Balin kiti - Baleen whale

Balin kitlari
Vaqtinchalik diapazon: kech Eosen - Hozirgi
Dumaloq kitni buzish
Humpback kit buzish
Ilmiy tasnif e
Qirollik:Animalia
Filum:Chordata
Sinf:Sutemizuvchilar
Buyurtma:Artiodactyla
Qoidabuzarlik:Keteya
Parvorder:Mysticeti
1891 yil
Mavjud oilalar
Turli xillik
15 tur
Sinonimlar
  • Mystakotseti

Balin kitlari (sistematik ism Mysticeti), shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan kit kitlari, shakl parvorder qoidabuzarlik Keteya (kitlar, delfinlar va tanglaylar ). Ular keng tarqalgan tarqatildi va xilma-xilligi yirtqich dengiz sutemizuvchilar. Mysticeti tarkibiga quyidagilar kiradi oilalar Balaenidae (to'g'ri va kamon kitlar), Balaenopteridae (rorquals), Cetotheriidae (the piggmy o'ng kit ) va Eschrichtiidae (the kulrang kit ). Hozirda 15 ta turlari balinli kitlar. Tarixiy jihatdan bo'rsimon avlodlar kelib chiqishi deb o'ylashgan mezonyxidalar, (bu ularni tashqarida joylashtirishi mumkin edi buyurtma Artiodactyla), molekulyar dalillar ularni a sifatida qo'llab-quvvatlaydi qoplama ning juft oyoqli tuyoqlilar (Artiodactyla). Balin kitlari ikkiga bo'lingan tishli kitlar (Odontoceti) 34 atrofida million yil oldin.

Balin kitlari hajmi 6 m (20 fut) va 3000 kg (6600 lb) dan tortib to o'ng kitgacha 31 m (102 fut) va 190 t (210 qisqa tonna) gacha. ko'k kit, ma'lum bo'lgan eng katta hayvon hech qachon mavjud bo'lgan.[1][2] Ular jinsiy dimorfik. Balin kitlari ovqatlanish xatti-harakatiga qarab soddalashtirilgan yoki katta tanaga ega bo'lib, o'zgartirilgan ikkita oyoq-qo'lga ega bo'lishi mumkin qanotchalar. The fin kit 10 m / s (36 km / soat; 22 milya) tezlikda suzish qayd etilgan eng tezkor kit. Balin kitlari ulardan foydalanadilar balin plitalari suvdan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini har ikkisidan filtrlash uchun o'pkada ovqatlantirish yoki yog'siz oziqlantirish. Balin kitlari birlashdilar bo'yin umurtqalari va boshlarini umuman aylantira olmaydilar. Balin kitlarida ikkitasi bor teshiklari. Ba'zi turlar katta chuqurliklarga sho'ng'ish uchun yaxshi moslangan. Ular yog 'qatlamiga ega yoki yog ', sovuq suvda iliq bo'lish uchun teri ostiga.

Balin kitlari keng tarqalgan bo'lsa-da, aksariyat turlari sovuq suvlarni afzal ko'rishadi Arktika va Antarktika. Kul kitlar pastki qismida boqish uchun ixtisoslashgan qisqichbaqasimonlar. Rorquals o'pkada ovqatlantirishga ixtisoslashgan bo'lib, tezlashuv paytida qarshilikni kamaytirish uchun soddalashtirilgan tanaga ega. O'ng kitlar oziklanadi, ya'ni katta miqdordagi suvni samarali olish va sekin harakatlanadigan o'ljani elakdan o'tkazish uchun kattalashtirilgan boshidan foydalanadi. Erkaklar odatda bir nechta ayol bilan juftlashadi (ko'pburchak ), ammo ko'pburchak darajasi turlarga qarab o'zgarib turadi. Uchun erkak strategiyalari reproduktiv muvaffaqiyat ijro etish o'rtasida farq qiladi marosim namoyishlari (kit qo'shig'i ) yoki lek juftlash. Buzoqlar odatda qish va bahor oylarida tug'iladi va ularni boqish uchun barcha mas'uliyatni urg'ochilar o'z zimmalariga oladi. Onalar tez migratsiya davrida nisbatan uzoq vaqt davomida, turlar orasida o'zgarib turadi. Balin kitlari bir qator ishlab chiqaradi vokalizatsiya, ayniqsa qo'shiqlari dumaloq kit.

Balinli kitlarning go'shti, yog'i, balinasi va yog'i an'anaviy ravishda Arktikaning tub aholisi. Bir marta tinimsiz ovlangan ushbu mahsulotlar uchun tijorat tarmoqlari tomonidan, hozirda qon tomirlari xalqaro huquq bilan himoyalangan. Ushbu himoya vositalari ularning sonini tiklashga imkon berdi. Biroq, Shimoliy Atlantika o'ng kiti tomonidan xavf ostida bo'lgan darajaga ega Tabiatni muhofaza qilish xalqaro ittifoqi. Balina kitlari ov qilishdan tashqari, tahdidlarga ham duch kelmoqdalar dengizning ifloslanishi va okeanning kislotaliligi. Bu taxmin qilingan sun'iy sonar natijalar torlar. Ular kamdan-kam hollarda asirlikda saqlanar edi va bunga faqat balog'at yoshiga etmagan bolalar yoki eng kichik turlardan birining a'zolari bilan urinishgan.

Taksonomiya

Shuningdek qarang: Bo'rsuyaklarning ro'yxati va Yo'qolib ketgan ketetsiyanlar ro'yxati

Balin kitlari turfa ostida tasniflangan parvorder Mysticeti va to'rttadan iborat mavjud oilalar: Balaenidae (o'ng kitlar ), Balaenopteridae (rorquals), Cetotheriidae (piggmy o'ng kit ) va Eschrichtiidae (kulrang kit ). Balaenidlar kattalashgan boshi va qalinligi bilan ajralib turadi yog ',[3][4] rorquals va kulrang kitlar, odatda, boshi tekis, bo'g'zining uzun burmalari va balenidlarga qaraganda ancha soddalashtirilgan. Rorquals ham ikkinchisidan uzoqroq bo'ladi.[5] Keteyvonlar (kitlar, delfinlar va tanglaylar ) va artiodaktillar endi buyurtma bo'yicha tasniflanadi Cetartiodactyla, ko'pincha hanuzgacha Artiodactyla deb nomlanmoqda (cetaceans artiodactyls bilan chuqur uyalishini hisobga olgan holda). Balinli kitlarga eng yaqin yashaydigan qarindoshlar ikkalasi ham infraqizildan tishlangan kitlardir Keteya.[6]

Tasnifi

Mysticeti
 
 
 
 
 
 
Caperea

Pigmiy o'ng kit Pygmy right whale illustration with a dark gray top, a light grey underside, a light eyepatch, and a small dorsal fin near the tail

 
 
 
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Eschrichtius

Kul kit Gray whale illustration with a sleet gray color, lightly colored spots mainly on the head and top, a robust body, and small bumps where the back slopes downwards

 
 
Balaenoptera

Fin kit Fin whale illustration with a dark backside, white underside, lightly colored head, a slender body, and a small dorsal fin near the tail

 
 
 
Megaptera

Humpback kit Humpback whale illustration with an overall dark coloration, white underbelly, a robust body, and a small, stunted dorsal fin

 
 
 
Rorqualus
 

Braydning kiti Braydning kiti (rorqual)

 
 

Eden kiti Eden's whale illustration with a light top, white bottom, a long and slender body, and a small dorsal fin near the tail

 
 

Omuraning kiti

 
 

Sei kit Sei whale illustration with an overall dark coloration, white underbelly, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin near the tail

 
 

Moviy kit Blue whale illustration with a dark blue tail, a slightly lighter shade of blue overall, and a small dorsal fin close to the tail

 
 
Pterobalaena
 

Oddiy minke kit Common minke whale illustration with a dark top, creamy underside with a creamy stripe on the pectoral fins, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin near the tail

 
 

Janubiy minke kit Antarctic minke whale illustration with a dark top, a creamy underside, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin where the back begins to slope down

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Eubalaena
 

Shimoliy Atlantika o'ng kiti North Atlantic right whale illustration with an overall black coloration with a white patch above the eyes, callosities on the opening of the mouth, and a large body

 
 
 

Janubiy o'ng kit South Atlantic right whale illustration with an overall black coloration with a white patch above the eyes, callosities on the opening of the mouth, and a large body

 
 

Shimoliy Tinch okeanining o'ng kiti

 
 
 
 
Balaena

Bowhead kit Bowhead whale illustration with an overall black body with a white patch on the jaw, and a large body

 
 
 
 
 
Balad kitlari bo'yicha filogenik munosabatlarni ko'rsatadigan kladogramma Xasanin va Ropiquet va boshqalar., Sasaki va Nikaido va boshqalar. va Rozenbaum va Braunell, kichik va boshqalar.

Balaenidae ikki avloddan iborat: Eubalaena (o'ng kitlar) va Balaena (the kamonli kit, B. mysticetus). Balaenidae faqat bitta turdan iborat deb hisoblangan, 2000 yillarning boshlarida o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar kamonli kitlar va o'ng kitlar morfologik jihatdan (Boshsuyagi har xil shakli) va filogenik jihatdan boshqacha. H. C. Rozenbaum tomonidan o'tkazilgan tadqiqotga ko'ra Amerika Tabiat tarixi muzeyi ) va hamkasblar, Shimoliy Tinch okeani (E. yaponika) va janubiy o'ng (E. australis) kitlar Shimoliy Atlantika o'ng kitiga qaraganda bir-biri bilan chambarchas bog'liq (E. glacialis).[7]

Cetotheriidae faqat bitta tirik a'zodan iborat: pigmentli o'ng kit (Caperea marginata). Dastlabki tavsiflar 1840 yillarga tegishli suyaklar va balin plitalari o'ng kitning kichikroq versiyasiga o'xshash va shunday nomlangan Balaena marginata. 1864 yilda u turkumga ko'chirildi Caperea boshqa namunadagi bosh suyagi topilganidan keyin. Olti yildan so'ng, o'ng pigta pigmenti Neobalaenidae oilasiga kirdi.[8] Nomiga qaramay, o'ng pigma pigmasi ko'proq genetik jihatdan o'ng kitlarga qaraganda rorquals va kul kitlarga o'xshaydi.[9] Suyak tuzilishiga asoslangan holda 2012 yilda chop etilgan bir tadqiqot pigmentli kitni Neobalaenidae oilasidan Cetotheriidae oilasiga ko'chirib, uni tirik qoldiq; Neobalaenidae Neobalaeninae sifatida subfamily darajaga ko'tarilgan.[10]

Rorquals ikki nasldan iborat (Balaenoptera va Megaptera ) va to'qqiz tur: fin kit (B. fizalus), the Sei kit (B. borealis), Braydning kiti (B. Brydei), Eden kiti (B. edeni), ko'k kit (B. mushak), the oddiy minke kit (B. acutorostrata), the Antarktika minke kiti (B. bonaerensis), Omuraning kiti (B. omuray), va dumaloq kit (M. novaeangliae). Ketesan taksonomiyasining 2012 yilgi sharhida Aleksandr Xasanin (ning Milliy d'Histoire Naturelle muzeyi ) va hamkasblari, filogenik mezonlarga asoslanib, to'rtta mavjud rorquals turlari mavjudligini ta'kidladilar. Ular jinsni tavsiya qiladilar Balaenoptera fin kit bilan cheklanib qoling, minke kitlar turiga kirsin Pterobalaenava bor Rorqualus tarkibida Sey kiti, Brayd kiti, Eden kiti, ko'k kit va Omuraning kiti bor.[11]

Eschrichtiidae faqat bitta tirik a'zodan iborat: kul kit (Eschrichtius robustus). Ikki populyatsiya, bittasida Oxot dengizi va Yaponiya dengizi ikkinchisi esa O'rtayer dengizi[12] va Sharqiy Atlantika,[13] genetik va fiziologik jihatdan o'xshash emas deb o'ylashadi.[14] Biroq, kulrang kitni o'z oilasiga yoki rorqualga ajratish kerakmi, degan munozaralar mavjud.[15][16][17][18]

Etimologiya

"Mysticeti" taksonomik nomi (/ˌmɪstɪˈsiːtaɪ/) aftidan dastlabki nusxalaridagi tarjima xatosidan kelib chiqadi Aristotel "s Historia Animalium (ichida.) Qadimgi yunoncha ), unda "ὁ mῦς ῦς κῆτoς" (k mustos-ga, "sichqoncha, kit" deb nomlangan) "noto'g'ri" deb tarjima qilinganὁ mítioz" (ho mustikētos, "Mysticetus"), D. V. Rays (ning Dengiz mammalogiyasi jamiyati ) ichida uning 1998 yildagi asari hayvonlarning kattaligi haqida kinoya bilan aytilgan taxmin.[19] Parvorderning muqobil nomi "Mystacoceti" (yunon tilidan olingan) mύστaξ "mo'ylov" + choς "kit"), aniqroq ma'qulroq bo'lsa-da va vaqti-vaqti bilan ishlatilgan bo'lsa ham, "Mysticeti" tomonidan almashtirilgan (kichik sinonim ).[19]

Mistitsetlar balin borligi sababli balin kitlari deb ham nomlanadi. Ushbu hayvonlar elenishda balin plitalariga tayanadi plankton va boshqa mayda organizmlar suvdan. "Baleen" atamasi (o'rta ingliz tili baleyn, ballayne, ballien, bellaneva boshqalar) "kit" uchun arxaik so'z bo'lib, kelib chiqqan Qadimgi frantsuzcha balin, dan olingan Lotin so'z balæna, dan kelib chiqqan Qadimgi yunoncha νiaνa (phallaina).[20]

O'ng kitlar o'z nomlarini shu sababli oldi kitlar ularni boshqa turlardan afzal ko'rish; ular mohiyatan "to'g'ri kit" edi.[21]

Oilalar o'rtasidagi farqlar

Balin kitlari ularning ovqatlanish holatiga qarab hajmi va shakli jihatidan ancha farq qiladi.

Rorquals og'zini kengaytirish uchun tomoq burmalaridan foydalanadi, bu esa ularni yanada samarali ovqatlantirishga imkon beradi. Biroq, rorquals og'zini kengaytirish uchun suv bosimini oshirishi kerak, bu esa o'pkada ovqatlanish holatiga olib keladi. Kitob qo'chqorlari a o'lja to'pi (to'dasi kichik baliqlar ) yuqori tezlikda. Rorquals odatda buni amalga oshirishda suvdagi tortishishlarni kamaytirish uchun jismoniy mashqlarni soddalashtirilgan.[22]Balenidlar rorquallarning tomoq burmalaridan farqli o'laroq, ularning katta boshlariga tayanib, samarali ovqatlanishadi. Ushbu ovqatlanish xatti-harakatlari, ularni soddalashtirilgan tanaga ehtiyoj sezmasdan juda katta va katta hajmda o'sishga imkon beradi. Ularda mavjud kallositlar, boshqa kitlardan farqli o'laroq, kamon kiti bundan mustasno.[23] Rorquals mushak to'qimalarining yuqori qismiga ega va salbiy suzuvchanlikka ega, o'ng kitlar esa blubberning yuqori qismiga ega va ijobiy siltaydi.[24] Kul kitlar, boshqa kulrang dengiz hayvonlaridan osma-kul rang, dorsal tizmalar (orqa tarafdagi bo'g'iqlar) va parazitlardan qolgan kulrang-oq izlari bilan osongina ajralib turadi. Rorquals singari, ularning tomoq burmalari ham tomoq hajmini oshiradi va shu bilan bir vaqtning o'zida katta hajmdagi suvlarni filtrlashga imkon beradi. Kul kitlar pastki oziqlantiruvchi vositalar, ya'ni ular oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini olish uchun qumni elakdan o'tkazadilar. Ular odatda yon tomonlariga o'girilib, og'ziga cho'kindilarni yig'ib, filtrlashadi bentik kabi mavjudotlar amfipodlar, bu ularning boshlarida sezilarli belgilar qoldiradi.[25]Kichkina o'lchamlari, quyuq kulrang tepalari, och kulrang diplari va ko'zga ochilgan dog'lari kabi o'xshash xususiyatlari tufayli pigmali o'ng kit minka kitlari bilan osonlikcha aralashib ketadi.[23]

Kitlarning to'rtta oilasi
Eschrichtiidae
Eschrichtiidae
Eubalaena, Balaenidae
Eubalaena, Balaenidae
Megaptera, Balaenopteridae
Megaptera, Balaenopteridae
Balaena, Balaenidae
Balaena, Balaenidae
Cetotheriidae
Cetotheriidae
Balaenoptera, Balaenopteridae
Balaenoptera, Balaenopteridae

Evolyutsion tarix

Asosiy maqola: Keteyanslar evolyutsiyasi
Qayta tiklash Janjucetus hunderi

Molekulyar filogeniya Mysticeti ni taklif qiladi Split dan Odontoceti (tishli kitlar) 26 dan 17 million yil oldin kechgacha Oligotsen yoki o'rtada Miosen, ammo eng qadimgi Mysticeti qoldiqlari kamida 34 million yil avvalgi davrga tegishli.[31] Ularning evolyutsiya aloqasi arxaik tishli cetaceanslarga (Arxeoketi ) yo'q bo'lib ketguncha noma'lum bo'lib qoldi Janjucetus hunderi 1990 yillarning boshlarida kashf etilgan Viktoriya, Avstraliya. Ammo, zamonaviy balin kitdan farqli o'laroq, Janjusetus jag'ida balin yo'q edi, anatomiya balin kitlariga etarlicha o'xshashligini ko'rsatadi. Bu juda cheklangan ko'rinishga ega edi biosonar imkoniyatlar. Uning jag'ida tishlari bo'lgan tish kesuvchi va itlar pichoqlash uchun qurilgan va tishlar va premolar yirtish uchun qurilgan. Ushbu dastlabki tasavvuflar zamonaviy balin kitlariga nisbatan juda kichik edi, shunga o'xshash turlari mavjud edi Mammalodon o'lchovi 3 metrdan (10 fut) oshmaydi. Balinga bog'liqligi bilan ularning kattaligi oshgan deb o'ylashadi.[32] Biroq, tishning bosh suyagi kashf etilgan Llanotsetus Ikkinchi qadimgi sirli sir, umumiy uzunligi 8 metrni (26 fut) tashkil etdi, bu filtrni oziqlantirish sirli evolyutsiyada harakatlantiruvchi xususiyat emasligini ko'rsatdi.[33] Kashfiyoti Janjusetus va shunga o'xshash boshqalar balen evolyutsiyasi bir necha o'tish bosqichlarini bosib o'tganligini taxmin qilmoqda.[34] Shunga o'xshash turlar Mammalodon kolliveri ozgina baleen bo'lmagan, keyinchalik bunday turlari Aetiocetus weltoni ikkala balin va tishlari bor edi, bu ularning filtrni oziqlantirish imkoniyatlari cheklanganligini ko'rsatdi; keyingi avlodlar kabi Seteteriya og'zida tishlari yo'q edi, ya'ni ular balinga to'liq bog'liq edi va faqat ozuqani filtrlashi mumkin edi.[35] Biroq, tishsizlarning 2018 kashfiyoti Mayabalaena balinadan oldin tishsizlikning rivojlangan ba'zi nasllarini ko'rsatadi.[36]

The skull of Janjucetus with a long, slender head similar to dolphins (without the depression for the melon) and with teeth
Arxeomistitsetlar, shunga o'xshash Janjusetus, tishlari bor edi.

Mystacodon selenensis 37 dan 33 million yilgacha bo'lgan eng qadimgi sirdir (mya ) ichida Kech Eosen, va boshqa erta tishli mistisetlar yoki "arxeomistitsetlar" singari, M. selenensis bor edi heterodont tish tishi assimilyatsiya bilan oziqlantirish uchun ishlatiladi.[27] Arxeomistitsetalar Oligotsen ular Sutemizuvchilar (Mammalodon va Janjusetus) dan Avstraliya. Ular kichraytirilgan va qisqartirilgan rostra va ibtidoiy tish formulasi (3.1.4.33.1.4.3).[37] Balinli kitlarda so'rg'ich bilan boqish uchun moslangan kattalashgan og'izlar ommaviy ixtisoslashishdan oldin rivojlangan deb o'ylashadi. filtr bilan oziqlantirish. Tishdagi oligotsenli sutemizuvchi sutemizuvchida Janjusetus, simfiz kalta va og'iz kattalashtirilgan, minbar keng va qirralarning maxillae ingichka bo'lib, bu assimilyatsiya bilan oziqlantirish uchun moslashishni bildiradi. The etioetsetid Xonetset hali ham tishlari bor edi, lekin har birining ichki tomonida yiv bor edi mandible simfiz elastik bo'lganligini ko'rsatadi, bu esa har bir pastki jag'ni aylanishiga imkon beradi, zamonaviy mistisetlarda bo'lgani kabi ommaviy ovqatlanish uchun dastlabki moslashuv.[38]

Balinli kitlarning birinchi tishsiz ajdodlari Oligotsen oxiridagi birinchi nurlanishdan oldin paydo bo'lgan.[39] Eomistitsetus va shunga o'xshash boshqalar echolokatsiya qobiliyatining bosh suyagida hech qanday dalil yo'qligini ko'rsatib, ular asosan navigatsiya uchun ularning ko'rish qobiliyatiga ishonganliklarini ko'rsatmoqdalar. Eomistitsetlarda uzun, yassi rostra bor edi, ular tishlari yo'q edi va ularning teshiklari yarmida joylashgan orqa tomon tumshug'i. Garchi tomoq ushbu namunalarda yaxshi saqlanmagan, ular balinli va filtrli oziqlantiruvchi bo'lgan deb o'ylashadi.[37][40] Miosen balin kitlariga o'xshash yirik yirtqichlar o'lja bo'lishgan qotil sperma kitlari va Megalodon.[41]

Megalodon Miosen balinli kitlarni ovlagan

The nasablar rorquals va o'ng kitlar deyarli 20 mya bo'lindi. Bu qaerda sodir bo'lganligi noma'lum, ammo, odatda, ular o'zlarining avlodlari singari plankton migratsiyasini kuzatgan deb ishonishadi. Ushbu ibtidoiy balin kitlari tishlarini tishlarini balin foydasiga yo'qotgan va ixtisoslashgan bentik, plankton yoki copepod zamonaviy balin kitlari kabi parhez. Balin kitlari birinchisini boshdan kechirishdi nurlanish ichida o'rta miosen. Ushbu radiatsiyaga global iqlim o'zgarishi va asosiy sabab bo'lgan deb o'ylashadi tektonik Antarktida va Avstraliya bir-biridan ajralib, hosil bo'lgan vaqt Antarktika sirkumpolyar oqimi.[42] Balaenopteridlar shu davrda kattalashib, shunga o'xshash turlar paydo bo'ldi Balaenoptera sibbaldina Ehtimol, kattaligi bo'yicha ko'k kit bilan raqobatlashadigan,[28] boshqa tadqiqotlar har qanday balin kitining miosenda shunchalik katta bo'lganiga qo'shilmaydi.[43]

Miqdorning o'sishi, ehtimol, dunyoning turli burchaklaridagi plankton birikmalarining mavsumiy ravishda o'zgarishiga olib keladigan ob-havoning o'zgarishi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, keng tarqaladigan o'lja manbalari o'rtasida uzoq masofalarga sayohat qilish samaradorligini oshirishni talab qiladi, bu ham metabolizm tezligini pasayishiga olib keladi va ovqatlanish baytbollarda.[44] 2017 yilda qazilma toshlari va zamonaviy balin kitlari ma'lumotlari asosida tana hajmini tahlil qilish shuni ko'rsatadiki, kitlardagi gigantizm evolyutsiyasi so'nggi hodisa bo'lib, o'tgan 3.1 mln. 4,5 million yil oldin bir qancha kitlar uzunligi 10 metrdan (33 fut) oshgan; eng katta ikkita miosen turining uzunligi 13 m dan kam bo'lgan.[45] Balin va filtr bilan oziqlanishning dastlabki evolyutsiyasi gigant tana hajmi evolyutsiyasidan ancha oldin bo'lgan,[46] yangi ovqatlanish mexanizmlari evolyutsiyasini ko'rsatuvchi gigantizm evolyutsiyasini keltirib chiqarmadi. Antarktika sirkumpolyar oqimining yaratilishi va uning global iqlim qonuniyatlariga ta'siri xuddi shu sababga ko'ra bekor qilingan.[45] Gigantizmdan oldin turli xil sirli nasablarning ajralib chiqishi, ya'ni bir nechta nasllar mustaqil ravishda katta hajmga ega bo'lishini anglatadi.[45] Bu mumkin Plio-pleystotsen mavsumiy intensiv o'sish uy-joylar yuqori o'lja zonalarini keltirib chiqarishi gigantizmga olib keldi.[45][47]

Anatomiya

A humpback skeleton with the jaw split into two
Humpback kit skeleti. Jag'ning ikkiga bo'linishiga e'tibor bering.

Harakat

Suzib yurish paytida balin kitlari qanotga o'xshash tarzda pingvinlarga o'xshash harakatlanish uchun o'z qanotlariga tayanadi. dengiz toshbaqalari. Flipper harakati doimiydir. Balyen kitlar buni amalga oshirayotganda dumini silkitib, vertikal harakat bilan oldinga siljish uchun foydalanadilar, xuddi pervanelerini boshqarish uchun xuddi xuddi otquloq.[48] Ba'zi turlari sakrash suvdan chiqib, bu ularga tezroq sayohat qilishlariga imkon berishi mumkin.[23] To'g'ri kitlar katta o'lchamlari tufayli delfinlar singari egiluvchan yoki epchil emaslar va eritilganligi sababli hech kim bo'ynini siljita olmaydi. bachadon bo'yni umurtqalari; bu suvda barqarorlik uchun tezlikni qurbon qiladi.[49] Orqa oyoqlari tananing ichiga o'ralgan va shunday deb o'ylashadi vestigial organlar. Biroq, 2014 yildagi bir tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatadiki, tos suyagi qo'llab-quvvatlaydi kit jinsiy a'zolari.[50]

Ovqatlanish tezligini oshirish kerak bo'lgan rorquals, kamaytirish uchun bir nechta moslashtirishga ega sudrab torting shu jumladan, soddalashtirilgan tanani; uning o'lchamiga nisbatan kichik dorsal fin; va tashqi quloqlarning etishmasligi yoki uzun sochlar. Balina kitlari 10 m / s (36 km / soat; 22 milya) tezlikda sayohat qilgan va 2,5 m / s (9,0 km / soat; 5,6 milya) tezlikni qayd etgan balin kitlar orasida eng tezkor hisoblanadi. uzaytirilgan muddat.[51] Ovqatlanayotganda, rorqual jag 'kitning o'zidan kattaroq bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan hajmgacha kengayadi;[52] Buning uchun og'iz shishiradi. Og'izning shishishi cavum ventrale-ni keltirib chiqaradi, pastki qismida tomoq plyonkalari cho'zilib ketadi kindik, kengaytirish uchun, og'izni saqlashi mumkin bo'lgan suv miqdorini ko'paytiradi.[52] Bosh suyagiga zich tolalar va xaftaga bog'langan (fibrokartilaj ), jag'ning deyarli 90 ° burchak ostida ochilishiga imkon beradi. The mandibular simfiz shuningdek, fibrokartilagin bo'lib, jag'ning bukilishiga imkon beradi, bu esa ko'proq suvga kiradi.[53] Og'izni haddan tashqari cho'zishning oldini olish uchun rorquals jag'ning o'rtasida joylashgan bu funktsiyalarni tartibga solish uchun sezgir organga ega.[54]

Tashqi anatomiya

Dumaloqning teshiklari va o'ng kitning V shaklidagi zarbasi

Balin kitlarining old tomonida, boshning yonida ikkita qanot bor. Barcha sutemizuvchilar singari, balin kitlari ham havodan nafas oladi va buning uchun vaqti-vaqti bilan yuzaga chiqishi kerak. Ularning burun teshiklari yoki teshiklari, ning yuqori qismida joylashgan bosh suyagi. Balinli kitlarda ikkita teshik bor, aksincha bitta tishli kit. Ushbu juftlashtirilgan teshiklar uzunlamasına yoriqlar bo'lib, oldinga yaqinlashadi va orqa tomon kengayadi, bu esa V shaklidagi zarbani keltirib chiqaradi. Ularning atrofida go'shtli tog 'tizmasi o'ralgan, ular kit nafas olayotganda suvni uzoqlashtiradi. The septum teshiklarni ajratib turadigan ikkita tiqin bor, ular kitlar sho'ng'in paytida suv o'tkazmaydigan teshiklarni hosil qiladi.[55]

Boshqa sutemizuvchilar singari, balin kitlarining terisida ham an bor epidermis, a dermis, a gipodermiya va biriktiruvchi to'qima. Epidermis, pigmentli qatlam, biriktiruvchi to'qima bilan birga 5 millimetr (0,2 dyuym) ga teng. Epidermisning o'zi atigi 1 millimetr (0,04 dyuym) qalinlikda. Dermis, epidermis ostidagi qatlam ham ingichka. Yog 'yog'ini o'z ichiga olgan gipodermiya terining eng qalin qismidir va issiqlikni tejash vositasi sifatida ishlaydi.[56] To'g'ri kitlar har qanday bo'rsimonning eng qalin gipodermisiga ega bo'lib, o'rtacha 51 santimetrni tashkil etadi (20 dyuym), ammo hamma kitlarda bo'lgani kabi, u teshiklar (puflagich teshiklari) va oyoq-qo'llari atrofida ingichka bo'ladi. Yog 'yog'i, shuningdek, ro'za vaqtida energiya to'plash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Gipodermiya va mushaklar orasidagi biriktiruvchi to'qima ular orasida faqat cheklangan harakatlanishni ta'minlaydi. Tishli kitlardan farqli o'laroq, balin kitlari bor kichik sochlar boshlarining tepasida, minbar uchidan pufakchaga, va o'ng kitlarda iyakka cho'zilgan. Boshqalar singari dengiz sutemizuvchilar, ular etishmayapti yog ' va terlash bezlar.[57]

Aksessuarlar balin plitalar mayda tuklarga taraladi

Balinli kitlarning balinasi keratinli plitalar. Ular kalsifikatsiyalangan, qattiq a-keratinli materialdan, tola bilan mustahkamlangan konstruktsiyadan tayyorlangan oraliq iplar (oqsillar). Kalsifikatsiya darajasi turlar orasida o'zgarib turadi, dengiz kiti 14,5% ni tashkil qiladi. gidroksiapatit, a mineral tish va suyaklarni qoplaydigan, minka kitlarida esa 1-4% gidroksiapatit mavjud. Ko'pgina sutemizuvchilarda keratin tuzilmalari, masalan jun, havo bilan quritilgan, ammo suvda yashovchi kitlar kaltsiyga tayanadi tuzlar ularni qotirish uchun plitalarda hosil qilish.[58] Balin plitalari yuqori jagga bog'langan va o'rta jag'da yo'q bo'lib, ikkita alohida taroqsimon taroq hosil qiladi. Plitalar jag'iga qaytib borgan sari kattalashib boradi; eng kattalari "asosiy balin plitalari", eng kichiklari "aksessuar plitalari" deb nomlanadi. Aksessuarlar plitalari mayda sochlarga taraladi.[59]

Boshqa kitlardan (va boshqa ko'plab sutemizuvchilardan) farqli o'laroq, urg'ochilar erkaklarnikidan kattaroqdir. Jinsiy dimorfizm odatda orqaga qaytariladi, erkaklari kattaroq, ammo barcha balinli kitlarning urg'ochilari odatda erkaklarnikidan besh foiz kattaroqdir. Jinsiy dimorfizm ham orqali namoyon bo'ladi kit qo'shig'i, xususan, turlarning erkaklari murakkab qo'shiqlarni kuylaydigan kambur kitlarda. Erkak o'ng kitlar urg'ochi kitlarga qaraganda kattaroq kallositlarga ega. Erkaklar odatda urg'ochilarga qaraganda ko'proq chandiqlanadi, chunki bu juftlashish davrida tajovuz tufayli.[60]

Ichki tizimlar

Balinli kitlarning noyob o'pkalari o'pkaga zarar etkazadigan bosimga qarshi turish o'rniga bosim ostida qulab tushish uchun qurilgan,[61] fin kitiga o'xshab, ba'zilariga -470 metr (-1,540 fut) chuqurlikka sho'ng'ish imkoniyatini berish.[62] Kit o'pkasi havodan kislorod olishda juda samarali, odatda 80% ni tashkil qiladi, odamlar esa nafas olish havosidan atigi 20% kislorod chiqaradi. O'pka hajmi ning qobiliyatsizligi sababli quruqlikdagi sutemizuvchilar bilan taqqoslaganda nisbatan past nafas olish yo'llari sho'ng'in paytida benzinni ushlab turish. Bunday qilish jiddiy asoratlarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin emboliya. Boshqa sutemizuvchilardan farqli o'laroq, balinli kitlarning o'pkalarida loblar yo'q va ular ko'proq sakullangan. Odamlarda bo'lgani kabi, chap o'pka ham yurakka joy ajratish uchun o'ngdan kichikroq.[61] Kislorodni tejash uchun qon bosimga chidamli to'qimalardan ichki organlarga yo'naltiriladi,[63] va ular yuqori konsentratsiyaga ega miyoglobin bu ularga nafasni uzoqroq ushlab turishga imkon beradi.[64]

The heart of a blue whale with a person standing next to it. It appears to be roughly half the size of the person when measured across, and the person is likely five foot five to five foot seven
Yonida turgan odam turgan ko'k kitning yuragi

Balinli kitlarning yuragi boshqa sutemizuvchilarga o'xshab ishlaydi, ularning asosiy farqi hajmi. Yurak 454 kilogrammgacha (1000 funt) yetishi mumkin, ammo baribir kitning o'lchamiga mutanosibdir. The mushak devori ning qorincha qonni yurakdan chiqarishga mas'ul bo'lgan qalinligi 7,6 dan 12,7 santimetrgacha (3 dan 5 gacha) bo'lishi mumkin. Aorta, an arteriya, qalinligi 1,9 santimetr (.75 ​​dyuym) bo'lishi mumkin. Ularning dam olish yurak urishi 60 dan 140 gacha daqiqada urish (bpm),[65] odamlarda soatiga 60 dan 100 gacha farqli o'laroq.[66] Sho'ng'in paytida, ularning yurak urish tezligi kislorodni tejash uchun soatiga 4 dan 15 gacha pasayadi. Tishli kitlar singari, ular qon tomirlarining zich tarmog'iga ega (rete mirabile ) bu issiqlik yo'qotilishini oldini oladi. Ko'pgina sutemizuvchilar singari, issiqlik ham ularda yo'qoladi ekstremitalar, shuning uchun, balinli kitlarda, tashish paytida issiqlik yo'qolishini oldini olish uchun tomirlardagi iliq qon tomirlar bilan o'ralgan. Shu bilan birga, qon tomirlari orqali chiqarilishi muqarrar ravishda issiqlik, atrofdagi tomirlarda qonni isitadi, chunki u orqaga qaytadi. yadro. Bu boshqacha tarzda tanilgan qarshi oqim almashinuvi. Balin kitlari iliq suvda bo'lganida qizib ketishiga qarshi turish uchun qon yo'qotilishi tezlashadi.[67][65] Ularda eng kattasi bor qon tanachalari (qizil va oq qon hujayralari ) har qanday sutemizuvchilarning o'lchovi, 10 mikrometr (4.1.)×10−4 diametri bo'yicha,[68] insonning 7,1-mikrometridan farqli o'laroq (2.8×10−4 in) qon tanachalari.[69]

Suvdan elakdan o'tkazilganda ovqat yutiladi va orqali o'tadi qizilo'ngach qaerda u uch kamerali oshqozonga kiradi. Birinchi bo'lim oldingi oshqozon deb nomlanadi; Bu erda oziq-ovqat an-ga aylanadi kislotali suyuqlik, keyinchalik u asosiy oshqozonga quyiladi. Odamlarda bo'lgani kabi, oziq-ovqat aralashtiriladi xlorid kislota va oqsillarni hazm qilish fermentlar. Keyin, qisman hazm qilingan oziq-ovqat uchinchi oshqozonga ko'chiriladi, u erda u yog 'hazm bo'ladigan fermentlar bilan uchrashadi va keyin aralashtiriladi. gidroksidi suyuqlik zararsizlantirish zararlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun oshqozon oldidagi kislota ichak trakti. Ularning ichak trakti oziq-ovqatdan eng foydali moddalarni o'zlashtirishga juda moslashgan; devorlari katlanmış va mo'l-ko'l o'z ichiga oladi qon tomirlari, hazm qilingan oziq-ovqat va suv so'rilishi mumkin bo'lgan katta sirt maydonini yaratishga imkon beradi. Balinli kitlar kerakli suvni oziq-ovqat mahsulotlaridan oladi; ammo, ularning ko'pchiligida tuz miqdori (umurtqasizlar ) dengiz suviga o'xshashdir, ammo kit qonidagi tuz miqdori dengiz suviga qaraganda ancha past (uch baravar past). Kit buyragi ortiqcha tuzni chiqarishga moslashgan; ammo, ishlab chiqarish paytida siydik dengiz suviga qaraganda ko'proq konsentratsiyalangan, almashtirilishi kerak bo'lgan juda ko'p suvni isrof qiladi.[70]

Balin kitlarining miyasi nisbatan kichik ularning tana massasi bilan taqqoslaganda. Boshqa sutemizuvchilar singari, ularning miyasi ham kattalashgan miya, miyaning xotira va sensorli ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlash uchun mas'ul qismi. Ularning miyasi odamning 83 foizidan farqli o'laroq, miyaning og'irligining atigi 68 foizini tashkil qiladi. The serebellum, Miyaning muvozanat va muvofiqlashtirish uchun mas'ul bo'lgan qismi odamlarning 10% bilan taqqoslaganda ularning og'irligi 18% ni tashkil qiladi, bu doimiy suzish uchun zarur bo'lgan katta nazorat darajasiga bog'liq.[71] Nekropsiyalar kul kitlarning miyasida aniqlangan temir oksidi topishga imkon beradigan zarrachalar magnit shimoliy kabi kompas.[72]

Ko'pgina hayvonlardan farqli o'laroq, kitlar ongli nafas olishadi. Barcha sutemizuvchilar uxlashadi, lekin kitlar uzoq vaqt hushidan ketishga qodir emaslar, chunki ular cho'kib ketishi mumkin. Ular eksponat qilishadi deb ishonishadi unemisferik sekin to'lqinli uyqu, unda ular miyaning yarmi bilan uxlashadi, qolgan yarmi esa faol bo'lib qoladi. Ushbu xatti-harakatlar 2014 yilda dumaloq kit uxlab yotgan (vertikal ravishda) tasvirga tushirilgunga qadar faqat tishli kitlarda qayd etilgan.[73]

Balin kitlari a etishmasligi sababli qanday qilib ovoz chiqarishi umuman noma'lum qovun va ovoz kordlari. 2007 yildagi bir tadqiqotda, gırtlak ovozli kordlarga o'xshash deb hisoblanadigan U shaklidagi burmalar mavjud edi. Ular quruqlikdagi sutemizuvchilarning perpendikulyar vokal kordlaridan farqli o'laroq, havo oqimiga parallel ravishda joylashtirilgan. Ular havo oqimini boshqarishi va tebranishlarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Gırtlak devorlari qisqarish qobiliyatiga ega, ular ovoz chiqarishi mumkin aritenoid xaftaga. Gırtlak atrofidagi mushaklar sho'ng'in paytida havoni tezda chiqarishi yoki doimiy hajmni saqlab turishi mumkin.[74]

Sezgilar

A gray whale breaching vertically, showing its very small eyes in relation to its very big head
Ularning ko'zlari kattaligi jihatidan nisbatan kichikdir.

Balin kitlarining ko'zlari kattaligi jihatidan nisbatan kichik bo'lib, og'iz uchiga yaqin joylashgan. Buning sababi shundaki, ular sekin yoki harakatsiz o'lja bilan oziqlanishadi, shu bilan birga quyosh nurlarining ko'pi 9,1 metrdan (30 fut) o'tmaydi va shuning uchun ularga o'tkir ko'rish kerak emas. Kitning ko'zi ikkalasini ham ko'rishga moslashgan eyfotik va afotik oshirish yoki kamaytirish orqali zonalar o'quvchi ko'zning shikastlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun hajmi. Yassilangan quruqlikdagi sutemizuvchilardan farqli o'laroq ob'ektiv, kitlar sferik ob'ektivga ega. The retina hujayralarning aks ettiruvchi qatlami bilan o'ralgan (tapetum lucidum ), retinada nurni qaytarib, qorong'i joylarda ko'rishni kuchaytiradi. Biroq, yorug'lik suvdan farqli o'laroq, havoda bo'lganida, ko'zning sirtiga yaqinroq egiladi; Binobarin, ular havodagi suvdan ko'ra yaxshiroq narsani ko'rishlari mumkin. Ko'z gavhari ishqalanishni oldini olish uchun qalin tashqi qatlam va ko'zning yuzasida yog'li suyuqlik (ko'z yoshlar o'rniga) bilan himoyalangan. Balin kitlari rangni ko'rish qobiliyati cheklangan ko'rinadi, chunki ular etishmayapti S konuslari.[75]

Sirli quloq suv ostida eshitish uchun moslangan bo'lib, u erda 7 tagacha past chastotalarni eshitishi mumkin Hz va 22 ga qadar kHz.[76] Balin kitlari ovozni qanday qabul qilishlari noma'lum. Tishli kitlardan farqli o'laroq, tovush pastki jag 'orqali o'tmaydi. The eshitish go'shti biriktiruvchi to'qima va quloq tiqinlari bilan to'sib qo'yilgan bo'lib, ular bilan bog'lanadi quloq pardasi. Ichki quloq suyaklari tarkibida joylashgan timpanik bulla, suyak kapsulasi. Biroq, bu bosh suyagiga biriktirilgan bo'lib, suyakdan o'tadigan tebranishlar muhim ahamiyatga ega. Sinuslar tomon tebranishlarni aks ettirishi mumkin koklea. Ma'lumki, koklea ichidagi suyuqlik tebranishlardan bezovta bo'lganda, miyaga elektr tokini yuboradigan sezgir tuklarni qo'zg'atadi, bu erda tebranishlar tovushga aylanadi.[77][78]

Balin kitlari kichik, ammo ishlashga yaroqli, vomeronazal organ. Bu balinli kitlarga kimyoviy moddalarni va feromonlar ularning o'ljasi tomonidan ozod qilindi. Suvni "tatib ko'rish" o'lja topish va boshqa kitlarni qidirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega deb o'ylashadi. Yo'qligi sababli ular hidning buzilganligiga ishonishadi xushbo'y lampochka, lekin ularda bor xushbo'y hidli trakt.[79] Balin kitlarida ta'm kurtaklari kam, bu ularning ta'm sezgilarini yo'qotganligini anglatadi. Ular saqlab qolishadi tuz retseptorlari ta'mli kurtaklar, ular sho'rlikni tatib ko'rishlari mumkin.[80]

Xulq-atvor

Migratsiya

Balin kitlarining aksariyat turlari bahor va yoz oylarida yuqori kenglikdagi suvlardan qish oylarida ko'proq tropik suvlarga uzoqlashadi. Ushbu migratsiya davri har yili takrorlanadi.[81] Kul kit har qanday sutemizuvchilar orasida eng uzoq ko'chib yurgan, biri Oxot dengizidan 23000 km (14000 mil) masofani bosib o'tgan. Baja yarimoroli.[82]

Plankton gullab-yashnashi kitlarning qaerga ko'chishini belgilaydi, deb o'ylashadi. Ko'plab balin kitlari quyoshli bahor va yoz oylarida qutbli mintaqalarning sovuq, ozuqaviy moddalariga boy suvlarida paydo bo'lgan massiv plankton gullari bilan oziqlanadi. Keyinchalik balin kitlari plankton populyatsiyasi kam bo'lgan qish oylarida tropik suvlarda buzoq joylariga ko'chib ketishadi. Migratsiya buzoqlarga bir necha usulda foyda keltirishi uchun faraz qilinadi. Kam rivojlangan yog 'bilan tug'ilgan yangi tug'ilgan chaqaloqlar, aks holda sovuq qutbli harorat tufayli o'lishi mumkin.[83] Iliq suvlarga ko'chish, shuningdek, buzoqlarning oldindan xavfini kamaytirishi mumkin qotil kitlar.[84]

Ko'chib yuruvchi harakatlar, shuningdek, mavsumiy o'zgaruvchan hosildorlikni aks ettirishi mumkin. Kaliforniyadagi ko'k kitlar yozda va kuzda Kaliforniyaning markazidan, qishda Kaliforniya ko'rfaziga, bahorda Markaziy Tinch okeanining Tinch okeanining markaziy qismiga o'tib, yirtqichlarning zich joylari orasida ko'chib yurish gipotezasiga ega.[85]

Oziqlantirish

Sirtni sindirib tashlagan bir guruh dumaloq kitlar, og'izlari agape, o'pkada ovqatlanish
Kambuk kitlar o'pkada ovqatlantirish jarayonida ko'pikli to'r bilan baliq ovlash

Barcha zamonaviy mistisetlar majburiy filtrli oziqlantiruvchi vositalar bo'lib, ular dengiz suvidan mayda o'lja narsalarini (shu jumladan mayda baliqlar, krill, kopepodlar va zooplanktonlarni) tortib olish uchun o'zlarining balyenlaridan foydalanadilar.[44] Ularning go'shtli parheziga qaramay, 2015 yilgi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, ular uy ichak florasi quruqlikdagi o`simliklarnikiga o`xshaydi.[86] Turli xil o'ljalar joylashishiga qarab har xil mo'l-ko'llikda uchraydi va kitlarning har bir turi maxsus ovqatlanish usuliga moslashtirilgan.

Ovqatlanishning ikki turi mavjud: yog'sizlantirish va o'pkada ovqatlanish,[44] ammo ba'zi turlari oziq-ovqat turiga va miqdoriga qarab ikkalasini ham bajaradi. O'pka ovqatlantiruvchi vositalar asosan oziqlanadi euphausiids (krill), garchi ba'zi kichikroq o'pka oziqlantiruvchilari (masalan, minke kitlar) ham baliq maktablarini o'lja qiladilar.[87] Yalang'och kitlar singari yog'sizlantiruvchilar asosan kichikroq planktonlar bilan oziqlanadi kopepodlar.[88] Ular yolg'iz yoki kichik guruhlarda ovqatlanadilar.[89] Balinli kitlar o'zlariga kerakli suvni ovqatdan oladi, buyraklari esa ortiqcha tuz ajratib chiqaradi.[70]

O'pka ovqatlantiruvchi vositalar - bu rorquals. Ovqatlanish uchun o'pka oziqlantiruvchilari jag'ning hajmini kitning asl hajmidan kattaroq hajmgacha kengaytiradilar. Buning uchun og'iz shishiradi, bu esa tomoq burmalarining kengayishiga olib keladi va og'izda saqlanadigan suv miqdori ko'payadi.[52] Baitbolni qo'chqor qilishdan oldin, jag 'deyarli 90 ° burchak ostida ochilib, egilib, ko'proq suv beradi.[53] Og'izni haddan tashqari cho'zishning oldini olish uchun rorquals jag'ning o'rtasida joylashgan bu funktsiyalarni tartibga solish uchun sezgir organga ega.[54] Keyin ular sekinlashishi kerak. Ushbu jarayon juda ko'p mexanik ishlarni talab qiladi va katta beytbolga qarshi ishlatilganda faqat energiya tejaydi.[90] O'pka ovqatlanishi zarur bo'lgan tezlashuv va sekinlashuv tufayli yog'sizlantirishga qaraganda ko'proq energiya talab qiladi.[44]

Yog'sizlantiruvchi vositalar - o'ng kitlar, kulrang kitlar, pigmali o'ng kitlar va sei kitlar (ular ham o'pka bilan oziqlanadi). Oziqlantirish uchun yog'sizlantiruvchilar ochiq og'iz bilan suzishadi, uni suv va o'lja bilan to'ldirishadi. Yirtqichlar kitning qiziqishini uyg'otish uchun etarli miqdorda bo'lishi kerak, balin plitalari uni filtrlashi uchun ma'lum hajm oralig'ida bo'lishi va qochib ketmasligi uchun etarlicha sekin bo'lishi kerak. "Skimming" yuzida, suv ostida yoki hatto okean tubida sodir bo'lishi mumkin, bu vaqti-vaqti bilan o'ng kitlarning tanalarida kuzatilgan loy bilan ko'rsatilgan. Kul kitlar asosan okean tubida, bentik jonzotlar bilan oziqlanadi.[91]

Ikkala o'pkani oziqlantirish va qo'chqorni doimiy filtrlash uchun ozuqa samaradorligi o'lja zichligiga juda bog'liq.[92][93][94] Ko'k kitlar oqimi samaradorligi krillning zichligi 4,5 kg / m bo'lganida taxminan 30 baravar yuqori3 0,15 kg / m past krill zichligiga qaraganda3.[92] Balin kiti eng yuqori zichlikdagi o'lja yig'indisida ozuqa olish uchun mahalliy muhitda juda aniq joylarni qidirayotgani kuzatilgan.[95][85]

Yirtqichlik va parazitizm

A colony of orange whale lice growing around a right whale's mouth
apelsin kit bitlari o'ng kitda

Balin kitlari, asosan balog'atga etmagan bolalar va buzoqlarni qotil kitlar o'lja qiladi. Buzoqlarni qotil kitlardan himoya qilish uchun har yili kitlarning ko'chishi sodir bo'ladi deb o'ylashadi.[84] Shuningdek, qotil kitlar podasi kattalar kamonli kitga hujum qilib, uning qanotlarini ushlab, pufakchasini yopib, o'lgunicha tishlab, tishlab o'ldirgani haqida xabarlar mavjud.[96] Odatda, ona va buzoq juftligi, qotil kit podasi tahdidiga duch kelganda, yoki urishadi yoki qochishadi. Qochish faqat tezda suzishga qodir turlarda, rorquallarda uchraydi. Sekin kitlar yakka o'zi yoki kichik oilaviy guruh bilan podaga qarshi kurashishlari kerak.[97] Bir akula kitning buzoqiga hujum qilib, uni o'ldirgani haqida bir xabar bor. Bu 2014 yilda sodir bo'lgan sardalya yuguradi qachon bir titroq qorong'u akulalar dumaloq kit buzoqqa hujum qildi.[98] Odatda, kitga hujum qiladigan yagona akula bu pechene sharki, bu kichik, o'limga olib kelmaydigan tishlash izini qoldiradi.[99][100]

Ko'pgina parazitlar, ayniqsa, kitlarni ovlaydilar kit bitlari va kit barnaklari. Kit bitlarining deyarli barcha turlari ma'lum bir kit turlariga ixtisoslashgan va har bir kitda bir nechta tur bo'lishi mumkin. Kit bitlari o'lik terini iste'mol qiladi, natijada terida mayda yaralar bo'ladi. Balinalarning ko'plab zararlanishi, ayniqsa koloniyalar o'zlarining chaqiriqlari bo'yicha tarqaladigan o'ng kitlarda aniq ko'rinadi.[101] Parazit bo'lmasa-da, kitlar barnaklari kit paytida terining terisiga kirib boradi lichinka bosqichi. However, in doing so it does not harm nor benefit the whale, so their relationship is often labeled as an example of komensalizm.[102] Some baleen whales will deliberately rub themselves on substrate to dislodge parasites.[103] Some species of barnacle, such as Konxoderma auritum and whale barnacles, attach to the baleen plates, though this seldom occurs.[104] A species of copepod, Balaenophilus unisetus, inhabits baleen plates of whales in tropical waters. Antarktidaning bir turi diatom, Cocconeis ceticola, shakllantiradi a film on the skin, which takes a month to develop; this film causes minor damage to the skin. They are also plagued by internal parasites such as stomach worms, cestodes, nematodalar, jigar qon tomirlari va akantotsefalanlar.[100]

Ko'paytirish va rivojlantirish

Shuningdek qarang: Whale penis
A right whale swimming with her calf
Female right whale with calf

Before reaching adulthood, baleen whales grow at an extraordinary rate. In the blue whale, the largest species, the fetus grows by some 100 kg (220 lb) per day just before delivery, and by 80 kg (180 lb) per day during suckling. Before weaning, the calf increases its body weight by 17 t (17 long tons; 19 short tons) and grows from 7 to 8 m (23 to 26 ft) at birth to 13 to 16 m (43 to 52 ft) long. Qachon yetsa jinsiy etuklik after 5–10 years, it will be 20 to 24 m (66 to 79 ft) long and possibly live as long as 80–90 years. Calves are born oldindan, needing to be able to swim to the surface at the moment of their birth.[105]

Most rorquals mate in warm waters in winter to give birth almost a year later.[81] A 7-to-11 month lactation period is normally followed by a year of rest before mating starts again. Adults normally start reproducing when 5–10 years old and reach their full length after 20–30 years.[106][107][108] In the smallest rorqual, the minke whale, 3 m (10 ft) calves are born after a 10-month pregnancy and weaning lasts until it has reached about 5 to 5.5 m (16 to 18 ft) after 6–7 months.[109] Unusual for a baleen whale, female minkes (and humpbacks) can become pregnant immediately after giving birth; in most species, there is a two-to-three-year calving period. In right whales, the calving interval is usually three years. They grow very rapidly during their first year, after which they hardly increase in size for several years.[110][111] They reach sexual maturity when 13 to 14 m (43 to 46 ft) long. Baleen whales are K-strateglar, meaning they raise one calf at a time, have a long life-expectancy, and a low infant mortality rate.[112] Some 19th century harpoons found in harvested bowheads indicate this species can live more than 100 years.[113] Baleen whales are buzuq, with none showing juft obligatsiyalar.[114] Ular ko'pburchak, in that a male may mate with more than one female. The scars on male whales suggest they fight for the right to mate with females during breeding season, somewhat similar to lek juftlash.[115]

Baleen whales have fibroelastic (connective tissue) penises, similar to those of artiodactyls. The tip of the penis, which tapers toward the end, is called the pars intrapraeputialis yoki terminal cone.[116] The blue whale has the largest penis of any organism on the planet, typically measuring 2.4–3.0 metres (8–10 ft).[117] Accurate measurements of the blue whale are difficult to take because the whale's erect length can only be observed during mating.[118] The penis on a right whale can be up to 2.7 m (8.9 ft) – the moyaklar, at up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in length, 78 cm (2.56 ft) in diameter, and weighing up to 238 kg (525 lb), are also the largest of any animal on Earth.[119]

Balina qo'shig'i

Asosiy maqola: Kitlarning ovozi
Spektrogram of humpback whale vocalizations: detail is shown for the first 24 seconds of the 37-second recording "Singing Humpbacks". The whale songs are heard before and after a set of echolocation clicks in the middle.

All baleen whales use sound for communication and are known to "sing", especially during the breeding season. Blue whales produce the loudest sustained sounds of any animals: their low-frequency (about 20 Hz) moans can last for half a minute, reach almost 190 decibels, and be heard hundreds of kilometers away. Adult male humpbacks produce the longest and most complex songs; sequences of moans, groans, roars, sighs, and chirps sometimes lasting more than ten minutes are repeated for hours. Typically, all humpback males in a population sing the same song over a breeding season, but the songs change slightly between seasons, and males in one population have been observed adapting the song from males of a neighboring population over a few breeding seasons.[120]

Aql

Unlike their toothed whale counterparts, baleen whales are hard to study because of their immense size. Intelligence tests such as the oyna sinovi cannot be done because their bulk and lack of body language makes a reaction impossible to be definitive. However, studies on the brains of humpback whales revealed spindle cells, which, in humans, control ong nazariyasi. Because of this, it is thought that baleen whales, or at least humpback whales, have ong.[121]

Odamlar bilan munosabatlar

Kit ovlash tarixi

Asosiy maqola: Kit ovlash tarixi
A graph showing population trend of the blue whale during the whaling era, with 250,000 before whaling, 30 to 40,000 in the 1930s, 650 to 2,000 in 1964, and greater than 5,000 in 1994
World population graph of ko'k kitlar

Whaling by humans has existed since the Tosh asri. Ancient whalers used harpunlar to spear the bigger animals from boats out at sea.[122] People from Norway started hunting whales around 4,000 years ago, and people from Japan began hunting whales in the Pacific at least as early as that.[123] Whales are typically hunted for their go'sht and blubber by aboriginal groups; they used baleen for baskets or roofing, and made tools and masks out of bones.[123] The Inuit hunted whales in the Arctic Ocean.[123] The Basklar started whaling as early as the 11th century, sailing as far as Nyufaundlend in the 16th century in search of right whales.[124][125] 18th and 19th century whalers hunted down whales mainly for their moy, which was used as lamp fuel and a lubricant, and baleen (or whalebone), which was used for items such as korsetlar va skirt hoops.[123] The most successful whaling nations at this time were the Netherlands, Japan, and the United States.[126]

Commercial whaling was historically important as an industry well throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Whaling was at that time a sizable European industry with ships from Britain, France, Spain, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Germany, sometimes collaborating to hunt whales in the Arctic.[127] By the early 1790s, whalers, namely the British (Australian) and Americans, started to focus efforts in the South Pacific; in the mid 1900s, over 50,000 humpback whale were taken from the South Pacific.[128] At its height in the 1880s, U.S. profits turned to USD 10,000,000, equivalent to US$225,000,000 today. Commonly exploited species included arctic whales such as the gray whale, right whale, and bowhead whale because they were close to the main whaling ports, like Nyu-Bedford. After those stocks were depleted, rorquals in the South Pacific were targeted by nearly all whaling organizations; however, they often out-swam whaling vessels. Whaling rorquals was not effective until the harpoon cannon was invented in the late 1860s.[129] Whaling basically stopped when stocks of all species were depleted to a point that they could not be harvested on a commercial scale.[130] Whaling was controlled in 1982 when the Xalqaro kit ov komissiyasi (IWC) placed a moratorium setting catch limits to protect species from dying out from over-exploitation, and eventually banned it:[131]

Notwithstanding the other provisions of paragraph 10, catch limits for the killing for commercial purposes of whales from all stocks for the 1986 coastal and the 1985/86 pelagic seasons and thereafter shall be zero. This provision will be kept under review, based upon the best scientific advice, and by 1990 at the latest the Commission will undertake a comprehensive assessment of the effects of this decision on whale stocks and consider modification of this provision and the establishment of other catch limits.
–IWC Commission Schedule, paragraph 10(e)[131]

Conservation and management issues

Shuningdek qarang: Baliq ovlash bo'yicha bahs
Japanese scientific whaling on a pair of Antarktika minke kitlari

2013 yildan boshlab Tabiatni muhofaza qilish xalqaro ittifoqi (IUCN) recognizes 15 mysticete species. One species—the Shimoliy Atlantika o'ng kiti - bu xavf ostida with only around 400(±50) individuals left, and four more are also classified as endangered (North Pacific right whale, the blue whale, the fin whale, and the Sei whale), and another 5 ranked as Ma'lumotlar etishmayapti (Bryde's whale, Eden's whale, Omura's whale, Southern minke whale, and pygmy right whale).[132] Species that live in polar habitats are vulnerable to the effects of ongoing Iqlim o'zgarishi, particularly declines in sea ice, as well as okeanning kislotaliligi.[133]

The kitlarni tomosha qilish sanoat va kit ovlashga qarshi advocates argue that whaling catches "friendly" whales that are curious about boats, as these whales are the easiest to catch. This analysis claims that once the economic benefits of hotels, restaurants and other tourist amenities are considered, hunting whales is a net economic loss. This argument is particularly contentious in Iceland, as it has among the most-developed whale-watching operations in the world and the hunting of minke whales resumed in August 2003. Brazil, Argentina and South Africa argue that whale watching is a growing billion-dollar industry that provides more revenue than commercial whaling would provide.[134] Peru, Uruguay, Australia, and New Zealand also support proposals to permanently forbid whaling south of the Equator, as Solor (an island of Indonesia) is the only place of the Janubiy yarim shar that takes whales.[135] Anti-whaling groups, such as the Xalqaro hayvonlarni muhofaza qilish jamg'armasi (IFAW), claim that countries which support a pro-whaling stance are damaging their economies by driving away anti-whaling tourists.[136]

An oriental woman has painted herself red holding a sign (while sitting down) that says
A protest against Japan's scientific whaling

Commercial whaling was historically important for the world economy. All species were exploited, and as one type's stock depleted, another type was targeted. The scale of whale harvesting decreased substantially through the 1960s as all whale stocks had been depleted, and practically stopped in 1988 after the International Whaling Commission placed a moratorium which banned whaling for commercial use.[130]:327–333 Several species that were commercially exploited have rebounded in numbers; for example, gray whales may be as numerous as they were prior to whaling, making it the first marine mammal to be taken off the yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan turlar ro'yxati.[137] The Southern right whale was hunted to near extinction in the mid-to-late 20th century, with only a small (unknown) population around Antarctica. Because of international protection, the Southern right whale's population has been growing 7% annually since 1970.[138] Aksincha, eastern stock of North Atlantic right whale was extirpated from much of its former range, which stretched from the coast of North Africa to the Shimoliy dengiz and Iceland; it is thought that the entire stock consists of only ten individuals, making the eastern stock funktsional jihatdan yo'q bo'lib ketgan.[130][139]

Baleen whales continue to be harvested. Only three nations take whales: Iceland, Norway, and Japan. All these nations are part of the IWC, with Norway and Iceland rejecting the moratorium and continuing commercial whaling.[140] Japan, being part of the IWC, whales under the Scientific Permit stated in Article VIII in the Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, which allows the taking of whales for scientific research.[141] Japan has had two main research programs: the Joint Aquatic Resources Permit Application (JARPA) and the Japanese Research Program in the North (JARPN). JARPN is focused in the North Pacific and JARPA around the Antarctic. JARPA mainly caught Antarctic minke whales, catching nearly 7,000; to a far lesser extent, they also caught fin whales.[142] Animal-rights activist groups, such as the Greenpeace,[143] object to Japan's scientific whaling, with some calling it a substitute for commercial whaling.[144] 2014 yilda Xalqaro sud (the BMT judicial branch) banned the taking of whales for any purpose in the Janubiy okean kitlarini qo'riqxonasi;[145] however, Japan refuses to stop whaling and has only promised to cut their annual catches by a third (around 300 whales per year).[146]

A right whale sliced on both sides after colliding with a boat. A large amount of its flesh is visible as well as the intestines floating in the water
A ning qoldiqlari Shimoliy Atlantika o'ng kiti after it collided with a ship pervanel

Baleen whales can also be affected by humans in more indirect ways. For species like the North Atlantic right whale, which migrates through some of the world's busiest shipping lanes, the biggest threat is from being struck by ships. The Lloydning oynasi effect results in low frequency propeller sounds not being discernible near the surface, where most accidents occur. Combined with spreading and acoustic shadowing effects, the result is that the whale is unable to hear an approaching vessel before it has been run over or entrapped by the hydrodynamic forces of the vessel's passage.[147] A 2014 study noted that a lower vessel speed correlated with lower collision rates.[148] The ever-increasing amount of ocean noise, including sonar, drowns out the vocalizations produced by whales, notably in the blue whale which produces the loudest vocalization, which makes it harder for them to communicate.[149][150] Blue whales stop producing foraging D calls once a mid-frequency sonar is activated, even though the sonar frequency range (1–8 kHz) far exceeds their sound production range (25–100 Hz).[149] Poisoning from toxic substances such as poliklorli bifenil (PCB) is generally low because of their low trofik daraja.[151] Some baleen whales can become victims of tomosha qilish, which is especially serious for North Atlantic right whales considering its small number.[152] Right whales feed with a wide-open mouth, risking entanglement in any rope or net fixed in the water column. Rope wraps around their upper jaw, flippers and tail. Some are able to escape, but others remain entangled. If observers notice, they can be successfully disentangled, but others die over a period of months. Other whales, such as humpback whales, can also be entangled.[153]

Asirlikda

A gray whale calf swimming in a tank
A gray whale in captivity

Baleen whales have rarely been kept in captivity. Their large size and appetite make them expensive creatures to maintain. Pools of proper size would also be very expensive to build. For example, a single gray whale calf would need to eat 215 kilograms (475 lb) of fish per day, and the pool would have to accommodate the 4-meter (13 ft) calf, along with ample room to swim.[154] Only gray whales have survived being kept in captivity for over a year. The first gray whale, which was captured in Scammon's Lagoon, Quyi Kaliforniya shtati, in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection.[155] The second gray whale, which was captured in 1971 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too big.[156] The last gray whale, J.J., beached itself in Marina del Rey, Kaliforniya, where it was rushed to SeaWorld San-Diego and, after 14 months, was released because it got too big to take care of. Reaching 8,700 kilograms (19,200 lb) and 9.4 meters (31 ft), J.J. was the largest creature to be kept in captivity.[157] The Mito Aquarium in Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan, housed three minke whales in the nearby bay enclosed by nets. One survived for three months, another (a calf) survived for two weeks, and another was kept for over a month before breaking through the nets.[158]

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