Beysbolning kelib chiqishi - Origins of baseball

Serialning bir qismi
Tarixi beysbol
Mamlakatlar bo'yicha
Xalqaro musobaqalar
Boshqa mavzular
O'xshash o'yinlar
Beysbol portali

Ning kelib chiqishi haqidagi savol beysbol bir asrdan ko'proq vaqt davomida bahs va munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi.[1] Beysbol va boshqasi zamonaviy bat, to'p va yugurish o'yinlari — stulbol, kriket va yaxlitlash - dastlabki paytlarda xalq o'yinlaridan ishlab chiqilgan Britaniya, Irlandiya va kontinental Evropa (kabi Frantsiya va Germaniya ). Beysbolning dastlabki shakllari bir qator nomlarga ega edi, jumladan "tayanch to'pi", "darvoza to'pi", "dumaloq to'p", "olib keling", "najas to'pi" va sodda qilib aytganda, "tayanch". O'yinning hech bo'lmaganda bitta versiyasida jamoalar o'zlariga qarshi maydonga tushishdi, yuguruvchilar shimoliy shimoldagi kabi bugungi o'yinning teskari yo'nalishi bo'yicha bazalarni aylanib o'tishdi. brannboll va o'yinchilarni to'p bilan urish orqali chiqarib yuborish mumkin edi. Xuddi hozirgi kabi, ba'zi versiyalarda uchta zarbadan keyin kaltak chaqirilgan.

Ko'p narsa noaniq bo'lsa-da, qadimgi bolalar o'yinlarini kutganidek, bu ko'p narsa ma'lum: 18-asrning o'rtalariga kelib Angliya janubida o'yin paydo bo'ldi, u baland to'pni urib, so'ngra bazalar sxemasini boshqarishni o'z ichiga oladi. "Asosiy to'p" bu proto-beysbolning kamida bitta nomi edi, garchi boshqalari ham bo'lishi mumkin edi. Ingliz kolonistlari bu o'yinni Amerikaga boshqa o'yin-kulgi bilan olib ketishdi va 1800 yillarning boshlarida ko'plab apellyatsiyalar ostida okeanning ikkala tomonida ham variantlar ijro etilardi. Biroq, o'yin 19-asr o'rtalarida Nyu-York shahri va uning atrofidagi havaskor erkaklar to'p klublari tomonidan sezilarli darajada o'zgartirildi va aynan shu og'ir qayta ko'rib chiqilgan sport zamonaviy beysbolga aylandi.

Dastlabki Angliya, Irlandiya va Evropaning qit'asidagi xalq o'yinlari

Beysbolga o'xshash uloqtirish va ajoyib elementlarni o'z ichiga olgan o'yin. 'Muqaddas Maryamning Kantikullari ', 13-asr.

Bir qator xalq o'yinlari erta Britaniya va Evropa qit'asi zamonaviy ko'rinadigan xususiyatlarga ega edi beysbol (shuningdek, ichida kriket va yaxlitlash ). Ushbu dastlabki o'yinlarning aksariyati raqib o'yinchisi to'pni uzoqroqqa urishga urinib, nishonni himoya qilayotganda nishonga uloqtirilgan to'pni o'z ichiga olgan. Agar kaltak to'pni muvaffaqiyatli urgan bo'lsa, u tayanchlar orasidan yugurib ball to'plashga urinishi mumkin, maydon egalari esa to'pni ushlab olish yoki qaytarib olishga harakat qilib, yuguruvchini tashqariga chiqarib qo'yishadi. Xalq o'yinlari vaqt, joy va madaniyatga qarab turlicha bo'lgan, natijada shunga o'xshash, ammo variant shakllari paydo bo'lgan. Ushbu o'yinlarda standart hujjatlashtirilgan qoidalar bo'lmagan va ularning o'rniga tarixiy urf-odatlar bo'yicha o'ynagan. Ushbu o'yinlarni ishchilar sinflari, dehqonlar va bolalar o'ynashga moyil edilar. Dastlabki xalq o'yinlari ko'pincha avvalgi diniy marosimlar va ibodat marosimlari bilan bog'liq edi. Ushbu o'yinlar tushkunlikka tushdi va hatto keyingi boshqaruv davlatlari va diniy idoralar tomonidan umuman taqiqlandi.[2]:63-78 betlar

Terminologiyadagi aniq farqlardan tashqari, o'yinlar ishlatiladigan asbob-uskunalar (to'p, kaltak, tayoq, nishon va boshqalar, odatda mavjud bo'lgan narsalar), to'pni otish usuli, to'p kiritish usuli, chiqish maydonchasi, maydon tartibi va ishtirok etgan futbolchilar soni. Juda keng ma'noda, ushbu o'yinlarni taxminan shakllarga bo'lish mumkin uzun to'p, bu erda xamir kriketdagi kabi bitta nuqtaga yoki chiziqqa yugurib chiqdi va dumaloq to'p, bu erda bir nechta bazalar davri bo'lgan. Bundan tashqari, umuman yugurishni o'z ichiga olmaydigan o'yinlar (masalan, najas to'pi, tuzoq to'pi) ham bo'lgan.

Oină

Asosiy maqola: Oină

Oină - bu Ruminiyaning an'anaviy sport turi uzun to'p ko'p jihatdan o'xshash lapta.

"Oină" nomi dastlab "hoina" edi,[3] va dan olingan Kuman so'z oyn "o'yin" (turkiy tilning qarindoshi) o'yin ).[4] Eng qadimgi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri eslatmalar 1782 raqamli tibbiyot qo'llanmasida keltirilgan Istvan Metyus, kim oinaning sog'liq uchun foydasi haqida gapiradi.[5]

1899 yilda, Spiru Haret, Ta'lim vaziri oin in maktablarda o'ynashi kerak degan qarorga keldi jismoniy ta'lim sinflar. U har yili o'tkaziladigan birinchi oină musobaqalarini tashkil qildi.

Ruminiya Oină federatsiyasi ("Federaţia Români de Oină") 1932 yilda tashkil topgan va u tugatilgan qisqa davrdan so'ng, 1950 yillarning boshlarida qayta tiklangan.

Bugungi kunda ikkita oin federatsiya mavjud: bittasi Buxarest, Ruminiya va boshqasi Kishinyu, Moldova.

Stolbol

1802 nomli kitobda Angliya xalqining sporti va o'yin-kulgilari, Jozef Strutt ning ta'kidlashicha, beysbolga o'xshash o'yinlarni XIV asrda, xususan inglizcha o'yin deb atash mumkin stulbol. Stolbolga ma'lum bo'lgan dastlabki ma'lumot 1330 yilgi she'rda Uilyam Pagula, ruhoniylarga cherkov hovlisida o'yinni taqiqlashni tavsiya qilgan.

Stolbolda bitta o'yinchi to'pni nishonga uloqtiradi, boshqasi esa nishonni himoya qiladi. Dastlab nishon yalang'och qo'l bilan himoya qilingan. Keyinchalik, biron bir kaltak ishlatilgan (zamonaviy stulbolda, juda og'ir bo'lgan kaltak) stol tennisi belkurak ishlatiladi). "Stob-ball" va "stow-ball" stolbolga o'xshash mintaqaviy o'yinlar edi. Dastlab stulbolda nishon nima bo'lganligi aniq emas; ehtimol bu daraxtning qoqilmasi edi, chunki "to'xtatish"va"stow"barchasi ma'nosini anglatadi qoqmoq ba'zi mahalliy lahjalarda. ("Stow"tog'-kon ishlarida ishlatiladigan ramka turini ham nazarda tutishi mumkin). Shunisi e'tiborliki, kriketda shu kungacha qaldirg'och "stump" deb nomlanadi. Albatta, maqsad qulay bo'lgan har qanday narsa bo'lishi mumkin edi, ehtimol hatto qabr toshi (shuning uchun Pagulaning cherkov hovlisidagi o'yinlariga e'tirozi). XVII asrdagi o'yinlar haqidagi kitob najasni aniqlab beradi.

Bir rivoyatda aytilishicha, sut sog'uvchilar erlarining daladan qaytishini kutib stulbol o'ynaganlar. Boshqa bir nazariya shundaki, stulbol cherkov xizmatiga borganingizdan so'ng o'ynaladigan o'yin sifatida rivojlangan, bu holda maqsad, ehtimol cherkov taburekasi bo'lgan. 18-asr she'rida erkaklar va ayollar birgalikda o'ynayotgani tasvirlangan (ayollar o'zlarining fartuklaridan urilgan to'plarni ushlab olishgan) va u va boshqa ma'lumotlarda o'yin ayniqsa Pasxa mavsumi bilan bog'liq.[2]:70-72 betlar

Stolbolning bir nechta versiyalari mavjud edi. Dastlabki versiyalarda, birinchi navbatda, najasni himoya qilish kerak edi. Muvaffaqiyatli najasni himoya qilish bir ball uchun hisoblandi va agar to'p najasga tegsa, xamir chiqib ketdi. Yugurish bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan. Stolbolning yana bir versiyasi ikkita najas o'rtasida yugurishni o'z ichiga olgan va skoring o'xshash bo'lgan kriketda gol urish. Ehtimol, yana bir versiyada bir nechta najas bor edi va ballar beysbolda bo'lgani kabi ularni aylanib o'tish orqali to'plandi.

Inglizlar Amerikaga kelganlarida, ular bilan birga stulbol olib kelishgan. Uilyam Bredford 1621 yilgi Rojdestvo kuniga bag'ishlangan kundaligida Plimut odamlari qanday qilib "ochiq ko'chada o'ynab o'tirar edilar; kimdir barni, kimdir axlat to'pi va shuchga o'xshash sport bilan shug'ullanishgan".[6] Stolbolning turli xil versiyalari tufayli va u nafaqat Angliyada, balki mustamlakachilik Amerikasida ham o'ynaganligi sababli, ko'pchilik stolbolni kriket, beysbol va dumaloq o'yinchilarning umumiy ajdodi deb hisoblashadi.

It va mushuk

Boshqa bir erta xalq o'yini "it va mushuk" (yoki "mushuk va it") edi, ehtimol u kelib chiqqan Shotlandiya. Mushuk va itda a deb nomlangan yog'och bo'lak mushuk erdagi teshikka tashlanadi, boshqa bir o'yinchi teshikni tayoq bilan himoya qiladi (a it). Ba'zi hollarda ikkita teshik bor edi va mushukni urgandan so'ng, ular orasida kaltak yugurar edi, dala egalari yuguruvchiga etib bormasdan mushukni teshikka qo'yib yuguruvchini chiqarishga harakat qilar edi. Shunday qilib it va mushuk kriketga o'xshardi.

Qoraqalpog'iston

Ushbu o'yin, aks holda noma'lum, tasvirlangan Frensis Uillug'ining O'yinlar kitobi (taxminan 1670), unda 130 dan ortiq o'yin-kulgi qoidalari, shu jumladan najas to'pi va to'p to'pi.[a] Ikkala kaltakda ham tayanch yugurishda ishtirok etgani bilan ahamiyatlidir, garchi u to'p bilan emas, balki yog'och mushuk bilan o'ynagan bo'lsa ham, ko'p sonli "tagliklar" yerdagi teshiklar edi: kaltak tayoqchasining uchini qo'yib xavfsizlikka erishdi dala egalari mushukni unga kiritishidan oldin teshikka. Bu kriketning kaltak yugurish usulida jarangdorni erga tegizish orqali aks etadi burish maydon egalari to'p bilan yaqin atrofdagi vikkani urishdan oldin.[7]

Qopqon to'pi

XIV asrdan buyon Angliyada o'ynab kelayotgan tuzoq to'pida, kaltakchi tomonidan urilib maydonga tushirilishi uchun to'p havoga tashlangan. Ba'zi variantlarda maydonga tushadigan jamoaning a'zosi to'pni havoga uloqtirdi; ba'zilarida xamir uni qo'ziqorin singari o'zi tashlagan; boshqalarda esa kaltakchi to'pni oddiy qo'l mexanizmi bilan havoga tashlashiga sabab bo'lgan: uning versiyalari, deyiladi ko'rshapalak va tuzoq va Knurr va sehrlang, hali ham ba'zi ingliz pablarida ijro etilmoqda. Qopqon-to'pda yugurish bo'lmadi, aksincha maydon egalari to'pni urish joyidan ma'lum masofaga qaytarib tashlamoqchi bo'lishdi. Nopok chiziqlar tushunchasining kelib chiqishi tuzoq-to'p bo'lishi mumkin; ko'pgina variantlarda to'pni hisoblash uchun ikkita ustun orasiga urish kerak edi.

Tegishli o'yin tip-mushuk edi; bunda "mushuk" cho'zinchoq yog'och bo'lak edi (it-mushuk kabi); regbi to'pi yoki Amerika futboli singari har ikki tomonga torayib borar edi, shunda bir uchini urish uni tayoq yoki kaltak bilan urib yuborishi uchun uni tuzoqdagi to'pga o'xshatib osmonga aylantiradi.

Asosiy

"Deb nomlangan eski inglizcha o'yintayanch"yoki"mahbuslar bazasi", Jorj Eving tomonidan tasvirlangan Valley Forge, aftidan beysbolga unchalik o'xshamadi. Hech qanday ko'rshapalak va to'p yo'q edi. O'yin jamoaning "yorlig'i" ning chiroyli o'yiniga o'xshardi, garchi u beysbol bilan xavfsizlik joylari, tayanch punktlari tushunchasini o'rtoqlashdi.

Kriket

The kriket tarixi 1650 yilgacha sirli narsa. Kriketga o'xshash bo'lgan o'yinlar XIII asrda ishlab chiqilgan. Bu erda "creag" deb nomlangan o'yin bor edi, va boshqa o'yin "Handyn and Handoute" (Hands In and Hands Out), uni 1477 yilda noqonuniy qilgan. Qirol Edvard IV, o'yinni bolalarcha va kamondan o'q otishning majburiy amaliyotidan chalg'itadigan narsa deb hisoblagan.

Aslida "deb nomlangan o'yinga havolalarkriket"taxminan 1550 yilda paydo bo'lgan. Bu so'zga ishoniladi kriket yoki so'zga asoslangan cric, egri tayoq ma'nosini anglatadi (ingliz tiliga o'xshash) qiyshiq): kriketning dastlabki shakllari xokkey tayog'iga o'xshab kavisli yarasadan foydalanilgan; yoki uchun O'rta Gollandcha iborada xokkey, met de (krik ket) sen ("tayoq bilan quvish bilan"),[8] yoki Flamancha so'zda "krikstoel"cherkovda tiz cho'kib o'tirgan va erta uzun, pastroq viketka o'xshash taburetni nazarda tutadi. Bu so'z etimologik jihatdan frantsuzcha bilan bog'liq kroket- dastlabki shakllari ham bolg'acha emas, balki kavisli tayoq bilan o'ynagan.

Bolalar o'yini sifatida beysbol haqida eng qadimgi eslatmalar shu yili (1744) boshlangan Artilleriya zamin qonunlari allaqachon zodagonlar homiyligida birinchi darajali, professional sport turi bo'lgan va unga katta pul tikish qoidalari rasmiylashtirildi.

Ingliz kolonistlari boshqa o'yinlari bilan birga uylaridan kriket o'ynashgan va bu haqda 18-asrdagi Amerika manbalarida ko'p marta eslatib o'tilgan. Uyushgan sport turi sifatida Toronto kriket klubi 1827 yilga kelib ushbu shaharda tashkil etilgan Sent-Jorjning kriket klubi 1838 yilda Nyu-York shahrida tashkil etilgan (a'zolik Britaniyada tug'ilgan erkaklar uchun cheklangan). Ikki klub jamoalari o'zaro to'qnash kelishdi birinchi xalqaro kriket o'yini 1844 yilda unda Toronto 23 marotaba g'alaba qozondi.[9] Nyu-York klublarining ko'plab beysbolchilarining ko'pchiligi kriketchilar ham bo'lgan va eng erta qayd etilgan klublararo beysbol o'yini Bruklindagi "Union Star Cricket Grounds" da o'tkazilgan.

Dumaloqlar

Asosiy maqola: Dumaloqlar
Albatta, nostalji bor. Og'ir sharni qoniqarli "zarba" yog'och yarasaga uchratadi; ingliz yozgi quyoshi ostida porlab turadigan rangli konuslar bilan o'ralgan yam-yashil maydon; to'rtinchi tayanchdan mardona o'tayotganda o'tga bo'yalgan tizzalar.

- Kler Koen Telegraf ning o'yinida yaxlitlash uni qiz bola sifatida o'ynagan.[10]

Britaniyaliklarning beysbolga eng o'xshash o'yinlari va ularning ajdodi yoki eng yaqin aloqasi sifatida qayd etilgan yaxlitlash.[11] Beysbol singari, maqsadi baland to'pni kaltak bilan urib, so'ngra to'rtta tayanch sxemasidan o'tib gol urishdir.[11] Xamma yaxshi to'pga urilib, birinchi, ikkinchi va uchinchi tayanch atrofida soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha harakatlanishi kerak va to'rtinchisining uyi, garchi ular dastlabki uchtasida qolsa ham.[11] Agar to'p ushlangan bo'lsa, xamir chiqadi; agar ular yugurayotgan bazaga to'p bilan tegsa; yoki yugurish paytida ularga to'p bilan zarba beruvchi tegsa.[11] To'qqiz o'yinchi jamoani tashkil etadi, maydon tomoni bowling, backstop (tutuvchi), to'rtta bazaning har birida o'yinchi va uchta chuqur maydon egalaridan iborat.[11] 2015 yilgi holat bo'yicha ingliz va irlandiyalik maktab o'quvchilari, ayniqsa qizlar orasida mashhur bo'lib, Buyuk Britaniyada etti million bola o'ynaydi.[10][12] Biroq, 19-asrda dumaloqlar katta yoshdagi erkaklar uchun mashhur sport turi edi, chunki Irlandiyalik dumaloqlar bugungi kunda ham qolmoqdalar va Viktoriya davridagi ko'p polk jamoalari armiya chempionatida o'ynashgan.

1828 yilda Londonda Uilyam Klark ikkinchi nashrini nashr etdi Yigitning o'z kitobi, unda dumaloqlar qoidalari (aslida bu nomning eng qadimgi ishlatilishi) va olmos ustida o'ynagan kaltak va to'p bilan ishlaydigan o'yinning ingliz tilidagi birinchi bosma tavsifi mavjud.[13] Keyingi yili bu kitob Massachusets shtatining Boston shahrida nashr etildi.[14] Xuddi shu qoidalar Robin Karverda so'zma-so'z qayta nashr etildi Sport kitobi (Boston, 1834), faqat ular "Dumaloqlar" emas, balki "Baza yoki Gol-to'p" ni boshqargan.

Britaniya beysboli

Asosiy maqola: Britaniya beysboli

Sifatida tanilgan noyob Britaniya sport turi Britaniya beysboli, hali ham qismlarda ijro etiladi Uels va Angliya. Garchi asosan shaharlari bilan cheklangan bo'lsa ham Kardiff, Newport va "Liverpul", sport ikki mamlakat vakil jamoalari o'rtasida har yili o'tkaziladigan xalqaro o'yinni maqtaydi. Britaniyalik "beysbol" dumaloqlarga juda o'xshashdir, chunki u aslida 1892 yilgacha shunday nomlangan va 19-asrdagi Amerika sayyohlik guruhlari ta'siri ostida biroz gibridlangan davra variantini anglatadi; bu aslida Buyuk Britaniyada bir paytlar keng tarqalgan kattalar klubi davrachilarining so'nggi omon qolishidir.

  1. ^ Willoughbyning stow-to'pi golfga o'xshash o'yin edi

Beysbol haqida dastlabki eslatmalar

Ko'pgina manbalarga ko'ra, "beysbol" so'zining dastlabki ko'rinishi 1700 yilga to'g'ri keladi Anglikan episkop Tomas Uilson dan noroziligini bildirdi "Morris raqsga tushmoqda, kudel o'ynash, beysbol va kriket "Yakshanba kunlari sodir bo'lgan. Ammo, Devid Blok, yilda Biz buni bilishdan oldin beysbol (2005), asl manbada "beysbol" uchun "stulbol" borligi haqida xabar beradi. Blok shuningdek, ma'lumotnoma 1700 yilga emas, balki 1672 yilga to'g'ri keladi.[15]:p. 156

1744 yilgi ingliz bolalar kitobidan yog‘och kesish Kichkina chiroyli cho'ntak kitobi, dumaloq yozuvlarni va birinchi havolani ko'rsatish beysbol

1744 yil Angliyada bolalar nashriyoti tomonidan nashr etilgan kitob John Newbery deb nomlangan Kichkina chiroyli cho'ntak kitobi uchta tayanch stulbolga yoki dumaloqlarga o'xshash o'yinning yog'och o'ymakorligi va "Base-Ball" nomli qofiyani o'z ichiga oladi. Bu bosma nashrdagi beysbol so'zining birinchi ma'lum nusxasi.[16]

1755 yilda nomli kitob Karta Jon Kidgellning 9-sahifadagi 1-jildida beysbol haqida eslatib o'tilgan: "oilaning kichik qismi, Papani bu masalani kattalashtirishga moyil emasligini sezgan holda, Base-Ball-da (go'daklar o'yinida) to'xtatilgan partiyaga nafaqaga chiqqan. o'spirinda, beshga yaxshilandi). "[a] Garchi Kichkina chiroyli cho'ntak kitobi birinchi o'n bir yil oldin paydo bo'lgan, birinchi yoki boshqa dastlabki nashrlarning nusxalari shu kungacha paydo bo'lmagan, faqat 1760 yildan boshlab o'ninchi va keyingi nashrlar. Shuning uchun, Karta Bray kundaligi 2008 yilda topilgan paytgacha beysbolga oid eng qadimgi ma'lumotnoma bo'lgan.

Eng qadimgi to'p to'pi o'yinlari oilasidan boshqa hech kimni jalb qilmagan Uels shahzodasi, 1748 yil noyabrda Londonda yopiq maydonda o'ynagan. Shahzoda 1749 yil sentyabrda Surreyning Uolton-on-Tema shahrida Lord Midlseksga qarshi yana "Bass-Ball" o'ynaganligi haqida xabar berilgan.[17] Ingliz advokati Uilyam Bray o'zining kundalik daftarida 1755 yilda Pasxa dushanba kuni beysbol o'ynaganini yozgan Gildford, shuningdek Surrey.[16][18] "Beysbol" so'zi lug'atda birinchi marta 1768 yilda paydo bo'lgan, yilda Ingliz tilining umumiy lug'ati muharrirlari tomonidan tuzilgan Britannica entsiklopediyasi (o'sha yili birinchi marta nashr etilgan), foydasiz ta'rifi bilan "To'pga zarba beradigan kishi o'z bazasi yoki darvozasi tomon yugurishi kerak bo'lgan qishloq o'yini".[19][20]

Gutsmutning diagrammasi inglizcha Base-ball, ko'rshapalak va o'yin maydonini tasvirlash.

1796 yilga kelib, ushbu ingliz o'yinining qoidalari nemis tilida eslatish uchun etarlicha aniqlandi Johann Gutsmuths 'mashhur o'yin-kulgilar haqida kitob. Unda u tasvirlangan "Ball mit Freystäten (oder das englische Base-ball)"(" Xavfsiz joylar bilan to'p yoki inglizcha tayanch to'pi ") ikki jamoa o'rtasida bo'lib o'tadigan musobaqa bo'lib, unda" uy egasi plastinka paytida to'pni urish uchun uchta urinish bor "; faqat bitta tashqariga chiqib ketish kerak edi 2. Gutsmut maydon to'pi bilan shahar to'piga juda o'xshash sxemani kiritdi.[b] Shunisi e'tiborga loyiqki, Gutsmuts kaltakdan foydalanishni aniq eslatib o'tgan birinchi muallif, garchi bu holda u bir qo'l bilan silkitilgan 18 santimetr uzunlikdagi tekis yog'och belkurak edi. [21][22]

Frantsuzcha kitob Les Jeux des Jeunes Garcons batting / base / run o'yinining bosilgan qoidalarini o'z ichiga olgan ikkinchi ma'lum kitob. U bosilgan Parij 1810 yilda va qoidalarini belgilaydi La balle empoisonnée ("zaharlangan to'p"), unda sakkizdan o'ntagacha o'yinchi bo'lgan ikkita jamoa, to'rtta tayanch (bittasi uy deb nomlangan), krujka, kaltak, "ho'llash" va flybol chiqishlari; ammo, aftidan to'p qo'l bilan urilgan.

Yana bir erta bosma ma'lumotnoma Jeyn Ostin roman Northanger Abbey, dastlab 1798–1799 yillarda yozilgan. Birinchi bobda ingliz yosh qahramoni Ketrin Morland "kriket, tayanch to'pi, otda yurish va kitob atrofida yurish" ni afzal ko'rganligi tasvirlangan.[23] Xuddi shu paytda, Ostinning amakivachchasi Kassandra Kuk o'z romanida beysbol haqida eslatib o'tdi Battleridj.

1820 yillarda "Qishloq eskizi" Jek Xetch, muallif Meri Rassell Mitford yozgan:

Keyin olti kishidan iborat quyoshda kuydirilgan gipsi keladi, u bo'yi va ingichka bo'lib o'sishi va u haqida yig'ilgan dunyo tashvishlarini topa boshlaydi; bir qo'lida krujka, ikkinchi qo'lida mop, noaniq shakldagi eski somon kapot, yarim chigal sochlarini yashirgan holda; bir marta yam-yashil bo'lib, bir xil binafsha rang paxtaning ostiga osilgan, bir marta binafsha rang; uning sog'inchli ko'zlari yashil uyning burchagidagi beysbol o'yiniga qarab, yozgi uyning eshigiga etib borguncha, paspas va krujkadan pastga tushib, onasi qochib ketgan qadamlarini ta'qib qilgan bo'ronlardan qat'iy nazar sheriklariga qarab yuribdi.[24]

1828 yilda Uilyam Klark London ning ikkinchi nashrini nashr etdi Yigitning o'z kitobiUshbu o'yinda "dumaloqlar" deb nomlangan eng qadimgi eslatmalarni o'z ichiga olgan va shu sarlavha ostida olmosda o'ynagan kaltak va to'p bilan ishlaydigan o'yinning ingliz tilidagi birinchi bosma tavsifi mavjud.[15]:p. 192 Keyingi yili kitob nashr etildi Boston, Massachusets.[25] Shu kabi qoidalar Bostonda nashr etilgan Sport kitobi, Robin Karver tomonidan 1834 yilda yozilgan,[23] faqat Karver o'yinni "Asosiy yoki golli to'p" deb atagan. Keyingi o'n yilliklar ichida Klarkning "yaxlitlash" tavsifi Atlantika okeanining har ikki tomonida ham turli nomlar ostida ko'p marta qayta nashr etilardi.

  1. ^ Kidgell, shubhasiz, o'yinni emas, balki bolalarning kamolotini nazarda tutgan, chunki "Fives" besh kishilik o'yin bo'lib, gandbol va tennis gibridiga o'xshaydi.
  2. ^ Kiritilgan bo'lsa-da ikkitasi Maydonning qarama-qarshi tomonidagi tayanchlar orasiga belgilangan bayroqlar, kriketda bo'lgani kabi, urish holati o'zgarib turishini taxmin qiladi.

Amerikadagi dastlabki beysbol

Zamonaviy beysbolga aylangan o'yin evolyutsiyasini tuzish 1845 yilgacha qiyin bo'lgan. Knickerbocker qoidalari ular bir muncha vaqt o'ynagan o'yinni tavsiflaydi. Ammo qancha vaqt noaniq va shuning uchun o'yin qanday rivojlangan. Sheyn Foster kelib chiqishi qanday kuchga kirganiga shubha bilan birinchi bo'lib murojaat qildi.

Bir paytlar ikkita lager bor edi. Bittasi, asosan Ingliz tili, beysbol ingliz tilidagi (ehtimol dumaloq o'yinchilar) o'yinidan kelib chiqqan deb ta'kidladi; ikkinchisi, deyarli butunlay amerikaliklarning aytishicha, beysbol Amerika ixtirosi (ehtimol bitta-ol-mushuk o'yinidan kelib chiqqan). Ko'rinib turibdiki, ular o'zlarining pozitsiyalarini bir-birini istisno qilgan deb hisoblashdi. Ularning ba'zi fikrlari dalillarga qaraganda ko'proq milliy sadoqat kabi ko'rinadi: amerikaliklar beysbol ingliz o'yinidan kelib chiqqan degan har qanday taklifni rad etishga moyil bo'lishdi, ba'zi ingliz kuzatuvchilari esa beysbol davra bo'lmagan holda o'zlarining davra o'yinchilaridan bir oz ko'proq degan xulosaga kelishdi. Bir ingliz muallifi Knickerbocker Club tarkibiga 1845 yilda Amerikaga birinchi marta "o'z" o'yinini olib kirgan ingliz muhojirlari kiradi deb e'lon qildi. Tegirmon komissiyasi, boshqa tomondan, o'yinning ixtirosiga tegishli bo'lgan "rasmiy" va umuman xayoliy Amerika-versiyasini yaratdi. Abner Dubleday 1839 yilda Kuperstaun, Nyu-York (hozirgi sayt Milliy beysbol shon-sharaf va muzeyi ).

Ikkalasi ham noto'g'ri edi, chunki bu juda aniq: beysbol yoki "tayanch to'p" deb nomlangan o'yin Amerikada o'sha paytgacha ko'p yillar davomida o'ynab kelingan. Amerikadagi o'yin haqida dastlabki aniq ma'lumot 1786 yil mart oyidan boshlab Prinstondagi talaba Jon Rheya Smitning kundaligida keltirilgan: "Yaxshi kun, talabalar shaharchasida yaxshi to'p o'ynang, lekin men to'pni ushlashni ham, urishni ham sog'indim. "[6] Garvarddan katta avlod uchun ma'lumotnoma mavjud; 1760-yillarda kampus sariyog'ini tasvirlab berar ekan, Sidni Uillard shunday deb yozgan edi: "Ovqatlanadigan narsalardan tashqari, u erda talaba uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha narsalar sotilgan. O'yin maydonchalarida yarasalar, to'plar va boshqalar kabi narsalar ishlatilgan. Bu erda biz kurashdik, yugurdik, o'ynadik kvitlar va kriketlar, turli xil kaltak va to'p o'yinlari. "[6]

1791-yilgi qonunosti Massachusets shtatining Pitsfild "ning har qanday o'yinini o'ynashni taqiqladi qaldirg'och, kriket, beysbol, batbol, ​​futbol, ​​mushuklar, beshta yoki boshqa har qanday o'yin "shaharning yig'ilish uyidan 80 metr masofada uning derazalariga zarar etkazmaslik uchun.[26][27] Vorester, Massachusets shtati 1816 yilda "ko'chalarda" beysbol o'ynashni taqiqlagan.

19-asrning boshlarida beysbol haqida boshqa eslatmalar mavjud. 1823 yil 25 aprelda nashr etilgan (Nyu-York) Milliy advokat shu jumladan:

Men o'tgan shanba kuni Broadway (Jons) dagi Retreat-da "tayanch to'p" ning erkaklar va sport o'yinlarini o'ynaydigan faol yosh yigitlarning guvohi bo'lganimdan juda mamnun bo'ldim. Men ular uyushgan uyushma ekanligimni va shanba kuni yuqoridagi joyda juda qiziqarli o'yin bo'lib o'tishi haqida xabar beraman, soat 03:00 yarimida boshlanadi, P.M. Ushbu o'yinni guvohi bo'lishni istagan har qanday kishi uning mohirligi va ajoyib epchilligi bilan o'ynaganini ko'rishi mumkin.[a]

Ikki yildan so'ng Dehli (Nyu-York) ning 1825 yil 13-iyulida quyidagi xabar paydo bo'ldi. Gazeta: "Imzolanganlar, yangi Hamden shahrining barcha aholisi, yaqinda Dehliga ko'chib o'tgan Asa Xovlendan tashqari, Delaver okrugidagi istalgan shaharning teng sonli odamlariga murojaat qilib, ular bilan istalgan vaqtda uchrashishga chaqirmoqda. bu shaharda joylashgan Edvard B. Cheysning uyi, har bir o'yin uchun har biri bir dollar evaziga Bass-Ball o'yinini o'ynash uchun. "

Thurlow Weed xotirasida u tashkil etilgan beysbol klubini esladi Rochester, Nyu-York 1825 yilda:

Garchi mehnatsevar va band joy bo'lsa-da, uning fuqarolari oqilona va sog'lom dam olish uchun bo'sh vaqt topdilar. Qariyb ellik nafar a'zodan iborat tayanch to'p klubi to'p surish mavsumida har kuni tushdan keyin yig'ilib turardi. Klub a'zolari o'n sakkizdan qirq yoshgacha bo'lgan odamlarni quchoqlashsa ham, yoshu qari o'zlarini jalb qilar edi.[28]

Keyinchalik kodlangan qoidalar bo'yicha birinchi qayd etilgan beysbol o'yini 1845 yil 23 sentyabrda Nyu-Yorkda Nyu-York Beysbol Klubi va Kickerbocker Beysbol Klubi o'rtasida bo'lib o'tdi.[29] Aytishlaricha, 1838 yilda Ontario shtatidagi Bichvill shahrida amerikalik beysbol o'ynagan. Ammo ishlatilgan qoidalar yoki uni birinchi "beysbol" o'yini deb hisoblash mumkinligi to'g'risida yakdillik yo'q.[30][31] O'z qo'li bilan yozilgan hisobot va o'yin qoidalari, o'yinning olti yoshli bolasi sifatida guvoh bo'lgan doktor Adam E. Ford tomonidan 1886 yildagi sonida esga olingan. Sport hayoti Kolorado shtatidagi Denverdagi jurnal; u o'yinni ajoyib tafsilotlar bilan tasvirlab berdi, shu jumladan tartibsiz poydevorlar orasidagi masofa va to'p qanday tuzilgan. Biroq, ba'zi bir tarixchilar, masalan Devid Blok, Ford xotirasining to'g'riligiga va aql bovar qilmaydigan o'ziga xosligiga shubha bildirishgan va haqiqatan ham Abner Gravesning Abner Dubleday haqidagi juda o'xshash iplari bilan taqqoslaganlar.[32]

Ushbu maktubda Ford o'sha paytlarda ushbu o'yinni bolaligida o'ynagan "eski kulrang sochlar" ga ishora qiladi va Kanadadagi beysbolning kelib chiqishi 18-asrga borib taqalishini taxmin qiladi. Juda o'xshash holatlar tomonidan qayd etilgan John Montgomery Ward uning 1888 yilgi kitobida Base-Ball: O'yinning kelib chiqishi, tarixi va izohi bilan qanday qilib o'yinchi bo'lish mumkinu 1790-yillardan 1830 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda o'g'il bolaligida o'ynaganlarini eslab, bir nechta keksa odamlarni eslaydi; Boshqalar orasida, Oliver Vendell Xolms, kichik Garvardda o'ynaganini eslab, uni 1829 yilda tugatgan.

Kriket va dumaloq o'yinchilar

Ushbu beysbol ingliz tilidagi najas to'pi, tuzoq to'pi va mushuk kabi eski ingliz o'yinlariga asoslangan. kriket munozara qilish qiyin. Boshqa tomondan, Yangi dunyoda o'ynagan beysbolda amerikaliklarga xos bo'lgan ko'plab elementlar mavjud. Beysbolning kelib chiqishi haqida mulohaza yuritgan birinchi muallif, John Montgomery Ward, dumaloqlar beysbolning bevosita ajdodi, degan tez-tez parrote qilingan da'voga shubha bilan qaradi, chunki ikkalasi ham bir xil davrda rasmiylashtirilgan. U ma'lum bir vatanparvarlik hissi bilan beysbol shahar to'pidan (ya'ni dumaloqlardan) alohida, bolalar uchun "xavfsiz joy" to'p o'yinlaridan kelib chiqib rivojlangan degan xulosaga keldi.[33]

Bilan o'ynagan o'yinlar yarasa va to'p birgalikda hammalari uzoq qarindoshlar bo'lishi mumkin; xuddi shu narsa tayanch va to'p o'yinlariga tegishli. Ketma-ket ketma-ket keladigan ikkita jamoaning yarasa, tayanch va to'p o'yinlari, masalan, beysbol, kriket va dumaloq o'yinchilar yaqin qarindoshlar bo'lishi mumkin. Ularning barchasi to'pni "urish" ga va xavfsiz tarzda bazaga yugurishga uringan ko'rshapalakka to'p tashlashni o'z ichiga oladi, raqib esa kaltak yuguruvchini javobgarlikka tortganda tashqariga chiqarishga harakat qiladi ("javobgar [chiqarilishi]” beysbol xavfli muddat). Albatta, beysbol bog'liq kriket va dumaloq o'yinchilarga, lekin qanday qilib aniqlanganligi yoki aniqligi aniqlanmagan. Faqatgina aniq narsa shundaki, kriket beysbolga qaraganda ancha eski va bu kriket mustamlakachilik Amerikasida va birinchi Qo'shma Shtatlarda juda mashhur bo'lib, faqat fuqarolar urushidan keyin Nyu-Yorkdagi beysbolning portlovchi mashhurligi bilan susaygan. Beysbol ba'zi qabul qilingan atamalarni, masalan, "chiqish", "inning", "yugurish" va "hakamlar" ni kriket qilishga majburdir. Shuningdek, "qaldirg'och "Yangi Angliyada bir vaqtlar juda mashhur bo'lgan kriketning sanoqli shakli, eskirgan past va pasttekislik saqlanib qolgan. qaldirg'och va unda katta to'p erga o'ralgan.

Ehtimol, "tayanch to'pi" va "yumaloqlagichlar" ("oziqlantiruvchi", "kvadratchalar" va boshqa ismlar bilan bir qatorda) 1700 yillarning boshidan boshlab Angliyaning ko'plab joylarida turli xil qoidalar bilan o'ynagan bir xil o'g'il bolalar o'yinlari uchun mintaqaviy apellyatsiya bo'lgan. [34] Uning qarindoshlari najas to'pi va mushuk o'yinlari bilan bir qatorda u ingliz mustamlakachilari bilan okeanni kesib o'tdi va oxir-oqibat o'zining mustaqil evolyutsion yo'lini bosib o'tdi, shu bilan birga Angliyada hozirgi kunda "dumaloqlar" deb nomlangan narsa alohida rivojlanib bordi.

Mushuk, bitta keksa mushuk

Shuningdek qarang: Qari mushuk

"Mushuk" o'yini (yoki "mushuk to'pi") juda ko'p xilma-xilliklarga ega edi, lekin odatda u erda krujka, ushlovchi, kaltak va dala egalari bor edi, lekin tomonlari bo'lmagan (va ko'pincha yugurish uchun asoslar bo'lmagan). Ko'pincha, ingliz tip-cat-da bo'lgani kabi, krujka va" mushuk "bu to'p emas, balki cho'zinchoq yog'och buyum bo'lib, taxminan futbol shaklidagi bo'lib, uni bir uchini urib osmonga silkitib qo'yish mumkin edi, yoki shunchaki teshik yoki tosh ustiga qo'yib qo'yilishi mumkin bo'lgan kalta tayoq va shunga o'xshash tarzda aylantirilishi mumkin edi. Boshqasida Variantlarning o'zi, qo'ziqorin kabi, bo'sh qo'li bilan to'pni havoga uloqtirdi, mushukning ba'zi versiyalarining xususiyati keyinchalik beysbolning o'ziga xos xususiyatiga aylanib qoldi, agar u uch marta silkitib yuborgan bo'lsa, kaltak chiqib ketishi mumkin edi.

Amerikaning boshlarida mashhur bo'lgan yana bir o'yin "bitta ol mushuk" edi, uning nomi dastlab ehtimol qisqarish edi bitta teshikli katapult.[b] Bir mushukda, kaltak chiqarilgach, ushlovchi ko'rshapalakka boradi, krujka ushlanib qoladi, yarim himoyachi krujkaga aylanadi va boshqa maydonchilar aylantirib yuqoriga ko'tariladi. Bitta ol mushuk tez-tez yon tomonlarni tanlash va shahar futbolini o'ynash uchun o'yinchilar etishmayotganida o'ynar edi. Ba'zan bazaga va orqaga yugurish ham jalb qilingan. "Ikki ol mushuk" bitta ol mushuk bilan bir xil o'yin edi, faqat ikkita jangchi bor edi; Nyu-York jamoat kutubxonasida saqlanib qolgan diagrammada "To'rt keksa mushuk" deb nomlangan va har bir burchakda beysbol olmosiga o'xshash to'rtburchak maydon va to'rtta zarba tasvirlangan.

Yarasa va to'p

18-asr va 19-asr boshlarida Angliyada va ayniqsa Amerikada "kaltak va to'p" ga oid ko'plab murojaatnomalar mavjud. Afsuski, o'yin nomidan tashqari hech qanday ma'lumot va ma'lumot yo'q, shuningdek, bu beysbol uchun muqobil atama bo'lganmi yoki trap-ball, mushuk yoki hattoki kriket kabi boshqa narsa emas. Bu shunchaki kaltak va to'p bilan o'ynagan har qanday o'yin uchun umumiy ibora bo'lishi mumkin. Biroq, 1859 yilda, Alfred Elvin 1810-yillarda Nyu-Xempshirdagi bolaligini esladi:

Biz "ko'rshapalak va to'p" deb nomlaganimiz kriketning nomukammal shakli bo'lishi mumkin, garchi biz bu [kriket] ni xuddi Angliyadagidek yoki deyarli bir xil o'ynagan bo'lsak, bu "ko'rshapalak va to'p" ning bo'lishi ehtimolini keltirib chiqaradi. Yanki ixtirosining o'yini ".[35]:18[S] identifikatorlari tanlangan, faqat ma'lum bir raqam bilan cheklanmagan, garchi kamdan-kam olti yoki sakkizdan ortiq. … Shaxs… birinchi bo'lib tanlangan tomon, ma'lum bir joyda belgilangan joyda yarasaga o'rnini egalladi. Uning raqiblaridan biri ma'lum bir masofada to'pni uloqtirish uchun, ikkinchisi uning orqasida to'pni urib yubormagan bo'lsa, uni orqaga qaytarish yoki ushlab olish uchun turardi. … To'p urilgandan so'ng, hujumchi yugurishi kerak edi; toshlar aylana shaklida bir-biridan o'ttiz-qirq fut masofada joylashtirilgan va u har biriga tegishi kerak edi, u boshlagan oldiga qaytib borguncha. Agar to'pni maydonda bo'lgan qarama-qarshi tomonlardan biri tutgan bo'lsa yoki ushlanmagan bo'lsa, u otilib chiqib, boshlang'ich joyiga qaytmoqchi bo'lgan bolani urgan bo'lsa, ularning partiyasi edi; va to'pni ushlab olgan yoki raqibini urgan bola yarasani oldi. To'p uning raqiblari qo'liga tushguncha to'pni aylanib o'tishini tan olish uchun etarlicha masofaga zarba berilmagani juda qiziqarli va hayajonli voqealardan iborat edi. Agar uning vorisi uni urgan bo'lsa, u yugurib borishi va imkoniyatdan foydalanib, to'pni iloji boricha yiqilib yoki qochib qutulishi kerak. Maqsadlarda unga tegish mumkin emas edi; faqat ular orasidagi intervallarda.[35]:19

Ushbu "ko'rshapalak va to'p", hech bo'lmaganda, beysbol / dumaloq to'p / shahar to'pining dastlabki shakli sifatida juda aniq ko'rinadi.

Shahar to'pi, dumaloq to'p, Massachusets shtatidagi asosiy to'p

Asosiy maqola: Shahar to'pi
Kaliforniyadagi Ballgame, 1860-yillar

Beysbol, 1850-60 yillarda o'zgargan Nyu-York variantining hukmronligi paydo bo'lishidan oldin, turli xil tayanch to'pi, shahar to'pi, dumaloq to'p,[c] dumaloq shaharcha, darvoza to'pi, dala bazasi, uch burchakli mushuk, Nyu-England o'yini yoki Massachusets shtatidagi beysbol. Umuman aytganda, "dumaloq to'p" Nyu-Angliyada eng odatiy nom edi, Nyu-Yorkda "tayanch to'pi" va Pensilvaniya va Janubda "shahar to'pi". Nyu-York jamoat kutubxonasining raqamli galereyasi veb-saytidagi beysbol kollektsiyasida joylashtirilgan diagrammada "To'p bilan sakkiz o'g'il va to'rtta yarasani o'ynab, bizning eski mushukni o'ynaymiz" deb nomlangan o'yin aniqlangan.[d] Ushbu o'yin, ehtimol, har ikki tomonning 40 metrlik maydonida o'ynagan, ammo diagrammada qoidalar va o'yinni qanday o'ynash kerakligi aniq ko'rsatilmagan.[36] Xuddi shu qog'oz varag'ida kvadratning diagrammasi ko'rsatilgan - har bir tomon uchun 60 fut, taglik tomoni o'rtada "Uy maqsadi", "ushlovchi" va "hujumchi", burchaklari esa "1-gol" deb belgilangan, Kvadrat atrofida soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha harakatlanayotganda "2-gol", "3-gol" va "4-gol". Ushbu sxemaga qo'shib qo'yilgan yozuvda "o'ttiz yoki undan ortiq o'yinchi (har ikki tomonda 15 va undan ortiq) tayanch to'pi o'ynagan Town Ball, ba'zida" Round Ball "deb nomlangan va keyinchalik" Mass Ballus "" Base Ball "deb nomlangan".

Dastlabki beysbol yoki shahar to'pi norasmiy o'g'il bolalar o'yinida kutilganidek juda ko'p variantlarga ega edi va ularning aksariyati 1840-yillarda Nyu-Yorkda rivojlangan o'yindan bir nechta xususiyatlarga ko'ra ajralib turardi. Odatda (lekin har doim ham emas) "olmos" o'rniga "to'rtburchaklar" da o'ynab, to'rtinchi va birinchi tayanch o'rtasida (uchta va beshta asosli variantlar ham bor edi), uni turli xil o'yinchilar o'ynagan. bir tomondan oltidan o'ttizdan oshiqgacha, aksariyat versiyalarda ham, noaniq hudud bo'lmagan va har bir urilgan to'p o'yinda bo'lgan,[e] inninglar kriketdagi kabi "all out / all out" yoki "one out / all out" asosida aniqlandi, ko'plab out / all out versiyalarida oxirgi batter uchun ba'zi bir dahshatli odamlar tomonidan boshqa inningni olish imkoniyati mavjud edi. zarba berish, piching qilish juda kuchli edi ("Nyu-York" beysbolida 1880 yillarga qadar pichanlik majburiy bo'lgan),[f] frantsuz zaharli to'pi va Gutsmutnikida bo'lgani kabi, ehtimol, eng muhimi, uni tashlab yuborilgan to'p bilan "ho'llash" yoki urish orqali baserunner o'chirildi. inglizcha Base-ball.

"Yangi Marlboroning qoidalari va qoidalari. 'Match Base Ball Co." dan maydon diagrammasini o'ynash.

Yuqorida aytib o'tganimizdek, 1829 yilda Yigitning o'z kitobi Bostonda, shu jumladan yaxlitlash qoidalari va Robin Karverning 1834 yilda qayta nashr etilgan Sport kitobi copied the same rules almost verbatim but changed "Rounders" to "Base or Goal ball" because, as the preface states, those "are the names generally adopted in this country" – which also implies that the game was "generally" known and played. 1833 yilda Olympic Ball Club of Philadelphia tashkil etilgan,[g][37] and by 1837 the Gotham Base Ball Club would be formed in Manhattan, which would later split to form the Knickerbocker Club.

1835 saw the publication of Boyning sport kitobi which, confusingly, has chapters for both "Base ball" and "Base, or Goal-ball", which seem to be little if at all different; both were "all out, all out" townball with soaking and a three-strike rule. Of more interest is the fact that here appears the earliest use of the terms "innings" and "diamond".

The early 1840s saw the formation of at least three more clubs in Manhattan, the New York,[h] the Eagle and the Magnolia; another in Philadelphia, the Athletic; and even a club in Cincinnati. By 1851 the game of baseball was well-established enough that a newspaper report of a game played by a group of teamsters on Christmas Day referred to the game as "a good old-fashioned game of base ball",[38] and the 1858 report of the Asosiy to'p o'ynaydiganlarning milliy assotsiatsiyasi declared that "The game of base-ball has long been a favorite and popular recreation in this country, but it is only within the last fifteen years that any attempt has been made to systematize and regulate the game."[37]

The older game was recognized as being very different in character from the new "Knickerbocker" style. Nyu-York Qaychi of October 10, 1857, reported on a match between the Liberty Club of New Jersey and "a party of Old Fogies who were in the habit of playing the old fashioned base ball, which as nearly everyone knows, is entirely different from the base ball as now played." When, in 1860, the Olympic Ball Club of Philadelphia voted to change over to the "New York game", several traditionalist members resigned in protest.[37] That same year the rival Athletic Club traveled to Mauch Chunk, Pensilvaniya for a challenge match in which they competed against the local club in both town ball (the home team prevailed 45–43), and "New York" baseball (Athletic won easily, 34–2).

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Dedxem, Massachusets
Dedham muhri, Massachusets shtati.jpg
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Round-ball persisted in New England longer than in other regions and during the period of overlap was sometimes distinguished as the "New England game" or "Massachusetts baseball"; in 1858 a set of rules was drawn up by the Massachusetts Association of Base Ball Players at Dedxem. This game was played by teams of ten to fourteen players with four bases 60 feet apart and no foul territory. The ball was considerably smaller and lighter than a modern baseball, and runners were still put out by "soaking".

  1. ^ This paragraph is notable in particular for "organized association", since it dates club baseball in New York back two decades before the Knickerbockers.
  2. ^ David Block's father recalled playing a street game in Brooklyn circa 1915 in which a piece of broomstick was catapulted into the air in like manner, to be struck with the rest of the broomstick; Block Sr. and his chums knew the game as "One Ol' Cat".
  3. ^ Possibly a link to rounders, as the "round" is unlikely to be a redundant reference to the ball
  4. ^ In the diagram there is a type-over that makes the first letter of the name of the game hard to distinguish. The caption provided by the NYPL interprets the note as saying Your Old Cat, but it is likely this is actually Four Old Cat.
  5. ^ A common tactic was for the batter to attempt to flip the ball backwards over the catcher's head
  6. ^ The terms "pitch" and "pitcher" themselves are survivors of that era, since "pitch" had always meant an underhand toss as in horseshoes; in most accounts of townball the position was called the "thrower" or "server."
  7. ^ The Olympics, however, played their first games across the river in Camden, NJ, due to a Philadelphia ordinance against ball games
  8. ^ It is however possible that the "New York" and "Gotham" clubs were one and the same. The interrelationships of the clubs named New York, Gotham and Washington are complex and not well understood by sports historians.

Abner Doubleday myth

Asosiy maqola: Ikki karra afsona
Abner Dubleday

The afsona bu Abner Dubleday 1839 yilda ixtiro qilingan beysbol bir paytlar keng targ'ib qilingan va keng ishonilgan. There is no evidence for this claim except for the testimony of one unreliable man decades later, and there is persuasive counter-evidence. Doubleday himself never made such a claim; he left many letters and papers, but they contain no description of baseball or any suggestion that he considered himself prominent in the game's history. Uning Nyu-York Tayms obituary makes no mention of baseball, nor does a 1911 Encyclopædia article about Doubleday. The story was attacked by baseball writers almost as soon as it came out, but it had the weight of Major League Baseball and the Spalding publishing empire behind it. Contrary to popular belief, Doubleday was never inducted into the Beysbol shon-sharaf zali, although a large oil portrait of him was on display at the Hall of Fame building for many years.

Doubleday's invention of baseball was the finding of a panel appointed by Albert Spalding, a former star pitcher and club executive, who had become the leading American sporting goods entrepreneur and sports publisher. Debate on baseball's origins had raged for decades, heating up in the first years of the 20th century, due in part to a 1903 essay baseball historian Genri Chadvik yozgan Spalding "s Official Baseball Guide stating that baseball gradually evolved from English game of “yaxlitlash ”.[39] To end argument, speculation, and innuendo, Spalding organized the Tegirmon komissiyasi in 1905. The members were baseball figures, not historians: Spalding's friend Ibrohim G. Mills, avvalgi Milliy Liga Prezident; ikkitasi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatorlari, former NL president Morgan Bulkli and former Washington club president Arthur Gorman; former NL president and lifelong secretary-treasurer Nik Yang; two other star players turned sporting goods entrepreneurs (Jorj Rayt va Alfred Reach ); and AAU president James E. Sullivan.[a]

The final report, published on December 30, 1907, included three sections: a summary of the panel's findings written by Mills, a letter by John Montgomery Ward supporting the panel, and a dissenting opinion by Genri Chadvik. The research methods were, at best, dubious. Mills was a close friend of Doubleday, and upon Doubleday's death in 1893 Mills orchestrated his memorial service and burial.[40] Doubleday had been a prominent member of the spiritualist Theosophical Society, in which Spalding's wife was deeply involved and in whose compound in San Diego Spalding was residing at the time. Wright and Reach were effectively Spalding's employees, as he had secretly bought out their sporting-goods businesses some years before. AAU president and Commission secretary Sullivan was Spalding's personal factotum. Several other members had personal reasons to declare baseball as an "American" game, such as Spalding's strong American imperialist qarashlar.[39] The Commission found an appealing story: baseball was invented in a quaint rural town without foreigners or industry, by a young man who later graduated from G'arbiy nuqta and served heroically in the Meksika-Amerika urushi, Fuqarolar urushi, and U.S. wars against Indians.

The Mills Commission concluded that Doubleday had invented baseball in Kuperstaun, Nyu-York 1839 yilda; that Doubleday had invented the word "baseball", designed the diamond, indicated fielders' positions, and written the rules. No written records in the decade between 1839 and 1849 have ever been found to corroborate these claims, nor could Doubleday be interviewed (he died in 1893). The principal source for the story was one letter from elderly Abner Graves, who was a five-year-old resident of Cooperstown in 1839. Graves never mentioned a diamond, positions or the writing of rules. What's more, his reliability as a witness was challenged because he spent his final days in an asylum for the criminally insane. Doubleday was not in Cooperstown in 1839 and may never have visited the town.[23] U ro'yxatdan o'tgan G'arbiy nuqta at the time, and there is no record of any leave time. Mills, a lifelong friend of Doubleday, never heard him mention baseball, nor is there any mention of the game in Doubleday's autobiography. In character, Doubleday was bookish and sedentary, with no observable interest in athletics of any sort.

Versions of baseball rules and descriptions of similar games have been found in publications that significantly predate his alleged invention in 1839. Despite this, the ballpark built in 1939 only a few blocks down from the Hall of Fame still bears the name "Doubleday Field". However, aside from the artificial intrusion of the person of Doubleday and the village of Cooperstown, the Mills report was not entirely incorrect in its broad outline: a game related to English rounders was played in America from early times; it was supplanted by a variant form which originated in New York circa 1840. But this development happened in urban New York City, not pastoral Cooperstown, and the men involved were neither farm boys nor West Point cadets.

  1. ^ This list of panelists and the organization and publication dates follow "The Mills Commission" in "The Origins of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum" by that institution. The Hall and Museum owes its Cooperstown location and its 1839 birth date, at least, to the Mills Commission finding.

Knickerbocker rules

Aleksandr Kartrayt

The earliest known published[a] rules of baseball in the United States were written in 1845 for a New York City "base ball" club called the Krikerlar.[41] The purported organizer of the club, Aleksandr Kartrayt, is one person commonly known as "the father of baseball". The rules themselves were written by the two-man Committee on By-Laws, Vice-President William R. Wheaton va kotib Uilyam H. Taker. One important rule, the 13th, outlawed "soaking" or "plugging", putting a runner out by hitting him with a thrown ball, introducing instead the concept of the tag; this reflected the use of a farther-traveling and potentially injurious hard ball.[b] Another significant rule, the 15th, specified three outs to an inning for the first time instead of "one out, all out" or "all out, all out." The 10th rule prescribed foul lines and foul balls and the 18th forbade runners advancing on a foul, unlike the "Massachusetts game" in which all batted balls were in play. The Knickerbockers also enlarged the diamond well beyond that of town ball, ehtimol to modern size depending on how "paces" is interpreted.[c]

Evolution from the so-called "Knickerbocker qoidalari " to the current rules is fairly well documented. The most significant differences were that overhand pitching was illegal, strikes were only counted if the batter swung and missed, "wides" or balls were not counted at all, a batted ball caught on the first bounce was an out, and a game was played to 21 "aces" or runs rather than for a set number of innings.

It is noteworthy, however, that the Knickerbocker Rules did not cover a number of basic elements of the game. For example, there was no mention of positions or the number of players on a side, the pitching distance was unspecified, the direction of base-running was left open, and it was never stated, though implied, that an "ace" was scored by crossing home plate. In all likelihood, all of these matters except the first were considered so intrinsic to baseball by this time that they were assumed; the number of players on a side, however, remained a matter of debate among clubs[d] until fixed at nine in 1857, the Knickerbockers arguing unsuccessfully for seven-man teams.

On June 3, 1953, Congress officially credited Cartwright with inventing the modern game of baseball. He was already a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame, having been inducted in 1938 for various other contributions to baseball. However, the role of Cartwright himself in the game's invention has been disputed. Ga binoan Beysbolning oliy ligasi 's official historian, John Thorn, "Cartwright’s plaque in the Baseball Hall of Fame declares he set the bases 90 feet apart and established nine innings as a game and nine players as a team. He did none of these things, and every other word of substance on his plaque is false."[42] His authorship may have been exaggerated in a modern attempt to identify a single inventor of the game, and heavily advanced by a relentless public-relations campaign by his grandson. The 1845 Rules themselves are signed by the "Committee on By-Laws", William R. Wheaton va Uilyam H. Taker. There is evidence that these rules had been experimented with and used by New York ball clubs for some time; Cartwright, in his 1848 capacity as club secretary (and a bookseller), was merely the first to have them printed up.

Ticket to the 1st annual ball of the (New York) Magnolia Ball Club, ca. 1843. This engraving, which precedes the Knickerbockers' founding by at least a year, is the earliest known image of grown men playing baseball.

Further evidence of a more collective model of New York baseball's development, and doubts as to Cartwright's role as "inventor", came with the 2004 discovery of a newspaper interview with William R. Wheaton, a founding member of the Gotham Baseball Club in 1837 and first vice president of the Knickerbocker Club, and co-author of its rules, eight years later.

Three-cornered cat [ie. town ball, roundball] was a boy’s game, and did well enough for slight youngsters, but it was a dangerous game for powerful men, because the ball was thrown to put out a man between bases, and it had to hit the runner to put him out. The ball was made of a hard rubber center, tightly wrapped with yarn, and in the hands of a strong-armed man it was a terrible missile, and sometimes had fatal results when it came in contact with a delicate part of the player’s anatomy…

We had to have a good outdoor game, and as the games then in vogue didn't suit us we decided to remodel three-cornered cat and make a new game. We first organized what we called the Gotham Baseball Club. This was the first ball organization in the United States,[e] and it was completed in 1837. The first step we took in making baseball was to abolish the rule of throwing the ball at the runner and ordered instead that it should be thrown to the baseman instead, who had to touch the runner before he reached the base. During the regime of three-cornered cat there were no regular bases, but only such permanent objects as a bedded boulder or and old stump, and often the diamond looked strangely like an irregular polygon. We laid out the ground at Madison Square in the form of an accurate diamond, with home-plate and sand bags for bases…

It was found necessary to reduce the new rules to writing. This work fell to my hands, and the code I then formulated is substantially that in use today. We abandoned the old rule of putting out on the first bound and confined it to fly catching. The new game quickly became very popular with New Yorkers, and the numbers of the club soon swelled beyond the fastidious notions of some of us, and we decided to withdraw and found a new organization, which we called the Knickerbocker.[43]

If Wheaton's account, given in 1887, was correct, then most of the innovations credited to Cartwright were, in fact, the work of the Gothams before the Knickerbockers were formed, including a set of written rules. John Thorn, MLB 's official historian, argued in his book Adan bog'idagi beysbol that four members of the Knickerbockers, namely Wheaton, Louis F. Wadsworth, Daniel "Doc" Adams va Uilyam H. Taker, have stronger claims than Cartwright as "inventors" of modern baseball.[44][f]

Legend holds that Cartwright also introduced the game in most of the towns where he stopped on his trek west to California to find gold, a sort of Johnny Appleseed of baseball. This story, however, arose from forged entries in Cartwright's diary which were inserted after his death.

It is however certain that Cartwright, a New York bookseller who later caught oltin isitma, umpired a game in Hoboken, New Jersey on June 19, 1846. The game ended, and the Knickerbockers' opponents (the New York nine)[g] won, 23–1. This was long believed to be the first recorded U.S. baseball game between organized clubs. However, at least three earlier reported games have since been discovered: on October 10, 1845 a game was played between the New York Ball Club and an unnamed[h] club from Brooklyn, at the Union Star Cricket Grounds in Brooklyn; the New Yorks lost 22 to 1. The game was reported in the Nyu-York tonggi yangiliklari va Haqiqiy quyosh, making it the first ever published baseball result. The New Yorks and Brooklyns played two more games on October 21 and 24, with the first on the New Yorks' home diamond at Elysian Fields and the rematch at the Star Cricket Grounds again.[men][j]

One point undisputed by historians is that the modern professional major leagues that began in the 1870s developed directly from the amateur urban clubs of the 1840s and 1850s, not from the pastures of small towns such as Cooperstown.

  1. ^ The 1845 rules were recorded at the time in manuscript form in the Club Game Book; they would not be published until 1848 and then in slightly amended form.
  2. ^ According to Ford's account of the 1838 Beachville game, "I will remember when some fellows down at or near New York got up the game of base ball that… was played with a ball hard as a stick. India rubber had come into use, and they put so much into the balls to make them lively that when the fellow tossed it to you… you could knock it so far that the fielders would be chasing it yet, like dogs hunting sheep, after you had gone clear around and scored your tally."[30]
  3. ^ The 4th Rule specified the distance from first to third, and home to second, as being 42 paces. If a "pace" is taken to be the same as a yard, three feet, then the distance would have been 126 feet, or 89 feet between bases. However, most contemporary sources, such as Noah Webster's dictionary, considered a "pace" to be two and a half feet, meaning the base distance would have been about 75 feet (still larger than townball's typical 40 to 60).
  4. ^ Or were simply variable depending on how many players were available; during their first decade the Knicks played games with as few as seven and as many as thirteen on a side.
  5. ^ Actually the Olympic Club of Philadelphia was already in existence
  6. ^ Further support for this view is found in a 1905 interview with founding Knickerbocker president and former Gotham Duncan Curry: "William Wheaton, William H Tucker and I drew up the first set of rules and the game was developed by the men who played it."
  7. ^ Most modern accounts capitalize "Nine" as if it were a team name, but in the original it is in lower case and is just a way of saying "nine men;" qarz the opening line of Casey At the Bat, "The outlook wasn't brilliant for the Mudville nine that day." The club itself was in all likelihood the New York Ball Club which had been founded in the 1830s and which participated in the October 1845 Elysian Fields game
  8. ^ But almost certainly the Star Cricket Club
  9. ^ The Haqiqiy quyosh account of the first game read "The Base Ball match between eight Brooklyn players, and eight players of New York, came off on Friday on the grounds of the Union Star Cricket Club. The Yorkers were singularly unfortunate in scoring but one run in their three innings. Brooklyn scored 22 and of course came off winners."
  10. ^ It is entirely possible, even likely, that the second (Hoboken) game is the same as that described by Wheaton in his Xronika interview: “The Gothams played a game of ball with the Star Cricket Club of Brooklyn and beat the Englishmen out of sight, of course.” The umpire in the 1845 game reported in the Tong yangiliklari was none other than William R. Wheaton.

Elisiya maydonlari

Early baseball game played at Elysian Fields, Hoboken (Currier & Ives lithograph).

1845 yilda Knickerbocker Club foydalanishni boshladi Elisiya maydonlari yilda Xoboken o'ynash beysbol, following the New York and Magnolia Ball Clubs which had begun playing there in 1843.

At a preliminary meeting [of the Knickerbockers], it was suggested that as it was apparent they would soon be driven from Murray Hill, some suitable place should be obtained in New Jersey, where their stay could be permanent; accordingly, a day or two afterwards, enough to make a game assembled at Barclay street ferry, crossed over, marched up the road, prospecting for ground on each side, until they reached the Elysian Fields, where they "settled."[45]

On October 21, 1845 the New York Ball Club played the second of their three games against a Brooklyn team there, the series being the first known inter-club baseball games. In June 1846 the Knickerbockers played the "New York nine" (probably the same New York Ball Club) in the first baseball game played between clubs according to codified rules. A plaque and baseball diamond street pavings at 11th and Washington Streets commemorate the event. By the 1850s, several Manhattan-based members of the Asosiy to'p o'ynaydiganlarning milliy assotsiatsiyasi were using the grounds as their home field.

1865 yilda maydonlar o'rtasida chempionat uchrashuvi bo'lib o'tdi Mutual Club ning Nyu York va Atlantika klubi ning Bruklin Taxminan 20000 muxlis ishtirok etgan va unda qo'lga olingan Currier va Ives litografiya The American National Game of Base Ball.

To'siqlar bilan o'ralgan ikkita muhim beysbol parki qurilishi bilan Bruklin, enabling promoters there to charge admission to games; the prominence of Elisiya maydonlari kamayishni boshladi. 1868 yilda etakchi Manxetten klub, O'zaro, uy o'yinlarini Ittifoq asoslari yilda Bruklin. In 1880, the founders of the professional National League's New York club va Metropolitan Club ning Amerika assotsiatsiyasi finally succeeded in siting a ballpark in Manhattan at the former Polo asoslari on 110th Street.

After 1845

The Knickerbockers published their rulebook in 1848, including one significant change: the introduction of the force-out, but only at first base. In 1852, the Eagle Club published their rules, and two years later the Knickerbockers, Eagles and Gothams met and agreed to a uniform set of rules to govern all three clubs, at least in match play, which for the first time set the pitching distance (15 paces). A preliminary meeting in 1855 between seven other clubs, five from New York and one each from Brooklyn and New Jersey,[a] represented the first effort to form an organized league, although it came to nothing. However, in 1857 sixteen clubs from New York and environs sent delegates to a convention that standardized the rules, essentially by agreeing to the unified Knickerbocker-Gotham-Eagle rules with certain revisions: rather than playing to a set number of runs, games would consist of nine innings, and force-outs could now occur at any base. The convention also defined the distance between the bases unambiguously as 90 feet, and specified nine-man teams.[b] The following year, twenty-five clubs including one from New Jersey established an ongoing governing body with officers, constitution and by-laws, but the Asosiy to'p o'ynaydiganlarning milliy assotsiatsiyasi is conventionally dated from the first meeting in 1857. It governed through 1870 but it scheduled and sanctioned no games.

In 1858, clubs from the association played a cross-town, all-star series pitting Bruklin clubs against clubs from Nyu York va Xoboken.[46] On July 20, 1858, an estimated crowd of about 4,000 spectators watched New York and Hoboken defeat Brooklyn by a score of 22–18. The New York team included players from the Union, Empire, Eagle, Knickerbocker and Gotham clubs. The Brooklyn team included players from the clubs Excelsior, Eckford, Atlantic and Putnam.[47] This was the first baseball game played before a paying crowd, with tickets priced at ten cents;[c] the surplus receipts after costs were donated to charity. In a return match held August 17, 1858, and played at the Fashion Course in the Korona mahalla Malika, a slightly smaller crowd cheered Brooklyn to a win over New York and Hoboken by a score of 29–8.[48] New York won a third game in the series, also played at the Fashion Course, on September 10, 1858.[49]

By 1862 some NABBP member clubs offered games to the general public in enclosed ballparks with admission fees.

Paytida va undan keyin Amerika fuqarolar urushi (1861–1865), the movements of soldiers and exchanges of prisoners helped spread the game. As of the December 1865 meeting, the year the war ended, there were isolated Association clubs in Leavenworth Fort, Sent-Luis, Louisville va Chattanooga, Tennessi, along with about 90 member clubs north and east of Vashington, Kolumbiya. The game that was spread, however, was overwhelmingly the Knickerbocker version to the detriment of the older forms; as one periodical stated in 1865,

The National Association or "New-York game" is now almost universally adopted by the Clubs all over the country; va Massachusets shtati, and still more ancient style of playing familiar to any school-boy, called "town ball", will soon become obsolete. No lover of the pastime can regret this, as the New-York mode is superior and more attractive in every way; and better calculated to perpetuate and render "our national game" an "institution" with both "young and old America. – Wilkes’ Spirit of the Times, March 18, 1865[50]

All of these clubs were nominally amateur, although by the late 1860s the strongest clubs' best players were being paid under the table. For the 1869 season the NABBP, in an effort to take the corrupting money out of the amateur game, permitted the formation of professional teams. This move, however, backfired, as the pro game exploded in popularity and amateur club baseball quickly died out. By far the most successful of the new professional clubs, the Sinsinnati qizil paypoqlari, recruited nationally and effectively toured nationally, and no one beat them until June 1870. Their success led to the founding of the Professional baza to'p ijrochilarining milliy assotsiatsiyasi in 1871 and its successor, the Milliy Liga of Professional Base Ball Clubs in 1876, the elder of baseball's two Oliy ligalar and the oldest professional sports league in the world.[d]

Already in the 19th century, the "old game" was invoked for special exhibitions such as reunions and anniversaries – and for making moral points. Today hundreds of clubs in the U.S. play "vintage tayanch to'pi " according to the 1845, 1858, or later rules (up to about 1887), usually in vintage uniforms. Some of them have supporting casts that recreate period dress and manner, especially those associated with living history museums.

The origins of baseball were summarized in a documentary produced by Major League Baseball in 2009 titled Base Ball Discovered.[51]

  1. ^ The clubs were the Gotham, Baltic, Empire, Eckford and Harmony of New York, Atlantic of Brooklyn and Senior of Newark
  2. ^ The Knickerbocker delegates argued strenuously for seven innings and seven men, but were out-voted
  3. ^ Plus an additional twenty or thirty cents for parking one-horse or two-horse vehicles, respectively. Expensive parking is an old baseball tradition.
  4. ^ Angliya Futbol assotsiatsiyasi was organized in 1863, but was amateur until 1885.

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

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