Beysbol va kriketni taqqoslash - Comparison of baseball and cricket

Bu maqola kabi yozilgan shaxsiy mulohaza, shaxsiy insho yoki bahsli insho Vikipediya tahrirlovchisining shaxsiy his-tuyg'ularini bayon qiladigan yoki mavzu bo'yicha asl dalillarni keltiradigan. Iltimos uni yaxshilashga yordam bering uni qayta yozish orqali entsiklopedik uslub. (2018 yil may) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Ikkala o'yinning "xavfsiz joylari", ular batting jamoasi futbolchilari bo'lish xavfi bilan ochko to'plash uchun harakat qilishadi o `chirish (gol urishining oldi olingan) ular bo'lmaganida, yashil rangda ko'rsatilgan. Kriket maydoni, bilan viketlar (gol urishning oldini olish uchun to'p bilan urish kerak bo'lgan maqsadlar) jigarrang, chap tomonda.

Beysbol va kriket qarindosh oilaning eng taniqli a'zolari bat-ball o'yinlari. Ikkalasida ham katta maydonlar mavjud, ular to'pni maydon tashqarisiga chiqarib yugurish (ochko) to'plashlari mumkin va asosiy o'yin formati taxminan 3 soat davom etadi (garchi qo'shimcha ravishda T20 kriketi, bir nechta asosiy mavjud kriket formatlari asosan o'yin uzunligi bo'yicha farq qiladi^[1]).

O'xshashliklariga qaramay, ikkita sport turi o'yin va strategiyada juda ko'p farqlarga ega. Beysbol va kriket o'rtasidagi taqqoslash har ikki sport turining izdoshlari uchun ibratli bo'lishi mumkin, chunki o'xshashliklar har bir o'yin uchun o'ziga xos nuanslarni ta'kidlashga yordam beradi.

Bat-ball o'yinlari

Bat-ball o'yinlari, umuman olganda, bitta jamoaga (maydon maydonida) ega bo'lgan sport turlari to'p va uni boshqa jamoaning a'zosiga (urish guruhi) etkazib beradi, u uni urishga urinadi. Ikki qarama-qarshi jamoa navbat bilan ushbu oraliq davomida doimiy bo'lgan ikkita alohida rolni o'ynaydilar. ^[2]

• Bu bilan qarama-qarshi "maqsadga yo'naltirilgan" o'yinlar, kabi barcha shakllari kabi futbol,^[3] xokkey,^[4] va basketbol,^[5] unda egalik bir lahzada to'p yoki payk o'zgarishi mumkin va shu bilan "hujumchilar" va "ximoyachilar" o'yin davomida tez-tez rollarni teskari yo'naltirishadi.

Ikkala kriketda ham, beysbolda ham bitta jamoaning o'yinchilari ma'lum bo'lgan ochkolarni olishga harakat qilishadi ishlaydi to'pni kaltak bilan urish va yugurish bilan, boshqa jamoa a'zolari esa gol urishning oldini olish va kaltaklangan o'yinchilarni qo'yish maqsadida to'pni maydonga tushiradilar. chiqib. ^[6]

• Ikkala o'yinda ham yugurishlar xavfsiz joylar o'rtasida yugurish orqali amalga oshirilishi mumkin (tagliklar atrofida beysbolda va piketlar o'rtasida kriketda), yoki to'pni maydon tashqarisiga urish orqali. ^[7][8][9]
• Chiqishlarni maydon egalari olishlari mumkin ushlash a kaltaklangan to'p,^[10][11] otilgan to'pni urmaslik ish tashlash zonasi^[12]/qaldirg'och,^[13] yoki tez-tez to'pni xavfsiz joyga olib borib, yuguruvchi u erga etib borguncha yugurib boradigan joyda, xavfsiz joylar orasida yugurib ketayotganda kaltak / yuguruvchini chiqarib olish.^[14][15]

Bat-bat o'yinchilarning ma'lum bir qismi chiqib ketgandan so'ng (ikkala sport turida boshqacha), jamoalar o'zaro rollarni almashadilar (garchi kriketning bir kunlik turlarida, bu batting jamoasi ma'lum miqdordagi qonuniy etkazib berishni qabul qilganda ham sodir bo'lishi mumkin).

• Har bir rolni bir marta bajaradigan har bir jamoaning bunday ketma-ketligi "an" deb nomlanadi inning (ko‘plik) inning) beysbolda va inning (ham birlik, ham ko'plik) kriketda. Kriketda bitta / ko'plik ishlatilishi, zarba berayotgan jamoaning "ko'tarilishlari" sifatida bir martalik beysbol jargoni bilan taqqoslanadi.
  • Beysbol o'yini har bir jamoaga to'qqizta inindan iborat (har bir jamoada to'qqizta "yarim inni" va maydonga tushish uchun to'qqizta yarimta to'p bor), kriket o'yinida har bir jamoada bitta yoki ikkitadan bo'lishi mumkin.
  • Ikkala tomon ham kerakli miqdordagi inningni bajarib bo'lgach, eng ko'p yugurgan jamoa g'alaba qozonadi. ^[16][17]

Xavfsiz joylar va inning oxiri qanday ishlaydi:

• Kriketda ikkita xavfsiz joy bor, ularning har birida batting jamoasining bitta o'yinchisi bo'lishi kerak. Ikkala o'yinchi batting sheriklari, ulardan biri har qanday etkazib berish uchun to'pni urishi bilan, ikkitasi xavfsiz joylarni almashtirgan har bir safar uchun bitta yugurish; bilan tugaydigan sherik "hujumchining oxiri "to'p o'lganidan keyin xavfsiz panoh keyingi etkazib berishning zarbachisiga aylanadi. Sheriklardan biri tashqariga chiqqandan so'ng, u sherik endi inning qolgan qismida ishtirok eta olmaydi va batting jamoasining yangi o'yinchisi hozir bo'sh joyni egallaydi. xavfsiz boshpana.
  • Har bir xavfsiz boshpanada a qaldirg'och (ob'ekt); agar to'p unga etkazib berilsa va viketga tegsa, yoki zarbalar viktenning xavfsiz joyiga joylashtirilmagan bo'lsa, xujumchi to'pni zarb qilsa, xamir tashqariga chiqishi mumkin.
  • Ikkala xavfsiz joyni ham egallay olmaydigan jamoa "hamma" yoki "ta'zim qildi ".
• Beysbolda to'rtta xavfsiz joy bor va u tashqariga chiqarilmaslik uchun to'pni adolatli hududga urganida, tayoqchalar xavfsiz joylarning birinchisiga (birinchi tayanch) yugurishi kerak. Xamma yugurib chiqqandan so'ng, u boshlovchi bo'lib qoladi, uning maqsadi uni uy tagiga qaytarish uchun barcha bazalar atrofida qilishdir.
  • Yuguruvchi tayanch bilan aloqada bo'lmagan paytda uni tashqariga chiqarish uchun tayanch yoki boshlovchi (qisqacha yuguruvchi) to'p bilan tegishi mumkin.
  • Uchta uzatma yarim himoyani tugatadi.

Hozirgi boshqa bat-ball o'yinlariga quyidagilar kiradi voleybol, stikbol, yaxlitlash (ikkala ingliz va irland shakllari), stulbol, pesäpallo yoki Finlyandiya beysbol, punchbol, kikbol va Britaniya beysboli.

• Oldingi shakllarga kiradi Massachusets o'yini dumaloqlarga o'xshash bo'lgan beysbol, va Qari mushuk.

O'yinlar qanday o'tkaziladi va baholanadi

Maydon

Bir xil o'lchov bilan taqqoslaganda beysbol va kriket maydonlarining minimal va misol o'lchamlari.

• Ikkala sport turida ham katta maydonlar mavjud tashqi maydonlar (garchi beysbol o'rtasidagi farq infield va tashqi maydon ko'proq tabiiy ravishda olinadi, bu maydonning maydonini maydonning qolgan qismidan ajratishga asoslangan^[18]). Kriketda bouling, batting va yugurish hammasi bo'lib o'tishi mumkin kriket pitch, bu to'pni urib yuborishdan oldin etkazib berish paytida to'p o'tadigan joy,^[19] beysbolda yugurish bazalar atrofida alohida sodir bo'ladi.
• Beysbol ogohlantiruvchi trek va kriketdagi chegara arqon (odatda tomoshabinlarning o'yin maydonini chegaralaydigan devordan bir necha metr uzoqlikda tortiladi) shunga o'xshash maqsadlarga xizmat qiladi: chet elliklar to'pga etib borayotganda devor / to'siqqa urilmang.^[20][21]

Beysbol

O'yin maydonining ko'rinishi Fenuey parki yilda Boston, AQSH

Beysbol adolatsiz hududning to'rtburchagida yomon chiziqlar orasida o'ynaydi, aksariyat o'yinlar faqat yarmarka hududiga tekkan to'plardan kelib chiqadi.

• Uy plitasidan eng yaqin panjara, stend yoki boshqa to'siqlarga qadar rasmiy minimal masofa 250 fut (76,2 m), tavsiya etilgan masofalar esa buzuq chiziqlar bo'ylab kamida 325 fut (99 m) va 400 fut (120 m) da markaz maydoni.^[22]:2
• Bu 10000 kvadrat metrdan (9300 metrdan) ko'proq tavsiya etilgan yarmarka maydonining maydonini ishlab chiqaradi²).
• Ko'pchilik Beysbolning oliy ligasi parklarda 110 000 dan 120 000 kvadrat metrgacha (10 000 dan 11 000 m gacha) adolatli hududlar mavjud²).^[23]

Kriket

A panoramali ko'rinishi "Vankhed" stadioni, Mumbay, Hindiston 2011 yil kriket bo'yicha jahon chempionati finali.

Farqli o'laroq, Sinov va Xalqaro bir kun kriket noaniq maydonlari bo'lmagan maydonda o'ynaladi.

• Minimal kengligi 420 fut (128.0 m) va uzunligi 426 fut (129.8 m), minimal maydoni 140.500 kvadrat fut (13.050 m) ni tashkil etadi.²), deb taxmin qilish elliptik shakli.
• Biroq kriket maydonchasining shakli aniqlanmagan. Dunyo bo'ylab sinov maydonchalari odatda 450 dan 500 futgacha (140 dan 150 m gacha), taxminan 175000 kvadrat fut (16300 m) maydonga ega.²), 479 x 561 fut (146 x 171 m) yoki 270,000 kvadrat fut (25000 m) gacha.²) kabi joyda MCG.

Bowling / pitching masofasi

To'p tashlanadigan maydon:

• Kriketda balandlik ikkitasi orasidagi tayyorlangan to'rtburchaklar maydon viketlar. Uning uzunligi piketlar orasidagi masofa, 22 yard (20,1 m). Uning kengligi 12 fut yoki 3.66 metr uzunlikda bo'lsa-da,^[24] ushbu maydonchadagi o'yin maydonining kengligi - ikki fut burish orasidagi masofa, ular 8 fut 8 dyuym yoki bir-biridan 2,44 metr.^[25] Maydonning har ikki uchida paydo bo'lgan ajinlar, undan bowling kosa va batmanchi o'ynaydi, piketlar oldida 4 fut yoki 1,22 metr masofada joylashgan. Bowling, ochilish va qaytish burmalari qarama-qarshi chiziqlar bilan belgilanadi, odatda oq rangga ega.^[26]

• Beysbolda krujka maydonchaning "ko'za tepasi" deb nomlangan baland qismida joylashgan kauchuk plitadan (odatda "rezina" deb nomlanadi) etkazib berishi kerak. Kauchukning old qismi uy plitasining orqa qismidan 60,5 fut (18,4 m) masofada joylashgan (rasmiy ravishda "uy bazasi" va ko'pincha "uy" deb nomlanadi). Ko'za tepasi va kauchuk paydo bo'lishidan oldin, krujka to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi "ko'za qutisi" ichidan uloqtirdi. Kriket qutisi bilan uy atrofidagi urish joylari o'rtasida kriket maydoniga o'xshash katta to'rtburchaklar axloqsizlik maydoni bor edi.^[27]

To'pni bo'shatish nuqtasi va u xamirga etib boradigan joy:

• Etkazib berish paytida chig'anoq chiqayotgan burmalanish orqasida oldingi oyoqning bir qismiga ega bo'lishi va qaytish burmasi ichida bo'lishi kerak. Qoidalar to'pni chiqadigan burmalarni orqasidan etkazib berishni taqiqlamaydi va to'p buklanish orqasidan bo'shatilishi mumkin. To'pni "bowled", tashlamaslik kerak va 2000 yildan beri qo'ltiq ostidagi harakat bilan etkazib bermaslik kerak.^[28] Ko'rshapalaklar g'ildirak oldida "qo'riqlash" yoki "to'siq" qilishadi,^[29] va ular buni ajinlar oldida yoki orqasida qilishlari mumkin. Bu etkazib berish punkti va ko'rshapalak orasidagi odatiy masofani (17,7 m) tashkil qiladi.

• Beysbolda krujkaning bo'shatish nuqtasi uning etkazib berish uslubiga qarab taxminan 55 fut (16,8 m) bo'lishi mumkin, ammo kaltak ham "to'pni qarash" uchun vaqtini maksimal darajada oshirish uchun xamir qutisida orqaga yoki "chuqur" turishga intiladi. , uy plastinka nuqtasidan pitching kauchukdan 2 fut (0,61 m) uzoqroq.

Shunday qilib, gorizontal masofa, to'pni krujka / bouler tomonidan ozod qilishdan tortib to tayoqchiga etib borguniga qadar har ikkala sport turida o'xshashdir.

• Biroq, to'p odatda kriketda uzoqroq yuradi, chunki u avval erdan sakrab chiqadi va bosib o'tilgan umumiy masofaga muhim vertikal komponentni qo'shadi.^[30]

O'ynang

• Nazariy jihatdan, beysbolda bitta krujka jamoasi uchun har bir maydonchani tashlashi mumkin,^[31] kriketda bitta xamir (agar ular olsalar) batting sherigi har birining oxirida chopishga rozilik berish ustida ) jamoasi uchun har qanday etkazib berishga duch kelishi mumkin. Biroq, buning aksi (har bir to'pga bouling bilan bouler / har bir maydonga qarab beysbol tayoqchasi) mumkin emas.

Fielding jamoasi

Fielding

• Ko'rshapalakka tegib ketgan va erga sakrab tushmasdan to'pni ushlab olgan to'p, kaltakning tashqariga chiqishiga olib keladi; qarang Tutish (beysbol) va Qo'lga olish (kriket). (Beysbolda buni ogohlantirish shu "nopok maslahatlar "faqat bitta ish tashlash deb hisoblanadi.^[32])
• Maydonchilar to'pni maydonni tark etishiga to'sqinlik qilishga harakat qilishadi (chunki bu odatda batting jamoasi yugurishdan ko'ra ko'proq yugurishni aniqlaydi)^[33]), va to'pni urib yubormaslik va ularni tashqariga chiqarib qo'ymaslik uchun to'pni batting jamoasi o'yinchilari yugurayotgan joyga tashlamoqchi.^[34][35]
  • Beysbolda to'pni qo'lida ushlab turuvchi yuguruvchini yorlig'i bilan belgilashi mumkin, ba'zi holatlarda esa yuguruvchi yuguruvchini tashqariga chiqishga majbur qiladi, kriketda esa unga qo'l tekkizgan to'p foydalanmoq qandilni qo'ying a ko'rshapalakning zamini agar ikkala batman ham unda bo'lmasa.
• Beysbol maydonchalari bitta pozitsiyada o'ynashga ixtisoslashgan (bu haqda ular zikr etilgan) tarkib kartasi^[36]), kriket maydonchalari odatda o'yinning turli pozitsiyalari bo'ylab aylanadilar; ba'zi kriket maydonchilar, ayniqsa, ma'lum pozitsiyalarda maydonga tushishlari bilan mashhur (masalan sirpanishlar ) yoki ko'pincha maydon maydonlari (infield, outfield va boshqalar).^[37]

Ikkala sport turida maydonga tushishdagi asosiy farq shundan iboratki, kriket to'pi beysbolga qaraganda qattiqroq va og'irroq bo'lsa ham, odatda kriketdagi maydon egalariga qo'lqopdan foydalanishga ruxsat berilmaydi (istisno holatlar bundan mustasno va ikkala hakamlar tomonidan tasdiqlanganda) yoki tashqi oyoq soqchilar.^[38]

• Himoyalash vositalarini kiyadigan yagona dalachilar bu qaldirg'och, kimga yostiqli qo'lqop, shuningdek oyoq himoyachilari va qorin himoyachisini kiyishga ruxsat beriladi quti; kabi potentsial xavfli yaqin pozitsiyalarda maydon egalari bema'ni nuqta va qisqa oyoq kiyimlari, qutilari va dubulg'alari ostida oyoqlarini himoya qilish vositalarini kiyishlari mumkin, ammo qo'lqoplarga ruxsat berilmaydi.^[39]
• Beysbolda tutuvchilar va birinchi navbatda qatnashuvchilar odatda kiyishadi qo'lqop, barmoqlari bo'lmagan va har bir tegishli pozitsiya uchun maxsus ishlab chiqilgan. Boshqa maydon egalari barmoqlari bilan qo'lqop kiyishadi. (Dastlabki beysbol ham yalang'och holda o'ynagan; qo'lqoplar 19-asrning oxirlarida qabul qilingan.) ^[40]

Bu shuni anglatadiki, kriketda to'pning zarbasi tufayli qo'lni shikastlash xavfi ancha yuqori. Bundan tashqari, ayniqsa, sinov kriketida, bir nechta maydon egalarining yarasaga yaqin joyda turishlari odatiy holdir (sirpanishlar, kalta oyoq, ahmoqona nuqta va shunga o'xshash pozitsiyalar), chunki yaqin maydon maydonida ushlab turuvchi tomonidan kaltakchini ishdan bo'shatish ehtimoli va qiymati yuqori.^[41]

Ikkala sport turida ham yugurishning ahamiyati:

• Beysbol o'yinlari kriket o'yinlariga qaraganda ancha past ko'rsatkichlarga ega. Oliy liga tarixidagi bitta o'yinda eng katta umumiy natijalar 49 ta,^[42] Holbuki birinchi darajali kriket o'yinlar, shu jumladan Sinovlar, 1000 yugurish bo'yicha to'rtta to'pning hammasi birlashtirilgan.^[43]

• To'g'ridan-to'g'ri taqqoslash uchun Yigirma 20 kriket cheklangan kriket unda o'yinlar reglamentdagi beysbol o'yini bilan bir xil vaqt davom etadi, tez-tez jami 300 yoki undan ortiq jami natijalarni ishlab chiqaradi, bu esa hamma vaqtdagi rekord 489 ga teng.^[44] Beysbol o'yinidagi har bir yugurish sinov kriketi o'yinidagi yugurishdan taxminan 75 baravar katta (yoki bitta to'pdan 4 yoki 6 ochko to'plagan kriketchi qiymatidan 10-20 baravar ko'p); shuning uchun pitchingning yomonligi va individual maydonga chiqish xatolari ancha qimmatga tushadi. Ajoyib zarba beruvchi beysbolchi, maydonni qanchalik yaxshi bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, o'yinlarni muntazam ravishda boshlaydi, ammo shunchaki o'rtacha urish darajasida bo'lgan, ammo barkamol hujumchi bo'lmagan futbolchi muntazam o'ynamasligi mumkin,^[45] yoki faqat ishlatilishi mumkin belgilangan hitter undan foydalanadigan ligalardagi mavqei.

Dengiz kuchlari shortstop Nik Driskoll Navy tutuvchisi Stiv Soaresdan otishni o'rganib oldi va har yili Service Academy Spring Spring Classic beysbol musobaqasida ikkinchi pog'onaga etib borishga urinib, avval sirg'alib yurgan yuguruvchini chiqarib yubormoqchi.

Beysbol o'yinchilari tez-tez zarba berilgan to'pni ushlagandan so'ng darhol tashlashlari kerak (masalan, er-xotin o'ynash ),^[46] kriketda bu keraksiz, chunki ishdan bo'shatish paytida to'p "o'lik" deb hisoblanadi.^[47]

• Shunday qilib, kriketda maydonga tushganlar sho'ng'in qilish va ov qilish uchun ko'proq rag'batlantiradilar a tugab qoldi yuguruvchilarni tashqariga uloqtirayotgan beysbolchilarga nisbatan umuman ancha qiyinroq.^[48]

Dalada chap qo'llar va o'ng qo'llar:

• Beysbol olmosining konfiguratsiyasi birinchi tayanchga uloqtirishni asosiy mas'uliyatga aylantiradigan chap qo'llarni maydon tashqarisidagi pozitsiyalardan samarali ravishda to'sib qo'yadi. O'ng qo'llar chap tomonga, ya'ni birinchi tayanch tomonga - chap qo'llarga qaraganda ancha osonlik bilan tashlanishi mumkin. Shunday qilib, amaliy ma'noda, barcha ikkinchi darajali, qisqa va uchinchi yordamchilar o'ng qo'llardir. Chap qo'l bilan tutuvchilar ham juda kam uchraydi; Sabablar asosan madaniy ko'rinishga ega bo'lsa-da, uchinchi tayanch chizig'iga bintlar bilan ishlov berish va uydagi o'yinlarga tashlanish chap qo'l tutuvchilarga alohida to'siqlarni keltirib chiqaradi.^[49][50]

• • Ko'pchilik birinchi pog'onani chap tomonga tezroq va ravonlik bilan bajara oladigan o'ng tomonga o'tishi kerak bo'lsa-da, bu chap qo'l birinchi pog'onachining foydasiga nisbatan kichik omil. Keyinchalik muhim afzalliklar bazaga nisbatan chap qo'lli birinchi boshchining pozitsiyasi bilan bog'liq.
    • Birinchidan, chap qo'lli birinchi boshliq a-ni ushlashda o'ng qo'lidagi hamkasbiga nisbatan ustunlikka ega olib ketish krujkadan uloqtirish - birinchi boshlovchi yuk ko'tarish holatida bo'lganida, sumka oldida turganida, chap qo'l to'pni ushlay oladi va qo'lini tanasi bo'ylab harakatlantirmasdan yorliq yasaydi. (Rasmga qarang O'yin davomida strategiya o'ng qo'li bilan birinchi poydevor bilan standart pikap holati uchun quyidagi bo'lim.)
    • Ikkinchidan, birinchi bosh murabbiy ko'p o'yinlarni chap oyog'i bilan tayanchga yaqinroq boshlaganligi sababli, chap qo'li uloqtirish uchun cho'zilib ketish uchun to'g'ri holatga o'tish uchun yarim burilish yasashi shart emas. Shu sabablarga ko'ra chap qo'l bilan uloqtirishlar birinchi bazada beysbolchilarning umumiy populyatsiyasiga qaraganda ancha keng tarqalgan.^[51]
• Aksincha, kriket dumaloq maydonda maydonga tushiriladi: har qanday pozitsiyada fielderning qo'li juda kam natija beradi, chunki u otishni emas, ushlashni birinchi o'ringa qo'yadi, shu bilan birga ko'rshapalaklar qarama-qarshi yo'nalishda yugurmoqda va ikkalasi ham chap va o'ng qo'llar uloqtiruvchilar maydonning hamma joylarida uchraydi. Aytish kerakki, o'ng qo'l egalari nuqta va qopqoqni maydonga tushirishlari, chap qo'li esa o'rtada vikipedda maydonga tushishlari (o'ng qo'li kaltakchiga) odatiy holdir. Ikkala holatda ham, bu kaltakchilar yugurish paytida fielderga kamon uchi qoqilib ketishini yaxshiroq maqsad qilib qo'yadi, bu odatda ustun bo'lgan nishon, chunki hujumchi odatda qarama-qarshi burmaga etib boradi (afzalligi tufayli zaxira nusxasi ).

A Xalqaro bir kun kriket o'yinlari davom etmoqda Eden Park. Engilroq chiziq bu kriket pitch.

Yuguruvchi va yarim himoyachilarning tanasi bilan aloqa qilish beysbolda tez-tez uchraydi, ayniqsa, uy plastinkasida. Bunga, asosan, yuguruvchini chiqarib qo'yish usuli sabab bo'ladi. Ikkala sport turida ham qoidalar yuguruvchilarga aralashishni taqiqlaydi.

• Biroq, beysbolda yuguruvchining o'zi (yoki agar u majbur qilsa, u oldinga siljiydi) to'pni ushlab turgan yarim himoyachi tomonidan belgilanishi kerak. Uloqtirishni kutayotgan tutuvchi ko'pincha plastinka va yuguruvchi o'rtasida turadi. Uni ushlaganidan so'ng, yuguruvchi ushlagichni aylanib o'tishga urinishi mumkin, yoki agar u bunday aloqa orqali to'pni siljitaman deb o'ylasa, shunchaki ushlagichni piyolaga solib qo'yishi mumkin; va agar tutuvchi qilsa emas To'pga egalik qiling, yuguruvchi tutuvchini baribir piyolaga solib qo'yishi mumkin, bu adolatli deb hisoblanadi, chunki qoidaga ko'ra to'psiz yarim himoyachi yuguruvchiga xalaqit bera olmaydi.^[52]
  • Futbolchilar o'rtasidagi zo'ravonlik aloqasi beysbolda avvalgidek, yanada kuchaygan Knickerbocker qoidalari o'yinning ba'zi versiyalarida yuguruvchini uloqtirilgan to'p bilan urish (yoki "ho'llash" / "tiqish") bilan tom ma'noda "uloqtirish" ga ruxsat berilgan.^[53] (kriket viketlariga teng keladigan bazani yoki qoziqni urish o'rniga).
    • Ushbu qoida beysbol variantining nomlangan ba'zi versiyalarida mavjud kikbol, bu futbol to'pi bilan o'ynaladi va shu bilan zararli emas. Ketbolda pastga tushirish holatida urish holatlari bundan mustasno, kriket va beysbolning eski qoidalarida bo'lgani kabi, qo'l ostida ham to'pni tom ma'noda "bouling" qilish kerak. "Hamma yumaloq qo'llar pastga" kikbol ligalari mavjud, ammo ularning ko'pchiligida to'p yuz yoki elkalari bilan tikilgan.
• Aksincha, kriketda stublar yuguruvchiga emas, balki "taglash" uchun mo'ljallangan. Yuguruvchilar bilan hech qanday aloqa zarur emas yoki ruxsat etilmaydi. Qarama-qarshi tomonlarning aloqasi kamdan-kam uchraydi va odatda ataylab qilinmaydi.

"Soxta maydonga chiqish" qoidalari:

• Beysbolda krujka bilan jazolanishi mumkin balk chunki to'pni etkazib bermaganlik uchun, bu ba'zi hollarda kastryul shunday harakatni amalga oshirganida asosiy odamga tashlamaslikni o'z ichiga oladi.^[54]
• Kriketda yarim himoyachi jazolanishi mumkin soxta dalalar.^[55]

Maydonchilar qaysi o'yinchilarni tark etishni xohlashlarini tanlaydilar:

• Beysbolda yuguruvchilar ko'pincha a ga ko'tarilishlari mumkin himoyachining tanlovi Fielder boshqa yuguruvchilarni chiqarishni birinchi o'ringa qo'yganda.
• Kriketda dala egalari ikkala raketka o'zlaridan bo'lmaganda kimni chiqarishni tanlashi mumkin asoslar; Bu sodir bo'lganda, ular har qanday viketni to'p bilan urishi mumkin, va u viket bitayotgan erga eng yaqin ko'rshapalak bilan.

Fielding pozitsiyalari

Maydon pozitsiyasini nomlash sxemasi:

• Beysbolning maydonga tushirish pozitsiyalari aniqlangan va maydondagi joylarga yoki uy plastinkasiga nisbatan maydonlarga asoslangan, ya'ni "markaziy maydon" tashqi maydon markazidagi pozitsiyadir.^[56]
• Kriket maydonchalari xamirning uzatilishiga qarab nomlangan va qutb koordinatalari tizimiga ergashgan ismlar bilan juda ko'p pozitsiyalar mavjud (ularning ba'zilari to'ldirilmaydi, chunki katta maydonni qoplash uchun atigi 11 ta maydon mavjud). (ya'ni maydonchani pozitsiyasi nomidagi so'zlar qanotboshi xamirga nisbatan qanday burchakka va qancha masofada joylashganligi to'g'risida maslahatlar beradi).^[57]

Bowling / pitching

Beysbol

Kriket to'pi

• Agar zarba to'pni urib yubormagan bo'lsa, to'pni tortib olish uchun to'pni ma'lum bir maydonga tashlash mumkin (beysbolda ish tashlash zonasi agar to'p eng ko'p 3 marotaba, kriketda esa piket).
• Beysbol krujkalari qonuniy ravishda to'pni har qanday balandlikda xamirga etib borishi uchun tashlashi mumkin (garchi uni " to'p ), ammo ular to'pni xamirga etib borguncha sakrab chiqa oladimi-yo'qmi, cheklangan. Kriket boulerlari to'pni har qanday balandlikda xamirga etib borishdan oldin erga sakrab turishi uchun tashlashi mumkin, bu esa to'pni keskin burilishga olib kelishi mumkin, ammo ular birinchi sakrab tushmasa, to'pni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bel balandligidagi tayoqchaga tashlashi mumkin emas.
  • "Adolatsiz" etkazib berilgan to'pni silkitgan beysbol tayoqchasi odatdagi usullarning ko'pchiligida bo'lishi mumkin,^[58] a-da tebranish paytida kriket tayoqchasi deyarli hech qanday tarzda chiqa olmaydi to'psiz,^[59] ular a qarshi bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da keng.^[60]

To'pni tayyorlashning turli xil usullari oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan darajada harakat qiladi:

• Kriket boulerlari, chunki ular kichkinagina cheklanmagan ish tashlash zonasi ularning maqsadi sifatida, shuningdek, beysbol krujkalarida mavjud bo'lmagan turli xil yondashuvlardan foydalaning. Ular turli xil narsalarni o'z ichiga oladi chiziq va uzunlik etkazib berish va to'pni tayoqchiga etib borguncha maydonchada sakrashi natijasida yuzaga keladigan oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan harakatlardan foydalanish.^[61][62]
• Beyzbol krujkalari, aksincha, to'pni tezligi va harakatidagi o'zgarishlarni (kriket boulerlarida ham to'p tezligi turlicha) faqat havo ishqalanishi va aylanish tufayli kelib chiqadigan zarbalarni aldash uchun ishlatishi kerak, chunki erga tegib turgan maydonlarning aksariyati samarasiz.^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} sifatida o'tishga ruxsat berildi sharlar.^[63]

To'p dizaynining o'zi harakat bilan ta'sir o'tkazish usullari:

• Beysbolda baland to'lqinli tikuv, bajarilgan krujka havoda juda ko'p turli xil harakatlarni yaratishga imkon beradi;^[64] hattoki tezkor koptoklar ham ma'lum harakat turlarini vujudga keltiradigan tarzda tashlanadi.
• Kriket to'pi ham havoda harakat qiladi,^[65] beysbolga qaraganda kamroq darajada, lekin u sakrashda eng aniq harakatiga erishadi, shu bilan tikuvchilar to'pni tikuv ustiga tushirib, engil, ammo oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan burilish hosil qilishadi va spinnerlar spin yordamida muhim burilish va sakrash o'zgarishini yaratadilar.^[66]

To'p qayerdan va qanday etkazib beriladi:

• Bundan tashqari, krujkalar uloqtirishni statsionar joydan boshlashi kerak, bowlerlar esa etkazib berilguncha yugurishi mumkin. (Beysbolning dastlabki kunlarida, krujka "quti" ichida istalgan joydan piching qilgan va shuning uchun to'pni qo'yib yuborishda qaerda turish kerakligi haqida 1880 yillarga qadar ko'proq moslashuvchanlik bor edi).^[67])
• Beysbol krujkalari balandlikdan uloqtirishadi tepalik (Uy plitasi sathidan 10 yoki 25 sm balandlikda),^[68] kriket boulerlari kaltakchi bilan bir xil balandlikda (chunki maydonning uchi bouling va batting tugmachalari uchun ishlatiladigan har 6 ta etkazib berish) va ustki qism bilan piyola kerak (yoki yumaloq, bugungi kunda kamdan-kam uchraydigan uslub^[69]) qo'lning aylanishi, bu vaqtda qo'lni 15 darajadan ko'prog'iga to'g'rilamaslik kerak. (Bu 1880-yillarda bekor qilingan beysbolning dastlabki kunlarida krujkalar uchun cheklov edi; bugungi kunda beysbol krujkalari quyida muhokama qilingan turli xil etkazib berish harakatlaridan foydalanmoqdalar.)

To'pning tezligi:

• Etkazib berish harakatlaridagi farqlarga qaramay, etkazib berish tezligi ikkala sport turlari uchun ham eng tez boulerlar va 95-100 milya (150-160 km / soat) mintaqada to'pni harakatga keltiruvchi krujkalar bilan o'xshashdir: eng tezkor qayd etilgan kriket 100,2 milya ( 161,26 km / soat)^[70][71] 105 milya (169,0 km / soat) tezlikda beysbol rekordini qayd etdi.^[72]
  • Shunga qaramay, 100 milya yaqinidagi yoki yaqinidagi beysbol maydonchalari kriketdagi taqqoslanadigan tezlikni to'plariga qaraganda ancha keng tarqalgan.^[73] Kriketdagi koptokchining to'pni etkazib berishda qo'lini qanchalik to'g'rilashi borasida ancha cheklangan va bu beysbol chayqovchilari to'pni tezroq tezroq etkazib berishlari uchun juda muhim sababdir.

Ammo asosiy farqlardan biri shundaki, kriketdagi to'p og'irligi og'irroq va og'irroq.

• Beysbolda to'p uchun qonuniy og'irlik 5 dan 5,25 untsiya (142 dan 149 g) gacha.^[74]
• Kriketdagi to'p 5,5 dan 5,75 untsiya (156 va 163 g) gacha bo'lishi kerak.^[75]

Tez boulning odatdagi bouling harakati.

Belgilangan joydan uloqtirishda beysbol krujkasining odatdagi harakati.

Bowler va krujkalar toifalari:

• Kriket boullari guruhlarga bo'lingan turli toifalar ularning bouling uslubiga asoslanib -tinchlikparvar askarlar, tikuvchilar, spinnerlar (yoki barmoq yigiruvchilar ), oyoq-spinnerlar (yoki bilakni yigiruvchilar )^[76]- bouler bir nechta toifalarga kirishi mumkin (garchi tezlik va tikuvdagi bouling, masalan, asosan bir-biriga to'g'ri keladi).
  • Tezroq boulerlar odatda boulingni ochadilar,^[77] to'p eng qiyin va silliq bo'lganda. Spin bowlers odatda to'p yomonlasha boshlagach va qo'pol bo'lib ketgandan keyin, odatda piyola.

• Beysbolning krujkalari birinchi navbatda uloqtirish qo'llari (chapga yoki o'ngga, chap qo'lli krujkalar bilan tez-tez "janubiy paws" deb nomlanadi) va o'yinlardagi odatiy roli bilan tasniflanadi.
  • A boshlang'ich krujka odatda o'yinlarni ketma-ket tsiklda boshlaydigan to'rtta jamoadoshlari bilan almashinib, odatda beshta o'yinda bir martadan ko'p bo'lmagan o'yinlarni boshlaydi va odatda besh yoki undan ko'p inning maydonlarini o'ynaydi. Boshlang'ichlar boshqalar tomonidan boshlangan o'yinlarda kamdan-kam zaxira sifatida paydo bo'ladi.
  • A yordam krujkasi o'yinlarga keyinroq, ba'zida kaltak tufayli tayanchda va / yoki raqibning eng yaxshi hujumchilari bo'lgan, odatda har qanday o'yinda kamroq to'p kiritadigan inqirozli vaziyatlarda qisqa vaqt ichida kiradi. Ammo bir nechta o'yinlarda ketma-ket maydonga tushadiganlar yordam berishga chaqirilishi mumkin. Ba'zi bir qutqaruvchilar hatto yanada qat'iy ixtisoslashgan yopuvchilar jamoasini kichik farq bilan oldinda olib boradigan o'yinning so'nggi uchrashuvini o'tkazish uchungina olib kelindi. Ehtimol, eng ixtisoslashgan qutqaruvchilar guruhi chap qo'l mutaxassislar - deyarli faqat chap qo'lli jangchilarga piching qiladigan chap qo'llar (ba'zan hittersni almashtirish kuchsizroq jangchilar bo'lganlar). Ko'pincha, bunday krujka ma'lum bir o'yinda faqat bitta zarbaga duch keladi.

• • • Kastryulkalar ba'zan ikkinchi darajali pitching uslubiga, tez-tez ishlatiladigan pitch turiga yoki tezligiga qarab guruhlanadi.^[78] Bu, ayniqsa, pitching texnikasi kamdan-kam uchraydigan yoki odatiy bo'lmagan hollarda keng tarqalgan.

Masalan, maydonchani etkazib berish bo'yicha juda ko'p turli xil farqlar mavjud, shu jumladan, to'pni soat 12 holatidan uloqtirish odatiy ortiqcha, 3/4 uslublar (qo'l plastinka tomon harakatlanib 12 va 3 o gacha "soat), shuningdek kamroq tarqalgan yon qo'l (Soat 3 da burchak burchagi, taqqoslang yumaloq bowling kriketda) va 'dengiz osti kemasi '(soat 3 dan pastroq, taqqoslang qo'ltiq ostidagi bouling kriketda) etkazib berish. Dengiz osti balandligi kamdan-kam uchraydi va shu tarzda uloqtiradigan krujka odatda uning nomi yoki tavsifiga "suvosti kemasi" biriktirilgan. Xuddi shunday, tezkor, egri to'p, slayder va knuckleball kabi ko'plab maydonchalar tashlangan.^[79] Qobiliyatli knuckleballers juda kam uchraydi va odatda bu mahorat bilan tavsiflanadi.

Munozaralarni davom ettiradigan sabablarga ko'ra, tarixiy jihatdan aksariyat o'ng qo'pol krujkalar chap qo'llarga qaraganda yuqori o'ng qo'l uruvchilarga nisbatan yuqori stavkalarda muvaffaqiyatga erishganligi va chap qo'llarning ko'plari chap qo'llarga qaraganda yuqori stavkalarda muvaffaqiyatga erishganliklari. o'ng qo'llardan ko'ra.

• Beysbolning muhim strategik elementlaridan biri bu hodisani iloji boricha ko'proq ishlatishdir. Himoya a majburlashga harakat qiladi o'yin yonma-yon krujka va hitter o'rtasida va huquqbuzarliklar ularga mos kelmaslikka harakat qiladi; istalgan natijaga erishish uchun ikkala jamoa ham ba'zan almashtirishlardan foydalanadilar.^[80] Ushbu hodisaga bitta javob shundaki, ko'plab xitlar, ular orasida o'yinni o'ynash uchun eng yaxshi va eng qudratli bo'lganlar qatori. Mikki Mantl, Eddi Myurrey va Chipper Jons, himoyachilarning o'zlariga qarshi ushbu ustunlikdan foydalanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun chap va o'ng qo'llarni urish uchun yoshlar kabi usta bo'ldi. Ko'pgina professional klublar yonma-yon tanlovning afzalligini zararsizlantirish uchun ikkita yoki uchta kalitni ishga solishadi. Biroq, hozirgi paytda faqat bitta kaliti krujka oliy ligada o'ynagan.^[81]
  • Kriketdagi shunga o'xshash hodisa - bu ochiluvchi ikkita batmen bir chap va bitta o'ng qo'l sifatida tanlangani, shuning uchun muxolifat uchun qo'lning har qanday turiga ixtisoslashgan boulerni tanlash qiyin bo'ladi.^[82] Bu boshqalarga ham tegishli bo'lishi mumkin urish bo'yicha hamkorlik.^[83]

Oyoqlarni aylantirish bowler Sheyn Uorn ozod qilish haqida Spin etkazib berish.

Avstraliyalik Tez Bowler Bret Li amal qiling

Xamirning tanasiga uloqtirilgan to'plarning tarqalishi:

• Bundan tashqari, agar beysbol tayoqchasi bo'lsa balandlik bilan urdi, u taqdirlandi birinchi tayanch;^[84] Xamirni "urish" tanasiga urmasdan uning formasining bo'sh qismlarini urishni o'z ichiga oladi (beysbol qoidalarida futbolchining shaxsiga uning formasi va uning qurolidan boshqa jihozlar kiradi).
  • Qovoqchilar battarlarga yaqinlashishlari mumkin va "cho'tka "tez-tez qo'rqitish taktikasi sifatida ishlatiladi.^[85] Qasddan zarbani urish juda kam uchraydi, ammo bu asosan qattiq jazolanadi. Agar hakam zarbani qasddan urishgan deb hisoblasa, hakam birinchi navbatdagi huquqbuzarlik bo'yicha har ikkala stendni ogohlantirishi kerak: agar yana urishgan battsmenlar bo'lsa (bitta beysbol atamasi bo'lgan bo'lsa), ikkala jamoa uchun krujka o'yindan chetlashtiriladi. batsman "ishlatiladi). Ogohlantirish va agar unga zid bo'lsa, uni haydab chiqarish kuchi nafaqat jangchilarni himoya qilish, balki janglarning oldini olish uchun mo'ljallangan; a tomonidan urilgan tezkor to'p Batters tomonidan jiddiy qabul qilinadi va skameykada olib boriladigan mushtlashuvlar vaqti-vaqti bilan bir jamoaning qaroriga binoan, boshqalari o'zlarining jangchilariga qasddan uloqtirishga olib keladi. ^[86]
  • Ajablanarlisi shundaki, oliy liga o'yini tarixida faqat bitta o'yinchi boshiga tepilgan to'p tomonidan o'ldirilgan (Rey Chapman ning Klivlend hindulari 1920 yilda). Bu kaltak zarbasi ixtiro qilinishidan oldin sodir bo'lgan va ushbu uskunani o'yinga kiritish, shuningdek, iflos to'plarni almashtirish va tupurishni taqiqlash uchun asosiy sabab bo'lgan.^[87][88] Beysbol to'purarlari kiyishadi dubulg'a, lekin ular xavfsiz emas va "qafas" ga ega emaslar kriket dubulg'alari chunki boshning / yuzning faqat bir tomoni ochiq.^[89] Tutuvchilar odatda qafas yoki himoya panjaralari bilan dubulg'a kiyadilar.^[90]

• Kriketda boulinglar ko'rshapalakni urish huquqini qurol-yarog'ining bir qismi deb hisoblashadi; haqiqatan ham ishdan bo'shatishning eng keng tarqalgan usullaridan biri (viketdan oldin oyoq ) bouldan kaltakni emas, balki kaltakchining tanasini urishini talab qiladi. (Ammo, ishdan bo'shatish uchun to'pni zarbaga urilgan deb hisoblash kerak va shuning uchun odatda nisbiy pastroq bo'ladi, bu erda batatsmenlar asosan plomba bilan himoyalangan).^[91]
  • Tez bouler uning punktuatsiyasini qiladi ortiqcha etkazib berish bilan sakrash uchun mo'ljallangan zarbachining boshiga qarab, yoki zarbani kuchaytirish uchun (mudofaa yoki hujum bo'lishi mumkin), bu esa batmanchi bo'lishiga olib kelishi mumkin. ushlandi chiqib ketish yoki kaltakchini qo'rqitish uchun, jarohatlaridan qo'rqib, keyingi bir nechta etkazib berishda oldinga o'ynash ehtimoli kamroq. Ushbu taktika azaldan kriketning qabul qilingan qismi bo'lib kelgan. ^[92]
  • Zamonaviy o'yinda ko'rshapalaklar odatda kiyishadi dubulg'a va og'ir to'ldirish Shunday qilib, to'pga zarba berish juda kamdan-kam hollarda sezilarli darajada shikastlanishga olib keladi - garchi bu ko'pincha og'riqli bo'lsa, ba'zida miya chayqalishi yoki sinishlariga olib keladi (garchi bu o'limga olib keladigan oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lsa): Filipp Xyuz a tomonidan bosh / bo'yin sohasiga urilib o'lgan Shon Abbott a davomida bouncer Sheffild Shild 2014 yilgi o'yin^[93]).
  • Kaltakka teng keladigan narsa balandlik bilan urilgan to'p birinchi sakrab tushmasdan xamirga tegadigan beysbolda a beamer kriketda. Ular kamdan-kam uchraydi va odatda to'p to'pchining qo'lining yuqori qismidan chiqib ketishi natijasida yuzaga keladi. Bundan ham kamdan-kam uchraydigan qasddan beamer ham kaltaklanganlarning ham, olomonning ham keskin reaktsiyasini keltirib chiqaradi. Bunday vaziyatlarda hakam intizomiy choralar ko'rishga vakolatlidir. Boomerga odatda birinchi ogohlantirish beriladi va agar qonun buzilishi takrorlangan bo'lsa, o'yindan chetlashtiriladi.^[94]
    • E'tiborli bunday voqea o'rtasida bo'lgan Vaqar Yunis va Endryu Symonds: Younisga hakamlar tomonidan bouling taqiqlandi Devid Cho'pon o'rtasidagi o'yinda Symonds-ga beamer etkazib berish uchun Pokiston va Avstraliya da 2003 yilgi jahon chempionati;^[95] bu xalqaro o'yin paytida sodir bo'lgan ikki hodisadan birinchisi edi.

To'p qanchadan qancha balandlikda bo'lishi mumkin va bu qanday etkazib berishda o'ynaydi:

• Kriketda, a to'psiz agar to'p birinchi darajaga ko'tarilmasdan belning balandligidagi xamirga etib borsa, deyiladi.
• Beysbolda bunday cheklov yo'q, shuning uchun krujka a tashlashi mumkin sinker (beysbol) u kaltakning bel balandligidan yuqoriga qarab tashlanadi, bu kaltakka ishonib to'pni urish uchun o'rnatadi, xuddi shu balandlikda unga qonuniy etib boradigandek, lekin keyin kaltakka etib borgach belning balandligidan pastga cho'kadi.

Turli bouller yoki krujkalar bitta o'yinga o'z hissasini qo'shishida katta farq bor.

• In baseball, a single pitcher starts the game, and makes every pitch until the manager replaces the tiring pitcher with a relief pitcher. Replaced pitchers cannot return to pitch again in the same game (unless they are shuttled to another position in the field and thus stay in the line-up, a move rarely seen in the major leagues), and a succession of pitchers may come into the game in sequence until it ends. ^[96]
  • Although moving a pitcher to a fielding position and returning him to pitch later in the game is legal in baseball, it is a rarely used and potentially risky strategy, as the pitcher may be unprepared to play another position.^[97]
• In cricket, two bowlers begin the game, with those not actively bowling spending time as fielders. Every player in the team, including the wicket-keeper but excluding the 12th man, is available to be used as a bowler. Bowlers alternate bowling ortiqcha of six balls each. A bowler will usually bowl for a 'spell' of several (alternate) overs, and will generally bowl the entire spell from the same end of the pitch. A second bowler will bowl the overs missed by the first, from the other end of the pitch, for his own spell, with the two bowlers said to be "bowling in tandem".^[98] After a bowler is taken off, he may be, and often is, asked to bowl another spell later in the same innings.

The terms "bowling" and "pitching", as words, both denote underarm deliveries, as were once required in both games.^[99][100] The rules for delivery were also initially very similar. Once overhand deliveries were permitted in the respective sports, and pitchers were compelled to toe the pitching rubber instead of throwing from anywhere within the "pitcher's box", the actions of bowling and pitching diverged significantly.

Penalties for bad or unfair delivery:

• "keng " in cricket and the "to'p " in baseball both derive from the concept of a "fair" delivery, i.e., a delivery that the batter or batsman has a fair chance of making contact with his bat. While there is no sharply defined "strike zone" in cricket as there is in baseball (but there are lines known as the return creases perpendicular to the other crease lines which the umpires can use as a guide, and in limited overs cricket specific wide lines are painted on the pitch 17 inches (43.2 cm) inside the return creases), in both cases the umpire must judge whether the ball was delivered fairly. Both the "wide" and the "ball" result in a "penalty".
  • In cricket, like a to'psiz, a single run is awarded to the batting team and it does not count as a legal delivery.^[101] However, a batsman may still be stumped or run out.
    • A to'psiz is a delivery in which the bowler or the fielders violate the rules in other ways; it can often occur when the bowler bowls from too close to the batter. It is a delivery in which a batsman can't be dismissed in any of the usual ways other than tugab qoldi.
  • In baseball, a ball is called, and if a pitcher gives up four balls the batter is awarded first base, which is called a "to'plarga asos " or a "walk".^[102]

A walk will only score a run directly if the bases are already loaded, forcing the runner at third base to advance to home (known as "walking in a run");^[103] otherwise the threat is merely of another runner reaching base instead of making an out. However, since runs are scored so much more frequently in cricket, the occasional wide, scoring a run directly, is not taken too seriously, although the extra delivery can be of vital significance toward the end of a match. In both games, a wide or a ball can be the decisive factor in winning a match or a game.

Jangovar guruh

Urish

There are many possibilities for a batsman in cricket. (The shots shown are for a right-handed batsman.)

• The further the ball is hit away from any fielders, the more time for running and thus runs the batting team can score, or is likely to score in future plays.
• The ball may be hit out of the field to automatically score runs. (In baseball, a batter must run around all of the bases on a uy yugurish hit out of the park, but is under no risk of being out while doing so.^[104] In cricket, the batsman scores a olti (kriket),^[105] which while not technically being the maximum number of runs scoreable off a single ball, is almost always so).
• Batters can play defensively to avoid getting out ("fouling off" pitches in baseball or the defensive strokes in cricket) while putting less of a focus on scoring, or can play more aggressively ("power hitting" or "batting positively" in cricket^[106]) to score runs more quickly while putting themselves at a higher risk of getting out.
• A cricket batter has significantly fewer restrictions than a baseball batter. They may swing and miss, or not swing, as many times as they like (so long as the ball isn't going toward the wicket), don't have to run if they hit the ball, may face as many deliveries (pitches) as they want to even after scoring runs (until they get out), and they have much more room between fielders to hit the ball to, given that there are no foul areas and the fielding team only has 2 more fielders to cover the significantly larger area of a cricket field than they would have in baseball.^[107]
  • However, unlike a baseball batter who may have several yarasalar (opportunities to bat) in an inning, a cricket batter can only bat once in an innings, with their opportunity to bat itself being called the "batsman's innings ".

One of the main differences between baseball and Test cricket is the primary intent of the batsman.

• Usually, in Test/First Class cricket, wickets come at a far higher premium, since survival is of primary importance. While nine innings per side are played in a baseball game within a few hours, only two per side are played in Test cricket over five days (thirty hours), so the cost of a dismissal is far higher in cricket. It should be kept in mind that a batsman in cricket is not obligated to take a run after striking the ball, nor is there any penalty for swinging at the ball and missing unless it hits the stumps (i.e., the wicket) (or, as often happens, makes a glancing contact with the bat and is caught) and there is no limit to the number of deliveries a batsman can face; a batsman with the required concentration, determination and technical ability often bats for several hours (occasionally days) without being dismissed.
• By contrast, in baseball a batter takes a serious penalty (a "strike") if he swings and misses: three strikes result in an out, and if the batter hits the ball inside fair territory he must run.

Defensive technique and area for legal deliveries in cricket:

• This contrast means that in cricket, unlike baseball, the quality of a batsman's defensive game and footwork are of the utmost importance. The nuances of batting technique are also greater in cricket, since the interplays between bowling variations, field placements and scoring strengths are more dynamic. Since cricket is played over an extended duration, the bowler and the fielding captain have time to "work over" a batsman (e.g., trying several different bowlers). Thus, cricket batting requires a very tight technique and the ability to withstand sustained examinations.

• The area for legal deliveries is much larger in cricket than it is in baseball, overlapping the batsman's entire body. Deliveries that reach the batsmen at rib or shoulder height are legal, and quite common. Depending on the form of the game, more or fewer deliveries can be bowled to reach the batsmen at throat or head level. Any fear or hesitation can lead to a batsman playing a poor shot which may result in him giving away his wicket (being dismissed).

The amount of "place hitting" in both games:

Riki Ponting swings with a tortishish tomonga mid wicket in this picture.

• Beri kriket ko'rshapalagi is wide and flat, while the beysbol tayoqchasi is narrow and round, on the whole cricket batsmen find it easier to hit and direct the ball than baseball batters, resulting in many more runs being scored in a cricket match. While bowlers can influence the ability of the batsmen to do so, perhaps the most famous episode being the Bodyline tactic, cricket batsmen can use a wider variety of batting strokes to direct the ball in many directions into a field which provides much more open space than in baseball.^[108] Keeping in mind, cricket batsmen are under no obligation to attempt to score a run after any stroke, but must strike balls to prevent them from hitting the wicket or their pads. Many strokes are in fact defensive in nature against a well-bowled ball and the quality of defensive batting is often the determining factor of a batsman's success over his career, especially in the longer forms of the game.

The follow-through in the baseball swing of Barri obligatsiyalari.

• By contrast, the balance of power is largely reversed in baseball. While particularly skilled batters have some ability to place hit and direct the ball to desired locations, the pitcher's influence is much more dramatic. Pitchers induce more ground outs, fly outs, yoki zarbalar, depending on the style of pitch. Thus particular pitchers are known for causing batters to make certain kinds of outs, depending on their mastered pitches.
  • Also in contrast to cricket, baseball batters must attempt to take first base on any ball put into fair territory, and failing to do so will result in an out,^[109] but the size of the strike zone more strictly limits the set of deliveries that must be swung at compared to cricket.
  • Like cricket, baseball batters do have a defensive tactic available; many batters will often attempt to deliberately foul off pitches that are strikes yet difficult to hit well, by hitting them into foul territory, awaiting an easier delivery later in the at-bat. Since an uncaught foul ball cannot be a third strike (unless it was a bunt attempt), this tactic allows the batter to receive more pitches.^[110]

• • In the early generations of baseball, the emphasis was mostly on bat control, place hitting, bunting, etc. But, starting in 1919, several factors resulted in a dramatic expansion of strategic orientation, supplementing traditional "kichik to'p " with the "power game": a "livelier " ball, because of better materials and a tighter weave; more frequent substitutions of new balls; lighter, more flexible bats; the outlawing of the tupurish; and the increase in attendance which drove owners to build more outfield seating, thus reducing the outfield area significantly. The power game has been encouraged further in recent years, by the construction of new ballparks with smaller outfields than previously, and even the reduction of field size at "classic" ballparks known for spacious outfields; for example, the distance to the fence in deep left field at asl Yanki stadioni was reduced from 430 to 399 feet (131 to 122 m) between 1984 and 1988 (the post-1988 dimensions were maintained at the current Yankee Stadium ).^[111] Still, it is generally agreed that no one can hit a home run at will, and every successful batter knows never to go to the plate intending to hit a home run. Rather, he should attempt a level swing, try to pull only the ball on the inside of the plate, go the other way with balls low and outside, and otherwise start each at bat intending to drive the ball up the middle, which is the most vulnerable part of the infield (especially if the pitcher is not particularly good at fielding his position).

The games emphasise power hitting to different degrees.

• Cricket requires the accumulation of large numbers of runs; and placement of the ball between the fielders produces runs efficiently and is generally accepted as a better strategy than "swinging for sixes". In cricket situations can arise in a match where power hitting, also called "slogging", is required. This typically occurs towards the final overs of a limited overs game and can also be an option to get runs for batsmen even earlier in the innings. It is still quite risky.
• In baseball, power hitting can produce runs quickly and frequently in many situations, as well as force pitching changes and other fielding moves; but it can also result (because of the great difficulty of driving a ball off a cylindrical bat) in a great many strike outs, fly outs, and ground outs.

Facing a delivery just outside the "must-hit zone":

• In cricket, bowlers can bowl in the corridor of uncertainty, which is just a small distance away from the stumps. This forces the batter to consider swinging while putting him at risk of edging behind to the slips.
• Pitchers can attempt to make a batter swing at a ball by making it seem like it will go in the strike zone, in which case the batter may have to make contact to foul off the ball in order to avoid a third strike, or hit into fair territory.

Batter's ability to move around before and as they hit:

• In cricket, batters occasionally "stand outside the crease" (closer to the bowler) to counter the effects of swing or spin on the ball,^[112] though this can get them qoqilib ketdi.
• Baseball batters are restricted to staying in the xamir qutisi.^[113]

Yugurish

• A runner may be out when not at a safe haven. This can occur when a fielder gets the ball to the safe haven the runner is running towards before they get there. (In cricket, this is through tugadi. Beysbolda, forceouts are most similar to runouts). In baseball, other types of outs can be made against runners, such as tagouts.
  • At most one runner can occupy a safe haven.
• Runners must coordinate to some degree, and must decide how much to run; running too much risks a runner getting out (particularly if a fielder is about to throw the ball to wherever they are running towards), but can also help them score more runs.

Xavfsiz joylar:

• Beysbolda asoslar are the safe havens.
• In cricket, the ajinlar and the area of the field between them are what separate the rest of the field into two separate safe havens, known as the ko'rshapalaklar asoslari.

What counts as contact with the safe haven, for the purposes of making a player "safe":

• In cricket, either the batsman or his bat (that he is holding) must touch the ground.
  • When sliding, batsmen almost always slide head-first into their ground with their bat outstretched in front of them.
  • Practically speaking, the allowance of the use of the bat to be safe allows the nonstriker to more quickly be ready to face the next delivery if he becomes the striker after taking a single, and ensures the striker's bat need not be moved out of the way or retrieved.
  • Batsmen may leave their ground to avoid injury and remain safe. A 2017 modification to the Law also allowed a batsman who was safe to remain so if their bat or body went airborne, so long as they were trying to get into their ground.^[114]
• In baseball, only the runner's body can be used to get on base; batters frequently drop the bat when setting off for first base, and can be called for interference if they carry it.^[115]
  • Runners slide into base either head-first or feet-first.^[116]
  • A runner is not safe at any point in which he is not in contact with the base.

How the ball is used to get a runner out:

• In cricket, the ball can be used to put down the wicket, with this being considered a discrete instance. In other words, if a batsman is in the ground of a wicket that has been put down, he is tashqarida emas, and may leave that ground and continue to score runs, though the wicket may be remade and put down again.
• In baseball, if a fielder with the ball is tagging the runner or in contact with a base, then the ball is "live", and the runner is out if at any moment he is not in contact with the base.
  • The "current" rule of street cricket emulates this aspect of baseball.

How runs are scored through running:

• In cricket, two batters (one of whom is known as the nonstriker, akin to a baserunner) start out at opposing grounds, which are areas of the field behind lines drawn on the ground just in front of each wicket. Any time both batters swap grounds, one run is scored.
  • There is no limit on the number of runs that can be scored off a single delivery in this way, so long as neither batter gets out.
• Running counter-clockwise around the bases while making contact with each one with one's body counts as a run in baseball.
  • A single player from the batting team can only score one run off a delivery by doing this.
• Both cricket and baseball attempt to reward a batter who hits the ball out of the field by giving them slightly more runs than they'd normally score by running if the ball remained live after leaving the field and was returned by a fielder intending to get runners out.

Running plays a much larger role in baseball because of the low scoring; also, players on the batting team must run much further to score a run, because runners may remain in play (that is, on the bases) without scoring, and because baserunners can advance to the next base before the ball is hit again (o'g'irlash the base) as soon as the ball is live. Base stealing often requires toymasin, in which the runner throws himself to the ground to avoid being tagged or over-running the base. The runner may also deliberately slide into the fielder at the base he is trying to steal to keep him from catching the ball or to disrupt a double play. At home plate the runner often will simply, and legally, run into a catcher who is blocking the baseline but who does not have the ball (a defensive player may not impede the runner unless he has the ball or is in the process of catching it).

The equivalent in cricket is almost impossible because the bowler is next to the non-striker, and in fact is able to mankad him if he strayed out of his crease (or simply cancel his runup, rendering the ball dead); in addition, it is legally considered adolatsiz o'yin for the batsmen to steal runs during the bowler's runup.^[117] Tactical running in cricket rarely strays beyond the consideration of "can I make it to the other end before the ball does". One exception of this is towards the end of a closely fought limited overs game, where a batsman (normally a tail-ender) would sacrifice his wicket to allow the better batsman to remain on strike, usually in the last few balls. While in baseball, steals, sacrificial running, forces, double plays, intimidation, and physical contact enter into the equation.

• Making contact with a fielder, as baserunners often do, would be unsportsmanlike in cricket, and unnecessary, as play stops when a single wicket is taken.
• Occasionally a cricket runner will dive over the crease, but in baseball this is a regular occurrence, as players are frequently forced to run even when their chances are slim.

Since a team almost always scores fewer runs in a baseball game than its number of outs, a baserunner will frequently take risks attempting to advance an extra base or to score a run, resulting in close plays at a base.

• In cricket, since the number of runs scored is much greater than the number of wickets taken in a match, a batsman would be very foolish to risk getting tugab qoldi in an attempt to score an extra run without a very high expected chance of success. In general, cricket batsmen are run out due to exceptional fielding, poor judgment/communication, or a combination of said factors.
• In baseball, runners are often out not of their own accord – they are simply forced out.

Majburiy

In both sports, there is one umpire per safe haven, and additional umpire(s) to handle technology replays. In baseball, the umpire nearest the pitcher stands behind the batter, whereas in cricket they stand behind the bowler.^[118][119]

Cricket uses the Umpire qarorlarini ko'rib chiqish tizimi (DRS for short), while there is Instant_replay_in_Major_League_Baseball. One major difference is that, ignoring the umpires, DRS can only be invoked by players, while instant replay can only be invoked by the team managers.^[120][121]

O'yin uzunligi

A direct comparison is difficult since:

• Cricket is predominantly played in three different formats: Sinov (and other first-class matches), Xalqaro bir kun (and other List A matches which last 50 overs per innings) and Yigirma 20 matches (which last 20 overs per innings). Ulardan Yigirma 20 format takes much the same time as a baseball game: around three to three-and-a-half hours.
• Baseball games are generally much shorter than Test and One Day cricket games. Ko'pchilik Beysbolning oliy ligasi games last between two-and-a-half and four-and-a-half hours.^[122]
  • Because the Major League playing season is 6 months long (183 days, between April and October with bahorgi mashg'ulotlar in February and March), with 81 games played at home and 81 away (162 in all, not counting the postseason or the All-Star Game), baseball teams often find themselves playing double-headers and series games. A doubleheader entails two games, played back to back, in one day. This usually occurs when a game needed to be rescheduled, and is a common occurrence at the beginning of the Major League season, which coincides with the rainy spring season. Although they were once common, double-headers are rarely scheduled any more by teams, but are part of the culture of baseball, with Erni Banks ' "Let's play two" a famous refrain^[123].^[124] A series occurs when two teams play on several consecutive days.^[125] This is a part of the regular schedule in baseball because of the number of games required in a season, and because there are large distances between stadiums in the US and Canada, thus conserving time and resources by allowing the teams to spend several days in a single location. In Major League Baseball there is a maximum of 20 days consecutively played before a break in games must be observed.^[126]

In cricket, test matches and certain domestic first class matches can last up to five days, with scheduled breaks each day for lunch and tea, giving three sessions of play each day. Full length games, for example between English counties or between Australian states, have a similar format to Test matches, but either three or four days are allowed. The cheklangan overs versions of the sport usually last up to 7 hours. Yigirma 20 has innings of twenty overs per team and generally takes around 3 hours.

One Day Internationals and Twenty20 cricket, with their inherent limit on the number of fair deliveries, do not have an exact equivalent in baseball. The closest comparison would be games that have a pre-set number of innings shorter than the standard 9 (as with the second game of a doubleheader at some levels) or a pre-set time limit of some kind, such as a curfew restriction, or in the case of one of baseball's cousins, recreational voleybol, a pre-set length of the game, such as one hour. In winter ball Caribbean leagues (and the MLB during the koronavirus^[127]) doubleheaders are commonly pre-set to last 7 innings instead of 9, except if they are necessary as tiebreakers; 100 to'pli kriket can be thought of as a similar shortening relative to T20 cricket's game length.

Natija

The possibility of a result:

• Kriket:
  • In Test cricket, it is possible neither team wins or ties; bu a sifatida tanilgan chizish.^[128]
    • The original form of Test cricket, Vaqtsiz sinov cricket, prevented this so long as teams had the time to play to a result.^[129]
    • In the entire history of Test cricket, there have only been two tied Tests, with there being no tiebreaker rule for multi-day cricket.
  • In limited-overs cricket, if a Super Over is used with the provision that additional Super Overs will be played if the tie fails to be broken, then a result is guaranteed.^[130]
• In baseball, if teams are tied, then they play as many qo'shimcha inninglar as necessary to get a result.^[131]

Ability to predict result before end of game:

• In all forms of cricket other than the Timeless Test, it is sometimes possible to predict the match result well before the end of the game during the final innings, simply because a team can't likely, or even mathematically, score a certain number of runs off a certain number of deliveries, without either significant fielding errors or illegal deliveries being bowled.
• Whereas in baseball, the lack of time or delivery limits means a team batting last always has its "last licks" at a chance of victory.

Strategiya

A wide array of factors affect both games (from composition of the pitch or field soil to weather conditions, wind, and moisture) and numerous strategies in both games can be employed to exploit these factors.

• Other than the bowler, cricket places very few restrictions on fielding placement, even for the wicket-keeper, and its variety of bowling styles, 360 daraja of open field, wide bowling area (target zone), and so on give scope for strategic play. Notable exceptions include the limit of two fielders in the leg side quadrant, introduced to prevent the use of Bodyline tactics, and limiting outfield players in the early stages of limited overs matches and the subsequent introduction of powerplays.
• In baseball, there are very specific rules about the positions of the pitcher and the catcher at the start of each play. The positioning of the other seven fielders is as flexible as cricket, except that each one must start the play positioned in fair territory. The fielders are otherwise free to position themselves anywhere on the playing field, based on the game situation.

Condition of the ball

A major element of strategy in these sports is the condition of the ball.

• Since bowling in cricket has more variations (such as bounce, swing, seam movement, off-spin, leg-spin and so on), the condition of the ball also affects play to a great degree. In Test cricket, the same ball must be used for at least 80 overs unless it is lost, damaged or illegally modified at which point it must be replaced with a used ball in a similar condition. After the 80 overs, obtaining a new ball is at the discretion of the fielding captain – who will often ask for a new ball immediately, since a new ball is harder, smoother, bounces higher and has an intact seam, which produces greater conventional swing. But when a captain feels that a spin bowling attack is more likely to be successful, he will persist with the old ball, which is rougher and better grips the surface as well the bowler's fingers.
• In baseball the ball is replaced numerous times during a game to ensure it is in optimum condition.

Various factors affecting the movement of a cricket ball:

• The aerodynamics of swing in cricket are different from baseball. Moreover, the raised seam also causes movement off the pitch in cricket, which is a very important part of medium pace bowling. Once a particular hemisphere of the cricket ball is more rough or scratched than the other, the fielding team meticulously works to preserve the shine on the other half by rubbing it on their clothes or by applying saliva (no "external" substances can be applied to alter the condition of the ball). Bowlers very carefully regulate their wrist position at the point of release to ensure the shine is preserved only on one half of the ball, since it will swing towards the rough side.

• The old ball in cricket also tends to generate greater amounts of reverse swing, which is swing towards the polished side. This can be exploited by genuinely fast bowlers (usually, those who can bowl over 90 mph or 140 km/h). Especially on pitches in the Indian sub-continent, which tend to have abrasive surfaces, bowlers might resort to bowling across the seam as early as the tenth over, so as to quickly scruff up the ball and generate reverse swing early on. Strategies that rely on early reverse swing also need the backup of effective spin bowlers to be able to exploit the roughed up ball.

• Due to these factors, a batsman in cricket needs to watch very carefully how the bowler grips the ball even during his run-up, as well as the type of revolutions on the ball^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} as it approaches. Master spin bowlers like Shane Warne and Muttiah Muralitharan, who were able to dramatically vary the trajectory, direction and extent of spin, frequently bowled deliveries with a scrambled seam to disguise the type of ball actually bowled.

Batting first or last

• In cricket, since the strategies are greatly influenced by factors such as soil characteristics of the pitch, condition of the ball, time of the day, weather and atmospheric conditions, the decision to bat first or last is of great tactical importance.

• • The team that wins the coin toss has the choice of batting first or last. This choice can be crucial to success; ayniqsa Sinov kriketi.^[132] Sifatida balandlik is used for up to five consecutive days with little maintenance, the deterioration of the pitch with wear can have a major influence on the result of the match (e.g., typically the ability of Spin bouller to "turn" the ball increases toward the end of a Test match, whereas tez bowlinglar often prefer a harder and bouncier pitch often found at the start of a match). It is usual for some amount of grass to be left on the pitch on the first day of a Test, since it helps bind the surface. The presence of grass on the pitch is conducive for pace bowling, so a grassy pitch may also tempt a captain to field first. Sometimes, weather conditions also influence the decision, since a cloud (especially overcast cloud) cover has been found to assist swing bowling.^[133] Aggressive captains such as Allan Border of Australia have been known to bat first in Sinov kriketi regardless of the conditions.

• • Yilda Xalqaro bir kun cricket, the time of day is also a crucial factor in determining the captain's decision at the toss. In some parts of the world, dew on the ground can be significant. In a day-night game, grounds in some countries like India or South Africa become wet due to dew, which makes it difficult for a spinner to grip the ball. The captain must balance this against a consideration for bowling becoming more effective under lights, since the ball might skid off any dew on the pitch or get assistance in swing from the cooler night-time air. Even for a day game, the captain might be inclined to exploit early morning dew on the pitch.^[134]

• In baseball, on the other hand, the "home" team always bats last.
  • At a "neutral" site, such as the Kollejlar jahon seriyasi, the "home" team may be decided by coin toss, but that "home" team must bat last.^[135]
  • This was not originally the case. In the early years, the winner of a coin toss could decide whether to bat first or last.^[136] The more offence-oriented aspect of the early game might influence a team's decision to bat first and hope to get a quick lead. This led to the occasional unfortunate situation where the home town crowd would have to watch their team lose a game in the last of the ninth inning, in "sudden victory" fashion by the visiting team. By the late 1800s, the rule was changed to compel the home team to bat last.

Fielding strategy

The normal fielding arrangement in baseball.

In cricket, since the batsmen can hit the ball with greater variation and different objectives, the field placements are more important and varied.

• Modern-day coaches and captains have intricate knowledge of the strengths of opposition batsmen, so they try to plug the dominant scoring areas for each batsman. Moreover, since the bowling attack has greater variety in cricket, the field placements required for each type and line of attack also vary greatly.

• Depending on the scoring strengths of the batsman (off-side, leg-side, straight, square, front foot, back foot, power hitter, "finds the gap", "clears the field" and so on), the captain must make adjustments to the field each time the batting pair score a run and change ends, which can possibly happen after every ball in an over. To meet the demands of a speedy over-rate (typically, about 15 overs an hour), the captain must arrange the fielders in a way that they can swiftly interchange positions for the two batsmen. This is especially important if one batsman is right-handed, while the other is left-handed. And also in limited overs cricket if the umpires deem the ortiqcha stavka of the team fielding first is too slow they can dock them overs so they may have less than 20/50 overs to reach their target score when it is their turn to bat.

• Fielders in cricket can field in all positions, but modern players have specialised field positions.
  • Jumladan, siljish positions require special skills since the slip fielder is placed behind the batsman and the ball comes directly off the edge of the bat.
  • Close catching positions such as forward qisqa oyoq va bema'ni nuqta, as well as positions for the cut shot such as jar va nuqta, require very fast reflexes and canny anticipation, so they are also specialist positions.
  • Conversely outfielders also can be specialist positions due to the need for a strong throwing arm. (Often fast bowlers are well-suited for this.)

Cricket strategy requires creative use of the many possible fielding positions.

In baseball, although only the positions of pitcher and catcher are prescribed by the rules, fielders' positions are dictated closely by custom, and shifts in fielders' positions according to circumstance are less dramatic; the strike zone and smaller angle of adolatli hudud limit the usefulness of some strategies which cricket makes available to batsmen.

• • The chief occasion on which fielding placement differs markedly from the usual is the presence of a Torting, yoki dead-pull, hitter at bat (such hitters almost never, except on the rare occasion of a fluke or mishit, hit the ball in any direction except towards the same side of the field as they stand at the plate, i.e., a right-handed hitterni torting hits everything toward left field). In such case the fielders will move so far in the direction of the pull that one half of the field is almost completely unprotected. Bunga deyiladi maydonni almashtirish yoki overshift.^[137] A six-man infield has also been used when circumstances warrant.^[138]
  • For the great majority of batters, however, the traditional fielding arrangement is used, with minor changes in position to accommodate the batter's power or bat-handling ability, the location of runners, or the number of outs. (For example, with a base runner on third with less than two out, the importance of fielders being able to throw quickly to home plate on a bunt is increased, and the infielders will play closer to home plate.)

However, baseball has no equivalent of cricket's close-in fielders, because it is impractical to have fielders so close to the bat as they would have virtually no chance of latching onto a ball travelling so fast. It is possible to place a close-in fielder to catch a bunt, but this practice is almost never followed except in specialised circumstances such as a pitcher being forced to bat late in a game, with less than two outs and the opportunity to drive in a run. The team's best chance to score in such a situation may be to qurbonlik bunt and may warrant the first or third baseman playing halfway up the line to cut off the run at home.

Use of signals, commands, and discussion

Coaching strategy and tactics

• In cricket, coaches cannot intervene or direct gameplay; The kapitan must make all the calls once the players are out on the field. However, the coach may convey messages to the captain or the players at any time, since there is no restriction on signalling or speaking to players on the field. In dynamic situations, like a run chase with an imminent possibility of rain, it is quite common for coaches to update tactics using signals. Hansie Cronje, the former cricket captain of South Africa, once took the field with a wireless link to the coach, Bob Woolmer. Subsequently, the use of gadgets to transmit messages was banned by the Xalqaro kriket kengashi. Regardless, the coach is merely an adviser; it is almost always the case that the cricket captain has complete authority over the team once play starts.
• In baseball, by contrast, menejerlar and coaches will often direct the players (through hand signals) to carry out a play (such as a o'g'irlangan taglik yoki ur va yugur ), or to field at a particular depth. In fact, "stealing signs" can play an important part in baseball strategy when a player on an opposing team tries to interpret hand signals between pitcher and catcher or between runner and base coach, and possibly then relay this information to another player without being themselves detected.

On-field players and captains

• In cricket, the captain, bowler, and wicketkeeper may all confer over where to place fielders, and what type of ball to bowl. Non-active bowlers may offer advice to the current bowler.
• The catcher has an outsized role in baseball, having to make many signals to the pitcher on what type of pitch to throw. Belgilarni o'g'irlash bu muammo.
  • The closest example of a wicketkeeper advising his bowler would be MS Dhoni maslahat Yuguruvchi Sharma ichida 2007 World T20 Final in the final over, and this was likely influenced by Dhoni being the captain.

Strategy over the course of the game

Pickoff attempt on runner (in red) at first base

In both sports, strategy varies with the game situation.

• In baseball, pitcher, batter, and fielders all play far differently in the late innings of a close game (e.g., waiting for walks, trying for stolen bases or the siqib o'ynash to score a decisive run) than they do early, or when one team has already scored many more runs than the other (where batters will be likely to swing at many more pitches and try for extra-base hits and even uy yugurish ).
  • The number, speed, and position of baserunners, which have no equivalent in cricket, all dramatically change the strategies used by pitcher and batter.
  • A runner on first base must decide how large a lead to take off the base—the larger the lead, the greater the chance of advancing on a stolen base or batted ball, but also the greater the risk of being oldi by the pitcher.
  • In leagues which do not allow designated hitters, strategic thinking also enters into substitutions. Masalan, ikkita kalit, the substitution of a yordam krujkasi is combined with the substitution of a chimchilash who takes the pitcher's spot in the batting order so that the new pitcher will come to bat later (as almost all pitchers are poor hitters much like most specialist bowlers are poor batsmen). Since players may not return to the game after being substituted for, a manager cannot take lightly the decision when and if to substitute a better-fielding but worse-hitting player if his team is ahead.

Another difference between baseball and cricket strategy is the importance of sacrifice plays in baseball. These are plays in which a batter deliberately hits in a particular way or in a particular direction to advance runner(s) at the expense of himself getting out.^[139]

• For example, a poor batter may deliberately bunt (hit a low slow ball) a ball towards first base so that he will be easily put out, to ensure that a runner on second base will end up safe on third. A stronger batter may deliberately hit a long "qurbonlik pashshasi " that he knows will be caught (resulting in an out) so that a runner can make it home to score a run.
  • This strategy results from the relative cheapness of individual outs in baseball and the relative importance of individual runs in baseball.
  • In cricket, such a strategy would be foolish as runs cannot be scored when a wicket has fallen except in the case of a run-out (although if a batsman is caught and if he and the non-striker attempt a run and cross each other the new batsman must assume the non-striker's position).

The essential action in baseball is either (for the offence) to advance runners around the bases or (for the defence) to halt that advance.

• As simple as this is in principle, in practice it generates a remarkably large range of strategies. Any given situation—the number of runners on base, the bases they occupy, their skills as runners or base-stealers, the count on the hitter, the number of outs, the specialties of the pitcher and the batter, the catcher's skill at throwing out runners, the positioning of fielders, which inning is being played, and so on—allows for a considerable variety of possible plays, on either side of the ball.^[140]
• Har qanday vaqtda, bitta menejer qarama-qarshi menejer o'z yuguruvchilarini qanday qilib oldinga siljishini (o'g'irlashni chaqirish kerakmi, urib yuboringmi, qurbonlik bantini, qurbonlik uchishini, er-xotin o'g'irlashni, siqishni va hokazolarni) hisoblab chiqishi mumkin. raqibiga qanday qilib xalaqit berishni hisoblab chiqadi (nafaqat piching yondashuvi va maydon egalarining joylashuvi orqali, balki aytaylik, o'g'irlik kutilayotgan paytda maydonga chiqishga chaqirish va hokazo).
  • Qaysi strategiyalarni mumkin yoki maqsadga muvofiqligini aniqlaydigan o'zgaruvchilar maydondan maydonga o'zgarib borganligi sababli va har qanday o'yinda yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan o'yin vaziyatining barcha turlariga ko'ra, ikkala menejer o'rtasida o'tkaziladigan o'yin o'yinning eng murakkab jihati hisoblanadi, va ko'plab sport izdoshlari uchun^{[JSSV? ]} haqiqiy "ichki o'yin" deb hisoblanadi.

Vaqtning natijadagi roli haqida:

• Birinchi darajali kriket Shuningdek, o'yinning maksimal davomiyligi aniqlanganligi uchun (bu besh kungacha bo'lishi mumkin) beysbolda mavjud bo'lmagan bir qator strategik elementlarga ega. Sinov kriketi ) va vaqt tugashi bilan yakunlanmagan match a natijasiga olib keladi chizish nisbiy hisobdan qat'i nazar (Garchi, ichki musobaqalarda 1-o'ringa etakchilik qilish jamoaning so'nggi pog'onasi foydalidir).
• Aksincha, beysbol o'yinlari vaqt davomiyligidan qat'iy nazar oxirigacha o'ynaladi va durang yoki durang uchun imkoniyat yo'q (masalan, ba'zi ko'rgazma o'yinlari bundan mustasno). MLB yulduzlar o'yini yoki Yaponiyada, 12 o'yindan keyin o'yinlar aloqalar e'lon qilingan taqdirda^[141][142]). Masalan, qachon kerak bo'lsa, qaror qabul qilishda beysbolda unga teng keladigan narsa yo'q e'lon qiling yoki raqibingizni qilish yoki qilmaslik davom eting.

O'yin maydoniga asoslangan strategiya

O'yin chizig'ining holati (the balandlik ) kriketda hayotiy ahamiyatga ega, chunki beysboldan farqli o'laroq, koptokchiga etib borishdan oldin, ataylab maydonda to'p tepiladi. Beysbolda turli stadionlar o'rtasidagi o'yin sharoitlari deyarli bir xil (maydon o'lchamidagi kichik farqlarni hisobga olmaganda, tashqi maydon tez yoki sekin bo'ladimi, agar maydon o't yoki sun'iy qoplamali bo'lsa), fizik xususiyatlari kriket maydonchasi o'yin davomida yoki bir maydondan ikkinchisiga yoki dunyoning boshqa qismidan farq qilishi mumkin.

• Masalan, Hindiston yarimorolida maydonchalar quruq, changli, qo'pol va yumshoq bo'lib, to'pni ko'proq eskirishga moyil bo'ladi. Ushbu maydonchalar tezkor boulerlarga kamroq yordam beradi, chunki to'p sekinroq va pastroqqa sakraydi, chunki ko'pchilik tezkor bokschilar tayoqchini engish uchun sakrash va tezlikka tayanadi. Boshqa tomondan, spin bowlers bu sirtni afzal ko'rishadi, chunki u to'pga ko'proq tortish kuchi beradi va natijada to'p yuzasiga urilganda to'p ko'proq sindiriladi yoki aylanadi. Bunday etkazib berishni boulingda, to'p "aylandi" deb aytiladi.
• Aksincha, Avstraliya, Angliya, Janubiy Afrika va G'arbiy Hindiston kabi joylardagi maydonchalar qattiq, haqiqiy yuzalar bo'lib, ular "urish viketi" yoki "yo'llar" deb nomlanadi, chunki to'p bir tekis sakrab chiqadi va shu tariqa batatsman yugurishni osonlashtiradi. bu vikitlar spinnerlarga qaraganda tez boulerlarga ko'proq mos keladi.
• Shunga ko'ra, odatda o'z mamlakatlarida jamoalarni mag'lub etish ancha qiyinlashadi, bu erda ularning ham batmenlari, ham boulerlari, ehtimol u erda uchraydigan maydonlarning turlariga mos keladi. Biroq, har qanday maydonchada spinnerlar uchun sharoit yanada qulayroq bo'ladi, chunki vaqt o'tishi bilan pitch yumshoqroq bo'ladi va foydalanish paytida eskiradi, bu esa kriketning "yaqinroq" xususiyatiga aylanadi. Maydonni chiqindilardan tozalash mumkin va inning o'rtasida o'ralgan bo'lishi mumkin va har kuni o'ynashdan oldin hakamlar qaroriga binoan o'rib olinishi kerak. Uchrashuv boshlangandan keyin maydonni sug'orish mumkin emas (agar yomg'ir yog'adigan bo'lsa, maydonni hech kim qoplay olmasligi mumkin).^[143] Shuning uchun uning xususiyatlari o'yin davomida o'zgarishi mumkin va birinchi navbatda kaltak yoki maydonga tushish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishda asosiy omil bo'lishi mumkin.

Beysbol parklari ham bir xil emas, ammo beysboldagi o'yin sharoitidagi ko'plab farqlar kriketda ham paydo bo'ladi.

• Masalan, tortib olinadigan peshtoqli stadionlar, odatda, peshtoqsiz va tomsiz turlicha o'ynaydi. Masalan, tomning ochilishi bilan shamol to'pning qanchalik uzoqlashishiga ta'sir qiladi.
• Yugurayotgan jamoaga qarshi poydevorlar juda ko'p sug'orilishi mumkin.

Ko'p stadionlar o'ziga xos xususiyatlarga ega - masalan, qisqa o'ng maydon va chap yuqori maydon devori ( Yashil Monster ) da Fenuey parki, tashqaridagi tepalik va bayroq ustunlari (Talning tepasi ) da Minute Maid Park yoki ko'p sonli "ayvonchalar" (tribunalarning tashqi tomoni ustida osilgan qismlari, masalan, "O'ngdagi qisqa ayvon") Yanki stadioni ) qisqa muddatli uy sharoitida ishlashga imkon beradi. Kriketda bunga teng keladigan narsa bor, bu erda pitchning joylashishi bitta perpendikulyar chegarani boshqasidan sezilarli darajada qisqartirishi mumkin. Misol uchun, ma'lum bir o'yinda, oyoq tomoni chegarasi batsmanga chegara chegarasidan 15 metr yaqinroq bo'lishi mumkin. Bunday chegara keyinchalik batmenlar tomonidan tez yugurishni qidirib topishi mumkin.

Ushbu stadionlarda beysbol boshqacha yo'l tutadi sun'iy çim shuningdek.

• Sun'iy sirtlar maysaga qaraganda qattiqroq va bir xilroq bo'lib, to'p uzoqroq va tekisroq siljiydi va bu maydonlarda haqiqat va balandroq sakrab chiqadi. Ushbu maydonda o'z o'yinlarining aksariyatini o'ynash uchun qurilgan jamoalar mudofaaga yuqori mukofot berishadi (chunki maydon tashqariga chiqishi mumkin) va tezlik (chunki uloqtirishni engib o'tish muhimroq). kuni quvvatni urish.^[144]
• Stadion balandligi (eng muhimi) Coors Field ), shuningdek, yaqinda to'plar joylashtirila boshlangan bo'lsa-da, kaltaklangan to'pning bosib o'tgan masofasi va uning harakatlari bilan uning harakatlari natijasida to'p harakatining miqdori ta'sir qilishi mumkin. namlagichlar ushbu effektlarni inkor etish uchun balandlikdagi parklarda.
• Baza yo'llaridagi axloqsizlikdagi namlik miqdori er sharlari xatti-harakatiga va futbolchilar bazalarni o'g'irlash qulayligiga ham ta'sir qilishi mumkin; ba'zi jamoalar uy va mehmonlar jamoasining mahoratiga qarab, sug'orish miqdorini axloqsizlikka o'zgartirishi ma'lum.
• Nopok hududning miqdori ham muhim o'zgaruvchidir, chunki ba'zi bog'larda chiqadigan buzuq pop-uplar (masalan, Oklend Kolizey ) boshqa bog'lardagi stendlarga tushishi mumkin va shu bilan xamir plastinkada qolishiga imkon beradi (masalan, Fenuey Park va Koors Field).

Umuman olganda, bu xilma-xilliklar kriket maydonlarining o'zgarishi kabi katta ta'sir ko'rsatmaydi, faqat bitta bahsli istisno - Coors Field.

Umuman olganda, maydonning holati kriketda beysbolga qaraganda ancha katta omil bo'lsa, professional darajada o'yin maydoniga doimiy ravishda o'rnatilgan stadion shakli va g'alati narsalar kriketga qaraganda beysbolda katta ahamiyatga ega. E'tibor bering, havaskor kriket maydonchalarida shakli sezilarli darajada o'zgarishi mumkin va hatto to'siqlarni (masalan, daraxt ildizlari) o'z ichiga olishi mumkin, ammo bu kerakli yoki ideal deb hisoblanmaydi. Beysbolda maydonning aniq rejasi bilan tanishish uy sharoitida ustunlikka ega bo'lishning muhim qismidir.

Vurish tartibiga asoslangan strategiya

• The urish tartibi o'yin boshlanishidan oldin beysbolda e'lon qilinishi kerak va faqat almashtirish amalga oshirilsa o'zgartirilishi mumkin.
  • O'z navbatida urish jazoga olib keladigan qoida buzilishi. Menejer almashtirishni amalga oshirganda, yangi o'yinchi urish tartibida eskisi bilan bir xil joyni egallashi kerak. Batting tartibida yanada murakkab o'zgarishlarga yo'l qo'yish uchun menejerlar ikkita kalit, bir vaqtning o'zida ikkita o'yinchi o'rniga. Bu odatda krujkani almashtirish uchun ishlatiladi, ammo yangi krujkani urish tartibida joyiga qo'yib qo'ying, u tez orada yaraga kelmaydi, ilgari boshqa yarim himoyachi egallagan (krujkalar deyarli bir xil darajada kambag'al xitlar, ko'pchilik mutaxassis bowlers kambag'al ko'rshapalaklar kabi) . Shu bilan birga, qoida saqlanib qolganki, biron bir o'yinchi hech qachon o'sha o'yin davomida o'z o'rnini batting tartibida o'zgartira olmaydi.^[145][146]

• Beysboldan farqli o'laroq urish tartibi kriketda sobit emas va har bir o'yinchi ko'rshapalaklar har bir inning uchun bir martagina shart bilan o'zgartirilishi mumkin.^[147]
  • Bu "chimchilash "kriketda - mutaxassis bo'lmagan / quyi darajadagi raketka tez yugurish uchun buyurtmani ilgari surdi^[148]- va Tungi qo'riqchi. Ikkinchisi, odatda, kunning oxiriga kelib, ikki marotaba sovuq boshlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun kaltaklash uchun qo'yilgan quyi darajadagi batatsman, xususan xavf.^[149][150] Bundan tashqari, bir kunlik o'yinda yakuniy inning oxiriga yaqin yuborilgan "yakunlovchi" bo'lishi mumkin, bu jami quvib chiqarishga urinish uchun. ^[151]
  • Agar ko'rshapalak viket qulaganida urishga tayyor bo'lmasa, boshqa batatsman, odatda kaltaklash tartibida keyingi o'rinni egallagan o'yinchi, uning o'rnida kaltaklash uchun, asl bokschi bo'lish xavfini yo'qotish uchun chiqadi. muddati tugadi.

Jangovar tartibda alohida o'yinchilarning roli juda o'xshash.

• Ikkala sport turida ham urish tartibining yuqori qismiga yaqin bo'lgan o'yinchilar ustun jangovar yoki urishtiruvchi hisoblanadi.
• Dastlabki jangchilar yoki batatsmenlar, odatda, chiqishdan qochib qutulish / viketni yo'qotishdan qochishga ixtisoslashgan, uchinchi va beshinchi jangchilar esa o'z jamoalarining yugurishni ta'minlashda eng zo'rlari hisoblanadi.
• Shundan so'ng, iste'dod umuman tushib ketadi, odatda krujkalar va bowlinglar eng yomon urishadi.

Qurbonlik o'ynaydi:

• Kriketga qaraganda beysbolda chiqish muhim emasligi sababli, ba'zida kambag'alroq jangchilardan kattaroq jamoaviy maqsadga erishish uchun ataylab o'zlarini beysbolga chiqarib yuboradigan "qurbonlik" o'yinini taklif qilishadi.
• Bu faqat vaqti-vaqti bilan kriketda, cheklangan miqdordagi o'yin oxirida, kambag'al raketa ustasi o'zini qurbon qilishi mumkin, shunda sherigi keyingi etkazib berish uchun ish tashlashda bo'ladi.

Qanday qilib maydonga tushadigan guruh malakali tayoqchining ta'sirini inkor etishi mumkin:

• Bundan tashqari, beysbolda to'pni o'yinga solgan kaltak, batutning barcha tartibi aylanmaguncha, boshqa zarbani olmaganligi sababli, raqib jamoa mumkin pitch atrofida mohir xamir, uni ataylab piyoda olib yurish uchun piyoda yana bir tayoq keladi.
• Kriketda ko'rshapalak u tashqariga chiqguncha maydonda qoladi, uning jamoasi tugaydi, sardor e'lon qiladi yoki belgilangan miqdordagi ovlar o'tkaziladi, qolgan jamoa esa u tashqariga chiqqunga qadar yoki boshqasidan biri unga piyola qo'yishi kerak. yuqorida aytib o'tilgan holatlar yuzaga keladi. Kapitanlarning shunga o'xshash ustun jangchilar ta'sirini inkor etishi mumkin bo'lgan yagona usul piching qilish ko'proq malakali ko'rshapalakni saqlashga harakat qilishdir ish tashlash. Buni yaqindan kurashgan o'yinlar oxirida ko'rish mumkin, bu erda kapitan o'z boulerlari etkazib beruvchilar sonini maksimal darajada oshirishga urinib ko'rishi mumkin. Istisno, agar o'yinchi jarohat olgan bo'lsa va davolanish uchun maydonni tark etishi kerak bo'lsa: navbatdagi navbatdagi raketka uning o'rnini egallaydi. Agar asl raketka ustasi keyinroq davom eta olsa, jarohati vaqtini hisobga olgan holda jamoasining raketkachilaridan biri tashqarida bo'lganida u yana o'yinga qo'shilishi mumkin.^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} muddati tugagan yoki 5 ta viket tushganidan so'ng, jamoaning qolgan qismi ushbu vaziyatlarning ikkalasi ham paydo bo'lgunga qadar boqmaslik sharti bilan qaysi biri birinchi o'rinda tursa.

Uskunalar

Professional beysbol ko'rshapalagi odatda kul yoki chinordan tayyorlanadi; ilgari ham mashhur edi.

• Beyzbolchilar yupqa, yumaloq ko'rshapalaklardan foydalanadilar va maydonga qo'lqop kiyadilar (tutuvchi maxsus, ko'proq himoya qo'lqop kiygan holda)^[152]</references>
  • E'tibor bering, beysbol maydonchalarining qo'lqoplari zarbadan oddiy darajada himoya qilsalar-da, ular asosan qamrovni kengaytirish uchun ishlatiladi va umuman to'ldirilmagan (ushlagich qo'lqopidan tashqari).
  • Beysbol janglari uchun zarur bo'lgan yagona himoya vositasi - bu xavfsiz bo'lmagan dubulg'a (oliy liga beysbol qoidalari 1.16 talabiga binoan); ko'plab jangchilar, shuningdek, tirsak, tizza, oyoq Bilagi zo'r yoki qo'l himoyachilaridan foydalanadilar va ko'pchilik stakan kiyadilar (A.K.A. quti) va qo'lga olish uchun qo'lqoplardan (golf qo'lqoplariga o'xshash) foydalanadilar.^[153]
• Kriketchilar yalang'och holda keng, yassi ko'rshapalaklar va dashtdan foydalanadilar (qo'lqop va oyoqlarini himoya qiladigan kassetadan tashqari).
  • Kriketda ko'rshapalak o'tiradigan joy, qo'lqop, son yostig'i, dubulg'a, ko'krak qo'riqchisi, qo'l yostig'i va quti kabi himoya vositalarini kiyadi (A.K.A. chashka). ^[154]

Ikkala sport turining yana bir farqi o'yin davom etishi bilan to'pni almashtirish va almashtirishni o'z ichiga oladi.

• Kriketda, agar stendga to'p urilsa, tomoshabinlar uni maydonga qaytarishlari kerak.^[155] Shuningdek, chizilgan yoki chizilgan to'p ishlatishda davom etadi; to'pni almashtirishdan oldin minimal miqdordagi overs uchun (hozirda Test kriketida 80 ta va bir kunlik xalqaro kriketda 25 ta) har xil to'p ishlatilishi kerak. Agar to'p buzilgan, yo'qolgan yoki noqonuniy ravishda o'zgartirilgan bo'lsa, uning o'rniga a ishlatilgan eskisiga o'xshash shar.^[156] Va nihoyat, kriketchilarga to'pni ozgina o'zgartirishga ruxsat beriladi, ammo bu juda cheklangan. To'p sun'iy moddadan foydalanmasdan jilolanishi mumkin (odatda o'yinchining formasida), ho'l bo'lsa, sochiq bilan quritilishi va undan loy ostida tozalanishi mumkin; to'pning holatini o'zgartiradigan boshqa barcha harakatlar noqonuniy hisoblanadi.^[157][158]
• Yilda Beysbolning oliy ligasi (MLB), tribunaga urilgan to'p hech qachon o'ynashga qaytarilmaydi va tomoshabinlar o'zlariga tegishli bo'lgan har qanday to'pni ushlab turishlari mumkin^[159] (garchi mahalliy urf-odatlar to'pni orqaga tashlashni nazarda tutishi mumkin, ayniqsa uy sharoitida to'plarga qarshi zarbalarda) Chikagodagi bolalar o'ynaganda Wrigley Field ).^[160]
  • Bundan tashqari, o'yin davomida beysbol to'plari muntazam ravishda almashtiriladi. Beysbol Oliy ligasi mezbonlardan o'sha kun o'yinlarida foydalaniladigan beysbol to'plarini etkazib berishni talab qiladi. Bundan tashqari, MLB mezbonlardan kamida 90 ta yangi beysbol to'pini taqdim etishni talab qiladi hakamlar o'yin boshlanishidan oldin. Odatda, beysbol har safar urishganda yoki erga tekkanda almashtiriladi. Oddiy asosiy ligadagi beysbol o'yinida har beshta maydonda beysbol to'plari almashtiriladi va umumiy o'yin o'rtacha 70 ta beysboldan foydalaniladi.^[161]

• • Beysbolga zarba berish qiyin bo'lganligi sababli, beysbol qoidalari to'pni qasddan chizish yoki tarashni yoki to'pning uchishiga yoki ko'rinishiga ta'sir qilishi mumkin bo'lgan begona moddalarni qo'llashni taqiqlaydi.^[162]
    • Begona moddalarni qo'llash bilan ataylab urishni qiyinlashtiradigan to'plar ko'pincha ma'lum spitballs, qo'llaniladigan o'ziga xos moddadan qat'i nazar (masalan Vazelin ). Ikkala spitbol ham, odatdagi o'yin davomida qoralangan yoki tirnalganlar darhol o'yindan olib tashlanadi va hech qachon qayta ishlatilmaydi. Beysbol to'plari holatiga oid amaldagi qoidalar 1920 yilgacha, vafotidan keyin kuchga kirmadi Rey Chapman a bilan urishdan Karl Meys tupurish. Ushbu nuqtadan oldin, qoidalar kriketda mavjud bo'lganlarga o'xshash edi. Biroq, yangi qoidalar bir necha o'n yillar davomida va bir nechta krujkalar (eng muhimi, doimiy ravishda) amalga oshirilmadi Geylord Perri ) ushbu qoidalarga etakchilik qilish, tirnoqli fayllarni qo'lqoplariga yashirish yoki vazelinni kepkalarining tepalari ostiga qo'yish kabi ishlarni bajarish bilan shug'ullangan.^[163] Ammo zamonaviy beysbolda beysbolni deyarli har qanday tarzda o'zgartirishga taqiq qat'iyan bajariladi va ushbu qoidani buzgan deb topilgan o'yinchilar nafaqat qoidabuzarlik sodir bo'lgan o'yindan chiqarib yuboriladi, balki to'xtatib qo'yilishi ham mumkin. ^[164]
    • Beysbolga qo'llaniladigan yagona modda bu Delaver daryosidagi loy formulasi to'pni "porlashi" ni olib tashlash va uning tutilishini yaxshilash uchun hakamlar o'yin oldidan ishqalanishadi.^[165] Shuningdek, krujkadan foydalanishga ruxsat beriladi rozin qo'llarini yaxshilab ushlab turish uchun (rozinli sumka orqali) va sovuq havoda qo'llariga zarba berish.^[166]

Baholash va taqdimot

Hisob taxtasi va hisoblarni saqlash

Ikkala sport turidan boshqasiga o'tkazilgan jadvalning ikkita misoli, ikkalasi ham ma'lumotlarning qaysi turlarini etkazishini ko'rsatish uchun (misollar noaniqlik mavjud bo'lgan vaziyatlarga mo'ljallangan):

Notation: "xxx" bu ma'lumotning boshqa sport turiga o'tkazilmasligini anglatadi, "?" ma'lumotni qaytarib olish mumkin emasligini ko'rsatadi.

• Kriketdan beysbolga:
  • Kriket hisobi (televizorda Test o'yinida ko'rinib turganidek)^[167]): NED 100-2 | Ortiqcha xxx | 7 tomonidan iz Nil 20 * (xxx) xxx | Abbott xxx-xxx (3.5)
  • Beysbol hisobi (maydonga tushadigan jamoaning kimligini bilgan holda): Abbott [P: 23+?] | ? .Neil [> 0 (ehtimol> 3) in?] | [???] [NED y = 100 +?] [IND z = y + 7] | [? (yoki "↓ 1" yoki "↑ 2")] 2 ta chiqish
  • Izohlar:
    • Ko'pgina kriketlarning tablodagi statistikalari avvalgi inning o'rniga, joriy inning statistikasini ko'rsatdi; beysbol statistikasi butun o'yin davomida ishlashni namoyish etishga moyildir.
      • Shunday qilib, kassa / bowler, Abbott, hozirgi inning ichida kamida 23 qonuniy maydonni tashlaganligi ma'lum (3 * 6) +5.
      • Beysbolda ba'zida xitlar va otashinlar ko'rsatiladi, ular kriketda gol urish va batmanchilar inni soniga juda mos keladi. Kriketda etkazib berish natijasida 6 ta yugurish deyarli har doim eng ko'p yugurish ekan, Nilning 20 ta yugurishi kamida 4 ta zarbadan (3 ta oltita va yana 2 ta yugurish) yoki undan ko'proq natijaga erishgan deb taxmin qilish mumkin.
    • Kriket taxtalari har doim ham urish tartibida xamir sonini ko'rsatavermaydi.
    • 2-dyuymli kriket o'yinida qaysi jamoani birinchi yoki ikkinchi urganini, hattoki qaysi inning ekanligini bilish har doim ham mumkin emas; chunki NED "7-chi yo'l bilan" deyilgan, demak, IND bir marta urgan (agar IND hali urilmagan bo'lsa, unda NED ulardan oldinda yoki orqada qancha yugurish borligini tasvirlashga hojat qolmaydi, chunki NED shunchaki ular shu qadar to'plagan ko'plab yugurishlarning etakchisiga ega bo'lishlari kerak va agar IND bu borada ikkitadan ko'p bo'lgan maksimal sonni urgan bo'lsa, unda NED, shuncha yugurishning "nishonini" "ta'qib qilish" deb ta'riflangan bo'lar edi. g'alaba qozonish uchun ularga so'nggi to'p kiritishda gol urish kerak edi yoki g'alaba qozonish uchun "yana 7" ko'proq "kerak); ammo, NED o'yin davomida bir yoki ikki marta kaltaklangan bo'lishi mumkin.
• Kriketga beysbol:
  • Beysbol hisobi (odatda ko'rinib turganidek)^[168]): Piter P: 30 | xxx.Bieber [xxx ichida 1] | [OAK 4] [SD 5] | [↓ 3] 2 ta chiqish | xxx xxx
  • Kriket hisobi: SD [[<6] -2] | Ortiqcha? | 1 | tomonidan boshqariladi Biber? * (?)? | Piter [<5 (5.0)]

Statistika

• Ikkala o'yin ham batters, bouller / krujkalar va maydonchilarga qaratilgan. Kriket urish paytida urish paytida duch kelgan to'plar (maydonlar) sonini, xususan ular urgan yugurishlar soniga, shuningdek, ularning o'zaro bog'lanish paytida (at-bat) qanday o'zgarganligini ta'kidlaydi. Beysbol, tayoqchaning necha marta tayanchda bo'lganligi va qancha bazani oshirganligi, shuningdek, u erga qanday zarba berganiga ko'proq ahamiyat beradi; kriketda eng yaqin ekvivalenti - bu urilgan zarbalarning ma'lum miqdordagi to'plari sonini o'lchash ("4s" va "6s" lar eng ko'p tarqalganligi va kaltakning mos ravishda 4 yoki 6-pog'onalardan qancha to'p to'plaganligini ko'rsatadigan va Bunday to'plarning hammasini o'z ichiga olgan "Skoringlar".) Beysbol statistikasi umuman kengroq, ammo paydo bo'lishi T20 kriketi ko'proq kriket statistikasini ishlab chiqilishiga olib keldi (shunga o'xshash) sabermetriya ) va yana o'yin ichidagi ma'lumotlar to'plangan. ^[169][170]

Ikkala o'yin ham juda ko'p miqdordagi statistik ma'lumotlardan foydalanish tarixiga ega. To'purarlar hakamning qo'l signallari bilan boshqariladi. Har qanday o'yin yoki etkazib berish qayd qilinadi va jurnaldan yoki hisob varag'idan xulosa hisoboti olinadi.

• Beysbol odatda kaltakdan foydalanadi, asosiy xitlar, RBI, o'g'irlangan bazalar, xatolar, zarbalar va boshqa hodisalar. Keyinchalik, ular ko'pincha pleyerni baholash uchun ishlatiladi.
• Kriketda, batatsman uchun odatda ishlatiladigan individual o'yinchi statistikasi kiradi urish o'rtacha, ish tashlash darajasi (asosan cheklangan kriketda ishlatiladi) va 50 va 100 inning paytida to'plangan ballar. Bowlers uchun, bouling o'rtacha, iqtisod darajasi (cheklangan overs kriketga tegishli), martaba viketlari va beshta viktorinalar soni odatda keltirilgan. Kriket ishlatsa ham batafsil statistika kriketdagi har xil vaziyatlar tufayli qo'llanma sifatida ular har doim ham o'yinchining haqiqiy aksi hisoblanmaydi. Yan Botam O'rtacha ko'rsatkichlari nisbatan past bo'lishiga qaramay,^{[bahsli – muhokama qilish]} o'yinlarda ustunlik qilish qobiliyati uchun, ayniqsa, Angliyaning eng buyuk kriketchilaridan biri sifatida qayd etilgan.^[171]

• Baholash o'rniga inning balandligi, kriket ma'lum bir miqdordagi maydonchada boulning qancha yugurishini yoki har bir chiqish uchun qancha yugurib yuborishini ko'rib chiqishga moyildir.
• Beysbol, krujka yugurishlarga yo'l qo'ymasdan butun o'yinni maydonga tushirganligi uchun ma'lum statistikani saqlaydi, kriketning eng o'xshash o'lchovi esa qiz bola bowlangan.

Genri Chadvik (1824–1908) - ingliz tug'ilgan amerikalik sport muallifi, kashshof beysbol statistikasi va tarixchi, ko'pincha "beysbolning otasi" deb nomlangan. U birinchi marta 1856 yilda tashkil etilgan beysbol bilan tanishishdan oldin, u kriket bo'yicha muxbir bo'lgan The New York Times kabi kriket o'yinchisi va shunga o'xshash to'p o'yinlari yaxlitlash.

Beysbolda odatiylikning foydaliligi va foydaliligini so'roq qilish beysbol statistikasi maydonini yaratishga olib keldi sabermetriya, bu an'anaviy statistikaga alternativalarni baholaydi. Ba'zida etarli bo'lmagan namunalardan xulosalar olinadi - masalan, kaltak ma'lum bir krujkaga qarshi kam harakat qilganligi, ular bir-birlariga ozgina marta duch kelganlarida yoki o'yinchi ko'proq muvaffaqiyatga erishganligi sababli "tutashgan" degan da'vo. yuguruvchilar skoring pozitsiyasida yoki kechki inning vaqtida kichik namuna o'lchamlari bilan

Taqdimot va translyatsiya

Ikkala sport turida ham, odatda, kamera to'pni etkazib berishda krujka ortidan xamirga qarab boshlanadigan eshittirishlarga ega.

• Kriketda kamera shunday bo'lib qoladi, lekin tez-tez kichraytirilgan va zarbalar to'pni qaerga urgan bo'lsa, shunchaki yo'naltirilgan ko'rinishni tezda qisqartiradi.
• Biroq, beysbolda vizual to'pni urish paytida tepada va tepada turgan ko'rinishga o'tadi.
• Harakatni tasvirlashning ikkita usuli (biri kaltakning oldidan, ikkinchisi orqadan) ularning maydon diagrammasi chizilganida aks etadi, ikkalasi ham "tomoshabin" / kamerani (yoki qaerda bo'lishi mumkin) qo'yish bilan diagrammaning pastki qismida "qarash, lekin kattalashtirish"), yuqori qismida esa "uzoqroq" ko'rinadigan narsa (diagrammalarga qarang #Fielding strategiyasi ).
  • Beysbol bilan tortishish harakatini kaltak ortidan ko'rsatishning bir afzalligi shundaki, "chap / o'ng maydon" kameraning o'ng tomonida chap va o'ng tomonda joylashgan.

Ikkala sport turi ham statistikani namoyish qilish uchun kaltak va to'p o'yinlarida odatlanib qolgan sakrashlardan foydalanadi (masalan, chiqishlar orasidagi tanaffuslar yoki kriketdagi ortiqcha narsalar).

Madaniyat

Ushbu bo'lim ehtimol o'z ichiga oladi original tadqiqotlar. Iltimos uni yaxshilang tomonidan tasdiqlash qilingan va qo'shilgan da'volar satrda keltirilgan. Faqat asl tadqiqotlardan iborat bayonotlar olib tashlanishi kerak. (2008 yil may) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Istirohat bog'ida kriket o'ynayotgan bolalar. Bunday maydonlarda va vaqtincha maydonlarda kriket o'ynash ko'plab mamlakatlarda odatiy holdir.

Ko'cha kriketini o'ynaydigan yoshlar, bu hind yarim orolida juda mashhur.

Ikkala sport turi ham ommalashgan jamiyatlar madaniyatida muhim o'rin tutadi.

• Beysbol Amerika ruhiyatiga chuqur singib ketgan va Qo'shma Shtatlarda "milliy o'yin-kulgi" nomi bilan mashhur. Bu Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bilan osonlikcha aniqlanadigan sport turlaridan biridir. Beysbol bo'yicha ma'lumotnomalar juda ko'p Amerika ingliz tili va bu sport Amerika kinosida juda yaxshi namoyish etiladi beysbol filmlari. Lotin Amerikasining ko'plab joylarida (xususan Kuba, Dominikan Respublikasi, Meksika, Puerto-Riko va Venesuela), shuningdek Sharqiy Osiyoda beysbol muhim madaniy rol o'ynaydi. Sportning ko'plab atamalari va iboralari ingliz lug'atiga kirdi. Misollar "birinchi bazaga etib borish" "chap maydondan "," unga qarshi ikkita zarba berish "," to'siqlar uchun tebranish "," u urib yubordi "," bu uy sharoitida "va"janub tomon "(beysbol olmoslari an'anaviy ravishda g'arbiy qismida uy plitasi bilan qurilgan, shuning uchun xitlar quyosh botishi bilan, shuningdek maydon bilan kurashish shart emas, krujkaning chap qo'li har doim janubda).^[172]

• Kriket asosan ko'plab xalqlarning madaniyatiga teng darajada kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatadi Hamdo'stlik davlatlari, shu jumladan Angliya, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya, Janubiy Afrika, Keniya, Zimbabve, Ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan Karib dengizi va ayniqsa, hind-subkontinentda, u ko'pincha din kabi ta'qib qilinishini aytadi. So'nggi o'n yil ichida Kanadada mahalliy kriketga bo'lgan qiziqish va ichki qiziqish sezilarli darajada oshdi. Buni, asosan, Kanadada o'sib borayotgan subkontinental diasporaga bog'lash mumkin. Kriket eng sobiq Britaniya mustamlakalarida eng mashhur sport turi yoki asosiy sport turi. Beysbol singari, kriket ham bu millatlarning leksikoniga "bu kriket emas" (adolatsiz), "yaxshi inninglar", "yopishqoq qalamchalar", "oltitaga urish", "to'g'ri o'ynagan" kabi iboralar bilan ta'sir ko'rsatgan. bat "va" bowled ".

Musobaqalar

Kriket:

• O'n ikki Sinov o'ynayotgan xalqlar muntazam ravishda boshqa millatlarning turlarida qatnashish, odatda ikkalasini ham o'ynash Sinov va Xalqaro bir kun seriyali. Yigirma 20 xalqaro musobaqalarda tobora ommalashib bormoqda.^[173] Havaskorlar o'yini, shuningdek, sinov o'tkazadigan mamlakatlardan kelgan chet elliklar tomonidan yanada uzoqqa tarqaldi.^[174][175] Ushbu kichik kriketchi davlatlarning aksariyati (shu jumladan AQSh va Kanada va boshqa davlatlar, masalan, Britaniya merosiga ega bo'lmagan Gollandiya), Kriket bo'yicha jahon chempionati. Kriket bo'yicha birinchi xalqaro o'yin 1844 yilda AQSh va Kanada o'rtasida bo'lib o'tgan va ularning bugungi kungacha bo'lgan raqobati KA Auty Cup. ^[176][177]
  • Kriketning xalqaro dasturi zaifroq kriketchilarga dunyoning eng yaxshilariga qarshi o'ynashga imkon beradi va o'yinchilar milliy qahramonga aylanish imkoniyatiga ega. Boshqa tomondan, milliy jamoalarning ustunligi shuni anglatadiki, Avstraliya va Hindiston singari mamlakatlarda ko'plab iqtidorli kriketchilar hech qachon tan olinmaydi yoki o'zlarining milliy terma jamoalariga qo'shilmaguncha obro'ga ega bo'lmaydilar.^{[iqtibos kerak ][178]}

• Hindiston Hindiston Premer-ligasi va Avstraliyaning Katta Bash Ligasi eng mashhur mahalliy hisoblanadi T20 ligalari, ulkan olomonni va mashhur o'yinchilarni jalb qilish. Franchayzaga asoslangan ligalarga ega bo'lgan boshqa mamlakatlarga Janubiy Afrika, G'arbiy Hindiston, Angliya, Bangladesh, Pokiston, Shri-Lanka va Afg'oniston kiradi.^[179]

Beysbol:

• Shunga o'xshash tarzda beysbol dunyo bo'ylab, xususan Markaziy Amerika va Sharqiy Osiyoda tarqalgan. Kanadalik beysbol oxir-oqibat ularga qo'shilishidan oldin AQSh oliy ligalariga parallel ravishda kichik liga sporti sifatida rivojlangan.
• Jiddiy ichki ligalar ko'plab mamlakatlarda, jumladan Yaponiya, Janubiy Koreya, Kuba, Venesuela, Meksika va Dominikan Respublikalarida uchraydi va futbolchilar muntazam ravishda professional beysbol jamoalariga qo'shilish uchun mamlakatlar bo'ylab harakat qilishadi.
• Biroq, beysbolda milliy terma jamoalar yoki professional xalqaro musobaqalarning mustahkam an'analari mavjud emas, garchi bu kabi musobaqalar paydo bo'lishi bilan butun dunyoda asta-sekin ommalashib bormoqda. Jahon beysbol klassikasi.^[180]
• Bir necha bor edi Avstraliya oliy ligasi beysbolchilari,^[181] uzoq vaqt davomida kriket ko'proq mashhur bo'lgan mamlakat.^[182]

Ikkala sport turidagi yuqori elita darajasining tabiati keskin farq qiladi.

• Kriketning deyarli barcha daromadi xalqaro o'yinlardan olinadi,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} va ichki ligalar asosan xalqaro o'yinchilar uchun rivojlanish poydevori bo'lib xizmat qiladi.^[183][184]
• Aksincha, deyarli barcha beysbol daromadi ichki ligalardan, ayniqsa, AQShdan keladi (Beysbolning oliy ligasi ) va Yaponiya.^{[iqtibos kerak ][185][186]}

Xalqaro musobaqalar

• Xalqaro kriket uchta asosiy formatga ega, har bir format bo'yicha bitta yirik turnir. The Xalqaro kriket kengashi afzalligini ko'rsatdi T20 Jahon kubogi o'yinni globallashtirish uchun voqea bo'lishiga qaramay, uzoqroq formatdagi musobaqalar dunyoning eng yaxshi 10 mamlakati uchun eksklyuziv bo'lib qolishi mumkin.^[187]
• Xalqaro beysbol musobaqalarida o'nlab mamlakatlar o'zaro raqobatlashadilar, o'tgan yillar davomida bir nechta mamlakatlar kuboklarni qo'lga kiritishdi.

Ichki musobaqalar

Ichki liga tarkibidagi farq:

• T20 ligalari kriketda odatda 8 ta jamoa bor va ularga amal qiling Page-McIntyre tizimi pley-off uchun, jami 50 ga yaqin o'yin bir yoki ikki oy ichida bo'lib o'tdi.
• Beysbol ichki ligalarida ikkita "ligaga" bo'lingan o'nlab jamoalar mavjud (hovuzlarga o'xshash). Har bir jamoa taxminan yarim yil davomida taxminan 100 dan 200 gacha o'yin o'tkazadi, "final" esa 7 ta o'yindan iborat seriyani tashkil etadi (masalan Jahon seriyasi ) har bir ligada eng yaxshi jamoaning g'olibini aniqlash.

AQSh Kichik Liga Kriketi T20 hodisasi beysbol tarkibiga ko'proq o'xshaydi, "mintaqaviy konferentsiyalar", lekin kriket ligalari uchun umumiy bitta o'yin finalini saqlab qoladi.

Sport mahorati

Ushbu bo'lim ehtimol o'z ichiga oladi original tadqiqotlar. Iltimos uni yaxshilang tomonidan tasdiqlash qilingan va qo'shilgan da'volar satrda keltirilgan. Faqat asl tadqiqotlardan iborat bayonotlar olib tashlanishi kerak. (2008 yil may) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Sport mahoratining me'yorlari bir-biridan farq qiladi.

• Kriketda sport mahoratining me'yorlari tarixan juda yuqori deb hisoblangan^[188] "Bu shunchaki kriket emas" iborasi 19-asrda hayotning har qanday yo'lida adolatsiz yoki qo'l ostidagi xatti-harakatni tasvirlash uchun ishlatilgan.^[189] So'nggi bir necha o'n yillikda yuqori darajadagi kriket tobora tezkor va raqobatbardosh bo'lib, jozibali va chana,^[190] Garchi o'yinchilar hakamlarning qarorlariga hali ham tortishuvsiz rioya qilishlari kutilsa-da, aksariyat hollarda ular buni qilishadi.
  • Hatto zamonaviy o'yin maydonlarida ham sudyalar hakamga chegara urilgani to'g'risida signal berishlari ma'lum, ammo bu ajoyib qutqaruv bo'lishi mumkin edi.^[191] (ular baribir televizor hakamlari tomonidan aniqlanishi mumkin) va agar ular paydo bo'lgan bo'lsa ham, ular tutib olmaganliklari to'g'risida signal berishadi.^[192]
  • Bundan tashqari, ko'plab kriket batatsmenlari, agar hakam ularni e'lon qilmasa ham, ular tashqarida deb o'ylashganda "yurishadi".^[193] Bu juda yuqori darajadagi sport mahorati deb hisoblanadi, chunki raketka ustasi noto'g'ri qarorlardan foydalanishi mumkin; lekin kiritilishi bilan qarorlarni ko'rib chiqish tizimi bu qiyinlashdi (tizim ishlatilayotgan o'yinlarda).
  • "Kriket ruhi" 2000 yilda qonunlarning debochasi sifatida qo'shilib, "Kriket - bu nafaqat o'ziga xos qonunlar doirasida, balki Ruhning ruhida ham o'ynashi kerakligi uchun o'ziga xos jozibador qarzdor o'yin. O'yin. Ushbu Ruhni suiiste'mol qilgan har qanday harakat o'yinning o'ziga shikast etkazadi ".^[194][195]

• Beysbol:
  • Beysbolda hakamning chaqirig'ini o'z jamoasining zarariga tuzatgan o'yinchi, hech bo'lmaganda, professional darajada eshitilmagan.
  • Shaxsiy javobgarlik va hushyorlik o'yin an'analarining bir qismidir. To'g'ri qo'ng'iroq qilish hakamning mas'uliyati va hukm masalalari yakuniy hisoblanadi. Shunga o'xshab, yuguruvchi tayanchni sog'insa yoki ushlangan uchib ketayotgan to'pga juda erta ketsa, hakam sukut saqlaydi, chunki yuguruvchilarning qaerdaligini bilish va apellyatsiya berish himoyachining vazifasidir. Qachonki fielder to'pning qaerdaligini bilmayotganga o'xshasa ("yashirin to'p fokusi "), hakam sukut saqlaydi, chunki to'pning qaerdaligini bilish yuguruvchiga tegishli.

• • Beysbolda tashqariga chiqishni nishonlash, oldinda bazalarni o'g'irlash yoki oldinda maydonda tabassum qilish sport mahoratining jiddiy buzilishi hisoblanadi. Ehtimol, sport mahoratining eng jiddiy buzilishi - bu krujkaning tayoqchani orqasiga uloqtirishi, chunki jangchilar tez-tez zaxira nusxasi bilan urib yuborishi mumkin bo'lgan maydonga munosabat bildirishadi.^[196]

Taqqoslash jadvali

Sport turlari o'rtasidagi almashinuvlar

Don Bredman was a famous cricket batsman who was known for his childhood drill of hitting a small ball with a qoqmoq, which many consider to have significantly improved his hand-eye coordination.^[199] His batting average of 99.94 stands leagues above all other batsmen.

Go'dak Rut is considered to be one of the best baseball batters. Babe Ruth and Don Bradman once met to discuss baseball and cricket, with Babe Ruth later trying out cricket in London, but saying he wouldn't play it professionally as it didn't pay well enough. ^[200]

The standard of cricket fielding has improved as baseball fielding coaches have begun working with cricket teams. ^[201]

The South Korean national cricket team has received coaching from a former baseball player. ^[202]

O'yinlarning norasmiy versiyalari

Both sports are often played in the streets or in other circumstances with modified/simpler rules, and with more makeshift equipment.

The basics that are retained are:

• Informal versions of cricket retain running between the wickets, as well as most forms of dismissals (except sometimes LBW )
• Informal versions of baseball retain running around and being safe on bases, as well as some kind of foul area and strikeouts.

Both cricket and baseball have street versions that are passionately played in parts of the Americas, such as bete-ombro va plita for cricket or stritbol va Vitilla beysbol uchun. In addition, both have a variation where players kick the ball, rather than batting it: kikbol va leg cricket.

Shuningdek qarang

• Kriket tarixi
• Beysbolning kelib chiqishi

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Sundaram, Venkat (2003). Kriket bo'yicha murabbiylar uchun qo'llanma. Sun Protecs Private Limited kompaniyasi. ISBN  81-88746-00-2.

Tashqi havolalar

• Uzoqda tebranish: kriket va beysbol qanday bog'lanadi, 2010 yilda Lord's ko'rgazmasining slaydshou
• Kriket va beysbol: umumiy maydon Iqtisodchi* Amerikaliklar kabi ... Kriket Amerika jurnali
• Beysbol va kriket Forbes