession of the item (for example, in a real estate auction, the buyer did not provide payment by the closing date).
  • Reserve price – A minimum acceptable price established by the seller prior to the auction, which may or may not be disclosed to the bidders.[118]
    • If the winning bid is below the reserve price, the seller has the right to reject the bid and withdraw the item or items being auctioned.
    • The reserve price differs from a minimum bid (see definition), in that the seller sets the reserve price (if desired), while the auctioneer sets the minimum bid.
  • Sealed bid - a submitted bid whose value is unknown to competitors.
  • Merganlik – the act of placing a bid just before the end of a timed auction, thus giving other bidders no time to enter new bids.
  • Soft Close - When someone places a bid in the last set amount of minutes and the auction automatically extends a set period of time. Soft close prevents sniping.
  • Specialist - on-staff trained professionals who put together the auction[118]
  • The "three Ds" death, divorce, or debt - sometimes a reason for an item to be sold at an auction[118]
  • Vendor bid - a bid by the person selling the item. The bid is sometimes a dummy bid (see definition) but not always.
  • White Glove Sale - an auction in which every single lot is sold[118]

JEL classification

The Iqtisodiy adabiyotlar jurnali (JEL) tasniflash kodi for auctions is D44.[126]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

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