Qo'shma Shtatlardagi maxfiy ma'lumotlar - Classified information in the United States

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumatining tasniflash tizimi ostida tashkil etilgan Ijroiya buyrug'i 13526, uzoq seriyadagi so'nggi ijro buyruqlari mavzu bo'yicha.^[1] Kim tomonidan berilgan Prezident Barak Obama 2009 yilda 13526-sonli buyrug'i mavzu bo'yicha avvalgi buyruqlarni almashtirdi va 32 C.F.R.ga kodlangan qoidalarni o'zgartirdi. 2001. Bu tizimni yaratadi tasnif, deklaratsiyani bekor qilish va ishlov berish milliy xavfsizlik AQSh hukumati va uning xodimlari va pudratchilari tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan ma'lumotlar, shuningdek boshqa hukumatlardan olingan ma'lumotlar.^[2]

Bunday ma'lumotlarning kerakli maxfiylik darajasi uning nomi sifatida tanilgan sezgirlik. Ta'sirchanlik ma'lumotlarning chiqarilishiga olib keladigan milliy xavfsizlikka etkazilgan zararni hisoblashga asoslanadi. Qo'shma Shtatlar uchta darajadagi tasnifga ega: maxfiy, maxfiy va o'ta maxfiy. Tasniflashning har bir darajasi sezuvchanlik darajasi oshib borayotganligini ko'rsatadi. Shunday qilib, agar kimdir juda sir tutsa xavfsizlikni tozalash, maxfiy va maxfiy ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan o'ta maxfiy darajagacha ma'lumot bilan ishlashga ruxsat beriladi. Agar kimdir maxfiy ruxsatni olgan bo'lsa, u holda o'ta maxfiy ma'lumotlar bilan ishlash mumkin emas, balki maxfiy va maxfiy maxfiy ma'lumotlar bilan ishlash mumkin.

Qo'shma Shtatlarda ingliz uslubi mavjud emas Rasmiy sirlar to'g'risidagi qonun; Buning o'rniga, bir nechta qonunlar, shu jumladan maxfiy ma'lumotlarni himoya qiladi 1917 yilgi josuslik to'g'risidagi qonun, 1954 yildagi Atom energiyasi to'g'risidagi qonun va Intellektual shaxslarni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun Kongressga 2013 yildagi hisobotda ta'kidlanishicha, tegishli qonunlar asosan chet el agentlari yoki ularga maxfiy ma'lumotlarni uzatganlarni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish uchun ishlatilgan va matbuotga oshkor bo'lganlar kamdan-kam hollarda sudga tortilgan.^[3] Hukumatning qonun chiqaruvchi va ijro etuvchi organlari, shu jumladan AQSh prezidentlari, tez-tez maxfiy ma'lumotlarni jurnalistlarga etkazishgan.^{[4][sahifa kerak ][5][6][7]} Kongress bir necha bor qarshilik ko'rsatgan yoki qabul qilmagan, odatda maxfiy ma'lumotlarni oshkor qilishni taqiqlaydi. Ayg'oqchilik to'g'risidagi qonunlarning aksariyati faqat milliy mudofaa to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortadi; ushbu hujjat ushbu mezonga mos keladimi-yo'qligini faqat hakamlar hay'ati hal qilishi mumkin va sudyalar bir necha bor "maxfiy" bo'lish ma'lumotni "milliy mudofaa" bilan bog'liq bo'lishiga olib kelmasligini aytishadi.^[8][9] Bundan tashqari, qonunchilikka ko'ra, ma'lumot shunchaki sharmanda bo'lishi yoki noqonuniy faoliyatni qamrab olishi sababli tasniflanishi mumkin emas; ma'lumotlar faqat milliy xavfsizlik maqsadlarini himoya qilish uchun tasniflanishi mumkin.^[10]

So'nggi o'n yilliklarda Qo'shma Shtatlar Obama va Klinton ma'muriyatlari diplomatik xayrixohlik uchun maxfiy ma'lumotlarni chet el hukumatlariga e'lon qildi, bu deklaratsiya diplomatiyasi deb nomlanadi. Misollar haqida ma'lumotni o'z ichiga oladi Augusto Pinochet hukumatiga Chili. 2015 yil oktyabr oyida AQSh davlat kotibi Jon Kerri taqdim etilgan Mishel Bachelet, Chili prezidenti, a qalam haydovchi yuzlab yangi maxfiylashtirilmagan hujjatlarni o'z ichiga olgan.^[11]

Terminologiya

Derivativ tasniflash faoliyati 1996–2011

AQShda, agar unga uchta darajadan biri berilgan bo'lsa, maxfiy, maxfiy yoki o'ta maxfiy ma'lumotlar "maxfiy" deb nomlanadi. Unchalik etiketlanmagan ma'lumotlar "Tasniflanmagan ma'lumotlar" deb nomlanadi. Atama maxfiylashtirilmagan tasnifi olib tashlangan ma'lumot uchun ishlatiladi va pastga tushirilgan past darajadagi tasniflash darajasi berilgan, ammo hali ham tasniflangan ma'lumotlarga ishora qiladi. Ko'p hujjatlar avtomatik ravishda pastga tushiriladi va keyin bir necha yillardan so'ng sirlari o'chiriladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} AQSh hukumati ushbu shartlardan foydalanadi Nozik, ammo tasniflanmagan (SBU), Xavfsizlikka oid nozik ma'lumotlar (SSI), Muhim dastur haqida ma'lumot (CPI), Faqat rasmiy foydalanish uchun (FOUO), yoki Huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari sezgir (LES) maxfiy, maxfiy yoki o'ta maxfiy bo'lmagan, ammo hali ham tarqatilishi cheklangan ma'lumotlarga murojaat qilish. Bunday cheklovlarning sabablarini o'z ichiga olishi mumkin eksport nazorati, maxfiylik qoidalar, sud buyruqlari va davom etayotgan jinoiy tergovlar, shuningdek milliy xavfsizlik. Hech qachon maxfiylashtirilmagan ma'lumotlarni, ba'zida maxfiy ishlarda ishlaydiganlar "ochiq manba" deb atashadi. Jamiyat xavfsizligini sezgir (PSS) huquqni muhofaza qilish organlariga sezgir bo'lgan, ammo turli xil jamoat xavfsizligi intizomlari (huquqni muhofaza qilish, yong'in va shoshilinch tibbiy yordam xizmatlari) o'rtasida taqsimlanishi mumkin bo'lgan ma'lumotlarga ishora qiladi. Piter Lui Galison, tarixchi va direktor^[12] Garvard universiteti tarix fanlari bo'limida AQSh hukumati maxfiy bo'lmagan ma'lumotlarga qaraganda ko'proq maxfiy ma'lumotlarni ishlab chiqaradi deb da'vo qilmoqda.^[13]

AQSh hukumati tomonidan qo'llaniladigan tasniflash darajalari

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati ma'lumotni ruxsatsiz oshkor qilish milliy xavfsizlikka zarar etkazadigan darajaga qarab tasniflaydi. Juda maxfiy rasmiylashtiruvga ega bo'lish, barcha o'ta maxfiy hujjatlarni ko'rishga imkon bermaydi. Axborotdan foydalanuvchi ma'lumotlarning sezgirligi uchun zarur bo'lgan bo'shliqqa ega bo'lishi kerak, shuningdek qonuniy ehtiyoj ma'lumot olish uchun. Masalan, AQShning barcha harbiy uchuvchilaridan hech bo'lmaganda maxfiy ruxsatnoma olish talab qilinadi, ammo ular faqat o'zlarining buyruqlari bilan bevosita bog'liq hujjatlarni olishlari mumkin. Yashirin ma'lumotlar kirish huquqini qo'shimcha boshqarish vositalariga ega bo'lishi mumkin, bu o'ta maxfiy ruxsatga ega bo'lgan odamni ko'rishga to'sqinlik qilishi mumkin.^{[tanasida tasdiqlanmagan ]}

Barcha federal bo'limlar Ijroiya filialining bir qismi bo'lganligi sababli, tasniflash tizimi qonun bilan emas, balki Ijro buyrug'i bilan boshqariladi. Odatda har bir prezident tasnifni kuchaytirishi yoki yumshatishi bilan yangi ijro buyrug'i chiqaradi. Klinton ma'muriyati tasniflash tizimida katta o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirdi, bu birinchi marta barcha maxfiy hujjatlar 25 yildan keyin ularni maxfiylashtirilishini talab qiladi, agar ular ma'lumotni yaratgan agentlik tomonidan ko'rib chiqilmasa va doimiy ravishda tasniflashni talab qilsa.^[14]

Cheklangan ma'lumotlar / ilgari cheklangan ma'lumotlar

Cheklangan ma'lumotlar va ilgari cheklangan ma'lumotlar bu yadroviy ma'lumotlarga taalluqli tasniflash belgilaridir. Bular 1954 yildagi Atom energiyasi to'g'risidagi qonunda belgilangan federal qonunlarda belgilangan ikkita tasnif. Yadro ma'lumotlari 25 yildan so'ng avtomatik ravishda sirdan chiqarilmaydi. Atom energetikasi to'g'risidagi qonunda nazarda tutilgan yadroviy ma'lumotlarga ega hujjatlar tasniflash darajasi (maxfiy, maxfiy yoki o'ta maxfiy) va cheklangan ma'lumotlar yoki ilgari cheklangan ma'lumotlar bilan belgilanadi. Dalolatnomada ko'rsatilgan yadroviy ma'lumotlar tasodifan tasniflanmagan hujjatlarda paydo bo'lishi mumkin va ular aniqlanganda qayta tasniflanishi kerak. Hatto jismoniy shaxslar tomonidan yaratilgan hujjatlar ham yadroviy ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lganligi uchun olib qo'yilgan va maxfiy. Faqatgina Energetika vazirligi yadroviy ma'lumotlarning sirini o'chirishi mumkin.^[15]

Code Word tasniflari

Juda maxfiy - bu eng yuqori darajadagi tasnif. Ammo ba'zi ma'lumotlar kod so'zini qo'shish orqali bo'linadi, shunda faqat har bir kod so'zi uchun tozalanganlar uni ko'rishlari mumkin. Ushbu ma'lumot "nomi bilan ham tanilganHissali ma'lumot "(SCI). SECRET (CODE WORD) bilan belgilangan hujjatni faqat maxfiy yoki o'ta maxfiy rasmiylashtiruvi bo'lgan va maxsus kod so'zini rasmiylashtirgan shaxs ko'rishi mumkin. Har bir kod so'zi har xil ma'lumotlarga tegishli. Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi kod so'zini boshqaradi bo'shliqlar.^[16]

Juda maxfiy

AQSh maxfiy hujjatiga misol; 13-bet Qo'shma Shtatlar Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi hisobot^[17] ustida USS Ozodlik voqea, qisman maxfiylashtirilmagan va 2003 yil iyul oyida ommaga e'lon qilindi. "Juda maxfiy" sahifaning asl umumiy tasnifi. kod so'zi UMBRA, tepada va pastda ko'rsatilgan. Alohida xatboshilar va havolalar sarlavhalarining tasnifi qavs ichida ko'rsatilgan - faqatgina ushbu sahifada oltita turli darajalar mavjud. Yuqorida va pastda etakchi chiziqlari bo'lgan yozuvlar ba'zi bo'limlarni sirini o'chirmaslik uchun qonuniy vakolatni keltirib chiqaradi.

Xavfsizlikning eng yuqori tasnifi. "Ruxsat etilmagan tarzda oshkor etilishi" juda katta zarar "etkazishi mumkin bo'lgan ma'lumotlarga nisbatan juda maxfiy qo'llaniladi. Milliy xavfsizlik bu asl tasniflash organi aniqlashga yoki ta'riflashga qodir. "^[18] 1,4 million amerikalik juda maxfiy tozalashga ega deb ishoniladi.^[19]

Yashirin

Bu ikkinchi eng yuqori tasnif. Axborot, agar uning ruxsatsiz oshkor qilinishi milliy xavfsizlikka "jiddiy zarar" etkazishi mumkin bo'lsa, maxfiy hisoblanadi.^[18] Tasniflangan ma'lumotlarning aksariyati maxfiy sezgirlikda saqlanadi.

Maxfiy

Bu hukumat tomonidan olingan ma'lumotlarning eng past darajadagi tasnifi. Bu tegishli ruxsatisiz, yana ommaviy ravishda oshkor qilinsa, milliy xavfsizlikka "zarar etkazadigan" ma'lumotlar sifatida tavsiflanadi.^[18] "C" va "(C)" belgilari uchun, shuningdek qarang: Qo'shma elektronikani belgilash tizimi # Parentetik C.

Jamoat ishonchi

Oddiy noto'g'ri tushunchaga qaramasdan, jamoat ishonch pozitsiyasi xavfsizlikni ta'minlash emas va maxfiy tozalash bilan bir xil emas. Maxfiy ma'lumotlarga kirishni talab qiladigan ba'zi bir pozitsiyalar, lekin tasniflangan ma'lumotlar emas, bu belgini orqa fon tekshiruvi orqali olishlari kerak. Ommaviy ishonch pozitsiyalari o'rtacha yoki yuqori xavfli bo'lishi mumkin.^[20][21]

Tasniflanmagan

Tasniflanmagan texnik jihatdan tasnif emas; bu sukut bo'yicha va shaxslarga ruxsatnoma bermasdan berilishi mumkin bo'lgan ma'lumotlarga tegishli. Tasniflanmagan ma'lumotlar ba'zan tarqatishda cheklangan Nozik, ammo tasniflanmagan (SBU) yoki Faqat rasmiy foydalanish uchun (FOUO). Masalan, AQSh ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan tarqatilgan huquqni muhofaza qilish byulletenlari qachon Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Milliy xavfsizlik vazirligi AQShni ko'targan terror tahdidi darajasi odatda "U // LES" yoki "Tasniflanmagan - huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari" deb tasniflangan. Ushbu ma'lumotlar faqat huquqni muhofaza qilish organlariga (sherif, politsiya va boshqalar) berilishi kerak, ammo ma'lumot sirlanmaganligi sababli, ba'zida jamoatchilikka ham beriladi. Tasniflanmagan, ammo hukumat unga bo'ysunishi kerak deb hisoblamaydigan ma'lumotlar Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun so'rovlar ko'pincha U // FOUO - "Tasniflanmagan - Faqat rasmiy foydalanish uchun" deb tasniflanadi. FOUO ma'lumotlaridan tashqari, ma'lumot tarqatilishi mumkinligiga qarab toifalarga bo'linishi mumkin (masalan, D Distribution D faqat tasdiqlangan Mudofaa vazirligi va AQSh Mudofaa vazirligi pudratchi xodimlariga yuborilishi mumkin.^[22]). Shuningdek, NOFORN bayonoti ("yo'q" degan ma'noni anglatadi chet el fuqarolari ") har qanday AQSh fuqarosiga berilmasligi mumkin bo'lgan har qanday ma'lumotga nisbatan qo'llaniladi. NOFORN va tarqatish bayonotlari ko'pincha maxfiy ma'lumotlar bilan birgalikda yoki SBU ma'lumotlarida yolg'iz ishlatiladi. Eksport nazorati ostida bo'lgan hujjatlar bu haqda ma'lum ogohlantirishga ega. "Shaxsiy identifikatsiya qilish" mumkin bo'lgan ma'lumotlar 1974 yil Maxfiylik to'g'risidagi qonun va shuningdek, uning tasniflash darajasidan qat'i nazar qat'iy nazorat ostiga olinadi.

Va nihoyat, tasniflashning bir darajasidagi ma'lumot yuqori darajaga "to'plash orqali yangilanishi" mumkin. Masalan, qurol-yarog 'tizimining o'ziga xos texnik qobiliyati maxfiy deb tasniflanishi mumkin, ammo tizimning barcha texnik imkoniyatlarini bitta hujjatga to'plash juda maxfiy deb hisoblanishi mumkin.

Axborot cheklovlarini tasniflash tizimidan tashqarida foydalanish AQSh hukumatida o'sib bormoqda. 2005 yil sentyabr oyida J. Uilyam Leonard, direktori AQSh Milliy Arxivlari Axborot xavfsizligini nazorat qilish idorasi, matbuotda "Hukumatdagi biron bir shaxs barcha boshqariladigan, tasniflanmagan [toifalarni] aniqlay olmaydi, ularning qoidalarini tasvirlab bera olmaydi" degan so'zlar keltirilgan.^[23]

Boshqariladigan tasniflanmagan ma'lumotlar (CUI)

Lardan biri 11 sentyabr komissiyasi xulosalar "hukumat juda ko'p sirlarni yashiradi" degan xulosaga keldi. Ushbu muammoni hal qilish uchun Komissiya "soliq idoralari soliq to'lovchilari hisobiga to'plangan ma'lumotlarga egalik qilishlarini his qilish madaniyati madaniyatini almashtirishni, aksincha idoralar o'zlarining burchlari borligini his qiladigan madaniyat bilan almashtirishni tavsiya qildi. "ushbu ma'lumotni taqdim etish orqali investitsiya. '"^[24]

O'sha paytda AQSh hukumati tomonidan maxfiy bo'lmagan ma'lumot uchun ishlatilgan 100 dan ortiq belgilardan kelib chiqqan holda, Prezident Jorj V.Bush 2008 yil 9-mayda ishlatilgan turli xil belgilarni yangi toifaga birlashtirish uchun Prezidentlik memorandumini chiqardi. Boshqariladigan tasniflanmagan ma'lumotlar (CUI). CUI toifalari va kichik toifalari ijro etuvchi hokimiyat organlari tomonidan qamrab olinmagan ma'lumotni aniqlash uchun eksklyuziv belgi bo'lib xizmat qilishiga umid qilishdi. Ijroiya buyrug'i 12958 yoki 1954 yildagi Atom energiyasi to'g'risidagi qonun (o'zgartirilgan), ammo o'sha paytdagi amaldagi qonunlar, qoidalar va hukumat miqyosidagi siyosatlarga muvofiq va ularni himoya qilish yoki tarqatishni nazorat qilishni talab qiladi. CUI kabi toifalarni almashtiradi Faqat rasmiy foydalanish uchun (FOUO), Nozik, ammo tasniflanmagan (SBU) va huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari (LES).^[25][26]

The Prezidentlik memorandumi Shuningdek, Milliy arxivlar yangi CUI doirasini amalga oshirishni nazorat qilish va boshqarish uchun javobgardir.^[27]

O'shandan beri ushbu memorandum bekor qilindi Ijroiya buyrug'i 13556 2010 yil 4 noyabrda va eslatma doirasida ilgari ko'rsatilgan ko'rsatmalar barcha federal idoralar bo'ylab axborot boshqaruvini takomillashtirishga, shuningdek, boshqariladigan tasniflash belgilash jarayonining o'zi bo'yicha yanada standartroq, hukumat miqyosidagi dasturni yaratishga urinishda kengaytirildi.^[28]

AQSh Kongressi buni hal qilish uchun choralar ko'rishga urindi, ammo bunga erishmadi. The AQSh Vakillar palatasi Axborotni boshqarish belgilarini qisqartirish to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qildi HR 1323 2009 yil 17 martda. Qonun loyihasi Senatning Milliy xavfsizlik va hukumat ishlari qo'mitasiga yuborildi. Chunki qo'mitada hech qanday chora ko'rilmadi^[29] va qonun loyihalari har bir Kongress oxirida tugaydi, hozirda tasniflanmagan belgilashni hal qilish bo'yicha qonun loyihasi yo'q.

Cheklangan

Davomida va undan oldin Ikkinchi jahon urushi, AQShda maxfiydan past bo'lgan "Cheklangan" deb nomlangan maxfiy ma'lumotlar toifasi mavjud edi. AQSh endi cheklangan tasnifga ega emas, balki boshqa ko'plab xalqlar va NATO qil. AQSh boshqa hukumatlardan olgan Cheklangan ma'lumotni maxfiy deb biladi. AQSh bu atamani ishlatadi cheklangan ma'lumotlar murojaat qilish uchun butunlay boshqacha tarzda yadro sirlari, yuqorida tavsiflanganidek.

Tasniflangan tasniflar

AQSh tasniflash tizimining qonuniy asosini tashkil etuvchi 13526-sonli buyrug'ida "ma'lumotlar quyidagi uchta darajadan birida tasniflanishi mumkin", eng sir esa eng yuqori daraja (Sek. 1.2 ). Biroq, ushbu ijro buyrug'ida nazarda tutilgan maxsus kirish dasturlari bu oz sonli shaxslarga kirishni yanada cheklab qo'ygan va qo'shimcha xavfsizlik choralariga ruxsat bergan (Sek. 4.3 ). Ushbu amaliyotlarni tushunchalar bilan taqqoslash mumkin (va ilhomlantirgan bo'lishi mumkin) ko'p darajali xavfsizlik va rollarga asoslangan kirishni boshqarish. AQSh qonunlarida, shuningdek, tegishli ma'lumotlarni himoya qiluvchi maxsus qoidalar mavjud kriptografiya (18 USC 798 ), yadro qurollari va atom energiyasi (qarang Atom-energiya ma'lumotlarini boshqarish ) va maxfiy razvedka agentlarining shaxsi (qarang Intellektual shaxslarni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun ).

AQSh davlat hujjatlarini tasniflashning to'g'ri tartibi

To'g'ri tasniflash uchun tasniflash organi (AQSh hukumati tomonidan tasniflash darajasini va tasniflash sababini to'g'ri aniqlash huquqi va javobgarligi bo'lgan shaxs) tegishli tasniflash darajasini, shuningdek ma'lumotlarning sabablarini aniqlashi kerak. tasniflangan. Hujjatning qanday va qachon deklaratsiyadan chiqarilishi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilinishi va unga tegishli belgi qo'yilishi kerak. 13526-sonli buyrug'i maxfiy va maxfiy ma'lumotlarni o'chirish uchun sabablar va talablarni tavsiflaydi (1 qism ). Hukumat tarkibidagi alohida idoralar qanday ma'lumotni va qaysi darajada tasniflanganligi to'g'risida ko'rsatmalar ishlab chiqadilar.

Avvalgi qaror asl tasnifdir. Maxfiy hujjatlarning aksariyati lotin tasnifi asosida tuziladi. Masalan, maxfiy hujjatdan olingan bitta ma'lumot hujjatga 100 sahifa sirlanmagan ma'lumotlar bilan birga kiritilgan bo'lsa, hujjat umuman sir bo'lib qoladi. Tegishli qoidalar har bir xatboshida (U) "Tasniflanmagan" uchun (C), "Maxfiy" uchun ("S") va "juda maxfiy" ("TS") tasniflash belgilariga ega bo'lishi shart. Shuning uchun, ushbu misolda faqat bitta xatboshida (S) belgisi bo'ladi. Agar ushbu xatboshini o'z ichiga olgan sahifa ikki tomonlama bo'lsa, sahifa ikkala tomonning yuqori va pastki qismida SECRET bilan belgilanishi kerak.^[30]

Tomonidan tasniflash siyosatini ko'rib chiqish Milliy razvedka direktorining idorasi yagona tasniflash siyosati va umuman foydalanishi mumkin bo'lgan yagona tasnif qo'llanmasini ishlab chiqishga qaratilgan AQSh razvedka hamjamiyati hamkorlik va ish faoliyatini susaytirgan idoralararo muhim farqlarni topdi. Dastlabki ODNI tekshiruvi, 2008 yil yanvar oyida yakunlandi,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} qisman shunday dedi: "" Milliy xavfsizlik "ning ta'riflari va" razvedka "nimani anglatadi - va shuning uchun nimani tasniflash kerak - tushunarsizdir ... ... Zarar nima ekanligini yoki noto'g'ri oshkor qilish natijasida kelib chiqadigan zarar darajasiga oid ko'plab sharhlar mavjud. ko'pincha turli xil agentliklarning bir-biriga mos kelmaydigan yoki qarama-qarshi ko'rsatmalariga olib keladigan ma'lumotlarning ... ... Jamoa tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan tasniflash qo'llanmalari orasida tasniflash darajalari haqida umumiy tushuncha va "zarar" nimani anglatishini izchil ko'rsatma mavjud emas. milliy xavfsizlikka jiddiy zarar 'yoki' o'ta katta zarar '. ... Tasniflash darajalarini qo'llashda juda xilma-xillik mavjud. "^[31]

Tadqiqotda dastlabki tasniflash organlari ma'lumotni tasniflash uchun asoslarni aniq ko'rsatib berishni tavsiya qildi, masalan, sezgirlik ma'lumotlarning haqiqiy tarkibidan kelib chiqadimi, manbasi, uni tahlil qilish usuli yoki uni olish sanasi yoki joyi. . Amaldagi siyosat tasniflagich tasniflash uchun asosni tavsiflashni "bilishi" ni talab qiladi, lekin aslida u buni amalga oshirmaydi.^[32]

Tasniflash toifalari

Tasniflash jarayonidagi 3-qadam, tasniflashning sababini belgilashdir. Tasniflash toifalari "1,4" raqami bilan belgilanadi, so'ngra bir yoki bir nechta harflar (a) dan (h) gacha:^[30][33]

• 1.4 (a) harbiy rejalar, qurol tizimlari yoki operatsiyalar;
• 1.4 (b) tashqi hukumat ma'lumotlari;
• 1.4 (c) razvedka faoliyati, manbalari yoki usullari yoki kriptologiya;
• 1.4 (d) AQShning tashqi aloqalari yoki tashqi faoliyati, shu jumladan maxfiy manbalari;
• 1.4 (e) milliy xavfsizlik bilan bog'liq ilmiy, texnologik yoki iqtisodiy masalalar; transmilliy terrorizmdan himoya qilishni o'z ichiga oladi;
• 1.4 (f) Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumatining yadro materiallari yoki ob'ektlarini himoya qilish dasturlari;
• 1.4 (g) transmilliy terrorizmdan himoya qilishni o'z ichiga olgan tizimlar, qurilmalar, infratuzilmalar, loyihalar yoki rejalar yoki milliy xavfsizlikka tegishli himoya xizmatlarining zaifliklari yoki qobiliyatlari; va / yoki
• 1.4 (h) ommaviy qirg'in qurollarini yaratish, ishlab chiqarish yoki ulardan foydalanish.

Hukumat tomonidan ishlab chiqarilmaydigan ma'lumotlarni tasniflash

The Ixtiro sirlari to'g'risidagi qonun 1951 yildagi milliy xavfsizlikka tahdid soladigan ixtirolar uchun patentlarni (cheklangan muddatga) bekor qilishga imkon beradi.

Konstitutsiyaviy ravishda yadro quroliga tegishli ma'lumotlar bo'lishi mumkinmi "tug'ma sir "tomonidan nazarda tutilganidek 1954 yildagi Atom energiyasi to'g'risidagi qonun sudlarda sinovdan o'tkazilmagan.

Guantanamo qamoqxonasi Guantanamo qamoqxonasidagi mahbuslarning bayonotlarini tasniflangan deb ta'riflash uchun "taxminiy tasniflash" tizimidan foydalangan. E'tiroz bildirganda Ammar al-Baluchi ichida Guantanamo harbiy komissiyasi eshitish 9/11 ish,^[34] prokuratura bu amaliyotdan voz kechdi.^[35] Bilan bog'liq bo'lgan holatlarda taxminiy tasniflash davom etmoqda Guantanamo qamoqxonasida saqlanayotganlarning habeas corpus petitsiyalari.

Maxfiy ma'lumotlarni himoya qilish

GSA tomonidan tasdiqlangan xavfsizlik idishi

Imkoniyatlar va ishlov berish

Davlat sirlarini sezgirlik darajasiga ajratish sabablaridan biri bu xavfni himoya darajasiga moslashtirishdir. AQSh hukumati maxfiy ma'lumotlarni muhofaza qilish tartib-qoidalarini batafsil bayon qiladi. Tasniflangan materialni ushlab turish va ishlov berish uchun xonalar yoki binolar binolarni tozalash uchun ishlov beriladigan eng sezgir material bilan bir xil darajada bo'lishi kerak. Yaxshi sifatli reklama jismoniy xavfsizlik odatda tasniflashning quyi darajalari uchun standartlar etarli; eng yuqori darajalarda, odamlar ba'zan shunday mo'ljallangan xonalarda ishlashlari kerak bank kassalari (qarang Nozik bo'linadigan axborot vositasi - SCIF). The AQSh Kongressi ichida shunday imkoniyatlar mavjud Kapitoliy binosi, maxfiylikni himoya qilish bo'yicha Kongress bilan ishlashning boshqa protseduralari qatorida.^[36] AQSh Umumiy xizmatlarni boshqarish tasniflangan materialni saqlash uchun ishlatiladigan qulflar va konteynerlar uchun standartlarni belgilaydi. Eng ko'p tasdiqlangan xavfsizlik idishlari og'ir yukga o'xshaydi fayl shkaflari bilan kombinatsiyalashgan qulf bitta tortmasining o'rtasida. Mexanik kombinatsiyalangan qulflarni engish usullarining rivojlanishiga javoban AQSh hukumati ularni ochishga urinishlar sonini cheklaydigan elektromexanik qulflarga o'tdi. Muayyan miqdordagi muvaffaqiyatsiz urinishlardan so'ng, ular doimiy ravishda qulflanadi va ularni qayta tiklashni talab qiladi.

AQSh hukumatining tasniflangan hujjatlari, odatda, har bir sahifaning muqovasida va yuqori va pastki qismida o'z tasnifi bilan muhrlangan bo'lishi kerak. Mualliflar har bir xatboshi, sarlavha va sarlavhani hujjatdagi ma'lumotlarning eng yuqori darajasi bilan belgilashlari kerak, odatda paragraf, sarlavha yoki sarlavha boshiga qavs ichiga tegishli bosh harflarni qo'yish orqali. Odatda, har bir maxfiy hujjatning muqovasiga yorqin rangdagi qopqoqni yopish kerak, bu tasniflangan materialni ruxsatsiz kuzatilishini oldini olish uchun (yelkada bemaqsad qilish ) va foydalanuvchilarga qarovsiz hujjatlarni blokirovka qilishni eslatish. Eng nozik material talab qiladi ikki kishilik yaxlitlik, bu erda har doim tozalangan ikkita shaxs material uchun javobgardir. Bunday material uchun tasdiqlangan idishlar ikkita alohida kombinatsiyalangan qulfga ega, ikkalasi ham tarkibga kirish uchun ochilishi kerak.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Cheklovlar maxfiy hujjatlar uchun jo'natish usullarini belgilaydi. Maxfiy materiallar maxsus kuryer orqali yuborilishi kerak; Orqali AQSh ichidagi maxfiy materiallar ro'yxatdan o'tgan pochta; va, tomonidan maxfiy materiallar sertifikatlangan pochta. Maxfiy ma'lumotlarni elektron tarzda uzatish asosan tasdiqlangan / sertifikatlangan Milliy xavfsizlik agentligidan foydalanishni talab qiladi "1-toifa" NSA tomonidan nashr etilmagan va tasniflangan kriptosistemalar Suite A algoritmlar. Suite A algoritmlarining tasnifi ularni saqlaydigan uskunalarni a Boshqariladigan kriptografik element (SSP) ostida Xalqaro qurol-yarog 'harakati qoidalari yoki ITAR. SSP uskunalari va kalit materiallari qurilmada maxfiy ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlamasa ham yoki kriptografik kalit bo'lmasa ham, yuqori jismoniy xavfsizlik bilan boshqarilishi va saqlanishi kerak. Hozirda NSA o'zi chaqirgan narsani amalga oshirmoqda Suite B kabi tijorat algoritmlari guruhi Kengaytirilgan shifrlash standarti (AES), Xeshning xavfsiz algoritmi (SHA), Elliptik egri raqamli imzo algoritmi (ECDSA) va Diffie-Hellman elliptik egri chizig'i (ECDH). Suite B CCI bo'lmagan qurilmalardagi Maxfiy ma'lumotlarga qadar ma'lumotlarni himoya qilishni ta'minlaydi, bu ayniqsa yuqori xavf muhitida yoki Suite A murosasini oldini olish uchun zarur bo'lgan operatsiyalarda foydalidir. Ushbu kamroq qattiq apparat talablari qurilmada tasniflangan Suite A algoritmlarini "himoya qilish" shart emasligidan kelib chiqadi.^[37]

Ixtisoslashgan kompyuter operatsion tizimlar sifatida tanilgan ishonchli operatsion tizimlar maxfiy ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlash uchun mavjud. Ushbu tizimlar dasturiy ta'minotda yuqorida tavsiflangan tasniflash va etiketlash qoidalarini bajaradi. Biroq, 2005 yildan beri ular tozalanmagan foydalanuvchilarga kompyuterlarni tasniflangan faoliyat bilan bo'lishishiga imkon beradigan darajada xavfsiz deb hisoblanmaydi. Shunday qilib, agar kimdir maxfiy qurilmada tasniflanmagan hujjat yaratsa, natijada ma'lumotlar qo'lda ko'rib chiqilgunga qadar maxfiy hisoblanadi. Tasniflangan ma'lumotlarni almashish uchun kompyuter tarmoqlari, ular uzatishga ruxsat berilgan eng yuqori sezuvchanlik darajasi bo'yicha ajratilgan, masalan, SIPRNet (Yashirin) va JWICS (Juda maxfiy-SCI).

Maxfiy hujjatlarning ayrim turlarini yo'q qilish uchun kuyish kerak, maydalash, tasdiqlangan protseduralardan foydalangan holda pulpa yoki pulverizatsiya qilish va ular guvoh bo'lishi va qayd qilinishi kerak.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Kompyuterning tasniflangan ma'lumotlari maxsus muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi. Qarang Ma'lumotlarning qayta tiklanishi.

Hayotiy majburiyat

Tozalangan shaxs maxfiy ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lish huquqini olgan ish joyini yoki ish beruvchini tark etganda, ular rasmiy ravishda dasturdan mahrum qilinadi. Xulosa qilish bu ikkita asosiy maqsadni amalga oshiradigan ma'muriy jarayon: bu shaxs endi ushbu dastur uchun maxfiy ma'lumotlarga kirish huquqiga ega emasligi to'g'risida rasmiy yozuvlarni yaratadi; va bu insonga ushbu ma'lumotni himoya qilish uchun umr bo'yi majburiyatini eslatadi. Odatda, shaxsdan boshqasiga imzo qo'yishi so'raladi oshkor qilmaslik to'g'risidagi bitim (NDA), dastlabki ma'lumot berilganda imzolagan narsaga o'xshash va ushbu hujjat rasmiy yozuv sifatida xizmat qiladi. Qisqartirilgan shaxs o'zlarini yo'qotmaydi xavfsizlikni tozalash; ular faqat ushbu ish bilan bog'liq ma'lumotlarni bilish zarurligidan voz kechishdi.

AQSh davlat idoralari o'rtasidagi tasniflar va rasmiylashtiruvlar

Senator Barri Goldwater Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi direktoriga tanbeh berish Uilyam J. Keysi ko'rsatilgan maxfiy ma'lumot uchun The New York Times, lekin keyin buni boshlash uchun ortiqcha tasniflanganligini aytdi. 1983 yil

Ilgari, rasmiylashtirishlar AQShning turli davlat idoralari o'rtasida o'tkazilishi shart emas edi. Masalan, Mudofaa vazirligining o'ta maxfiy xizmatiga tayinlangan shaxs, unga berilishidan oldin yana bir tekshiruvdan o'tishi kerak edi Energetika bo'limi Q tozalash. Agentliklar endi mavjud bo'lsa, boshqa idoralar tomonidan olib borilgan tekshiruvlarni hurmat qilishlari kerak. Ko'pgina xavfsizlik ruxsatnomalari faqat egasi ishlaydigan agentlik ichida amal qiladi, agar kimdir boshqa agentlik bilan uchrashib, maxfiy masalalarni muhokama qilish zarur bo'lsa, o'z vakolatlarini boshqa idoraga topshirish mumkin va zarur. Masalan, boshqa davlat idoralaridan Oq Uyga tashrif buyurgan rasmiylar o'zlarining rasmiy ruxsatlarini Prezident Ijroiya Idorasiga (EOP) topshirishlari kerak edi.

Energiya xavfsizligini ta'minlash departamenti juda maxfiy cheklangan ma'lumotlarga, ilgari cheklangan ma'lumotlarga va milliy xavfsizlik ma'lumotlariga, shuningdek maxfiy cheklangan ma'lumotlarga kirish uchun talab qilinadi Q tozalash. Quyi daraja L bo'sh joy maxfiy ilgari cheklangan ma'lumotlarga va milliy xavfsizlik ma'lumotlariga, shuningdek maxfiy cheklangan ma'lumotlarga va ilgari cheklangan ma'lumotlarga kirish uchun etarli.^[38] Amalda, cheklangan ma'lumotlarga kirish zarur bo'lgan sharoitda tegishli ruxsatnomalarga ega bo'lgan xodimlarga beriladi. Bir vaqtning o'zida odam ham TS, ham Q klirensiga ega bo'lishi mumkin, ammo bu takrorlash va xarajat endi talab qilinmaydi. Barcha amaliy maqsadlar uchun Q juda maxfiyga, L esa maxfiyga teng.

Ommabop bilimlardan farqli o'laroq Yanki Oq to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Prezident bilan ishlaydigan xodimlarga berilgan rasmiylashtiruv tasnif emas. Yanki Uaytdan ruxsat olgan shaxslar keng qamrovli tekshiruvlardan o'tmoqdalar. Bu mezonlarga AQSh fuqaroligi, shubhasiz sodiqlik va shaxs, ularning oilasi yoki "shaxs bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lgan shaxslar" ustidan chet el ta'sirining mutlaqo yo'qligi kiradi.^[39][40] Shuningdek, ular Qo'shma Shtatlar uchun do'stona emas deb hisoblanadigan mamlakatlarga sayohat qilmagan bo'lishi kerak (davlat ishida va Qo'shma Shtatlarning ko'rsatmalarida).^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Yanki Uaytdan tozalangan xodimlar, qaysi tashkilot tasniflaganlaridan qat'iy nazar, ular bilishlari zarur bo'lgan har qanday ma'lumotlarga kirish huquqini olishadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Quyida Yagona qamrovli fonni tekshirishni va aniq bo'linish bilan kirish ta'limini ko'ring. Ba'zi bo'limlar, ayniqsa razvedka bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin poligraf imtihon, poligrafning ishonchliligi bahsli bo'lsa-da. NSA poligrafni tozalash jarayonida erta foydalanadi^{[iqtibos kerak ]} ammo Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi uni oxirida ishlatadi, bu esa poligrafdan to'g'ri foydalanish to'g'risida turlicha fikrlarni bildirishi mumkin.

Standart shakl 312

Standart shakl 312 (SF 312) a oshkor qilmaslik to'g'risidagi bitim ostida talab qilinadi Ijroiya buyrug'i 13292 AQSh Federal hukumati xodimlari yoki uning pudratchilaridan biri tomonidan kirish uchun xavfsizlik ruxsatnomasi berilganda imzolanishi kerak maxfiy ma'lumotlar. Shakl Axborot xavfsizligini nazorat qilish idorasi ning Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar boshqarmasi va uning nomi "Maxfiy ma'lumotlarni oshkor qilmaslik to'g'risidagi bitim". SF 312 tasniflangan ma'lumotlarni ruxsatsiz shaxslarga tasdiqlash yoki takrorlashni taqiqlaydi, hatto bu ma'lumotlar allaqachon tarqalib ketgan bo'lsa ham. SF 312 oldingi SF 189 yoki SF 189-A shakllarini almashtiradi. SF-312-ni ijro etish fuqarolik ishlari bilan cheklangan buyurmoq pul ziyonni va ma'muriy sanktsiyalarni oshkor qilish yoki talab qilish, "xavfsizlik ogohlantirishini yo'qotish ehtimoli bilan bir qatorda tanbeh berish, to'xtatib turish, pasaytirish yoki olib tashlashni o'z ichiga oladi.^[41]

Tasnifga kirmaydigan toifalar

Bo'limlar mavjud bo'lganlar ham ishlaydi kod so'zlari maxsus loyihalarga tegishli va individual kirish talablarini osonroq boshqarish uchun foydalaniladi. Kod so'zlari o'zlari tasniflash darajalari emas, lekin loyihada ishlaydigan shaxs o'z faylida ushbu loyiha uchun kod so'zini qo'shishi mumkin va keyin tegishli hujjatlarga kirish huquqi beriladi. Kod so'zlari turli xil hujjatlar manbalarini ham belgilashi mumkin; masalan, kod so'zlari, agar uning mazmuni ma'lum bo'lib qolsa, hujjat razvedka xodimlarining qopqog'ini buzishi mumkinligini ko'rsatish uchun ishlatiladi. The Ikkinchi Jahon Urushi kod so'zi Ultra kabi nemis shifrlarini ochishda aniqlangan ma'lumotlar Enigma mashinasi va bu, qanday ahamiyatga ega bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, nemislarga Enigma buzilganligi haqida ma'lum bo'lsa, ular ma'lum bo'lgan taqdirda ma'lum bo'lishi mumkin.

Hissali ma'lumot (SCI) va maxsus kirish dasturlari (SAP)

Shartlar "Hissali ma'lumot "(SCI)^[42][43] va "Maxsus kirish dasturi "(SAP)^[44] tasniflash darajalari yoki maxsus bo'shliqlar sifatida keng tushunilmaydi.

Darhaqiqat, ushbu atamalar ma'lum bir milliy xavfsizlik mavzulariga yoki dasturlariga taalluqli (ularning mavjudligi ommaviy ravishda e'tirof etilishi mumkin bo'lmagan) yoki sezgirligi uchun maxsus ishlov berishni talab qiladigan maxfiy ma'lumotlarning ayrim turlarini boshqarish usullarini nazarda tutadi va shu sababli ularga kiradiganlar talab qiladi. unga kirish uchun maxsus tasdiqlash.

Ushbu ikkita toifadagi paradigmalar, razvedka hamjamiyatidan kelib chiqqan SCI va Mudofaa vazirligidagi SAP, "Bilish kerak" ni rasmiylashtiradilar va maxfiy ma'lumotlarni kundalik nazorat qilishda yuzaga keladigan ikkita muhim logistika masalalarini hal qilishadi:

• Bilish uchun qonuniy ehtiyojga ega bo'lgan shaxslar o'z ishlariga oid ba'zi faktlarni bilmasdan samarali ishlashlari mumkin emas. Biroq, bunday shaxslarning barchasiga juda maxfiy darajadagi DoD klirensini (ko'pincha "garov" klirensi deb nomlanuvchi) berish istalmagan bo'lar edi, juda qimmat degani emas.

• Hukumat ba'zi bir maxfiy ma'lumot turlarini faqat tegishli dasturlarda ishlaydiganlar uchun, garov ta'minotidan qat'iy nazar, cheklashni xohlashi mumkin. Shunday qilib, hatto juda maxfiy rasmiylashtiruvchiga ega bo'lgan kishi ham, agar u maxsus berilmasa, uning maxfiy ma'lumotlaridan foydalana olmaydi.

Aniqroq aytganda, "garov" bu maxsus kirish imkoniyatining etishmasligini anglatadi (masalan, SCI, SAP, COMSEC, NATO va boshqalar). Maxfiy, maxfiy va o'ta maxfiy narsalarning barchasi o'z-o'zidan garovga qo'yiladigan ruxsatnomalardir.^[45][43]

SAP va SCI odatda Top Secret tasnifida uchraydi, ammo maxfiy va maxfiy ma'lumotlarga nisbatan bunday ajratishni qo'llash taqiqlanmagan.^[46][47]

SAP va SCI dasturlari deyarli tengdir va ularni amalga oshirishni bitta mavzu sifatida muhokama qilish o'rinli. Masalan, SAP materialini quyida tasvirlangan SCIF singari binoda saqlash va ishlatish kerak.

Energetika bo'limi to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar, ayniqsa SIGMA toifasidagi toifalar, SAP yoki SCI sifatida ko'rib chiqilishi mumkin.

Bo'lingan ma'lumotlarga kirish

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. (2008 yil sentyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

SCI yoki SAP ma'lumotlarini bilishni talab qiladigan xodimlar ikkita umumiy toifaga bo'linadi:

• Bilish zarurati bo'lgan shaxslar
• Haqiqiy kirish huquqiga ega bo'lgan shaxslar

Maxfiy ma'lumotlarga kirish rasmiylashtiruv holatiga qarab ruxsat etilmagan. Kirish faqat shaxslar bilish zarurligini aniqlagandan so'ng amalga oshiriladi. Bilishga muhtojlik - bu qonuniy va vakolatli davlat funktsiyalari va vazifalarini bajarish (yoki bajarishda yordam berish) uchun ma'lum bir maxfiy ma'lumotlarga kirishni talab qiladigan qaror.

Hali ham dasturda ishlayotganlarga to'liq kirish imkoniyatini berib, dastur ma'lumotlarini tanlab ajratishga erishish uchun ma'lumot uchun noyob kod so'zi bilan aniqlangan alohida bo'lim yaratiladi. This entails establishing communication channels, data storage, and work locations (SCIF—Nozik bo'linadigan axborot vositasi ), which are physically and logically separated not only from the unclassified world, but from general Department of Defense classified channels as well.

Thus established, all information generated within the compartment is classified according to the general rules above. However, to emphasize that the information is compartmented, all documents are marked with both the classification level and the codeword (and the caveat "Handle via Channels Only", or "Handle via Jointly" if the document contains material from multiple programs).

Cover sheet for information protected by the BYEMAN control system

A person is granted access to a specific compartment after the individual has: (a) had a Yagona qamrovli fonni tekshirish similar to that required for a collateral Top Secret clearance; (b) been "read into" or briefed on the nature and sensitivity of the compartment; and (c) signed a oshkor qilmaslik to'g'risidagi bitim (NDA).

The individual then has access to all information in the compartment, regardless of its classification (and assuming a need to know). However, access does not extend to any other compartment; i.e., there is no single "SCI clearance" analogous to DoD collateral Top Secret. The requirements for DCID 6/4 eligibility (a determination that an individual is eligible for access to SCI), subsumes the requirements for a TS collateral clearance. Being granted DCID 6/4 eligibility includes the simultaneous granting of a TS collateral clearance, as adjudicators are required to adjudicate to the highest level that the investigation (SSBI) supports.

Misollar

Examples of such control systems and subsystems are:^[48]

• SCI - Sensitive Compartmentalized Information
  • BYEMAN (BYE or B)
  • COMINT or Special Intelligence (SI)
    • Very Restricted Knowledge (VRK)
    • Exceptionally Controlled Information (ECI), which was used to group compartments for highly sensitive information, but was deprecated as of 2011.^[49][50]
    • GAMMA (SI-G)
  • ENDSEAL (EL)
  • HUMINT Control System (HCS)
  • KLONDIKE (KDK)
  • RESERVE (RSV)
  • TALENT KEYHOLE (TK)
• SAP - Special Access Programs
  • COPPER GREEN

Groups of compartmented information

Ushbu bo'limga tegishli manbalar lekin bermaydi sahifadagi ma'lumotnomalar. Siz .. qila olasiz; siz ... mumkin uni yaxshilashga yordam bering aniqroq keltirilgan iqtiboslarni kiritish orqali. (2008 yil sentyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

SAPs in the Department of Defense are subdivided into three further groups, as defined in 10 AQSh  § 119.^[51]

There is no public reference to whether SCI is divided in the same manner, but news reports reflecting that only the Sakkizinchi to'da members of Congress are briefed on certain intelligence activities, it may be assumed that similar rules apply for SCI or for programs with overlapping SAP and SCI content.

The groups for Department of Defense SAPs are:

• Acknowledged: appears as a line item as "classified project" or the equivalent in the federal budget, although details of its content are not revealed. The budget element will associate the SAP with a Department of Defense component organization, such as a Military Department (e.g. Dengiz kuchlari departamenti ), a Combatant Command (e.g. AQSh maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi ) or a Defense Agency (e.g. Mudofaa Axborot tizimlari agentligi.)
• Unacknowledged: no reference to such SAPs is found in the publicly published federal budget; its funding is hidden in a classified annex, often called the "black budget". The Congressional defense committees, however, are briefed on the specifics of such SAPs.
• Kechirildi: At the sole discretion of the Mudofaa vaziri , on a case-by-case basis in the interest of national security, there is no mention in the budget at all, and only the "Big 6" members of Congress: the Chairman and Ranking Minority Members of the armed services committees, the appropriations committees and the defense appropriations subcommittees; receive notification of such SAPs.

Examples of SCI topics are human intelligence, communications intelligence, and intelligence collected by satellites. One or more compartments may be created for each area, and each of these compartments may contain multiple subcompartments (e.g., a specific HUMINT operation), themselves with their own code names.

Specific compartmented programs will have their own specific rules. For example, it is standard that no person is allowed unaccompanied access to a nuclear weapon or to command-and-control systems for nuclear weapons. Personnel with nuclear-weapons access are under the Xodimlarning ishonchliligi dasturi.

Some highly sensitive SAP or SCI programs may also use the "no lone zone" method (that is, a physical location into which no one is allowed to enter unaccompanied) described for nuclear weapons.

Handling caveats

The United States also has a system of restrictive ogohlantirishlar that can be added to a document: these are constantly changing, but can include (in abbreviated form) a requirement that the document not be shared with a civilian contractor or not leave a specific room. These restrictions are not classifications in and of themselves; rather, they restrict the dissemination of information within those who have the appropriate clearance level and possibly the need to know the information. Remarks such as "EYES ONLY" and "DO NOT COPY^[52]" also limit the restriction. One violating these directives might be guilty of violating a lawful order or mishandling classified information.

For ease of use, caveats and abbreviations have been adopted that can be included in the summary classification marking (header/footer) to enable the restrictions to be identified at a glance. They are sometimes known as Dissemination Control Abbreviations.^[53] Some of these caveats are (or were):

• FOUO: For Official Use Only. Used for documents or products which contain material which is exempt from release under the Freedom of Information Act.
• NFIBONLY: Milliy tashqi razvedka kengashi Departments Only^[53]
• NOFORN: Distribution to non-US citizens is prohibited, regardless of their clearance or access permissions (NO FOReign National access allowed).
• NOCONTRACTOR: Distribution to contractor personnel (non-US-government employees) is prohibited, regardless of their clearance or access permissions.
• ORCON: Originator controls dissemination and/or release of the document.
• PROPIN: Caution—Proprietary Information Jalb qilingan^[53]
• REL: Distribution to citizens of the countries listed is permitted, providing they have appropriate accesses and need to know. Example: "REL TO USA, AUS, CAN, GBR, NZL" indicates that the information may be shared with appropriate personnel from Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, and New Zealand.

• FVEY is the country code used as shorthand for the Besh ko'z.

• X: Information is exempt from automatic declassification (after the statutory default of 25 years) for exemption reason , and declassification review shall not be permitted for years (as determined by law or the Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel). For the most part, the exemption reasoning and caveats are outlined in paragraphs (b)–(d) and (g)–(i) of Sek. 3.3 of Executive Order 13526, but paragraph (b) is typically the one being referenced as the exemption reason value .

Misol: "50X1" indicates the information must remain classified for 50 years, since it pertains to intelligence activities, sources, or methods (reason (1) of Section 3.3, paragraph (b)).

• RESTRICTED: Distribution to non-US citizens or those holding an interim clearance is prohibited; certain other special handling procedures apply.
• FISA: is used in FISC^[54] va ehtimol FISCR since at least 2017.^[55]

Classification level and caveats are typically separated by "//" in the summary classification marking. For example, the final summary marking of a document might be:

SECRET////ORCON/NOFORN

yoki

TOP SECRET//NOFORN/FISA^[56]

Controls on atomic-energy information

The 1954 yildagi Atom energiyasi to'g'risidagi qonun sets requirements for protection of information about yadro qurollari va maxsus yadroviy materiallar. Such information is "classified from birth ", unlike all other sensitive information, which must be classified by some authorized individual. However, authorized classifiers still must determine whether documents or material are classified or restricted.

The AQSh Energetika vazirligi recognizes two types of Restricted Data:^[57]

• Restricted Data. Data concerning the design, manufacture, or utilization of atomic weapons; production of special nuclear material; or use of special nuclear material in the production of energy.
• Formerly Restricted Data. Classified information jointly determined by the DOE and the Department of Defense to be related primarily to the military utilization of atomic weapons and removed from the Restricted Data category.

Documents containing such information must be marked "RESTRICTED DATA" (RD) or "FORMERLY RESTRICTED DATA" (FRD) in addition to any other classification marking. Restricted Data and Formerly Restricted Data are further categorized as Top Secret, Secret, or Confidential.

SIGMA categories and Critical Nuclear Weapon Design Information

RESTRICTED DATA contains further compartments. The Department of Energy establishes a list of SIGMA Categories^[58] for more fine-grained control than RESTRICTED DATA.Yadro qurolini yaratish bo'yicha muhim ma'lumotlar (CNWDI, colloquially pronounced "Sin-Widdy") reveals the theory of operation or design of the components of a nuclear weapon. As such, it would be SIGMA 1 or SIGMA 2 material, assuming lazer sintezi is not involved in the information.

Access to CNWDI is supposed to be kept to the minimum number of individuals needed. In written documents, paragraphs containing the material, assuming it is Top Secret, would be marked (TS//RD-CNWDI). SIGMA information of special sensitivity may be handled much like SAP or SCI material (q.v.)

Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information

Eng ko'p bo'lsa ham Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information is sensitive, it may or may not be classified. The desired power densities of naval reactors make their design peculiar to military use, specifically high-displacement, high-speed vessels. The proliferation of quieter- or higher-performance marine propulsion systems presents a national-security threat to the United States. Due to this fact, all but the most basic information concerning NNPI is classified. The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari recognizes that the public has an interest in environmental, safety, and health information, and that the basic research the Navy carries out can be useful to industry.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Sharing of classified information with other countries

In cases where the United States wishes to share classified information bilaterally (or multilaterally) with a country that has a sharing agreement, the information is marked with "REL TO USA", (release) and the three-letter country code.^[59] For example, if the U.S. wanted to release classified information to the government of Kanada, it would mark the document "REL TO USA, CAN". There are also group releases, such as NATO, FVEY yoki UKUSA. Those countries would have to maintain the classification of the document at the level originally classified (Top Secret, Secret, etc.).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Claims of U.S. government misuse of the classification system

Maks Veber:

Every bureaucracy strives to increase the superiority of its position by keeping its knowledge and intentions secret. Bureaucratic administration always seeks to evade the light of the public as best it can, because in so doing it shields its knowledge and conduct from criticism ...^[61]

While the classification of information by the government is not supposed to be used to prevent information from being made public that would be simply embarrassing or reveal criminal acts, it has been alleged that the government routinely misuses the classification system to cover up criminal activity and potentially embarrassing discoveries.

Steven Aftergood, director of the Project on Government Secrecy at the Amerika olimlari federatsiyasi buni ta'kidlaydi

... inquiring into classified government information and disclosing it is something that many national security reporters and policy analysts do, or try to do, every day. And with a few narrow exceptions—for particularly sensitive types of information—courts have determined that this is not a crime." Aftergood notes, "The universe of classified information includes not only genuine national security secrets, such as confidential intelligence sources or advanced military technologies, but an endless supply of mundane bureaucratic trivia, such as 50-year-old intelligence budget figures, as well as the occasional crime or cover-up.^[62]

As early as 1956, the U.S. Department of Defense estimated that 90% of its classified documents could be publicly disclosed with no harm to national security.^[63] The Milliy xavfsizlik arxivi has collected a number of examples of overclassification and government censors blacking out documents that have already been released in full, or redacting entirely different parts of the same document at different times. ^[64]

Yilda Pentagon hujjatlari case, a classified study was published revealing that four administrations had misled the American public about their intentions in the Vetnam urushi, oshirish ishonchlilik oralig'i. Russo and Ellsberg were prosecuted under Espionage Law. The case prompted Harold Edgar & Benno C. Schmidt, Jr. to write a review of Espionage law in the 1973 Columbia Law Review. Ularning maqolasi "Josuslik to'g'risidagi nizom va mudofaa to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni nashr etish" deb nomlangan. In it, they point out that Espionage law does not criminalize classified information, faqat milliy mudofaa ma `lumot. They point out that Congress has repeatedly resisted or failed to make the disclosing of classified information illegal, in and of itself. Instead, Congress has strictly limited which sort of classified information is illegal, and under which specific circumstances it is illegal. ya'ni 18 AQSh  § 798 Congress specifically criminalized leaking cryptographic information that is classified, but when it passed the law it specifically stated the law didn't criminalize disclosing other types of classified information.^[8] Another article that discusses the issue is by Jennifer Elsea of the Congressional Research Service.^[3]

Turli xil UFO conspiracies mention a level "Above Top Secret" used for UFO design information and related data. They suggest such a classification is intended to apply to information relating to things whose possible existence is to be denied, such as aliens, as opposed to things whose potential existence may be recognized, but for which access to information regarding specific programs would be denied as classified. The British government, for example, denied for several decades that they were either involved or interested in UFO sightings. However, in 2008, the government revealed they have monitored UFO activity for at least the past 30 years.^[65] The existence of an "Above Top Secret" classification is considered by some as unnecessary to keep the existence of aliens a secret, as they say information at the Top Secret level, or any level for that matter, can be restricted on the basis of bilish kerak. Thus, the U.S. government could conceal an alien project without having to resort to another level of clearance, as need to know would limit the ability to have access to the information. Some suggest that claims of the existence of such a classification level may be based on the unsubstantiated belief that the levels of classification are themselves classified. As such, they feel that books claiming to contain "Above Top Secret" information on UFOs or masofadan ko'rish should arguably be taken with a tuz donasi.^[66]

Without making a judgment on if such classifications have been used for space aliens, it is a reality that even the names of some compartments were classified, and certainly the meaning of the code names. In the cited document, an (S) means the material it precedes is Secret and (TS) means Top Secret. According to the Department of Defense directive,^[67] "the fact of" the existence of NRO was at the secret level for many years, as well as the fact of and the actual phrase "National Reconnaissance Program" (see Paragraph II). Paragraph V(a) is largely redacted, but the introduction^[68]to the documents clarifies (see Document 19) that it refers to the now-cancelled BYEMAN code word and control channel for NRO activities. BYEMAN, the main NRO compartment, was classified as a full word, although the special security offices could refer, in an unclassified way, to "B policy".

Mas'ul idoralar

Any agency designated by the President can originate classified information if it meets the content criteria; each agency is responsible for safeguarding and declassifying its own documents. The Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar boshqarmasi (NARA) has custody of classified documents from defunct agencies, and also houses the National Declassification Center (since 2010) and Axborot xavfsizligini nazorat qilish idorasi. The Idoralararo xavfsizlik bo'yicha tasniflangan apellyatsiya paneli has representatives from the Departments of State, Defense, and Justice; the National Archives, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence; the National Security Advisor; Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi; and Information Security Oversight Office.^[69]

Deklaratsiyani bekor qilish

Deklaratsiyani bekor qilish is the process of removing the classification of a document and opening it for public inspection.

Automatic declassification

Ga ko'ra Ijroiya buyrug'i 13526, published January 5, 2010 (which superseded Executive Order 12958, as amended), an executive agency must declassify its documents after 25 years unless they fall under one of the nine narrow exemptions outlined by section 3.3 of the order. Classified documents 25 years or older must be reviewed by any and all agencies that possess an interest in the sensitive information found in the document. Documents classified for longer than 50 years must concern human intelligence sources or weapons of mass destruction, or get special permission.^[70] All documents older than 75 years must have special permission.^[71]

Systematic declassification

The Order also requires that agencies establish and conduct a program for systematic declassification review, based on the new and narrower criteria. This only applies to records that are of permanent historical value and less than 25 years old. Section 3.4 of Order 13526, directs agencies to prioritize the systematic review of records based upon the degree of researcher interest and the likelihood of declassification upon review.

Mandatory Declassification Review

A Mandatory Declassification Review, or MDR, is requested by an individual in an attempt to declassify a document for release to the public. These challenges are presented to the agency whose equity, or "ownership", is invested in the document. Once an MDR request has been submitted to an agency for the review of a particular document, the agency must respond either with an approval, a denial, or the inability to confirm or deny the existence or nonexistence of the requested document. After the initial request, an appeal can be filed with the agency by the requester. If the agency refuses to declassify that document, then a decision from a higher authority can be provided by the appellate panel, the Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel (ISCAP).

Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun

AQSh Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun (FOIA) was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Jonson on July 4, 1966, took effect the following year, and was amended in 1974, 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2002 (in 1974 over President Ford's veto). This act allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the U.S. government. Any member of the public may ask for a classified document to be declassified and made available for any reason. The requestor is required to specify with reasonable certainty the documents of interest. If the agency refuses to declassify, the decision can be taken to the courts for a review. The FOIA does not guarantee that requested documents will be released; refusals usually fall under one of the nine of the declassification exemptions that protect highly sensitive information.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

History of National Archives and Records Administration role

After declassification, the documents from many agencies are accessioned at the Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar boshqarmasi and put on the open shelves for the public. NARA also reviews documents for declassification.

NARA first established a formal declassification program for records in 1972, and between 1973 and 1996 reviewed nearly 650 million pages of historically valuable federal records related to World War II, the Korean War, and American foreign policy in the 1950s as part of its systematic declassification review program. From 1996 to 2006, NARA had processed and released close to 460 million pages of federal records, working in partnership with the agencies that originated the records. Over the years, NARA has processed more than 1.1 billion pages of national security classified federal records, resulting in the declassification and release of ninety-one percent of the records.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

NARA has also provided significant support to several special projects to review and release federal records on topics of extraordinary public interest such as Asir /IIV yoki Fashistlarning urush jinoyatlari. Additionally, NARA works closely with reference archivists to ensure that the federal records most in demand by researchers receive priority for declassification review and performs review on demand for individuals who need records that do not fall into a priority category. NARA has improved or developed electronic systems to support declassification, automating some processes and thus ensuring a more complete record of declassification actions. With assistance from the Air Force, NARA established^{[qachon? ]} the Interagency Referral Center (IRC) in order to support agencies as they seek access to their equities in federal records at the National Archives at College Park and to ensure that high-demand records are processed first.

2009 yilda, Ijroiya buyrug'i 13526 yaratgan Milliy deklaratsiya markazi at NARA, which also houses the Axborot xavfsizligini nazorat qilish idorasi.

Prezident kutubxonalari

Prezident kutubxonalari hold in excess of 30 million classified pages, including approximately 8 million pages from the administrations of Presidents Hoover through Carter, that were subject to automatic declassification on December 31, 2006. The foreign policy materials in Presidential collections are among the highest-level foreign policy documents in the Federal government and are of significant historical value.

From 1995 to 2006, the national Prezident kutubxonasi system reviewed, declassified, and released 1,603,429 pages of presidential materials using systematic guidelines delegated to the Archivist of the United States. NARA has also hosted on-site agency review teams at the Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Ford Presidential Libraries to manage classified equities and all presidential libraries have robust mandatory declassification review programs to support requests of individual researchers.

Shuningdek qarang

• Sensitive Compartmented Information
• AQSh xavfsizligini rasmiylashtirish shartlari ro'yxati
• Q clearance
• Controlled Cryptographic Item
• AQSh hukumati tomonidan ishning mualliflik holati
• 1917 yilgi josuslik to'g'risidagi qonun
• FAA 1600.2
• Ixtiro sirlari to'g'risidagi qonun
• Makkollumning eslatmasi
• Yashirin yangiliklar, a newsletter that covers U.S. classification policy
• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining diplomatik kabellari sizib chiqmoqda, the leak by "Chelsi" Menning orqali WikiLeaks
• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Reynolds

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

Manbalar

• Information Security Oversight Office (ISOO), a component of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
• Policy Docs at ISOO, o'z ichiga oladi Ijroiya buyrug'i 13526 - Classified National Security Information
• Memorandum of December 29, 2009 - Implementation of Executive Order 13526, (75 FR 733 )
• Order of December 29, 2009 - Original Classification Authority, (75 FR 735 )
• Implementing Directive; Final Rule ( 32 C.F.R. Part 2001, 75 FR 37254 ) ← rest of E.O. 13526 came into full effect June 25, 2010
• Ijroiya buyrug'i 12333, matn WikiSource
• Ijroiya buyrug'i 13292, matn WikiSource
• Security Classified and Controlled Information: History, Status, and Emerging Management Issues, Congressional Research Service, January 2, 2008
• DoD 5220.22-M Milliy sanoat xavfsizligi dasturi Operating Manual (NISPOM)
• 400 Series DOE Directives by Number The 400 series of directives is where DOE keeps most security and classification-related items.
• 1954 yildagi Atom energiyasi to'g'risidagi qonun 42 USC 2168 - The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 pdf at the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission or Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kodeksi Kornell universitetida
• Ayg'oqchilik to'g'risidagi qonun 18 USC 793, 794, 798 - Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kodeksi Kornell universitetida
• Designation and Sharing of Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI), Presidential Memo of May 7, 2008
• Milliy deklaratsiya markazi

Tashqi havolalar

• Explanation of the US Classification System
• Public Interest Declassification Board
• Department of Justice - Freedom of Information Act
• US Department of Defense - Freedom of Information Act
• Milliy xavfsizlik arxivi
• Open the Government.org
• Amerika olimlari federatsiyasi
• Declassified Documents dan UCB kutubxonalari GovPubs
• Criminal Prohibitions on Leaks and Other Disclosures of Classified Defense Information, Stephen P. Mulligan and Jennifer K. Elsea, Kongress tadqiqot xizmati, 2017 yil 7 mart.
• The Protection of Classified Information: The Legal Framework, Jennifer K. Elsea, Kongress tadqiqot xizmati, 2017 yil 18-may.