Go'dak Rut - Babe Ruth
Jorj Xerman "Go'dak" Kichik Rut. (1895 yil 6 fevral - 1948 yil 16 avgust) amerikalik mutaxassis edi beysbol karerasi bo'lgan futbolchi Beysbolning oliy ligasi (MLB) 1914 yildan 1935 yilgacha bo'lgan 22 faslni o'z ichiga olgan. Taxallus "Bambino"va"Swat sultoni", u MLBdagi faoliyatini chap qo'l yulduzi sifatida boshladi krujka uchun Boston Red Sox, lekin eng katta shuhratga sustkashlik sifatida erishdi himoyachi uchun Nyu-York Yanki. Rut kariyerasini ham o'z ichiga olgan ko'plab MLB (va ba'zi pitching) yozuvlarini o'rnatdi uy yugurish (714), qoqilgan (RBI) (2,213), to'plarga asoslanadi (2,062), sust foiz (.690) va asosda ortiqcha slugging (OPS) (1.164); oxirgi ikkitasi hali ham 2019 yilga to'g'ri keladi[yangilash].[1] Rut eng buyuk sport qahramonlaridan biri sifatida qaraladi Amerika madaniyati va ko'pchilik uni barcha zamonlarning eng buyuk beysbolchisi deb bilishadi. 1936 yilda Rut saylandi Beysbol shon-sharaf zali uning biri sifatida "birinchi beshlik" inauguratsiya a'zolari.
Etti yoshida Rut yuborildi Meri o'g'il bolalar uchun sanoat maktabi, a islohotchi u erda u Matthias Buter akasi tomonidan o'qitilgan Xaverian birodarlar, maktab intizomi va qobiliyatli beysbol o'yinchisi. 1914 yilda Rut o'ynashga imzo chekdi kichik liga uchun beysbol Baltimor Orioles ammo tez orada Red Sox-ga sotildi. 1916 yilga kelib, u ba'zida uzoq muddatli yugurishlarni urib yuboradigan, 1920 yildan oldingi har qanday o'yinchi uchun odatiy bo'lmagan ajoyib krujka sifatida obro'ga ega bo'ldi. o'lik to'p davri. Garchi Rut ikki marta yutuq Bir mavsumda 23 ta o'yin krujka sifatida o'ynagan va uchtaga a'zo bo'lgan Jahon seriyasi Red Sox bilan chempionat jamoalari, u har kuni o'ynashni xohlardi va tashqi ko'rinishga o'tishga ruxsat berildi. Oddiy o'yin vaqti bilan u buzdi MLBning bir mavsumdagi uy rekordlari 1919 yilda.
O'sha mavsumdan so'ng, Red Sox egasi Garri Frazi qarama-qarshiliklar o'rtasida Rutni Yanki-larga sotdi. Savdo Bostonning keyingi 86 yillik chempionatida qurg'oqchilikni kuchaytirdi va "Bambinoning la'nati "Xurofot. Yankilar bilan bo'lgan 15 yillik faoliyati davomida Rut jamoaning ettitasida g'alaba qozonishiga yordam berdi Amerika ligasi (AL) bayroqlari va to'rtta jahon seriyasi chempionatlari. Uning katta tebranishi uy sharoitida o'tkaziladigan jami natijalarning avj olishiga olib keldi, bu nafaqat muxlislarni to'p maydoniga jalb qildi va sportning ommaviyligini oshirdi, balki beysbol maydonini ochishda ham yordam berdi. jonli to'p davri, strategiyaning past natijalarga erishadigan o'yinidan uy egasi asosiy omil bo'lgan sport turiga aylandi. Yankilarning "xayolparastligi" ning bir qismi sifatidaQotillarning safi "1927 yildagi tarkib, Rut 60 ta uy egasini urdi, bu esa o'zining MLBdagi bitta mavsumdagi rekordini bitta uy natijasi bilan uzaytirdi. Rutning" Yanki "tarkibidagi so'nggi mavsumi 1934 yil edi; u keyingi yili o'yindan nafaqaga chiqdi. Boston Braves. Faoliyati davomida Rut 12 marotaba mavsum davomida ALni uy musobaqalarida boshqargan.
Rutning faoliyati davomida u beysboldagi ekspluatatsiyasi va ichkilikbozlik va ayolga ziyon etkazish uchun maydon tashqarisidagi moyilligi uchun kuchli matbuot va jamoatchilik e'tiboriga tushgan. Futbolchi sifatida iste'foga chiqqach, unga katta liga klubini boshqarish imkoniyatidan mahrum bo'lishdi, ehtimol futbolchilik faoliyatining ba'zi vaqtlarida o'zini tutishi yomon bo'lgan. So'nggi yillarda Rut ko'pchilik oldida chiqish qildi, ayniqsa Amerikaning Ikkinchi Jahon urushidagi harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi. 1946 yilda u kasal bo'lib qoldi nazofarengeal saraton va ikki yildan so'ng kasallikdan vafot etdi. Rut Amerika madaniyatining bir qismi bo'lib qolmoqda va 2018 yilda Prezident Donald Tramp vafotidan keyin uni taqdirladi Prezidentning Ozodlik medali.
Dastlabki yillar
Kichik Jorj Xerman Rut 1895 yilda Emori ko'chasidagi 216-uyda tug'ilgan Pigtaun qismi Baltimor, Merilend. Rutning ota-onasi Ketrin (ism-sharifi Shamberger) va Jorj Xerman Rut Sr ikkalasi edi Nemis ajdodlari. 1880 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish bo'yicha uning ota-onasi Merilendda tug'ilgan. Uning ota-bobosi Prussiya va Gannoverdan bo'lgan. Rut Sr o'z ichiga olgan bir qator ishlarda ishlagan chaqmoq sotuvchi va tramvay operator. Keyin oqsoqol Rut oilaviy kombinatsiyalangan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarida kontraktator bo'ldi salon Frederik ko'chasidagi biznes. Kichik Jorj Rut onasining bobosi, nemis muhojiri va kasaba uyushmasi xodimi Pius Shambergerning uyida tug'ilgan.[2][3] Yosh Rutning ettita ukasidan faqat bittasi, uning singlisi Mami, go'dakligidan omon qoldi.[4]
Rutning bolaligining ko'plab tafsilotlari, shu jumladan ota-onasining turmushga chiqqan sanasi noma'lum.[5] Bolaligida Rut gapirgan Nemis.[6] Rut kichkintoy bo'lganida, oila temir yo'l hovlisidan unchalik uzoq bo'lmagan Janubiy Vudiar ko'chasiga 339-ga ko'chib o'tdi; u olti yoshga to'lganida, otasi G'arbiy Kamden ko'chasi, 426-chi qavatda joylashgan salonga ega edi. Ruf nima uchun etti yoshida yuborilganligi haqida tafsilotlar bir xil darajada kam Meri o'g'il bolalar uchun sanoat maktabi, islohot va mehribonlik uyi.[7][8][9] Biroq, Julia Rut Stivensning 1999 yilda aytgan so'zlariga ko'ra, kichik Jorj Baltimorda salon egasi bo'lgan va Rutga ozgina katta bo'lishini nazorat qilgan, u huquqbuzarga aylangan. Rut Sent-Maryamga jo'natildi, chunki Jorj Sr o'g'lini tarbiyalash va unga maslahat berish uchun g'oyalari tugadi.[10] Voyaga etganida, Rut yoshligida ko'chalarda yurganini va kamdan-kam maktabga borganini, shuningdek, otasi qaramagan paytda pivo ichganini tan oldi. Ayrim xabarlarda aytilishicha, otasining salonidagi zo'ravon voqeadan so'ng shahar hokimiyati bu muhit kichik bolaga yaroqsiz deb qaror qilgan. Rut 1902 yil 13-iyunda Sent-Maryamnikiga kirdi. U "tuzatib bo'lmaydigan" deb yozilgan va keyingi 12 yilning ko'p qismini shu erda o'tkazgan.[7][8][9]
Garchi Seynt-Meri o'g'illari ta'lim olgan bo'lsalar-da, o'quvchilar mehnat ko'nikmalarini o'rganishlari va maktabni boshqarishda yordam berishlari kerak edi, ayniqsa o'g'il bolalar 12 yoshga to'lganida. Rut ko'ylak tikib, shuningdek, duradgor sifatida ham mohir edi. U hatto yaxshi maosh oladigan beysbol paytida ham tikuvchiga ega bo'lishdan ko'ra, o'zining ko'ylak yoqalarini moslashtirar edi. 5 yoshdan 21 yoshgacha bo'lgan o'g'il bolalar muassasa atrofida pishirishdan poyabzal tikishgacha bo'lgan barcha ishlarni bajarishgan va 1912 yilda Sent-Maryamni ta'mirlashgan. Ovqat oddiy va Xaverian birodarlar maktabni boshqaradiganlar qat'iy intizomni talab qildilar; jismoniy jazo keng tarqalgan edi. U erda Rutning laqabi "Niggerlips" edi, chunki u katta yuz xususiyatlariga ega va oq tanli islohotchilarning aksariyat o'g'il bolalariga qaraganda qoraygan edi.[11]
Rutga ba'zida oilasiga qo'shilishga ruxsat berildi yoki jamoatdagi ish bilan boshqariladigan qarorgohdagi Sent-Jeyms uyiga joylashtirildi, ammo u har doim Sent-Maryamnikiga qaytarildi.[12][13] Unga oilasi kamdan-kam tashrif buyurgan; uning onasi 12 yoshida vafot etgan va ba'zi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, unga Muqaddas Maryamdan dafn marosimida qatnashish uchun ketishga ruxsat berilgan.[14] Rut qanday qilib beysbol o'ynashga kelganligi noma'lum: bitta ma'lumotga ko'ra, uning Sent-Meri uyiga joylashishi qisman Baltimorning derazalarini uzun-uzun sindirib qo'yishi bilan bog'liq edi. xitlar o'ynash paytida ko'cha to'pi; boshqasi tomonidan unga Sent-Meri shahridagi birinchi kuni maktabning sport direktori Herman aka tomonidan jamoaga qo'shilishni buyurishdi. tutuvchi garchi chap qo'llar kamdan-kam hollarda bu pozitsiyani o'ynaydi. U erda bo'lganida u ham o'ynagan uchinchi asos va qisqa to'xtatish, yana chap qo'l uchun g'ayrioddiy va o'ng qo'llar uchun tayyorlangan qo'lqop va qo'lqop kiyishga majbur bo'ldi. Uni maktab intizom prefekti, birodar Matias Boutier, tug'ilgan fuqarosi qo'llab-quvvatladi. Yangi Shotlandiya. Katta odam, birodar Matias o'g'il bolalar tomonidan o'zining kuchliligi va adolati uchun katta hurmatga sazovor edi. Rut umrining oxirigacha Matias akani maqtagan, uning yugurish va urish uslublari ustoziga o'xshardi.[15][16] Rut shunday dedi: "O'ylaymanki, men uni beysbolga urgan birinchi kunni ko'rganimda xit bo'lib tug'ilganman".[17] Keksa odam Rutga maslahatchi va namuna bo'ldi; biograf Robert V. Kraymer ikkalasining yaqinligini sharhladi:
Rut Matiy akani hurmat qilgan ... bu Mattias o'g'il bolalarning o'zini tutishi uchun mas'ul bo'lganligi va Rut hamma vaqtlarda eng katta tabiiy qonunbuzarlardan biri bo'lganligini hisobga olsak, bu juda ajoyib. ... Jorj Rut Matias birodarning e'tiborini erta jalb qildi va katta odamning dengiz qirg'og'idagi jahannam otashin odamga bergan tinch va katta e'tiborlari bolaning ruhida javob uchquni paydo bo'ldi. ... [ehtimol bu] men hech bo'lmaganda yarim o'nlab beysbol zamondoshlarining hayvonlarcha hayrat va hayrat bilan ta'riflaganlarini eshitgan qo'pol odamning bir nechta yirtqich tishlarini soqit qilgan bo'lishi mumkin.[17]
Maktabning ta'siri boshqa yo'llar bilan Rutda qoldi. U umr bo'yi edi Katolik u ba'zida butun tunni karusirovka qilganidan keyin Massda qatnashadigan va u taniqli a'zosi bo'lgan Kolumbning ritsarlari. U hayoti davomida bolalar uylari, maktablar va kasalxonalarni ziyorat qilar, ko'pincha oshkoralikdan qochar edi.[18] U Sankt-Maryamga mashhur bo'lib, boyib borganida saxovatpesha bo'lib, pul va mablag 'yig'ishda qatnashgan va 1926 yilda birodar Matiasni Kadillak sotib olish uchun 5000 dollar sarflagan - keyinchalik uni avariya natijasida vayron bo'lganida almashtirgan. Shunga qaramay, uning biografisi Ley Montvill Rutning kariyerasidagi sahnadan tashqari ortiqcha narsalarning ko'pi Seynt-Meri shahridagi vaqtidan mahrum bo'lganligi sababli sodir bo'lganligini ta'kidlamoqda.[19]
Sent-Maryadagi o'g'il bolalarning aksariyati turli darajalarda tashkil etilgan ligalarda beysbol o'ynagan. Keyinchalik Rut muvaffaqiyat zinapoyasidan ko'tarilib, yiliga 200 ta o'yin o'tkazgan deb taxmin qildi. U bir vaqtning o'zida barcha pozitsiyalarda o'ynagan bo'lsa-da, u yulduz sifatida a krujka. Matias birodarning so'zlariga ko'ra, Rut bir chetda turadigan o'rtoqlarning piching harakatlariga kulib turar edi va Matias unga kirib yaxshiroq ish qila oladimi, deb aytdi. Rut Sent-Maryadagi eng yaxshi krujkaga aylandi va 1913 yilda 18 yoshida unga jamoadan jalb qilingan jamoalarda hafta oxiri o'yinlarini o'tkazish uchun xonadan chiqib ketishga ruxsat berildi. U bir nechta gazeta maqolalarida zabardastligi va uzoq zarba berish qobiliyati bilan ham tilga olingan uy yugurish.[20][21]
Professional beysbol
Kichik liga, Baltimor Orioles
1914 yil boshida Rut professional beysbol shartnomasini imzoladi Jek Dann egalik qilgan va boshqargan kichik liga Baltimor Orioles, an Xalqaro Liga jamoa. Rutni imzolash holatlari aniq ma'lum emas; tarixiy haqiqat hamma haqiqat bo'lishi mumkin bo'lmagan voqealar bilan yashiringan. Ba'zi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Dann Sent-Maryamning yulduzlar jamoasi va boshqa Xaverian muassasalaridan biri o'rtasidagi o'yinda qatnashishga chaqirilgan, Tog'dagi Sent-Meri kolleji. Ba'zi versiyalarda Rut intizor bilan kutilgan o'yin oldidan qochib, jazolanishi uchun vaqtida qaytib kelish uchun va keyin Dann kuzatib turganidek, Sent-Maryamni g'alaba qozondi. Boshqalari bor Vashington senatorlari krujka Djo Engel, Sent-Meri tog'ining bitiruvchisi, kollejning birinchi kurs talabalari va Rutni o'z ichiga olgan Sent-Meri jamoasi o'rtasida o'tkazilgan dastlabki musobaqani tomosha qilgandan so'ng, bitiruvchilar o'yinida pitching. Engel Rutning o'yinini tomosha qildi, so'ng Vashingtonda tasodifiy uchrashuvda Dannga u haqida gapirib berdi. Rut o'zining avtobiografiyasida faqatgina Dannda yarim soat davomida ishlaganligini va imzolanganligini aytgan.[22] Biograf Kal Wagenheimning so'zlariga ko'ra, Rut maktabda 21 yoshga to'lgunga qadar qolishi kerak bo'lganligi sababli, qonuniy qiyinchiliklarni to'g'rilash kerak edi, ammo[a][23] Sport markazi Hujjatli filmda Rut 19 yoshga to'lganida allaqachon Sent-Meri kasalxonasidan bo'shatilganligi va oylik ish haqi 100 dollar bo'lganligini aytgan.[10]
Bahorgi mashg'ulotlarga poezd sayohati Fayetteville, Shimoliy Karolina, Mart oyining boshlarida, ehtimol Rut Baltimor hududidan tashqarida birinchi bo'lgan.[24] Rokki ballplayeriga faxriylar tomonidan turli xil masxarabozlik mavzusi bo'lgan, ehtimol ular uning mashhur taxallusiga ham sabab bo'lgan. Rut qanday qilib "go'dak" deb nomlangani haqida turli xil ma'lumotlar mavjud, ammo aksariyati uni "Dannining chaqalog'i" yoki uning bir varianti deb atashga qaratilgan. SportsCentury uning laqabi Dunning yangi "sevgilisi" yoki "loyihasi" bo'lganligi sababli, nafaqat Rutning xom iste'dodi tufayli, balki restoranda tashqarida ovqatlanish, odob-axloq qoidalarini yaxshi bilmasligi tufayli olingan deb xabar berdi. mehmonxonada yoki poezdda bo'lish. O'sha paytda "go'dak" beysbolda keng tarqalgan laqab edi, ehtimol u eng mashhur bo'lgan Pitsburg qaroqchilari krujka va 1909 yilgi jahon seriyasi qahramon Babe Adams, uning haqiqiy yoshidan yoshroq bo'lgan.[10][25][26]
Rut professional ballplayer sifatida ilk bor 1914 yil 7 martda jamoalararo o'yinda maydonga tushdi. U shoshilinch o'ynab, so'nggi ikkitasida maydonga tushdi. inning 15-9 g'alaba. Ikkinchi tayoqchasida Rut uyning o'ng tomoniga uzoq masofadan zarba berdi; mahalliy portlash afsonaviy o'q otganidan uzoqroq bo'lganligi haqida xabar berilgan Jim Torp Fayettevilda.[27] Rut o'zining birinchi o'yinini jamoaga qarshi o'tkazdi uyushtirilgan beysbol ko'rgazmali o'yinda oliy ligaga qarshi Filadelfiya Filliz. Rut o'rtadagi uchta zarbani tortdi va to'rtinchisida ikkita yugurishdan voz kechdi, ammo keyin o'rnashib oldi va beshinchi va oltinchi zarbalarni hisobga oldi. Ertasi kuni tushdan keyin Philliesga qarshi o'yinda, Rut oltinchi inning davomida kirib bordi va qolgan qismida yugurishga yo'l qo'ymadi. Oriollar sakkizinchi inning pastki qismida ettita gol urib, 6: 0 hisobidagi kamchilikni engib chiqdilar va Rut g'alaba qozondi.[28]
Muntazam mavsum boshlangandan so'ng, Rut yulduzlar uchun kostryulkalardan biri edi, u plastinkada ham xavfli edi. Jamoa yaxshi harakat qildi, ammo Baltimor matbuoti deyarli e'tibor bermadi. Uchinchi oliy liga Federal Liga, o'ynashni boshlagan va mahalliy franchayzing Baltimor Terrapins, 1902 yildan buyon birinchi marta ushbu shaharni oliy ligaga tikladi. Kam sonli muxlislar tashrif buyurishdi Oriole Park, bu erda Rut va uning jamoadoshlari nisbatan tushunarsizlikda ishladilar. Terapinlarga sakrash uchun Rutga bonus va undan katta maosh taklif qilingan bo'lishi mumkin; bu kabi mish-mishlar Baltimorni qamrab olgach, Rutga shu kungacha boshidan kechirgan eng ko'p reklama qilinganini berganda, Terrapins rasmiysi buni Dann bilan shartnoma bo'yicha futbolchilarni imzolamaslik siyosati ekanligini aytib, rad etdi.[29][30]
Terrapinlar o'rtasidagi raqobat Dannni katta yo'qotishlarga olib keldi. Iyun oyining oxiriga kelib Oriollar birinchi o'rinda bo'lishsa-da, o'yinlarning uchdan ikki qismidan ko'pida g'alaba qozongan bo'lsalar-da, pullik tashrif buyuruvchilar soni 150 tagacha kamaydi. Dunn Oriollarning mumkin bo'lgan harakatini o'rganib chiqdi Richmond, Virjiniya, shuningdek, ozchilikning klubga bo'lgan qiziqishini sotish. Ushbu imkoniyatlar qulab tushdi va Dannga eng yaxshi o'yinchilarini pul to'plash uchun oliy liga jamoalariga sotishdan boshqa imkoniyat qolmadi.[31] U Rutni hukmronlik qilishni taklif qildi Jahon seriyasi chempionlar, Konni Mak "s Filadelfiya yengil atletikasi, ammo Makning o'z moliyaviy muammolari bor edi.[32] The Sincinnati qizillari va Nyu-York gigantlari Rutga qiziqish bildirgan, ammo Dann ko'za idishlari bilan birga shartnomasini ham sotgan Erni Shor va Ben Egan, uchun Boston Red Sox ning Amerika ligasi (AL) 4-iyul kuni sotuv narxi 25000 AQSh dollari deb e'lon qilindi, ammo boshqa xabarlarga ko'ra uning miqdori ikki baravarga kamayadi yoki 8500 AQSh dollari miqdoridagi qarz bekor qilingan. Red Sox yo'l safari tugaguniga qadar Rut Oriollar safida bir necha kun qoldi va 11 iyul kuni Bostondagi jamoaga hisobot berdi.[33]
Boston Red Sox (1914-1919)
Rivojlanayotgan yulduz
1914 yil 11-iyulda Rut Egan va Shor bilan Bostonga keldi. Keyinchalik Rut o'sha kuni ertalab u birinchi rafiqasi bo'ladigan qiz - Xelen Vudford bilan qanday uchrashganligi haqida hikoya qildi. U Landers Coffee Shop-da 16 yoshli ofitsiant edi va Rut u erda nonushta qilganda unga xizmat qilganini aytdi. Boshqa hikoyalarda, uchrashuv boshqa kuni va ehtimol boshqa sharoitlarda sodir bo'lishi mumkinligi taxmin qilingan. U birinchi xotinini qachon tortib olishni boshlaganidan qat'i nazar, u o'zining birinchi o'yinini o'sha kuni tushdan keyin, 4-3 da Red Sox uchun g'alaba qozondi Klivlend Naps. Uning tutuvchisi edi Bill Karrigan, shuningdek, Red Sox menejeri bo'lgan. Sohilga a boshlang Ertasi kuni Carrigan tomonidan; u g'alaba qozondi va uning ikkinchi starti va undan keyin muntazam ravishda maydonga tushirildi. Rut ikkinchi marotaba yutqazdi va keyinchalik unchalik ishlatilmadi.[34] Katta ligadagi debyutida Rut chap qo'l bilan qarshi o'yinda 0-forma 2 ga qarshi o'ynadi Villi Mitchell, ajoyib uning birinchisida yarasada uchun olib tashlanishidan oldin chimchilash ettinchi inning ichida.[35] Rut muxlislar tomonidan unchalik sezilmadi, chunki bostonliklar Red Sox-ning o'zaro raqobatchilari - Jasur, boshlash afsonaviy qaytish bu ularni so'nggi joydan olib qo'yadi To'rtinchi iyul uchun 1914 yilgi jahon seriyasi chempionat.[34]
Egan Boston ro'yxatidan ikki hafta o'tgach, Klivlendga sotildi. Red Sox bilan bo'lgan davrda u Dann Baltimorda bo'lganidek, tajribasiz Rutni kuzatib bordi. Savdoga qo'yilganda, uning o'rnini hech kim nazoratchi sifatida egallamagan. Rutning yangi jamoadoshlari uni dabdabali deb hisoblashdi va rokki sifatida uni jim va ko'zga ko'rinmas turishni afzal ko'rishardi. Rut ham muntazam o'ynamaydigan yangi rokki, shuningdek, krujka egasi bo'lishiga qaramay urish amaliyotiga o'tishni talab qilganida, u yarasalarini yarmida kesilganini topish uchun keldi. Uning jamoadoshlari unga "Katta Bobon" laqabini berishdi, bu ismni murtad Rut, Sent-Maryamda "Niggerlips" laqabini yoqtirmagan.[36] Rut oliy ligaga ko'tarilish uchun ko'tarilgan maoshni oldi va tez orada boshqa vasvasalar qatori yaxshi ovqatlar, spirtli ichimliklar va ayollar uchun ta'mga ega bo'ldi.[37][38]
Menejer Karrigan Rutga ikkitadan qadam tashlashga ruxsat berdi ko'rgazma o'yinlari avgust oyining o'rtalarida. Garchi Rut kichik liga musobaqalarida ikkalasida ham g'alaba qozongan bo'lsa-da, u pitching rotatsiyasiga qaytarilmadi. Nega Karrigan Rutga maydonga chiqish uchun qo'shimcha imkoniyatlar bermaganligi noaniq. Afsonalar mavjud - ekran uchun suratga olingan Rojdestvo haqidagi hikoya (1948) - yosh krujka a ni tashlash niyatida signal berishga odatlangan edi curveball tilini ozgina chiqarib, bu o'zgarguncha uni urish oson edi. Kreymerning ta'kidlashicha, tajribasiz krujkalarda bunday odatlarning paydo bo'lishi odatiy holdir va Rutdan voz kechish zarurati uni umuman ishlatmaslik uchun sabab bo'lmaydi. Biograf Karrigan yangi bosh murabbiyning yomon xulq-atvori tufayli Rutdan foydalanishni istamasligini taxmin qildi.[39]
1914 yil 30-iyulda Boston egasi Jozef Lannin kichik ligani sotib olgan edi Providence Greys, Xalqaro Liga a'zolari.[40] Providence guruhiga tegishli bo'lgan bir necha kishi egalik qilgan Detroyt Tigers, shu jumladan yulduz hitteri Ty Kobb, va bitim doirasida, yo'lbarslarga Providence krujkasi yuborildi. Providence muxlislarini yulduzni yo'qotganidan xafa qilish uchun, Lannin Red Sox tez orada Greysga o'rinbosar yuborishini e'lon qildi. Bu Rut bo'lishi kerak edi, ammo uning Providensga ketishi Sinsinnati Reds egasi bo'lganida kechiktirildi Garri Herrmann uni voz kechishni talab qildi. Lannin Herrmannga xat yozganidan so'ng, Red Sox Rutni Providensda o'yinchi sifatida rivojlanib borishi va uni katta liga klubiga qo'yib yubormasligi uchun xohlashini tushuntirib berganidan so'ng, Herrmann Rutni voyaga etmaganlarga yuborishga ruxsat berdi. Keyinchalik Karrigan Rutni Providensga uni yaxshi futbolchi qilish uchun emas, balki kullarning Xalqaro Ligada g'olib bo'lishiga yordam berish uchun yuborilganini aytdi. vimpel (liga chempionati).[41]
Rut 1914 yil 18-avgustda Greyslar safiga qo'shildi. Dannning kelishuvlaridan so'ng Baltimor Oriolasi 15-avgustga qadar birinchi o'rinni ushlab turishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, shundan keyin ular susayishni davom ettirishdi va Providence bilan yarim oroli musobaqasini tark etishdi. Rochester. Providence menejeri Rutda katta taassurot qoldirdi "Yovvoyi Bill" Donovan, ilgari 25-4 bo'lgan yulduzli krujka yutuq va yutuqlar bo'yicha rekord 1907 yilda Detroyt uchun; keyingi yillarda u Donovanga pitching haqida ko'p narsalarni o'rgatganiga ishongan. Rut sakkiz kun ichida to'rtta o'yinni bitta g'alaba bilan boshlagan (va g'alaba qozongan) maydonga tez-tez chaqirilgan. 5 sentyabr kuni Maple Leaf Park Torontoda Rut bir marotaba 9: 0 hisobidagi g'alabani qo'lga kiritdi va kichik professional ligadagi yagona professional uyidagi birinchi zarbasini amalga oshirdi. Ellis Jonson.[42] Providence mavsumni birinchi o'rinda tugatgandan so'ng Bostonga chaqirildi, u maydonga tushdi va Red Sox uchun o'yinda g'alaba qozondi Nyu-York Yanki 2-oktabr kuni o'zining birinchi oliy ligasiga zarba berdi, a ikki baravar. Rut mavsumni asosiy ligada 2-1 va Xalqaro ligada 23-8 hisobida (Baltimor va Providens uchun) rekord bilan yakunladi. Mavsum tugagandan so'ng, Rut Xelenga uylandi Ellikott shahri, Merilend. Creamer, ular Baltimorda turmush qurmagan deb taxmin qilishdi, u erda yangi turmush qurganlar Jorj Rut Sr bilan birga borishdi, Sent-Maryamdagilarning aralashuviga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun - kelin ham, kuyov ham yoshga to'lmagan[1][43] va Rut 21 yoshga to'lgunga qadar ushbu muassasadan shartli ravishda ozod qilindi.[44]
1915 yil mart oyida Rut hisobot berdi Hot Springs, Arkanzas, uning birinchi oliy ligasi uchun bahorgi mashg'ulotlar. Birinchi mavsumni nisbatan muvaffaqiyatli o'tkazganiga qaramay, u Red Sox uchun muntazam ravishda boshlashni rejalashtirmagan edi, u allaqachon ikkita "ajoyib" chap qo'li bo'lgan krujkalarga ega edi. Gollandiyalik Leonard, kim eng past ko'rsatkichni buzgan bo'lsa o'rtacha ishlagan (ERA) bitta mavsumda; va Rey Kollinz, 1913 va 1914 yillarda ham 20 ta o'yin g'olibi.[45] Rut mavsumning uchinchi o'yinida mag'lubiyatni qabul qilib, birinchi startida samarasiz edi. Bostondagi boshqa krujkalar tomonidan jarohatlar va samarasiz pichinglar Rutga yana bir bor imkoniyat yaratdi va yaxshi natijalardan keyin yengillik Karrigan Rutga yana bir marta start berishga imkon berdi va u yomg'irda qisqartirilgan ettinchi o'yinda g'alaba qozondi. O'n kundan so'ng, menejer uni Nyu-York Yankilarga qarshi o'yinda boshlashga majbur qildi Polo asoslari. Rut to'qqizinchi o'ringa 3: 2 hisobida g'alaba qozondi, ammo 13 daqiqada o'yinda 4: 3 hisobida yutqazdi. Rut, krujkalar uchun odatdagidek to'qqizinchi marta urib, yuqori qavatga tushgan katta uyni urdi o'ng maydon off Jek Uorxop. O'sha paytda beysbolda uyga yugurish juda kam uchragan va Rutning ajoyib zarbasi olomonni hayratga solgan. G'olib bo'lgan Warhop 1915 yil avgustda sakkiz fasldagi oliy liga karerasini yakunlaydi, ammo farqi yo'q, lekin Babi Rutga uy berishni tark etgan birinchi oliy liga uchun.[46]
Rutning pichirlashi Karriganga etarlicha taassurot qoldirdi, chunki u boshlang'ich rotatsiyada joy egalladi. Rut 1915-yilgi mavsumni 18–8-da ko'za sifatida tugatdi; Xit sifatida u .315ni urib, to'rt marta uyga yugurdi. Red Sox g'olib bo'ldi AL bayroq Ammo, piching tayoqchalari sog'lom bo'lsa ham, Rut piching qilishga chaqirilmagan 1915 yilgi jahon seriyasi Filadelfiya Fillilariga qarshi. Boston beshta o'yinda g'alaba qozondi; Rut beshinchi o'yinda chimchilash uchun ishlatilgan, ammo asoslantirilgan Phillies ace qarshi Grover Klivlend Aleksandr.[47] Qutida muvaffaqiyat qozonganiga qaramay, Rut uzoq vaqt davomida uy sharoitida obro'ga ega edi; da Sportchilar bog'i qarshi Sent-Luis Brauns, Rut urib Grand avenyu ustida ko'tarilib, a oynasini sindirdi Chevrolet dilerlik.[48]
1916 yilda Rut o'zining pitchingiga e'tibor qaratdi, chunki u Vashington senatorlari asi bilan takroriy piching duellari bilan shug'ullangan, Valter Jonson. Ikkalasi mavsum davomida besh marta uchrashishdi, Rut to'rtta, Jonson bitta g'alaba qozondi (Rutda a qaror yo'q Jonsonning g'alabasida). Rutning ikkita g'alabasi 1: 0 hisobida, bittasi 13-tur o'yinida. 1-0 dan yopilish qo'shimcha inningsiz qaror qildi, AL prezidenti Ban Jonson "Bu men ko'rgan eng yaxshi to'p o'yinlaridan biri edi" dedi.[49] Mavsum davomida Rut 23: 12ni bosib o'tdi, 1,75 ERA va to'qqizta yopilish, ikkalasi ham chempionatni boshqargan.[50] 1916 yilda Rutning to'qqiz marotaba yopilishi chap qo'llar uchun rekord o'rnatdi va shu paytgacha tengsiz bo'lib qoldi Ron Gidri uni 1978 yilda bog'ladi.[51] Red Sox bayroqni yutdi va Jahon seriyasi yana, bu safar Bruklin Robins (keyinchalik Dodgers ma'lum bo'lgan) beshta o'yinda. Rut 14-daqiqada 2-1, 2-1 o'yinini boshladi va g'alaba qozondi. Bunday uzunlikdagi boshqa o'yin o'ynaguniga qadar 2005, bu eng uzun Jahon seriyasi o'yini edi,[b] va Rutning pitching ko'rsatkichi hali ham eng uzoq mavsumdir to'liq o'yin g'alaba.[1][52][53]
1916 yildan so'ng Karrigan futbolchi va menejer sifatida iste'foga chiqdi va o'z vatani Meynga ishbilarmon bo'lib qaytdi. Tarkibidagi to'rtta menejer ostida o'ynagan Rut Milliy beysbol shon-sharaf zali, har doim u erda yozilmagan Carrigan, u o'ynagan eng yaxshi skipper bo'lganligini doimo ta'kidlagan.[54] Red Sox tashkilotida mavsumdan tashqari boshqa o'zgarishlar yuz berdi, chunki Lannin jamoani Nyu-York teatr promouteri boshchiligidagi uch kishilik guruhga sotdi. Garri Frazi.[55] Jek Barri Frazee tomonidan menejer sifatida yollangan.[56]
Xit sifatida paydo bo'lish
Rut 2.017 ERA va 1917 yilda oltita yopilish bilan 24-13ga bordi, ammo Sox to'qqizinchi ligada ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi orqada o'yinlar The Chikago Uayt-Soks jadvalda. 23 iyun kuni Vashingtonda, uy egalari sudyasi qachon 'Brick 'Ouens birinchi to'rtta maydonni to'p deb atadi, Rut unga zarba berdi va o'yindan chetlashtirildi va keyinchalik o'n kunga diskvalifikatsiya qilindi va 100 dollar jarimaga tortildi. Rutni tinchlantirish uchun Erni Shore chaqirildi va sakkizta maydonchaga ruxsat berildi. Poydevorga etib kelgan yuguruvchi yurish edi o'g'irlik bilan ushlangan va Shore o'yinda g'alaba qozonish uchun duch kelgan 26 ta jangchining barchasini iste'foga chiqardi. Shorening bu ko'rsatkichi a mukammal o'yin ko'p yillar davomida.[57] 1991 yilda, Beysbolning oliy ligasi Statistik aniqlik bo'yicha qo'mita (MLB) unga qo'shma ro'yxat sifatida o'zgartirish kiritdi zararli emas.[58] 1917 yilda Rut o'ziga xos bo'lganidan boshqa ozgina kaltak sifatida ishlatilgan plastinka ko'rinishlari piching paytida va .325 ni ikkita uy yugurish bilan urish.[59]
Qo'shma Shtatlarning kirishi Birinchi jahon urushi mavsum boshida sodir bo'lgan va sportga soya solgan. Harbiy xizmatga chaqirish 1917 yil sentyabrda joriy qilingan va katta ligalarda beysbolchilarning aksariyati chaqiruv yoshida bo'lganlar. Bunga futbolchi menejeri bo'lgan va tarkibga qo'shilgan Barri ham kirdi Dengiz qo'riqxonasi loyihadan qochishga urinib, faqat 1917 yilgi mavsumdan keyin chaqiriladi. Frazi Xalqaro Liga prezidentini yolladi Ed Barrou Red Sox menejeri sifatida. Barrow avvalgi 30 yilni beysbolning turli xil ishlarida o'tkazgan, garchi u hech qachon o'yinni professional darajada o'ynamagan bo'lsa. Urush tufayli yuqori ligalar qisqartirilganligi sababli, Barrow Red Sox tarkibida to'ldirish uchun ko'plab teshiklarga ega edi.[60]
Rut ham tarkibdagi ushbu bo'sh ishlarga e'tibor qaratdi. U to'rt-besh kunda bir paydo bo'ladigan va har kuni boshqa pozitsiyada o'ynashni xohlaydigan krujka rolidan norozi edi. Barrow Rutni ishlatgan birinchi tayanch va tashqi maydon Ko'rgazma mavsumi davomida, lekin u Bostonga va mavsumni ochadigan jamoaga qarab harakatlanayotganda uni pitching bilan chekladi. O'sha paytda Rut beysbolda eng yaxshi chap qo'lli krujka bo'lgan va unga boshqa pozitsiyani o'ynashiga imkon berish, natijasi bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan tajriba edi.[60]
Menejer sifatida tajribasiz Barroda futbolchi bor edi Garri Xuper unga beysbol o'yini strategiyasi bo'yicha maslahat bering. Xuper menejeridan Rutga piching qilmagan paytda boshqa pozitsiyani o'ynashiga ruxsat berishni iltimos qildi,[60] Klubga sarmoya kiritgan Barrou bilan tortishishicha, Rut o'ynagan kunlarda olomon ko'proq bo'lgan, chunki ular uning zarbasini o'ziga jalb qilishgan.[61] May oyining boshlarida Barrow taslim bo'ldi; Rut zudlik bilan ketma-ket to'rtta o'yinda (bittasi ko'rgazma) uy egalariga zarba berdi, bu Valter Jonsonning so'nggi o'yini.[60] Kariyerasida birinchi marta (chindan ham jozibali o'yinlarga e'tibor bermaslik), Rutga joy ajratildi urish tartibi to'qqizinchidan yuqori.[61]
Barrou Rut pichingga qaytishni iltimos qilishini bashorat qilgan bo'lsa-da, u birinchi marta urish tushishini boshdan kechirgan edi, ammo bu sodir bo'lmadi. Barrou Rutni asosan urushda qisqartirilgan 1918 yilgi mavsumda hujumchi sifatida ishlatgan. Rut .300 ni 11 marta ishg'ol qilgan holda urib yubordi oliy liga uy chempioni unvoni bilan Tilli Uoker Filadelfiya yengil atletikasi. U hali ham vaqti-vaqti bilan krujka sifatida ishlatilgan va 2.22 ERA bilan 13-7 rekord qayd etgan.[59][62][63]
1918 yilda Red Sox to'rt yil ichida uchinchi bayroqni qo'lga kiritdi va duch keldi Chikagodagi bolalar ichida Jahon seriyasi tarixida eng qadimgi sana bo'lgan 5 sentyabrda boshlangan. Mavsum qisqartirilgan edi, chunki hukumat harbiy xizmatga yaroqli bo'lgan beysbolchilarni jalb qilish yoki jangovar qurol ishlab chiqarish zavodlari kabi muhim urush sohalarida ishlash kerak degan qaror chiqargan edi. Rut maydonga tushib, Red Sox uchun birinchi o'yinda g'alaba qozondi, 1-0 yopiq. To'rtinchi o'yin oldidan Rut jangda chap qo'lini jarohatlagan, ammo baribir maydonga tushgan. U ettita hit va oltita yurishdan voz kechdi, ammo to'rtinchi pog'ona sifatida uning orqasida ajoyib maydon egaligi va o'z urish harakatlari yordam berdi. uch baravar tomonidan Rut o'z jamoasini 2: 0 hisobida oldinga olib chiqdi. Cubs sakkizinchi partiyada o'yinni tenglashtirdi, ammo Red Sox gol urib, yana o'sha inning pastki qismida 3: 2 hisobida oldinga chiqib oldi. To'qqizinchi navbatni boshlash uchun Rut zarbadan va piyoda yurishdan voz kechganidan so'ng, u tepalikka yengil tortdi Djo Bush. Rut va uning yarasasini o'yinda ushlab turish uchun uni o'ynashga jo'natishdi chap maydon. Bush Rutga seriyadagi ikkinchi g'alabasini va uchinchi va oxirgi Jahon seriyasidagi karerasidagi g'alabasini, uchta mag'lubiyatsiz mag'lubiyatga uchramasligi uchun nafaqaga chiqqan. Rutning sa'y-harakatlari uning jamoasiga uchta o'yindan bittaga g'alaba keltirdi va ikki kundan keyin Red Sox to'rtinchi o'yinda to'rtinchi o'yinda g'alaba qozondi. To'rtinchi o'yinda kublar gol urishiga ruxsat berishdan oldin, Rut maydonga tushdi29 2⁄3 ketma-ket hisobsiz inninglar, 1961 yilgacha 40 yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida saqlanib qolgan Jahon seriyasidagi rekord Uayti Ford Rut vafotidan keyin. Rut o'zining har qanday kaltaklaganidan ko'ra bu yozuv bilan faxrlanar edi.[59][64]
Butunjahon seriyasining tugashi bilan, Rut Pensilvaniya po'lat fabrikasi bilan nominal pozitsiyani qabul qilib, urush loyihasidan ozod bo'ldi. Ko'plab sanoat korxonalari beysbol jamoalari bilan faxrlanishdi va yirik ligierlarni yollashga intilishdi. Noyabr oyida urush tugashi bilan Rut beysbol o'ynashga imkon berdi.[65]
1919 yilgi mavsumda Rut 130 o'yinidan atigi 17tasida ko'za sifatida ishlatilgan[59] va 8-5 ta yozuvni tuzdi. Barrou uni asosan mavsum boshida, Red Sox menejeri ketma-ket ikkinchi vimpeldan umidvor bo'lgan paytda ishlatgan. Iyun oyining oxiriga kelib, Red Sox poygadan tashqarida edi va Barrow, agar u odamlarni to'pni tortib olgani uchungina, uning zarbasiga e'tibor qaratishga e'tiroz bildirmadi. Ochilish kunida Rut yankilarga qarshi uyushtirgan o'yinni urdi, va ko'p o'tmay, bir oy davom etgan batting pasayishi paytida. O'zining piching vazifasidan xalos bo'lgan Rut misli ko'rilmagan darajada uy yumushlarini boshladi, bu unga keng jamoatchilik va matbuot e'tiborini qaratdi. Hatto uning muvaffaqiyatsizligi ham ulug'vor bo'lib ko'rindi - bitta sport muallifi: "Rut to'pni silkitib yuborsa, tribunalar titrab ketadi", dedi.[66]
5 iyul kuni Rut tomonidan boshqarilgan ikkita uy va bir haftadan so'ng ketma-ket ikkita o'yinning bittasida, u o'zining mavsumini 11 ga ko'tarib, 1918 yildagi karerasini eng yaxshi ko'rsatkichga aylantirdi. Yiqilgan birinchi rekord ALning bitta mavsumdagi belgisi 16 edi, tomonidan belgilanadi Ralf "Paypoq" Seybold 1902 yilda. Rut bunga 29 iyulda to'g'ri keldi va keyin ilgarilab ketdi oliy ligadagi rekord tomonidan belgilangan 25 dan Bak Freeman 1899 yilda. Rut bunga sentyabr oyining boshlarida erishganida, yozuvchilar buni aniqladilar Ned Uilyamson 1884 yil Chikago oq paypoqlari 27 ga urgan edi - garchi o'ng maydongacha bo'lgan masofa atigi 215 fut (66 m) bo'lgan ballparkda. 20 sentyabr kuni Fenuey Parkdagi "Babe Ruth Day" da Rut Uilyamsonni bog'lab, to'qqizinchi inning pastki qismida uyin bilan g'alaba qozondi. U to'rt kundan keyin "Polo Grounds" da "Yanki" larga qarshi rekordni yangiladi va senatorlarga qarshi yana bitta gol urib, 29-o'rinni egalladi. Vashingtondagi uyin Rutni o'zining sakkizta to'p to'pida uyinni urgan birinchi oliy liga futbolchisiga aylantirdi. liga. Rutning qahramonliklariga qaramay, Red Sox oltinchi o'rinni egalladi,20 1⁄2 liga chempioni Uayt Soks ortidagi o'yinlar.[c][67][68] "Boston" bilan olti mavsumda u 89 o'yinda g'alaba qozondi va 2.19 ERA qayd etdi. U to'rt yillik tajribaga ega edi, u g'alabalar bo'yicha ALda ikkinchi o'rinda va ERA orqasida edi Valter Jonson va Rut Jonsonga qarshi bosh uchrashuvlarda g'alaba qozongan.[10]
Nyu-Yorkka sotish
Nyu-York shahridan bo'lgan Frazi jamoani sotib olayotganda Bostonning sport mualliflari va beysbol muxlislari tomonidan shubha bilan qarashgan. U ularni maydonda muvaffaqiyati va Red Sox-ni futbolchilarni sotib olish yoki sotib olish orqali qurish istagi bilan g'alaba qozondi. U senatorlarga Uolter Jonson uchun 60 ming dollar taklif qildi, ammo Vashington egasi Klark Griffit xohlamagan edi. Shunga qaramay, Frazi boshqa futbolchilarni Bostonga jalb qilishda, ayniqsa, harbiylar tarkibidagi o'yinchilarning o'rnini egallashda muvaffaqiyat qozondi. O'yinchilar uchun sarflashga tayyorlik Red Sox-ga 1918-yilgi chempionlikni qo'lga kiritishga yordam berdi.[69] 1919 yilgi mavsum rekord darajada ishtirok etdi va Rutning Bostondagi uyi uni milliy shov-shuvga aylantirdi. 1919 yil mart oyida Rut uzoq davom etgan muzokaralardan so'ng umumiy qiymati 27000 AQSh dollarilik uch yillik shartnomani qabul qilgani haqida xabar berildi. Shunga qaramay, 1919 yil 26-dekabrda Frazi Rutning shartnomasini Nyu-York Yankilariga sotdi.[70]
Sotish bilan bog'liq barcha holatlar ma'lum emas, lekin pivo ishlab chiqaruvchisi va sobiq kongressmen Jeykob Ruppert, xabarlarga ko'ra Nyu-York jamoasining asosiy egasi Yanki menejeridan so'ragan Miller Xaggins jamoa muvaffaqiyatli bo'lishi uchun nima kerak edi. "Rutni Bostondan oling", deb aytgan Xaggins, go'yoki Frazi o'zining teatr asarlarini moliyalashtirish uchun har doim pulga muhtojligini ta'kidlab.[71] Qanday bo'lmasin, Rutning oldi-sotdisi uchun avvalgi narsa bor edi: Bostondagi ko'za Karl Meys 1919 yilgi mojaroda Red Soxni tark etdi, Frazee, Maysni Yanki'larga sotish bilan hal qildi, garchi AL prezidenti Jonsonning qarshiligiga qaramay.[72]
Rutning biograflaridan biri Jim Rayslerning so'zlariga ko'ra, "nima uchun Frazi 1919 yilda naqd pulga muhtoj edi - va uning katta infuziyalari - bu hali ham, 80 yildan ko'proq vaqt o'tgach, biroz sirli".[73] The often-told story is that Frazee needed money to finance the musical Yo'q, Yo'q, Nanette, which was a Broadway hit and brought Frazee financial security. That play did not open until 1925, however, by which time Frazee had sold the Red Sox.[74] Still, the story may be true in essence: Yo'q, Yo'q, Nanette was based on a Frazee-produced play, My Lady Friends, which opened in 1919.[75]
There were other financial pressures on Frazee, despite his team's success. Ruth, fully aware of baseball's popularity and his role in it, wanted to renegotiate his contract, signed before the 1919 season for $10,000 per year through 1921. He demanded that his salary be doubled, or he would sit out the season and cash in on his popularity through other ventures.[74] Ruth's salary demands were causing other players to ask for more money.[76] Additionally, Frazee still owed Lannin as much as $125,000 from the purchase of the club.[73]
Although Ruppert and his co-owner, Colonel Tillinghast Huston, were both wealthy, and had aggressively purchased and traded for players in 1918 and 1919 to build a winning team, Ruppert faced losses in his brewing interests as Taqiq was implemented, and if their team left the Polo Grounds, where the Yankees were the tenants of the New York Giants, building a stadium in New York would be expensive. Nevertheless, when Frazee, who moved in the same social circles as Huston, hinted to the colonel that Ruth was available for the right price, the Yankees owners quickly pursued the purchase.[77]
Frazee sold the rights to Babe Ruth for $100,000, the largest sum ever paid for a baseball player. The deal also involved a $350,000 loan from Ruppert to Frazee, secured by a mortgage on Fenway Park. Once it was agreed, Frazee informed Barrow, who, stunned, told the owner that he was getting the worse end of the bargain.[78][79] Cynics have suggested that Barrow may have played a larger role in the Ruth sale, as less than a year after, he became the Yankee general manager, and in the following years made a number of purchases of Red Sox players from Frazee.[80] The $100,000 price included $25,000 in cash, and notes for the same amount due November 1 in 1920, 1921, and 1922; Ruppert and Huston assisted Frazee in selling the notes to banks for immediate cash.[79]
The transaction was contingent on Ruth signing a new contract, which was quickly accomplished—Ruth agreed to fulfill the remaining two years on his contract, but was given a $20,000 bonus, payable over two seasons. The deal was announced on January 6, 1920. Reaction in Boston was mixed: some fans were embittered at the loss of Ruth; others conceded that Ruth had become difficult to deal with.[81] The New York Times suggested that "The short right field wall at the Polo Grounds should prove an easy target for Ruth next season and, playing seventy-seven games at home, it would not be surprising if Ruth surpassed his home run record of twenty-nine circuit clouts next Summer."[82] According to Reisler, "The Yankees had pulled off the sports steal of the century."[80]
According to Marty Appel in his history of the Yankees, the transaction, "changed the fortunes of two high-profile franchises for decades".[83] The Red Sox, winners of five of the first 16 World Series, those played between 1903 and 1919,[d] would not win another pennant until 1946, or another World Series until 2004, a drought attributed in baseball superstition to Frazee's sale of Ruth and sometimes dubbed the "Bambinoning la'nati ". The Yankees, on the other hand, had not won the AL championship prior to their acquisition of Ruth. They won seven AL pennants and four World Series with Ruth, and led baseball with 40 pennants and 27 World Series titles in their history.[84][85]
New York Yankees (1920–1934)
Initial success (1920–1923)
When Ruth signed with the Yankees, he completed his transition from a pitcher to a power-hitting outfielder. His fifteen-season Yankee career consisted of over 2,000 games, and Ruth broke many batting records while making only five widely scattered appearances on the mound, winning all of them.[59]
At the end of April 1920, the Yankees were 4–7, with the Red Sox leading the league with a 10–2 mark. Ruth had done little, having injured himself swinging the bat.[86] Both situations began to change on May 1, when Ruth hit a tape measure home run that sent the ball completely out of the Polo Grounds, a feat believed to have been previously accomplished only by Oyoqsiz Jou Jekson. The Yankees won, 6–0, taking three out of four from the Red Sox.[87] Ruth hit his second home run on May 2, and by the end of the month had set a major league record for home runs in a month with 11, and promptly broke it with 13 in June.[88] Fans responded with record attendance figures. On May 16, Ruth and the Yankees drew 38,600 to the Polo Grounds, a record for the ballpark, and 15,000 fans were turned away. Large crowds jammed stadiums to see Ruth play when the Yankees were on the road.[89]
The home runs kept on coming. Ruth tied his own record of 29 on July 15 and broke it with home runs in both games of a doubleheader four days later. By the end of July, he had 37, but his pace slackened somewhat after that.[90] Nevertheless, on September 4, he both tied and broke the organized baseball record for home runs in a season, snapping Perry Werden 's 1895 mark of 44 in the minor G'arbiy Liga.[91] The Yankees played well as a team, battling for the league lead early in the summer, but slumped in August in the AL pennant battle with Chicago and Cleveland. The pennant and the Jahon seriyasi were won by Cleveland, who surged ahead after the Black Sox janjal broke on September 28 and led to the suspension of many of Chicago's top players, including Shoeless Joe Jackson. The Yankees finished third, but drew 1.2 million fans to the Polo Grounds, the first time a team had drawn a seven-figure attendance. The rest of the league sold 600,000 more tickets, many fans there to see Ruth, who led the league with 54 home runs, 158 ishlaydi, and 137 qoqilgan (RBI).[92]
In 1920 and afterwards, Ruth was aided in his power hitting by the fact that A.J. Reach Company—the maker of baseballs used in the major leagues—was using a more efficient machine to wind the yarn found within the baseball. The new baseballs went into play in 1920 and ushered the start of the live-ball era; the number of home runs across the major leagues increased by 184 over the previous year.[93] Beysbol statistikasi Bill Jeyms pointed out that while Ruth was likely aided by the change in the baseball, there were other factors at work, including the gradual abolition of the tupurish (accelerated after the death of Rey Chapman, struck by a pitched ball thrown by Mays in August 1920) and the more frequent use of new baseballs (also a response to Chapman's death). Nevertheless, James theorized that Ruth's 1920 explosion might have happened in 1919, had a full season of 154 games been played rather than 140, had Ruth refrained from pitching 133 innings that season, and if he were playing at any other home field but Fenway Park, where he hit only 9 of 29 home runs.[94]
Yankees business manager Harry Sparrow had died early in the 1920 season. Ruppert and Huston hired Barrow to replace him.[95] The two men quickly made a deal with Frazee for New York to acquire some of the players who would be mainstays of the early Yankee pennant-winning teams, including catcher Wally Schang va krujka Waite Hoyt.[96] The 21-year-old Hoyt became close to Ruth:
The outrageous life fascinated Hoyt, the don't-give-a-shit freedom of it, the nonstop, pell-mell charge into excess. How did a man drink so much and never get drunk? ... The puzzle of Babe Ruth never was dull, no matter how many times Hoyt picked up the pieces and stared at them. After games he would follow the crowd to the Babe's suite. No matter what the town, the beer would be iced and the bottles would fill the bathtub.[97]
Ruth hit home runs early and often in the 1921 season, during which he broke Rojer Konnor 's mark for home runs in a career, 138. Each of the almost 600 home runs Ruth hit in his career after that extended his own record. After a slow start, the Yankees were soon locked in a tight pennant race with Cleveland, winners of the 1920 yilgi Jahon seriyasi. On September 15, Ruth hit his 55th home run, shattering his year-old single season record. In late September, the Yankees visited Cleveland and won three out of four games, giving them the upper hand in the race, and clinched their first pennant a few days later. Ruth finished the regular season with 59 home runs, batting .378 and with a sust foiz of .846.[98]
The Yankees had high expectations when they met the Nyu-York gigantlari ichida 1921 yilgi jahon seriyasi, every game of which was played in the Polo Grounds. The Yankees won the first two games with Ruth in the lineup. However, Ruth badly scraped his elbow during Game 2 when he slid into third base (he had walked and o'g'irlangan both second and third bases). After the game, he was told by the team physician not to play the rest of the series.[99] Despite this advice, he did play in the next three games, and pinch-hit in Game Eight of the best-of-nine series, but the Yankees lost, five games to three. Ruth hit .316, drove in five runs and hit his first World Series home run.[59][100][101]
After the Series, Ruth and teammates Bob Meusel va Bill Piercy participated in a barnstorming tour in the Northeast.[102] A rule then in force prohibited World Series participants from playing in exhibition games during the offseason, the purpose being to prevent Series participants from replicating the Series and undermining its value. Beysbol bo'yicha komissar Kenesaw Mountain Landis suspended the trio until May 20, 1922, and fined them their 1921 World Series checks.[103] In August 1922, the rule was changed to allow limited barnstorming for World Series participants, with Landis's permission required.[104]
On March 6, 1922, Ruth signed a new contract for three years at $52,000 a year (equivalent to $794,266 in 2019). This was more than two times the largest sum ever paid to a ballplayer up to that point and it represented 40% of the team's player payroll.[104][105]
Despite his suspension, Ruth was named the Yankees' new on-field captain prior to the 1922 yilgi mavsum. During the suspension, he worked out with the team in the morning and played exhibition games with the Yankees on their off days.[106] He and Meusel returned on May 20 to a sellout crowd at the Polo Grounds, but Ruth batted 0-for-4 and was booed.[107] On May 25, he was thrown out of the game for throwing dust in umpire George Hildebrand 's face, then climbed into the stands to confront a heckler. Ban Johnson ordered him fined, suspended, and stripped of position as team captain.[108] In his shortened season, Ruth appeared in 110 games, batted .315, with 35 home runs, and drove in 99 runs,[59] but the 1922 season was a disappointment in comparison to his two previous dominating years. Despite Ruth's off-year, the Yankees managed to win the pennant and faced the New York Giants in the Jahon seriyasi ketma-ket ikkinchi yil uchun. In the Series, Giants manager John McGraw instructed his pitchers to throw him nothing but curveballs, and Ruth never adjusted. Ruth had just two hits in 17 at bats, and the Yankees lost to the Giants for the second straight year, by 4–0 (with one tie game). Sport muallifi Djo Vila called him, "an exploded phenomenon".[109]
After the season, Ruth was a guest at an Elks klubi banquet, set up by Ruth's agent with Yankee team support. There, each speaker, concluding with future New York mayor Jimmi Uoker, censured him for his poor behavior. An emotional Ruth promised reform, and, to the surprise of many, followed through. When he reported to spring training, he was in his best shape as a Yankee, weighing only 210 pounds (95 kg).[110]
The Yankees' status as tenants of the Giants at the Polo Grounds had become increasingly uneasy, and in 1922, Giants owner Charlz Stounxem said the Yankees' lease, expiring after that season, would not be renewed. Ruppert and Huston had long contemplated a new stadium, and had taken an option on property at 161st Street and River Avenue in Bronks. Yanki stadioni was completed in time for the home opener on April 18, 1923,[111] at which Ruth hit the first home run in what was quickly dubbed "the House that Ruth Built".[112] The ballpark was designed with Ruth in mind: although the venue's left-field fence was further from home plate than at the Polo Grounds, Yankee Stadium's right-field fence was closer, making home runs easier to hit for left-handed batters. To spare Ruth's eyes, right field—his defensive position—was not pointed into the afternoon sun, as was traditional; left fielder Meusel was soon suffering headaches from squinting toward home plate.[110]
During the 1923 season, The Yankees were never seriously challenged and won the AL pennant by 17 games. Ruth finished the season with a career-high .393 batting average and 41 home runs, which tied Cy Uilyams for the most in the major-leagues that year. Ruth hit a career-high 45 doubles in 1923, and he reached base 379 times, then a major league record.[112] For the third straight year, the Yankees faced the Giants in the Jahon seriyasi, which Ruth dominated. He batted .368, walked eight times, scored eight runs, hit three home runs and slugged 1.000 during the series, as the Yankees christened their new stadium with their first World Series championship, four games to two.[59][112]
Batting title and "bellyache" (1924–1925)
In 1924, the Yankees were favored to become the first team to win four consecutive pennants. Plagued by injuries, they found themselves in a battle with the Senators. Although the Yankees won 18 of 22 at one point in September, the Senators beat out the Yankees by two games. Ruth hit .378, winning his only AL batting nomi, with a league-leading 46 home runs.[114]
Ruth did not look like an athlete; he was described as "toothpicks attached to a piano", with a big upper body but thin wrists and legs.[115] Ruth had kept up his efforts to stay in shape in 1923 and 1924, but by early 1925 weighed nearly 260 pounds (120 kg). His annual visit to Hot Springs, Arkanzas, where he exercised and took saunas early in the year, did him no good as he spent much of the time carousing in the resort town. He became ill while there, and suffered relapses during spring training. Ruth collapsed in Esheville, Shimoliy Karolina, as the team journeyed north. He was put on a train for New York, where he was briefly hospitalized.[116] A rumor circulated that he had died, prompting British newspapers to print a premature obituary.[117] In New York, Ruth collapsed again and was found unconscious in his hotel bathroom. He was taken to a hospital where he suffered multiple convulsions.[118] After sportswriter W. O. McGeehan wrote that Ruth's illness was due to binging on hot dogs and soda pop before a game, it became known as "the bellyache heard 'round the world".[119] However, the exact cause of his ailment has never been confirmed and remains a mystery.[120] Glenn Stout, in his history of the Yankees, writes that the Ruth legend is "still one of the most sheltered in sports"; he suggests that alcohol was at the root of Ruth's illness, pointing to the fact that Ruth remained six weeks at St. Vincent's Hospital but was allowed to leave, under supervision, for workouts with the team for part of that time. He concludes that the hospitalization was behavior-related.[121] Playing just 98 games, Ruth had his worst season as a Yankee; he finished with a .290 average and 25 home runs. The Yankees finished next to last in the AL with a 69–85 record, their last season with a losing record until 1965.[122]
Murderers' Row (1926–1928)
Ruth spent part of the offseason of 1925–26 working out at Arti Makgovern 's gym, where he got back into shape. Barrow and Huggins had rebuilt the team and surrounded the veteran core with good young players like Toni Lazzeri va Lou Gerig, but the Yankees were not expected to win the pennant.[123]
Ruth returned to his normal production during 1926, when he batted .372 with 47 home runs and 146 RBIs.[59] The Yankees built a 10-game lead by mid-June and coasted to win the pennant by three games. The Sent-Luis kardinallari had won the National League with the lowest winning percentage for a pennant winner to that point (.578) and the Yankees were expected to win the Jahon seriyasi easily.[124] Although the Yankees won the opener in New York, St. Louis took Games Two and Three. In Game Four, Ruth hit three home runs—the first time this had been done in a World Series game—to lead the Yankees to victory. In the fifth game, Ruth caught a ball as he crashed into the fence. The play was described by baseball writers as a defensive gem. New York took that game, but Grover Klivlend Aleksandr won Game Six for St. Louis to tie the Series at three games each, then got very drunk. He was nevertheless inserted into Game Seven in the seventh inning and shut down the Yankees to win the game, 3–2, and win the Series.[125] Ruth had hit his fourth home run of the Series earlier in the game and was the only Yankee to reach base off Alexander; he walked in the ninth inning before being thrown out to end the game when he attempted to steal second base. Although Ruth's attempt to steal second is often deemed a baserunning blunder, Creamer pointed out that the Yankees' chances of tying the game would have been greatly improved with a runner in scoring position.[126]
The 1926 World Series was also known for Ruth's promise to Jonni Silvestr, a hospitalized 11-year-old boy. Ruth promised the child that he would hit a home run on his behalf. Sylvester had been injured in a fall from a horse, and a friend of Sylvester's father gave the boy two autographed baseballs signed by Yankees and Cardinals. The friend relayed a promise from Ruth (who did not know the boy) that he would hit a home run for him. After the Series, Ruth visited the boy in the hospital. When the matter became public, the press greatly inflated it, and by some accounts, Ruth allegedly saved the boy's life by visiting him, emotionally promising to hit a home run, and doing so.[127] Ruth's 1926 salary of $52,000 was far more than any other baseball player, but he made at least twice as much in other income, including $100,000 from 12 weeks of vedvil.[115]
The 1927 New York Yankees team is considered one of the greatest squads to ever take the field. Sifatida tanilgan Qotillarning safi because of the power of its lineup,[128] the team clinched first place on Labor Day, won a then-AL-record 110 games and took the AL pennant by 19 games.[129] There was no suspense in the pennant race, and the nation turned its attention to Ruth's pursuit of his own single-season home run record of 59 round trippers. Ruth was not alone in this chase. Teammate Lou Gehrig proved to be a slugger who was capable of challenging Ruth for his home run crown; he tied Ruth with 24 home runs late in June. Through July and August, the dynamic duo was never separated by more than two home runs. Gehrig took the lead, 45–44, in the first game of a doubleheader at Fenway Park early in September; Ruth responded with two blasts of his own to take the lead, as it proved permanently—Gehrig finished with 47. Even so, as of September 6, Ruth was still several games off his 1921 pace, and going into the final series against the Senators, had only 57. He hit two in the first game of the series, including one off of Pol Xopkins, facing his first major league batter, to tie the record. The following day, September 30, he broke it with his 60th homer, in the eighth inning off Tom Zachary to break a 2–2 tie. "Sixty! Let's see some son of a bitch try to top that one", Ruth exulted after the game.[130] In addition to his career-high 60 home runs, Ruth batted .356, drove in 164 runs and slugged .772.[59] In 1927 yilgi jahon seriyasi, the Yankees swept the Pitsburg qaroqchilari in four games; the National Leaguers were disheartened after watching the Yankees take batting practice before Game One, with ball after ball leaving Forbes Field.[131] According to Appel, "The 1927 New York Yankees. Even today, the words inspire awe ... all baseball success is measured against the '27 team."[132]
The following season started off well for the Yankees, who led the league in the early going. But the Yankees were plagued by injuries, erratic pitching and inconsistent play. The Filadelfiya yengil atletikasi, rebuilding after some lean years, erased the Yankees' big lead and even took over first place briefly in early September. The Yankees, however, regained first place when they beat the Athletics three out of four games in a pivotal series at Yankee Stadium later that month, and clinched the pennant in the final weekend of the season.[133] Ruth's play in 1928 mirrored his team's performance. He got off to a hot start and on August 1, he had 42 home runs. This put him ahead of his 60 home run pace from the previous season. He then slumped for the latter part of the season, and he hit just twelve home runs in the last two months. Ruth's batting average also fell to .323, well below his career average. Nevertheless, he ended the season with 54 home runs. The Yankees swept the favored Cardinals in four games in the Jahon seriyasi, with Ruth batting .625 and hitting three home runs in Game Four, including one off Alexander.[59][134]
"Called shot" and final Yankee years (1929–1934)
Before the 1929 season, Ruppert (who had bought out Huston in 1923) announced that the Yankees would wear uniform numbers to allow fans at cavernous Yankee Stadium to easily identify the players. The Cardinals and Indians had each experimented with uniform numbers; the Yankees were the first to use them on both home and away uniforms. Ruth batted third and was given number 3.[135] According to a long-standing baseball legend, the Yankees adopted their now-iconic pinstriped uniforms in hopes of making Ruth look slimmer.[136] In truth, though, they had been wearing pinstripes since 1915.[137]
Although the Yankees started well, the Athletics soon proved they were the better team in 1929, splitting two series with the Yankees in the first month of the season, then taking advantage of a Yankee losing streak in mid-May to gain first place. Although Ruth performed well, the Yankees were not able to catch the Athletics—Connie Mack had built another great team.[138] Tragedy struck the Yankees late in the year as manager Huggins died at 51 of qizilo'ngach, a bacterial skin infection, on September 25, only ten days after he had last directed the team. Despite their past differences, Ruth praised Huggins and described him as a "great guy".[139] The Yankees finished second, 18 games behind the Athletics.[140] Ruth hit .345 during the season, with 46 home runs and 154 RBIs.[59]
On October 17, the Yankees hired Bob Shoki menejer sifatida; he was their fourth choice.[141] Ruth had politicked for the job of player-manager, but Ruppert and Barrow never seriously considered him for the position. Stout deemed this the first hint Ruth would have no future with the Yankees once he retired as a player.[142] Shawkey, a former Yankees player and teammate of Ruth, would prove unable to command Ruth's respect.[143]
On January 7, 1930, salary negotiations between the Yankees and Ruth quickly broke down. Having just concluded a three-year contract at an annual salary of $70,000, Ruth promptly rejected both the Yankees' initial proposal of $70,000 for one year and their 'final' offer of two years at seventy-five—the latter figure equalling the annual salary of then US President Gerbert Guver; instead, Ruth demanded at least $85,000 and three years.[144][145][146] When asked why he thought he was "worth more than the President of the United States," Ruth responded: "Say, if I hadn't been sick last summer, I'd have broken hell out of that home run record! Besides, the President gets a four-year contract. I'm only asking for three."[144] Exactly two months later, a compromise was reached, with Ruth settling for two years at an unprecedented $80,000 per year.[147] Ruth's salary was more than 2.4 times greater than the next-highest salary that season, a record margin as of 2019[yangilash].[105]
In 1930, Ruth hit .359 with 49 home runs (his best in his years after 1928) and 153 RBIs, and pitched his first game in nine years, a complete game victory.[59] Nevertheless, the Athletics won their second consecutive pennant and Jahon seriyasi, as the Yankees finished in third place, sixteen games back.[143] At the end of the season, Shawkey was fired and replaced with Cubs manager Djo Makkarti, though Ruth again unsuccessfully sought the job.[148]
McCarthy was a disciplinarian, but chose not to interfere with Ruth, who did not seek conflict with the manager.[149] The team improved in 1931, but was no match for the Athletics, who won 107 games, 13 1⁄2 games in front of the Yankees.[150] Ruth, for his part, hit .373, with 46 home runs and 163 RBIs. He had 31 doubles, his most since 1924.[59] In the 1932 season, the Yankees went 107–47 and won the pennant.[150] Ruth's effectiveness had decreased somewhat, but he still hit .341 with 41 home runs and 137 RBIs.[59] Nevertheless, he was sidelined twice due to injuries during the season.[151]
The Yankees faced the Cubs, McCarthy's former team, in the 1932 yilgi Jahon seriyasi.[152] There was bad blood between the two teams as the Yankees resented the Cubs only awarding half a World Series share ga Mark Koenig, a former Yankee. The games at Yankee Stadium had not been sellouts; both were won by the home team, with Ruth collecting two singles, but scoring four runs as he was walked four times by the Cubs pitchers. In Chicago, Ruth was resentful at the hostile crowds that met the Yankees' train and jeered them at the hotel. The crowd for Game Three included New York Governor Franklin D. Ruzvelt, the Democratic candidate for president, who sat with Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak. Many in the crowd threw lemons at Ruth, a sign of derision, and others (as well as the Cubs themselves) shouted abuse at Ruth and other Yankees. They were briefly silenced when Ruth hit a three-run home run off Charli Root in the first inning, but soon revived, and the Cubs tied the score at 4–4 in the fourth inning, partly due to Ruth's fielding error in the outfield. When Ruth came to the plate in the top of the fifth, the Chicago crowd and players, led by pitcher Guy Bush, were screaming insults at Ruth. Bilan hisoblash at two balls and one strike, Ruth gestured, possibly in the direction of markaz maydoni, and after the next pitch (a strike), may have pointed there with one hand. Ruth hit the fifth pitch over the center field fence; estimates were that it traveled nearly 500 feet (150 m). Whether or not Ruth intended to indicate where he planned to (and did) hit the ball (Charli Devens, who, in 1999, was interviewed as Ruth's surviving teammate in that game, did not think so), the incident has gone down in legend as Rojdestvo chaqirdi.[10][153] The Yankees won Game Three, and the following day clinched the Series with another victory.[154] During that game, Bush hit Ruth on the arm with a pitch, causing words to be exchanged and provoking a game-winning Yankee rally.[155]
Ruth remained productive in 1933. He batted .301, with 34 home runs, 103 RBIs, and a league-leading 114 walks,[59] as the Yankees finished in second place, seven games behind the Senators.[140] Athletics manager Konni Mak selected him to play right field in the first Beysbolning oliy liga yulduzlari o'yini, held on July 6, 1933, at Komiski parki Chikagoda. He hit the first home run in the All-Star Game's history, a two-run blast against Bill Xallaxon during the third inning, which helped the AL win the game 4–2.[156] During the final game of the 1933 season, as a publicity stunt organized by his team, Ruth was called upon and pitched a complete game victory against the Red Sox, his final appearance as a pitcher.[157] Despite unremarkable pitching numbers, Ruth had a 5–0 record in five games for the Yankees, raising his career totals to 94–46.[59]
In 1934, Ruth played in his last full season with the Yankees. By this time, years of high living were starting to catch up with him. His conditioning had deteriorated to the point that he could no longer field or run.[158] He accepted a pay cut to $35,000 from Ruppert, but he was still the highest-paid player in the major leagues.[159] He could still handle a bat and recorded a .288 batting average with 22 home runs; these were statistics that Reisler described as "merely mortal".[160] Ruth was selected to the AL All-Star team for the second consecutive year, even though he was in the twilight of his career. During the game, New York Giants pitcher Karl Hubbell struck out Ruth and four other future Hall-of-Famers consecutively.[161] The Yankees finished second again, seven games behind the Tigers.[140]
Boston Braves (1935)
Although Ruth knew he was nearly finished as a player, he desired to remain in baseball as a manager. He was often spoken of as a possible candidate as managerial jobs opened up, but in 1932, when he was mentioned as a contender for the Red Sox position, Ruth stated that he was not yet ready to leave the field. There were rumors that Ruth was a likely candidate each time when the Klivlend hindulari, Sincinnati qizillari va Detroyt Tigers were looking for a manager, but nothing came of them.[162]
Just before the 1934 season, Ruppert offered to make Ruth the manager of the Yankees' top minor-league team, the Newark ayiqlari, but he was talked out of it by his wife, Kler, and his business manager, Kristi Uolsh.[158] Early in the 1934 season, Ruth openly campaigned to become the Yankees manager. However, the Yankee job was never a serious possibility. Ruppert always supported McCarthy, who would remain in his position for another 12 seasons. The relationship between Ruth and McCarthy had been lukewarm at best and Ruth's managerial ambitions further chilled their interpersonal relations.[158] By the end of the season, Ruth hinted that he would retire unless Ruppert named him manager of the Yankees.[163] When the time came, Ruppert wanted Ruth to leave the team without drama or hard feelings.[162]
During the 1934–35 offseason, Ruth circled the world with his wife; the trip included a barnstorming tour of the Far East. At his final stop in the United Kingdom before returning home, Ruth was introduced to kriket by Australian player Alan Fairfax, and after having little luck in a cricketer's stance, he stood as a baseball batter and launched some massive shots around the field, destroying the bat in the process. Although Fairfax regretted that he could not have the time to make Ruth a cricket player, Ruth had lost any interest in such a career upon learning that the best batsmen made only about $40 per week.[164]
Also during the offseason, Ruppert had been sounding out the other clubs in hopes of finding one that would be willing to take Ruth as a manager and/or a player. However, the only serious offer came from Athletics owner-manager Connie Mack, who gave some thought to stepping down as manager in favor of Ruth. However, Mack later dropped the idea, saying that Ruth's wife would be running the team in a month if Ruth ever took over.[165]
While the barnstorming tour was underway, Ruppert began negotiating with Boston Braves owner Judge Emil Fuks, who wanted Ruth as a gate attraction. The Braves had enjoyed modest recent success, finishing fourth in the National League in both 1933 and 1934, but the team drew poorly at the box office. Unable to afford the rent at Braves Field, Fuchs had considered holding dog races there when the Braves were not at home, only to be turned down by Landis. After a series of phone calls, letters, and meetings, the Yankees traded Ruth to the Braves on February 26, 1935. Ruppert had stated that he would not release Ruth to go to another team as a full-time player. For this reason, it was announced that Ruth would become a team vice president and would be consulted on all club transactions, in addition to playing. He was also made assistant manager to Braves skipper Bill McKechnie. In a long letter to Ruth a few days before the press conference, Fuchs promised Ruth a share in the Braves' profits, with the possibility of becoming co-owner of the team. Fuchs also raised the possibility of Ruth succeeding McKechnie as manager, perhaps as early as 1936. Ruppert called the deal "the greatest opportunity Ruth ever had".[166][167]
There was considerable attention as Ruth reported for spring training. He did not hit his first home run of the spring until after the team had left Florida, and was beginning the road north in Savannah. He hit two in an exhibition game against the Bears.[168] Amid much press attention, Ruth played his first home game in Boston in over 16 years. Before an opening-day crowd of over 25,000, including five of New England's six state governors, Ruth accounted for all the Braves' runs in a 4–2 defeat of the Nyu-York gigantlari, hitting a two-run home run, singling to drive in a third run and later in the inning scoring the fourth. Although age and weight had slowed him, he made a running catch in left field that sportswriters deemed the defensive highlight of the game.[169]
Ruth had two hits in the second game of the season, but it quickly went downhill both for him and the Braves from there. The season soon settled down to a routine of Ruth performing poorly on the few occasions he even played at all. As April passed into May, Ruth's physical deterioration became even more pronounced. While he remained productive at the plate early on, he could do little else. His conditioning had become so poor that he could barely trot around the bases. He made so many errors that three Braves pitchers told McKechnie they would not take the mound if he was in the lineup. Before long, Ruth stopped hitting as well. He grew increasingly annoyed that McKechnie ignored most of his advice. McKechnie later said that Ruth's presence made enforcing discipline nearly impossible.[170]
Ruth soon realized that Fuchs had deceived him, and had no intention of making him manager or giving him any significant off-field duties. He later said his only duties as vice president consisted of making public appearances and autographing tickets.[171] Ruth also found out that far from giving him a share of the profits, Fuchs wanted him to invest some of uning money in the team in a last-ditch effort to improve its balance sheet.[172] As it turned out, Fuchs and Ruppert had both known all along that Ruth's non-playing positions were meaningless.[173]
By the end of the first month of the season, Ruth concluded he was finished even as a part-time player. As early as May 12, he asked Fuchs to let him retire.[172] Ultimately, Fuchs persuaded Ruth to remain at least until after the Xotira kuni doubleheader in Philadelphia. In the interim was a western road trip, at which the rival teams had scheduled days to honor him. In Chicago and St. Louis, Ruth performed poorly, and his batting average sank to .155, with only two additional home runs for a total of three on the season so far. In the first two games in Pittsburgh, Ruth had only one hit, though a long fly caught by Pol Vaner probably would have been a home run in any other ballpark besides Forbes Field.[174]
Ruth played in the third game of the Pittsburgh series on May 25, 1935, and added one more tale to his playing legend. Ruth went 4-for-4, including three home runs, though the Braves lost the game 11–7. The last two were off Ruth's old Cubs nemesis, Guy Bush. The final home run, both of the game and of Ruth's career, sailed out of the park over the right field upper deck–the first time anyone had hit a fair ball completely out of Forbes Field. Ruth was urged to make this his last game, but he had given his word to Fuchs and played in Cincinnati and Philadelphia. The first game of the doubleheader in Philadelphia—the Braves lost both—was his final major league appearance. Ruth retired on June 2 after an argument with Fuchs. He finished 1935 with a .181 average—easily his worst as a full-time position player—and the final six of his 714 home runs. The Braves, 10–27 when Ruth left, finished 38–115, at .248 the worst winning percentage in modern National League history.[175] Insolvent like his team, Fuchs gave up control of the Braves before the end of the season; the National League took over the franchise at the end of the year.[176]
Of the 5 members in the inaugural class of Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936 (Ty Kobb, Honus Vagner, Kristi Metyuzon, Valter Jonson and Ruth himself), only Ruth was not given an offer to manage a baseball team.[10]
Iste'fo
Although Fuchs had given Ruth his unconditional release, no major league team expressed an interest in hiring him in any capacity. Ruth still hoped to be hired as a manager if he could not play anymore, but only one managerial position, Cleveland, became available between Ruth's retirement and the end of the 1937 season. Asked if he had considered Ruth for the job, Indians owner Alva Bradley replied negatively.[177] Team owners and general managers assessed Ruth's flamboyant personal habits as a reason to exclude him from a managerial job; Barrow said of him, "How can he manage other men when he can't even manage himself?"[1] Creamer, Rutga hech qachon oliy liga klubini boshqarish uchun imkoniyat berilmagani bilan adolatsiz munosabatda bo'lgan deb hisoblaydi. Muallif, shaxsiy xulq-atvor va menejment muvaffaqiyati o'rtasida bog'liqlik bo'lishi shart emas deb ta'kidladi McGraw, Billi Martin va Bobbi Valentin xarakterdagi kamchiliklarga qaramay g'olib bo'lishdi.[178]
Rut golfda va beysbol o'yinlarida bir nechta ko'rgazmada o'ynagan, u erda ko'plab olomonni jalb qilish qobiliyatini namoyish etgan. Ushbu murojaat Dodjersning uni 1938 yilda birinchi tayanch murabbiyi sifatida yollashiga yordam berdi. Rut ishga qabul qilinganda Bruklin bosh menejeri Larri Makfeyl agar kutilganidek, agar Rut menejerning ishiga qabul qilinmasligini aniq aytdi. Burli Grimes mavsum oxirida nafaqaga chiqqan. Rut yosh futbolchilarga nimani o'rgatishi mumkinligi haqida ko'p gapirilgan bo'lsada, amalda uning vazifalari maydonga forma ko'rinishida chiqish va tayanch poygachilarini rag'batlantirish edi - u signallarni uzatishga chaqirilmagan. Rut jamoa sardoridan tashqari hamma bilan yaxshi munosabatda bo'ldi Leo Durocher, mavsum oxirida Grimesning o'rnini egallagan. Keyin Rut birinchi tayanch murabbiyi sifatida ishini tark etdi va endi hech qachon beysbol o'yinida hech qanday imkoniyat bilan ishlamaydi.[177]
1939 yil 4-iyulda Rut Lou Gehrigni qadrlash kuni Yanki stadionida nutq so'zladi, chunki 1927 yankilar a'zolari va taniqli olomon birinchi nafaqaxo'rni sharaflash uchun chiqishdi, u erta nafaqaga chiqishga majbur bo'ldi. ALS, bu ikki yildan keyin uni o'ldiradi. Keyingi hafta Rut bordi Kuperstaun, Nyu-York, rasmiy ochilishi uchun Beysbol shon-sharaf zali. Uch yil oldin, u biri edi birinchi beshta o'yinchi zalga saylangan. Beysbol o'yinlarining radioeshittirishlari ommalashib ketganligi sababli, Rut o'zining taniqli va beysbol haqidagi bilimlari katta auditoriyani ishontirishini ta'kidlab, ushbu sohada ish izladi, ammo u hech qanday taklif olmadi.[179] Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida u urush harakatlarini rivojlantirish uchun ko'plab shaxsiy chiqishlarni amalga oshirdi, shu qatorda Yanki stadionida futbolchi sifatida so'nggi paydo bo'lishi, 1943 yilda Armiya-Dengizga yordam berish fondi ko'rgazmasida. U Valter Jonsondan uzoq uchib ketayotgan to'pni urib yubordi; Portlash qo'pollik bilan maydonni tark etdi, ammo Rut baribir bazalarni aylanib chiqdi. 1946 yilda u yankilarning yangi bosh murabbiyi Makfeylga murojaat qilganida, beysbolda ish topishga oxirgi marta harakat qildi, ammo unga rad javobi yuborildi.[180] Yilda 1999, Rutning nabirasi Linda Tosetti va uning o'gay qizi Julia Rut Stivensning aytishicha, Babening yankilar bilan boshqaruv vazifasini bajara olmasligi uning xafa bo'lishiga va qattiq tushkunlikka tushib qolishlariga sabab bo'lgan.[10]
Shaxsiy hayot
Rut Helen Vudford bilan (1897-1929), ba'zi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, u ofitsiant bo'lgan Bostondagi qahvaxonada uchrashgan va ular 1914 yil 17 oktyabrda o'spirin bo'lib turmush qurishgan.[181] Keyinchalik Rut turmushga chiqqan deb da'vo qilgan bo'lsa-da Elkton, Merilend, yozuvlar ularning turmush qurganligini ko'rsatadi Avliyo Pol katolik cherkovi yilda Ellikott shahri.[182] Ular qizni asrab olishdi, Doroti (1921-1989), 1921 yilda. Rut va Xelen taxminan 1925 yilda ajralishdi, chunki uning takrorlanishi tufayli xiyonat va beparvolik.[183] Ular 1926 yilgi Jahon seriyasida oxirgi marta jamoat oldida juftlik sifatida paydo bo'lishdi.[184] Xelen 1929 yil yanvar oyida 31 yoshida uydagi yong'inda vafot etdi Votertaun, Massachusets, Edvard Kinderga tegishli bo'lgan uyda, u "Kinder xonim" bilan birga yashagan stomatolog. Uning kitobida, Mening otam, go'dak,[185] Doro o'zini Rutning biologik farzandi deb Xuanita Jennings ismli ma'shuqa tomonidan da'vo qildi.[186] Xuanita 1980 yilda Doroti va o'gay o'gay ukasi Julia Rut Stivensga o'sha paytda juda kasal bo'lib qolganini tan oldi.[10]
1929 yil 17-aprelda (birinchi xotini vafotidan uch oy o'tgach) Rut aktrisa va modelga uylandi Kler Merritt Xojson (1897–1976) va qizi Juliani (1916–2019) asrab olgan.[187] Bu ikkala tomon uchun ikkinchi va oxirgi nikoh edi.[188][189] Kler, Xelendan farqli o'laroq, yaxshi sayohat qilgan va o'qimishli edi va Rutning hayotiga tuzilmani kiritishda davom etdi Miller Xaggins maydonda u bilan birga qildi.[10]
Bir narsaga ko'ra, Julia va Doroti, o'zlarining aybi bilan, Rutning jamoadoshi Lou Gehrig bilan bo'lgan munosabatlaridagi etti yillik uzilishga sabab bo'lgan. 1932 yilda, u shaxsiy deb hisoblagan suhbat paytida, Gehrigning onasi: "Bu sharmandalik [Kler] Dorotini o'z qizi kabi kiyintirmaganday" deb aytdi. Izoh muqarrar ravishda Rutga qaytib kelganida, u g'azab bilan Gehrigga onasiga o'z ishini yodda tutishini aytishini aytdi. Gehrig, o'z navbatida, Rutning onasi haqidagi izohi sifatida qabul qilganidan xafa bo'ldi. Xabar qilinishicha, ikkala kishi 1939 yil 4 iyulda, Gehrigning qadrlash kuni Yanki stadionida yarashguncha, hech qachon maydon tashqarisida gaplashishmagan, bu Gehrig beysboldan ketganidan ko'p o'tmay.[190]
Garchi Rut beysbol karerasining ko'p qismida, jamoaning hamraisi bo'lganida turmush qurgan bo'lsa-da Tillinghast 'Cap' Huston undan hayot tarzini pasaytirishi kerakligini so'radi, futbolchi "Men ichkilikka osonroq borishni va erta yotishga va'da beraman, lekin siz uchun emas, ellik ming dollar yoki ikki yuz ellik ming dollardan voz kechaman. ayollar. Ular juda qiziqarli ".[191] Bir kuni Chikagodagi Yankilar uni ta'qib qilish uchun yollagan detektiv Rut olti ayol bilan bo'lganligini xabar qildi. Ping Bodi u sayohat paytida Rutning xonadoshi emasligini aytdi; "Men uning chamadoni bilan xona".[115] 1922 yilgi mavsum boshlanishidan oldin Rut yiliga 52000 AQSh dollari miqdoridagi uch yillik aloqani imzolab, yana ikki yilga uzaytirilishi mumkin edi. 1922 yilgi mavsumda uning faoliyati umidsizlikka uchragan edi, bu qisman uning ichkilikbozligi va tungi soatlari bilan bog'liq edi. 1922 yilgi mavsum tugagandan so'ng, unga a bilan shartnoma qo'shimchasini imzolashni so'rashdi axloq qoidalari. Rut va Ruppertlar buni 1922 yil 11-noyabrda imzoladilar. Rutni mast qiluvchi spirtli ichimliklarni iste'mol qilishdan butunlay voz kechishga va mashg'ulot va o'yin mavsumida menejerning ruxsatisiz soat 01:00 dan kech qolmaslikka chaqirdi. Shuningdek, Rut beysbol o'ynash qobiliyatiga putur etkazadigan har qanday harakatlar yoki noto'g'ri xatti-harakatlarga buyurilgan.[192]
Saraton va o'lim (1946–1948)
 | |
| Babi Rutning 3 raqami edi nafaqaga chiqqan tomonidan Nyu-York Yanki 1948 yilda. |
Urush yillaridayoq, shifokorlar Rutni sog'lig'ini yaxshilab asrab-avaylash to'g'risida ogohlantirgan edilar va u ularning maslahatlariga ko'ngilsiz amal qilib, ichkilikka chek qo'ydi va Janubiy Tinch okeanidagi qo'shinlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun taklif qilingan safarga bormadi.[193] 1946 yilda Rut chap ko'zining qattiq og'rig'iga duchor bo'la boshladi va yutishda qiynaldi. 1946 yil noyabrda Rut kirib keldi Frantsiya kasalxonasi Nyu-Yorkda uning ishlashga yaroqsizligini aniqlagan testlar uchun malign shish bosh suyagi va bo'ynida. Xastalik, ma'lum bo'lgan lezyon edi nazofarenks karsinomasi yoki "limfoepiteliyoma".[194] Uning ismi va shuhrati unga eksperimental muolajalardan foydalanish imkoniyatini berdi va u bir vaqtning o'zida ham dorilar, ham nurlanish bilan davolangan saraton kasallaridan biri edi.[195] 36 kilogramm vazn yo'qotib, u fevral oyida kasalxonadan chiqarildi va sog'ayish uchun Florida shtatiga bordi. Mavsum boshlanganidan keyin u Nyu-York va Yanki stadioniga qaytdi. Yangi komissar, Baxtli Chandler (Hakam Landis 1944 yilda vafot etgan), 1947 yil 27 aprelda, Babi Rut kuni oliy ligalar atrofida e'lon qilingan, eng muhim bayram Yanki stadionida bo'lib o'tgan. Bir qator jamoadoshlar va boshqalar Rutning sharafiga so'z oldilar, ular deyarli 60 ming kishilik olomonga qisqacha murojaat qildilar.[196] O'sha paytgacha uning ovozi juda past, xiralashgan ohang bilan yumshoq shivirladi.[10]
Taxminan shu vaqt ichida o'zgarishlar kimyoviy terapiya Rutga bir oz umid qildi. Shifokorlar Rutga uning o'ziga zarar etkazishi mumkinligidan qo'rqqanligi sababli uning saraton kasalligini aytmagan edi. Ular uni pterolil triglutamat (Teropterin) bilan davolashdi, a foliy kislotasi hosila; u birinchi inson mavzusi bo'lishi mumkin.[197] 1947 yil yozida Rut keskin yaxshilanishni ko'rsatdi, shuning uchun uning ishi doktorlari tomonidan ilmiy uchrashuvda uning ismini ishlatmasdan taqdim etildi. U Ford Motor Company-da reklama ishlari bilan shug'ullanib, mamlakat bo'ylab sayohat qila oldi Amerika legioni beysbol. U yana bir kuni sentyabr oyida Yanki stadionida o'z sharafiga yana paydo bo'ldi, ammo eski o'yinchilarning o'yinida maydonga tushish uchun u etarli emas edi, chunki u umid qilgan edi.[197][198]
Yaxshilash vaqtinchalik remissiya edi va 1947 yil oxiriga kelib Rut o'zining tarjimai holini yozishda yordam berolmadi, Rojdestvo haqidagi hikoya, deyarli butunlay ruh bilan yozilgan edi. Manxetten kasalxonasida va tashqarisida, u 1948 yil fevral oyida qo'lidan kelgan barcha ishlarini qilib, Florida shtatiga jo'nab ketdi. Olti haftadan so'ng u Nyu-Yorkka qaytib, kitob imzolash marosimida qatnashdi. Shuningdek, u Kaliforniyaga kitob asosida suratga olingan filmning guvohi bo'lish uchun tashrif buyurgan.[199]
1948 yil 5-iyun kuni Rut "taniqli va ichi bo'sh" edi Yel universiteti qo'lyozmasini topshirish Rojdestvo haqidagi hikoya uning kutubxonasiga.[200] Yelda u bo'lajak prezident bilan uchrashdi Jorj H. V. Bush, kapitani kim edi Yel beysbol jamoasi.[201] 13 iyun kuni Rut Yankee stadioniga hayotida so'nggi marta tashrif buyurdi va "Rut qurgan uy" ning 25 yilligiga bag'ishlangan tantanalarda qatnashdi. Bu vaqtga kelib u juda ozib ketgan va yurishda qiynalgan. 1923 yildan beri omon qolgan jamoadoshlari bilan tanishtirilgan Rut kaltakni tayoq sifatida ishlatgan. Nat Feyn Rutning orqa tomondan olingan surati, uy plastinkasi yonida turgan va "Rutvill" ga qaragan (o'ng maydon) beysbolning eng taniqli va eng ko'p tarqalgan fotosuratlaridan biriga aylandi va g'olib bo'ldi Pulitser mukofoti.[202]
Rut amerikalik legion beysbol nomidan bitta so'nggi sayohatni amalga oshirdi, so'ngra kirib keldi Memorial kasalxonasi, u qaerda o'lishi kerak edi. Unga hech qachon saraton kasalligi haqida aytilmagan, ammo o'limidan oldin u buni taxmin qilgan. U shifoxonani bir necha qisqa sayohatlarga, shu jumladan Baltimorga so'nggi tashrifga chiqishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. 1948 yil 26-iyulda Rut film premyerasida qatnashish uchun kasalxonani tark etdi Rojdestvo haqidagi hikoya. Ko'p o'tmay, Rut kasalxonaga oxirgi marta qaytib keldi. U zo'rg'a gapirishga qodir edi. Rutning ahvoli asta-sekin yomonlashdi; faqat bir nechta tashrif buyuruvchilar bilan uchrashishga ruxsat berildi, ulardan biri edi Milliy Liga prezident va kelajak Beysbol bo'yicha komissar Ford Frick. "Rut shunchalik ingichka ediki, ishonib bo'lmasdi. U juda katta odam edi va uning qo'llari shunchaki mayda suyaklardan iborat edi, va yuzi shunchalik xor edi", dedi Frik yillar o'tib.[203]
Minglab Nyu-Yorkliklar, shu jumladan ko'plab bolalar, Rutning so'nggi kunlarida kasalxona oldida hushyor turishdi. 1948 yil 16-avgustda soat 20:01 da Rut 53 yoshida uyqusida vafot etdi. Uning ochiq kassasi Yanki stadionining rotunda namoyish etildi, u erda u ikki kun qoldi; Unga o'lpon to'lash uchun 77000 kishi o'tgan. Uning dafn marosimi bo'lib o'tdi Avliyo Patrik sobori; 75000 ga yaqin olomon tashqarida kutib turdi. Rut ikkinchi rafiqasi Kler bilan 25-bo'limdagi tepalikda joylashgan Osmon darvozasi qabristoni yilda Hawthorne, Nyu-York.[204]
Yodgorlik va muzey
1949 yil 19 aprelda Yankilar Yanki stadionining markaziy maydonida Rut sharafiga granit yodgorlikni ochdilar.[205] Yodgorlik joylashgan edi o'yin sohasida 1974 yildan 1975 yilgacha stadion qayta tiklangunga qadar bayroq ustunidan va Xuggins va Gehrigga o'xshash o'lponlarning yonidan tashqaridagi to'siqlar ichkariga o'tib, yodgorliklarni o'yin maydonidan o'rab olgan. Ushbu hudud keyinchalik ma'lum bo'lgan Monument Park. Yanki stadioni, "Rut qurgan uy", 2008 yilgi mavsumdan so'ng yangisiga almashtirildi Yanki stadioni qadimgi ko'chaning narigi tomonida; Keyinchalik yodgorlik bog'i markaziy dala panjarasi orqasidagi yangi joyga ko'chirildi. Rutning 3-raqamli shakli nafaqaga chiqqan Yanki tomonidan, u stadion ichida granit yodgorlikka ega bo'lgan besh Yanki o'yinchisi yoki menejerlaridan biri.[206][207][208]
Babe Ruth tug'ilgan joyi muzeyi Rut tug'ilgan Baltimor qatorli uyi 216 Emori ko'chasida va g'arbiy uch blokda joylashgan. Kamden-Yarddagi Oriole Park, bu erda AL Baltimor Orioles o'ynash.[209][210] Mulk 1973 yilda notijorat Babe Ruth Birthplace Foundation, Inc tomonidan tiklangan va jamoatchilikka ochilgan.[209] Rutning bevasi Kler, uning ikki qizi Doroti va Yuliya va singlisi Mami muzey uchun eksponatlarni tanlash va o'rnatishda yordam berishdi.[209]
Zamonaviy ta'sir
Rut beysbolning birinchi yulduzi bo'lib, u jamoatchilikning katta e'tiboriga sazovor bo'ldi. Beysbol Ty Kobb va "Oyoqsiz Jou" Jekson kabi yulduz futbolchilar bilan tanilgan, ammo ikkalasi ham muxlislar bilan yomon munosabatda bo'lishgan. Kobb misolida, voqealar ba'zan zo'ravonlik bilan ajralib turardi. Rutning biograflari uning "Uyda ishlaydigan qirol" ga ko'tarilish vaqtidan foyda ko'rganiga rozi bo'lishdi. Mamlakat urushdan ham, urushdan ham jiddiy zarar ko'rdi 1918 yilgi gripp pandemiyasi va bu jarohatlarni ortida qoldirishga yordam beradigan biror narsani orzu qilar edi. Shuningdek, Rut urushdan keyin hech kimga ikkinchi o'rinni egallaganini his qilgan mamlakatda aks sado berdi. Montvillning ta'kidlashicha, Rut hayotdan kattaroq, u eng katta shaharda misli ko'rilmagan sport yutuqlariga qodir edi. Rut 1920-yillarning boshlarida sodir bo'lgan ijtimoiy o'zgarishlarning belgisiga aylandi.[211][212] Glenn Stout o'zining Yankilar tarixida "Rut Nyu-Yorkda mujassam bo'lgan - qo'pol va xom, taniqli va jilosiz, juda katta, kattaligi kattaroq va to'xtovsiz edi" deb yozadi.[213]
Uning hayoti davomida Rut Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining ramziga aylandi. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida yapon askarlari amerikalik askarlarni g'azablantirishi uchun ingliz tilida: "Babe Ruth bilan do'zaxga!" Rut "mening ismimni tilga olgan har bir yapon otib tashlanadi" deb umid qilganini aytdi.[214] Creamer "Babe Ruth sportdan ustun keldi va sun'iy chegaralar chegaralaridan tashqarida harakat qildi va tashqi to'siqlar va sport sahifalari" deb yozdi.[215] Wagenheim shunday dedi: "U chuqur cho'qqiga chiqqan amerikaliklarning aniq kulminatsiyaga intilishiga murojaat qildi: toza, tezkor va tortishib bo'lmaydigan".[216] Glenn Stoutning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Rutning uyi yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi, ko'tarinki ruhiy tajriba muxlislar uchun har qanday mas'uliyatli yugurishdan ko'ra ko'proq narsani anglatardi. Babi Rutning uydan haydashi o'zi uchun hodisa edi, hamma narsa mumkin degani edi."[213]
Garchi Rut shunchaki kuch-qudratga ega bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, u Yankilarning eng yaxshisi edi quyruq va ajoyib hujumchi[115]- Rutning uyga zarba berishga moyilligi beysbol o'ynash uslubini o'zgartirdi. 1920 yilgacha uy sharoitida yurish g'ayrioddiy edi va menejerlar yuguruvchini tayanchga olib, uni o'g'irlangan baza, bunt va boshqa narsalar orqali gol urish uchun olib kelib, o'yinlarda g'alaba qozonishga harakat qilishdi. ur va yugur. Dublyaj qilingan narsaning himoyachilari "beysbol ichida ", masalan, Giants menejeri McGraw, uyinni yoqmadi va buni o'yin tozaligiga dog 'deb hisobladi.[217] Sport muallifi V.A.Felonning so'zlariga ko'ra, 1920 yilgi mavsumdan so'ng, Rutning o'sha mavsumdagi chiqishlari va hayajon va ishtirokga bo'lgan munosabati, "hamma vaqt davomida Amerika jamoatchiligi" aqlli Filding "yoki" Xitlar "dan ko'ra" uy sharoitida "eng yaxshi ekanligiga qaror qildi. Pitching. Viva el Home Run va ikki marotaba viva Babe Ruth, uy yugurishining namoyandasi va soyada yulduz. "[218] Bill Jeymsning ta'kidlashicha, "egalari muxlislar buni aniqlaganida yoqdi uyga yugurishni ko'rish va o'yinlarning poydevorlari bir vaqtning o'zida [Black Sox skandalida] sharmandalikka duchor bo'lganida, orqaga burilish yo'q edi. "[219] McGraw va Cobb singari bir nechtasi eski uslubdagi o'yinni o'tkazib yuborishni rad etgan bo'lsa, jamoalar tezda sustkashlarni qidirib topa boshladilar.[220]
Zamonaviy sport muallifining so'zlariga ko'ra Grantland guruchi, 20-yillarning atigi ikkita sport arbobi Rutga mashhurligi bilan yaqinlashdi - bokschi Jek Dempsi va poyga otlari Inson o 'urushi.[221] Rutning keng murojaat qilishiga sabab bo'lgan omillardan biri uning oilasi va erta hayoti haqidagi noaniqlik edi. Rut Amerikaning muvaffaqiyat hikoyasini misol qilib keltirdi, hatto hech qanday oilaviy boyligi va aloqasi bo'lmagan, o'qimagan, sofdil yosh ham, dunyodagi har kimdan ko'ra yaxshiroq ish qila oladi. Montvilning yozishicha, "tuman [uning bolaligini o'rab turgan] uni abadiy ochiq va universal qiladi. U Amerika imkoniyatining homiysi bo'ladi".[222] Xuddi shunday, Rut televizorgacha bo'lgan davrda o'ynaganligi, muxlislarining nisbatan kichik qismi uning o'ynashini ko'rish imkoniga ega bo'lganida, uning afsonasi og'zaki so'zlar va sport muxbirlarining giperboli orqali o'sishiga imkon berdi.[223] Rayslerning ta'kidlashicha, so'nggi paytlarda Rutning 60ta uyidan o'tib ketgan sluggers, masalan Mark McGwire va Barri obligatsiyalari, Rut 1920-yillarda bir mavsumda uy sharoitida rekord o'rnatganiga qaraganda ancha kam hayajon uyg'otdi. Rut nisbatan kichik sport dunyosida hukmronlik qilgan, hozirgi davrdagi amerikaliklar esa tomosha qilish uchun ko'plab sport turlariga ega.[224]
Meros
Creamer Rutni "Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari ijtimoiy tarixidagi noyob shaxs" deb ta'riflaydi.[215] Tomas Bartel uni birinchilardan biri deb ta'riflaydi taniqli sportchilar; ko'plab biografiyalarda u "hayotdan kattaroq" sifatida tasvirlangan.[225] U tilga kirdi: sport sohasidagi yoki tashqarisidagi bir sohada dominant shaxs ko'pincha ushbu maydonning "Babe Ruth" deb nomlanadi.[215] Xuddi shunday, "Rutian" sportda "ulkan, dramatik, ajoyib, ajoyib; katta kuch bilan" degan ma'noni anglatadi.[226] U o'z sportidan ko'ra, tasdiqlash va maydon tashqarisidagi boshqa tadbirlardan ko'proq pul ishlagan birinchi sportchi edi.[115]
2006 yilda Montvill Rut haqida Beysbol shon-sharaf zalining boshqa a'zolaridan ko'ra ko'proq kitoblar yozilganligini aytdi. Ushbu kitoblarning kamida beshtasi (shu jumladan Creamer va Wagenheim kitoblari) 1973 va 1974 yillarda yozilgan. Kitoblar Rutga bo'lgan jamoat qiziqishining ortishiga sarflangan. Genri Aaron 1974 yil 8 aprelda sindirib tashlagan karerasiga yaqinlashdi.[227] Rutning yozuviga yaqinlashganda, Aaron shunday dedi: "Men bu yil yoki oxirgi kun Bobil Rut ismini eshitmaganimni eslay olmayman".[215]
Montvill Rutni bugungi kunda o'zining karerasidagi uy rekordini Aaron buzgan paytdagidan ham mashhurroq deb taklif qildi. Rut boshlagan uzoq to'p davri muxlislarni xursand qilib, beysbolda davom etmoqda. Uy egalari rag'batlantirish uchun egalari ballparks qurishadi, ular ko'rsatilgan Sport markazi va Bugun kechqurun beysbol mavsum davomida har oqshom. Savollari samaradorlikni oshiruvchi dori keyinchalik McGwire va Bonds singari uy sharoitida ishlaydigan hitterlarni jalb qilgan foydalanish Rutning obro'sini tushirish uchun hech narsa qilmaydi; uning pivo va sosiskalarni haddan ziyod haddan tashqari iste'mol qilishi oddiy vaqtga o'xshaydi.[228]
Turli xil so'rovnomalar va reytinglarda Rut barcha zamonlarning eng buyuk beysbolchisi deb topildi. 1998 yilda, Sport yangiliklari uni "Beysbolning eng zo'r 100 o'yinchisi" ro'yxatida birinchi raqamga kiritdi.[229] 1999 yilda beysbol muxlislari Rut nomini berishdi Beysbolning barcha asrlik asosiy ligasi.[230] 1969 yilda professional beysbolning 100 yilligiga bag'ishlangan byulletenda u beysbolning eng zo'r o'yinchisi deb topildi. Associated Press haqida 1993 yilda xabar bergan Muhammad Ali Amerikaning eng taniqli sportchilari sifatida Babi Rut bilan bog'langan.[231] 1999 yilgi ESPN so'rovnomasida u AQShning asrdagi eng katta ikkinchi eng yaxshi sportchisi sifatida qayd etildi Maykl Jordan.[232] 1983 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining pochta xizmati Rutni yigirma sentli tamg'ani chiqarish bilan sharafladi.[233]
Bir nechta eng qimmat buyumlar sport yodgorliklari va kim oshdi savdosida sotilgan beysbol yodgorliklari Rut bilan bog'liq. 2016 yil noyabr oyidan boshlab[yangilash], sotilgan eng qimmat esdalik buyumlari - Rutning 1920 yanki formasi bo'lib, 2012 yilda 4 415 658 dollarga sotilgan (2019 yilda 4,92 million dollarga teng). The ko'rshapalak u bilan Yanki stadionidagi birinchi uy uchrashuvini urdi Ginnesning rekordlar kitobi kim oshdi savdosida sotilgan eng qimmat beysbol tayoqchasi sifatida 2004 yil 2 dekabrda 1,265 million dollarni (2019 yilda 1,7123 million dollarga teng) tashkil etdi.[234] 1934 yilgi mavsumda Rufning shlyapasi a uchun rekord o'rnatdi beysbol kepkasi qachon Devid Uells uni 2012 yilda kim oshdi savdosida 537 278 dollarga sotgan.[235] 2017 yilda, Charli Shein Rutning 1927 yilgi Jahon seriyasidagi uzuklarini kim oshdi savdosida 2 093 927 dollarga sotdi. Bu osonlik bilan rekordni buzdi chempionat ring ilgari qachon o'rnatilgan Julius Erving "s 1974 yil ABA chempionati uzuk 2011 yilda 460 741 dollarga sotilgan.[236]
Rut ustidan g'azabdan uzoq muddatli omon qolganlardan biri bu bo'lishi mumkin Chaqaloq Rut konfet bar. Qandolat mahsulotlarini sotadigan dastlabki kompaniya - Kurtis Candy kompaniyasi barning nomi bilan atalgan Rut Klivlend, sobiq prezidentning qizi Grover Klivlend. U 1904 yilda vafot etdi va bar birinchi marta 1921 yilda, Rutga nisbatan g'azabning eng yuqori qismida sotildi.[237] Keyinchalik u o'z ismini yozgan qandilni bozorga chiqarishga intildi; Baby Ruth bar tufayli unga savdo belgisi rad etilgan. 1921 yildagi korporativ fayllar endi mavjud emas; tovar bir necha bor qo'llarini o'zgartirgan va endi unga tegishli Ferrero. Ruth mulk 1995 yilda Baby Ruth uchun reklama kampaniyasida foydalanish uchun uning o'xshashligini litsenziyalashtirdi. Marketing kelishuvi tufayli 2005 yilda Baby Ruth bar Major League Baseball-ning rasmiy konfetiga aylandi.[238]
2018 yilda Prezident Donald Tramp Rut bilan birga e'lon qildi Elvis Presli va Antonin Skaliya, vafotidan keyin qabul qiladi Prezidentning Ozodlik medali.[239] Montvil, Beb Rutning Amerika madaniyatidagi davomiyligini, asrning to'rtdan uch qismidan so'ng, u so'nggi marta oliy liga o'yinida kaltak chalgandan keyin tasvirlaydi:
Uning hayoti va martabasiga bo'lgan qiziqish davom etmoqda. U bizning bombardimon, beparvolik tariximizdan kelib chiqadigan bombardimon, beparvo qahramon, kelib chiqishi aniqlanmagan, Amerika muvaffaqiyatining xalq ertagi. Uning oy yuzi, xuddi 1927 yil sentyabr oyining ikkinchi yarmida Tom Zakariga tikilib turgandek tanilgan edi. Agar sport milliy dinga aylangan bo'lsa, Babe Rut homiysi avliyo hisoblanadi. U o'ynagan o'yinning asosiy qismida, yozning iliq kechasi, bir don yong'oq sumkasi va pivoning va'dasida turadi. Va ehtimol, eng uzun to'p parkdan chiqib ketdi.[240]
Shuningdek qarang
- Babe Rutning martaba yutuqlari ro'yxati
- Babe Ruth mukofoti
- Babe Ruth Home Run mukofoti
- Babe Rut ligasi
- DHL tug'ilgan shahar qahramonlari
- Beysbol bo'yicha Oliy Ligadagi uy rekordlari ro'yxati
- Oliy ligadagi beysbol musobaqalari ro'yxati rekordlar bilan tasdiqlangan
- Yilda Rabit Rut 104 ta uyda ishlagan
- Go'dakning orzusi Merilend shtatining Baltimor shahridagi haykal
Izohlar va ma'lumotnomalar
Izohlar
- ^ Rut o'zining tug'ilgan kunini 1894 yil 7 fevral deb o'ylar edi. Aslida, bu tug'ilganidan ko'p o'tmay vafot etgan shu ismli akasining tug'ilgan kuni edi. Rut 1934 yilda pasport kerak bo'lganda buni bilib oldi.
- ^ Red Sox va Dodgers o'rtasida bo'lib o'tgan 18 seriyali World Series o'yini 2018 yilda o'tkazildi.
- ^ Amerika Ligasida 1901 yildan 1960 yilgacha sakkizta jamoa bo'lgan.
- ^ 1904 yoki 1994 yillarda Jahon seriyasi bo'lmagan.
Adabiyotlar
- ^ a b v d Corcoran, Cliff (2013 yil 11-iyul). "Babe Ruth haqida 99 ta ajoyib fakt". Sport Illustrated. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 8 fevralda. Olingan 20 yanvar, 2014.
- ^ Creamer (1992), 24-25 betlar
- ^ Smelser (1975), 5-8 betlar
- ^ Smelser (1975), 7-9 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 11
- ^ Sowell, Tomas (1996), Migratsiya va madaniyatlar: dunyoqarash, Nyu York: Asosiy kitoblar, p. 82, ISBN 978-0465045891,
... nemis tilining bolalik davrida taniqli yozuvchi singari yigirmanchi asrdagi turli xil amerikalik arboblar tomonidan gapirganligi (AQShda) nemislarning madaniy aloqalari qancha davom etganidan dalolat berishi mumkin. H. L. Menken, beysbol yulduzlari Babi Rut va Lou Gerig va Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan iqtisodchi tomonidan Jorj Stigler.
- ^ a b Wagenheim (1974), 13-14 betlar
- ^ a b Creamer (1992), p. 29-31
- ^ a b Montvill (2006), 8-11 betlar
- ^ a b v d e f g h men j "SportsCentury: Babe Ruth". Sport markazi. ESPN Classic.
- ^ Montvill (2006), 19-23 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 39-40 betlar
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), p. 14
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 32
- ^ Creamer (1992), 35-37 betlar.
- ^ Montvill (2006), 24-26 bet
- ^ a b Creamer (1992), p. 37
- ^ Raysler (2004), p. 22
- ^ Montvill (2006), 28-29 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 26-28 betlar
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), p. 17
- ^ Creamer (1992), 48-51 betlar
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), p. 19
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), 20-21 bet
- ^ Montvill (2006), p. 36
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), 22-bet
- ^ Creamer (1992), 61-62 bet
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 66-67
- ^ Creamer (1992), 72-77 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 38-40 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 78-80-betlar
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), p. 26
- ^ Montvill (2006), 40-41 bet
- ^ a b Montvill (2006), 41-44 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 87
- ^ Montvill (2006), 43-44-betlar
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), 27-29 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 52-55 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 89-90 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), p. 44
- ^ Creamer (1992), 92-93 betlar
- ^ Kastrovince, Entoni (2014 yil 10-iyul). "Babening debyutining 100 yilligiga o'nta fakt". MLB.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 9-yanvarda. Olingan 7 yanvar, 2017.
- ^ Creamer (1992), 99-100 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 103
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 104.
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 106
- ^ Montvill (2006), 50-52 betlar
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), 33-bet
- ^ Montvill (2006), 56-57 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 55-bet
- ^ Shlyueter, Rojer. "Verlander 2011 yil epik edi". MLB.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 4 martda. Olingan 20 yanvar, 2014.
- ^ Berg, Ted. "MLB mavsumi tarixidagi eng uzun 12 ta o'yin". USA Today. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2014 yil 2 fevralda. Olingan 20 yanvar, 2014.
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), p. 38
- ^ Creamer (1992), 33, 85-betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 133
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 134
- ^ Creamer (1992), 138-140-betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), p. 59
- ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q Wagenheim (1974), 273-274-betlar
- ^ a b v d Montvill (2006), 67-69 betlar
- ^ a b Creamer (1992), p. 153
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), p. 42
- ^ Creamer (1992), 153-170-betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 170-181 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 78-80-betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 196-197 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 88-90 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 203
- ^ Raysler (2004), 4-5 bet
- ^ Creamer (1992), 204-205 betlar
- ^ Raysler (2004), 2-3 bet
- ^ Raysler (2004), p. 3
- ^ a b Raysler (2004), p. 5
- ^ a b Creamer (1992), p. 20
- ^ Montvill (2006), 101-102 betlar
- ^ Stout (2002), p. 83
- ^ Creamer (1992), 205–207 betlar
- ^ Raysler (2004), p. 1
- ^ a b Creamer (1992), 208–209 betlar
- ^ a b Raysler (2004), p. 2018-04-02 121 2
- ^ Stout (2002), 86-88 betlar
- ^ "Rutni Nyu-Yorklik amerikaliklar 125 ming dollarga sotib oldilar, bu beysbol yilnomalarida eng yuqori narx" (PDF). The New York Times. 1920 yil 6-yanvar. Arxivlandi (PDF) asl nusxasidan 2018 yil 8 oktyabrda. Olingan 14 iyun, 2018.
- ^ Appel (2012), p. 94
- ^ Appel (2012), 96-97 betlar
- ^ "Natijalar va xulosalar". Beysbolning oliy ligasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2014 yil 4 martda. Olingan 25 mart, 2014.
- ^ Stout (2002), p. 90
- ^ Raysler (2004), 74-75 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 112–113-betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 225
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 226
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), p. 75
- ^ Stout (2002), p. 92
- ^ Raysler (2004), 100-101 betlar
- ^ Jeyms (2003), 120-122 betlar
- ^ Stout (2002), p. 93
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 131
- ^ Montvill (2006), p. 156
- ^ Creamer (1992), 204, 238-240 betlar
- ^ Spatz va Shtaynberg (2010), p. 355
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), 95-96 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 241-243 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 142–144-betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), p. 145
- ^ a b Pietrusza (1998), p. 239
- ^ a b Xupert, Maykl. "MLBning 1874 yildan beri yillik ish haqi bo'yicha rahbarlari". Amerika beysbol tadqiqotlari jamiyati. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2019 yil 4 oktyabrda. Olingan 13-noyabr, 2019.
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 255
- ^ Pietrusza (1998), p. 240
- ^ Creamer (1992), 258-259 betlar
- ^ Stout (2002), 103-104 betlar
- ^ a b Stout (2002), p. 104
- ^ Grem, 75-76-betlar
- ^ a b v Stout (2002), p. 105
- ^ Beschloss, Maykl (2014 yil 16-may). "Reyn nokaut qildi". The New York Times. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2018 yil 19 fevralda. Olingan 31 yanvar, 2017.
- ^ Grem (1943), 101-102 betlar
- ^ a b v d e Menand, Lui (2020 yil 25-may). "Qanday qilib beysbol o'yinchilari mashhur bo'lishdi". Nyu-Yorker. Olingan 26 may, 2020.
- ^ Stout (2002), p. 112
- ^ Montvill (2006), p. 202
- ^ Montvill (2006), p. 203
- ^ Makkoppin, Robert (2008 yil 11 sentyabr). "Freak sport jarohatlari: Endi bu yomon tanaffus!". Daily Herald. Arxivlandi 2011 yil 9 iyundagi asl nusxadan. Olingan 31 avgust, 2009.
- ^ Montvill (2006), p. 204
- ^ Stout (2002), 112–113-betlar
- ^ Stout (2002), pp. 113, 460-462
- ^ Stout (2002), 116–117-betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 304-305 betlar
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), 154-155 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 306
- ^ Creamer (1992), 327-328-betlar
- ^ Stout (2002), 126-131-betlar
- ^ Grem (1943), 127-134-betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 255-261 betlar
- ^ Grem (1943), 134-137 betlar
- ^ Appel (2012), p. 151
- ^ Grem (1943), 144–146 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 273–277 betlar
- ^ Appel (2012), 162–163-betlar
- ^ Sherman (2014), p. 9
- ^ Edmondson, Rubi (2013 yil 22-aprel). "Yankilar 98 yil oldin doimiy ravishda pinstripesni qabul qilishdi". USA Today. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2018 yil 6-noyabrda. Olingan 14 fevral, 2020.
- ^ Stout (2002), 140-141 betlar
- ^ Appel (2012), 164-165-betlar
- ^ a b v Stout (2002), p. 461
- ^ Chipman, Uilyam J. (18 oktyabr 1929). "Bob Shawki Yanki menejeri deb nomlandi: Fletcher klub murabbiyi bo'lib qolishni afzal ko'rganida, faxriysi Pitcher ishga kirishadi; Shawkining tayinlanishi uch kishi bashorat qilingan beysbol doiralarida ajablanib bo'ladi". Schenectady gazetasi. Associated Press. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 28 martda. Olingan 23-noyabr, 2016.
- ^ Stout (2002), p. 143
- ^ a b Stout (2002), p. 144
- ^ a b Vidmer, Richards (1930 yil 8-yanvar). "Yanklar Rutning 100 ming dollarlik talabini rad etishdi; Yulduz bu raqamni 3 yillik shartnoma yoki 85 ming AQSh dollari va ko'rgazmalarsiz so'raydi". The New York Herald Tribune. Olingan 23-noyabr, 2016.
- ^ Bell, Brayan (8-yanvar, 1930). "Babe Ruth $ 75,000 shartnomasini imzolashdan bosh tortdi: ulkan shaklda uzoq muddatli shartnomani so'raydi". Sankt-Peterburg Times. Associated Press. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 28 martda. Olingan 23-noyabr, 2016.
- ^ "Beysbol: Beyn Rutning daromadi". Shotlandiyalik. Reuters. 1930 yil 8-yanvar. Olingan 23-noyabr, 2016.
- ^ United Press (1930 yil 8 mart). "Rut 80 ming dollarlik shartnomani qabul qiladi". Pitsburg matbuoti. Olingan 23-noyabr, 2016.
- ^ Montvill (2006), 303-bet
- ^ Montvill (2006), 304-bet
- ^ a b Stout (2002), p. 148
- ^ Sherman (2014), p. 41
- ^ Appel (2012), p. 177
- ^ Sherman (2014), 69-87 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 311-bet
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 362
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 371
- ^ Creamer (1992), 371-372-betlar
- ^ a b v Neyer (2000), p. 42
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), p. 221
- ^ Raysler (2004), p. 256
- ^ Appel (2012), p. 170
- ^ a b Montvill (2006), 322-323-betlar
- ^ Pauers, Jimmi (1934 yil 9 oktyabr). "Rut, agar menejerning ishi berilmasa, ishdan ketishga". Pitsburg Post-Gazette. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2013 yil 29 sentyabrda. Olingan 22 mart, 2012.
- ^ Montvill (2006), 336-bet
- ^ Neyer (2000), p. 43
- ^ Neyer (2000), 42-44 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 337-339 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), p. 339
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 393.
- ^ Neyer (2000), 43-45 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 340-bet
- ^ a b Neyer (2000), p. 44
- ^ Creamer (1992), 388-390-betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 395-397 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 396-400 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 344-bet
- ^ a b Creamer (1992), 399-405 betlar
- ^ Sherman (2014), p. 17
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), 247-249 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 355-356 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 84, 100-betlar
- ^ Shoken, Fred (2012 yil 3-yanvar). "Bobil Rut, Elkton va Vaterloo jangi". Baltimor quyoshi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 23 oktyabrda. Olingan 15 iyun, 2017.
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 281
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 336
- ^ Pirone, Doroti; Martens, Kris (1988). Mening otam, go'dak: amerikalik qahramon bilan o'sgan. Boston: Quinlan Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-55770-031-5. OCLC 17652057.
- ^ "Doroti R. Pirone, 68 yoshda, Babi Rutning qizi". The New York Times. 1989 yil 20-may. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2019 yil 4 aprelda. Olingan 21 may, 2014.
- ^ Goldstein, Richard (9 mart, 2019). "Yuliya Rut Stivens, Babi Rutning qizi, 102 yoshida vafot etdi". The New York Times. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2019 yil 10 martda. Olingan 11 mart, 2019.
- ^ Wiessner, Christian (22 sentyabr, 2008 yil). "Yanki stadioni nafaqaga chiqqan paytda beysbol xayrlashmoqda". Reuters. Tomson Reuters. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2012 yil 26 iyulda.
- ^ Kerasotis, Piter (2014 yil 10 mart). "Uy, Rut qurgan boshqa uyda". The New York Times. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2014 yil 18 martda. Olingan 18 mart, 2014.
- ^ Creamer (1992), p. 415
- ^ Lieb, Fred (1977). Men bilganim kabi beysbol. Nyu-York: Cowar, McCann va Geoghagen. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-8032-7962-9. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 10 mayda. Olingan 26-noyabr, 2015.
- ^ "1922 yil Reyn Rut ichkilikbozlikni cheklaydigan shartnomani imzoladi". Heritage Auctions logotipi Dunyodagi eng yirik to'plamlar kim oshdi savdosi. p. 5. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 19 sentyabrda. Olingan 31 avgust, 2018.
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), 252-253 betlar
- ^ Maloney, Uilyam Jeyms; Vaynberg, Mea A. (iyul 2008). "Babi Rutning bosh va bo'yin saratonini kompleks tahlil qilish". Amerika stomatologiya assotsiatsiyasi jurnali. 139 (7): 926–932. doi:10.14219 / jada.archive.2008.0279. ISSN 0002-8177. PMID 18594078.
- ^ Montvill (2006), 357-358 betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 418–419-betlar
- ^ a b Montvill (2006), p. 360
- ^ Creamer (1992), 418–420-betlar
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- ^ Malafronte, Chip (2012 yil 19 sentyabr). "New Haven 200: Babe Ruth 1948 yilda Yel Field-da bo'lajak prezident Jorj H.W. Bush bilan uchrashdi". Nyu-Yorkdagi ro'yxatdan o'tish. Arxivlandi 2013 yil 12-dekabrdagi asl nusxadan. Olingan 20-noyabr, 2013.
- ^ Berg, Ted (2013 yil 3-iyun). "Beyn Rut 1948 yilda bo'lajak prezident Jorj X.Bush bilan uchrashgan". USA Today. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2018 yil 12 iyunda. Olingan 3 iyun, 2018.
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), 267–268-betlar
- ^ Creamer (1992), 423-424-betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 366-367-betlar
- ^ Roden, Ralf (1949 yil 20-aprel). "Olti uy jamoasi ochilish bahsida g'alaba qozondi". Sankt-Peterburg Times. p. 8. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 8 dekabrda. Olingan 18 sentyabr, 2009.
- ^ "Iste'fodagi raqamlar". Nyu-York Yanki. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2013 yil 1 fevralda. Olingan 8 fevral, 2013.
- ^ Kofi, Ueyn (2009 yil 25 fevral). "Babi Rut, boshqa yodgorliklar, Yanki stadionining yangi uyiga joylashadi". Nyu-York Daily News. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2013 yil 8 martda. Olingan 8 fevral, 2013.
- ^ Sandomir, Richard (2010 yil 21 sentyabr). "Hamma ham rozi: Shtaynbrennerning lavhasi katta". The New York Times. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2012 yil 2 iyunda. Olingan 8 fevral, 2013. (obuna kerak)
- ^ a b v Tarix: Babe Ruth tug'ilgan joy muzeyi veb sahifa. Babe Ruth tug'ilgan joy muzeyi va Kamden-Yarddagi Sport afsonalari muzeyining rasmiy sayti. Babe Ruth Birthplace Foundation, Inc. 2014 yil 4-avgustda olingan.
- ^ Joylar veb sahifa. Babe Ruth tug'ilgan joy muzeyi va Kamden-Yarddagi Sport afsonalari muzeyining rasmiy sayti. Babe Ruth Birthplace Foundation, Inc. 2014 yil 4-avgustda olingan.
- ^ Raysler (2004), xii-xiii-bet
- ^ Montvill (2006), 106-107 betlar
- ^ a b Stout (2002), p. 86
- ^ Bullock, Steven R. (2004). Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida o'z millatlari uchun o'ynash: beysbol va amerikalik harbiylar. Nebraska universiteti matbuoti. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8032-1337-1.
- ^ a b v d Creamer (1992), p. 16
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), p. 6
- ^ Raysler (2004), p. 18
- ^ Raysler (2004), p. 236
- ^ Grem (1943), p. 122
- ^ Raysler (2004), 237–239 betlar
- ^ Raysler (2004), p. 200
- ^ Montvill (2006), 13-14 betlar
- ^ Wagenheim (1974), 6-7 betlar
- ^ Raysler (2004), p. xv
- ^ Barthel, Tomas (2018). Beyn Rut va taniqli sportchining yaratilishi. Jefferson, NC.: McFarland. 1-2 bet. ISBN 978-1-47-666532-0. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2019 yil 20 avgustda. Olingan 20 avgust, 2019.
- ^ Dikson, Pol (2011). Dikson beysbol lug'ati (3-nashr). Nyu-York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 731. ISBN 978-0-393-07349-2. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 29 mayda. Olingan 26-noyabr, 2015.
- ^ Montvill (2006), 1-6 betlar
- ^ Montvill (2006), 4-5 bet
- ^ "Beysbolning 100 ta eng zo'r o'yinchisi". Beysbol almanaxi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2007 yil 12 iyulda. Olingan 18 may, 2014.
- ^ "Butun asrlar jamoasi yakuniy ovoz berish". ESPN. Associated Press. 1999 yil 23 oktyabr. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2018 yil 18 sentyabrda. Olingan 18 may, 2014.
- ^ Vilshteyn, Stiv (1993 yil 17-may). "Retton, Xamill eng mashhur amerikalik sportchilar". Associated Press.
- ^ "ESPN: Shimoliy Amerikaning asrning eng yaxshi sportchilari". ESPN SportsCentury. ESPN.com. 1999 yil 14 sentyabr. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2012 yil 24 mayda. Olingan 5 fevral, 2013.
- ^ "Babe Ruth". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining pochta xizmati. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2014 yil 14 mayda. Olingan 13 may, 2014.
- ^ "Eng qimmat beysbol tayoqchasi kim oshdi savdosida sotildi". Ginnesning rekordlar kitobi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 13 iyulda. Olingan 1 iyul, 2017.
- ^ Boren, Sindi (2012 yil 21-may). "Beybut Rutning formasi va kepkasi rekord narxlarni keltirib chiqarmoqda". Washington Post. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2018 yil 12 sentyabrda. Olingan 1 iyul, 2017.
- ^ Rovell, Darren (2017 yil 1-iyul). "Charlie Sheenning klassik Babe Ruth maqolalari qariyb 4,4 million dollarga teng". ESPN. ABC News. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 1 iyuldagi. Olingan 1 iyul, 2017.
- ^ Smelser (1975), p. 208
- ^ Sandomir, Richard (2006 yil 6-iyun). "Beysbol har qanday nom bilan atalgan konfetni qabul qiladi". The New York Times. Arxivlandi 2013 yil 1 iyundagi asl nusxadan. Olingan 12 fevral, 2013.
- ^ Strakualursi, Veronika (10.11.2018). "Tramp Elvisga," Babay Rutga va boshqalar qatoriga "Ozodlik medalini topshirdi". CNN. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2018 yil 11 noyabrda. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2018.
- ^ Montvill (2006), p. 367
Bibliografiya
- Appel, Marti (2012). Pinstripe Empire: Nyu-York Yankilari go'dakdan tortib to xo'jayinga qadar. Nyu-York: Bloombury. ISBN 978-1-60819-492-6.
- Creamer, Robert W. (1992) [1974]. Go'dak: Afsona hayotga qaytadi (Birinchi Fireside tahriri). Nyu York: Simon va Shuster. ISBN 978-0-671-76070-0.
- Grem, Frank (1943). Nyu-York Yanki: norasmiy tarix. Nyu-York: G.P. Putnamning o'g'illari. OCLC 1825210.
- Jeyms, Bill (2003) [2001]. Yangi Bill Jeyms tarixiy beysbol referati (Birinchi Free Press savdo qog'ozi tahrirlangan). Nyu-York: Bepul matbuot. ISBN 978-0-7432-2722-3.
- Montvill, Ley (2006). Big Bam: Babi Rutning hayoti va davri. Nyu-York: Broadway kitoblari. ISBN 978-0-7679-1971-5.
- Neyer, Rob (2000). Rob Neyerning beysbol qo'pol xatolarining katta kitobi. Nyu-York: Fireside Books. ISBN 978-0-7432-8491-2.
- Pietrusza, Devid (1998). Hakamlar va hakamlar hay'ati: Sudya Kenesoning tog'i Landisning hayoti va davri. Saut-Bend, Indiana: Diamond Communications. ISBN 978-1-888698-09-1.
- Reisler, Jim (2004). Babe Ruth: Afsonani ishga tushirish. Nyu York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-143244-3.
- Sherman, Ed (2014). Beyn Rutning chaqirgan zarbasi: Beysbolning eng buyuk uy yugurishining afsonasi va siri. Gilford, Konnektikut: Lyons Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-8539-1.
- Smelser, Marshall (1975). Rut qurgan hayot. Nyu-York: to'rtburchak / New York Times Book Co. ISBN 978-0-8129-0540-3.
- Spatz, Layl; Steinberg, Lyle (2010). 1921: Nyu-Yorkdagi Yankilar, Gigantlar va Beysbol ustunligi uchun jang. Linkoln, Nebraska: Nebraska universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-8032-3999-9.
- Stout, Glenn (2002). Yanki asr: Nyu-Yorkning 100 yilligi Yanki Beysbol. Nyu-York: Houghton Mifflin kompaniyasi. ISBN 978-0-618-08527-9.
- Wagenheim, Kal (1974). Babe Ruth: Uning hayoti va afsonasi. Nyu-York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-19980-7.
Qo'shimcha o'qish
Maqolalar
- Ray, Jon. "Jorj Sisler Rabining aytishicha, Babi Rutdan ko'ra har tomonlama yaxshi o'yinchi". Klaremor xabarchisi (1919 yil 9-may), p. 4
- Rut, go'dak; aytilganidek Vestbruk Pegler (kreditlanmagan). "Rut, bola kabi, har qanday pozitsiyada o'ynashni o'rganadi". The Chicago Tribune. 1920 yil 9-avgust.
- Rid, Sidni. "Amerika Qahramoni bilan tanishing! Babi Rut bilan intervyu". Mustaqil. 1920 yil 14 avgust. 103, № 3732. bet. 170–171 va 192–194.
- Gyui, Edvin. "Beysbolga nima qilgan bola". Leslining "Illustrated Weekly" nashri. 1921 yil 23-iyul. Vol. 133, № 3430. bet. 128–129 va 142.
- Fullerton, Xyu. "Nega Babe Ruth - bu uyda ishlaydigan eng zo'r odam". Ilmiy-ommabop oylik. 1921 yil oktyabr. Vol. 99, № 4. p. 19–21 va 110.
- Britt, Raymond. "Yon tomonda: Uni yaratgan jamoatning yana bir mashhur buti xafa bo'ldi". Tashqariga chiqish. 1922 yil avgust. Vol. 80, № 5.
- Broun, Xeyvud. "Plastinka qalbini kesish". Hakam. 1922 yil 12-avgust. Vol. 82, № 2128.
- Salsinger, XD "Qachon" go'dak "Rutni Jon MakGrou kaltaklagan". Adabiy Digest. 1922 yil 2-dekabr. 57-61 betlar.
- Chadvik, Jorj. "Ban Jonson Rab Bludgeonni chaqirishni taqiqlaydi". Delmarviya yulduzi. 1923 yil 19-avgust.
- Kramp, Irving. "Babay Rutning katta ko'rshapalagi ortidagi kuch: Arti MakGovern o'zining mashg'ulot sirlarini aytib berdi". O'g'il bolalar hayoti. 1927 yil iyun.
- Gould, Alan J. (AP). "Grig va Rab Rut o'rtasidagi rang-barang janglar Rut muxlislarini hayajonlantiradi". San Pedro Daily News. 1927 yil 5-iyul.
- Albelli, A.A. "Bobil Rutning gomerun sirlari". Mashhur mexanika. 1928 yil mart.
- Associated Press. "'My Final Year as a Regular,' Says Babe Ruth: Home Run King Wants Job as Manager". The Chicago Tribune. August 11, 1934.
- Brietz, Eddie (AP). "Three Major League Clubs After Ruth: Babe Wanted as Assistant to Managers". The St. Petersburg Independent. December 14, 1934.
- Utley, William. "Unemployment Problem Solved; Babe Finds Job". The Palouse Republic. March 29, 1935.
- Abrams, Al. "Sportdagi yon chiroqlar". Pitsburg gazetasi. May 27, 1935.
- Feder, Sid (AP). "Ruth and Stars Steal Show at Benefit Tussle". Gettysburg Times. August 27, 1943.
- Meier, Ted (AP). "Babe Ruth May Return to Bat". Preskott kuryeri. 1944 yil 9-iyun.
- Associated Press. "Baseball Pays Tribute to Babe Ruth Tomorrow". The Nashua Telegraph. April 26, 1947.
- Mosher, Jeff. "Playing Square: Ruth's Holdout Sieges Here In Sunshine City Made Baseball History". The St. Petersburg Independent. August 17, 1948.
- Smit, Ellen. "Where They Lived". Nyu-York jurnali. March 7, 1983.
- Seelhorst, Mary. "PM People: Babe Ruth". Mashhur mexanika. 2003 yil iyun.
Kitoblar
- Meany, Tom (1947). Babe Ruth: The Big Moments of the Big Fella. New York: A.S. Barns.
- Hoyt, Waite (1948). Babe Ruth As I Knew Him. Nyu-York: Dell Publishing.
- Leavy, Jane (2018). The Big Fella: Babe Ruth and the World He Created. Harper. ISBN 978-0-0623-8022-7.
- Peluso, Ralph (2014). 512. Missouri: Solstice Publishing. ISBN 978-1625261342.
- Ruth, Babe; Considine, Tom (1948). Rojdestvo haqidagi hikoya. Nyu-York: E.P. Dutton.
- Ruth, Babe; Cobb, William R. (2011). Playing the Game: My Early Years in Baseball. Minneola, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-47694-0.
- Stout, Glenn (2016). The Selling of the Babe: The Deal That Changed Baseball and Created a Legend. Tomas Dunne kitoblari. ISBN 978-1250064318.
Tashqi havolalar
- BabeRuth.com - Rasmiy sayt
- Go'dak Rut da Curlie
- Go'dak Rut da Beysbol shon-sharaf zali
- Babe Ruth Birthplace and Museum
- Go'dak Rut kuni IMDb
- Works by or about Babe Ruth kutubxonalarda (WorldCat katalog)
- Ishga qabul qilish statistikasi va futbolchi haqida ma'lumot MLB, yokiESPN, yokiBeysbol bo'yicha ma'lumot, yokiFangraflar, yokiBeysbol bo'yicha ma'lumotnoma (Voyaga etmaganlar), yokiRetrosheet
- In March 2011, the VOA Maxsus ingliz tili xizmati Amerika Ovozi broadcast a 15-minute program on Babe Ruth. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at Babe Ruth,1895–1948: America's Greatest Baseball Player
| Mukofotlar va yutuqlar | ||
|---|---|---|
| Oldingi Bob kuyov | Hitsiz o'yin 1917 yil 23-iyun w /Erni Shor | Muvaffaqiyatli Gollandiyalik Leonard |
| Yozuvlar | ||
| Oldingi Rojer Konnor | Career home run record holder 1921–1974 | Muvaffaqiyatli Xank Aaron |
| Oldingi Ned Uilyamson | Yagona mavsumdagi uy rekordchisi 1919–1960 | Muvaffaqiyatli Rojer Maris |
| Sport pozitsiyalari | ||
| Oldingi Rojer Pekinpov | Nyu-York Yankees jamoasi sardori May 20, 1922 – May 25, 1922 | Muvaffaqiyatli Everett Skott |
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