Hlai grammatikasiga ega - Has Hlai grammar

Ushbu maqolada bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos yordam bering uni yaxshilang yoki ushbu masalalarni muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Bu maqola balki juda uzoq qulay o'qish va navigatsiya qilish. Iltimos, ko'rib chiqing bo'linish tarkibni kichik maqolalarga, kondensatsiya uni qo'shish yoki qo'shish pastki sarlavhalar. (May 2020) Bu maqola o'z ichiga olishi mumkin beg'araz, haddan tashqari, yoki ahamiyatsiz misollar. Iltimos maqolani takomillashtirish ko'proq tavsiflovchi matn qo'shish va olib tashlash orqali kamroq o'rinli misollar. Vikipediyani ko'ring yaxshiroq maqolalar yozish uchun qo'llanma keyingi takliflar uchun. (May 2020) Bu maqola Vikipediyaga mos kelishi uchun tahrirlash kerak Uslublar qo'llanmasi. Iltimos uni yaxshilashga yordam bering Agar imkoningiz bo'lsa. (May 2020) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Ushbu maqola. Tavsifidir grammatika standartlashtirilgan Hlai bor, a Hlai tili orolida gapirilgan Xaynan, Xitoy.

Kirish

1956 yil iyun oyida Xitoy hukumati Xlayyan tilidagi Xaynan orolida tadqiqotlar o'tkazdi. ("Hlai" - bu xalq o'zlarini o'z tillarida chaqiradigan ism, Xitoy hukumati ularni xitoy tilida "Li" xalqi deb ataydi.) 1983 yilgi hisobot, Liyu diaocha yanjiu (黎 语 调查 研究)^[1] Hlai tili beshta tildan iborat deb da'vo qildi: Has 侾 黎, Geys 杞 黎, Hyuuen 本地 黎, Moeifou 美孚 黎 va Deitou 加 茂 黎. Ma'lumot uchun Hasning Lauxuet shevasi (xitoycha: 侾 方言 罗 活 土 语Ledongda Baoyou Baodingda (xitoycha: 乐 东 抱 由 镇 保定 村) "Li orfografiyasi" (xitoycha: Li ning standartlashtirilgan tili) sifatida tanlangan. 黎 文 方案) ishlab chiqilgan.

1984 yil sentyabr oyida ikkita tashkilot, Markaziy millatlar universiteti va Xitoy ijtimoiy fanlar akademiyasining ozchiliklar instituti, Li orfografiyasiga bir nechta o'zgartirishlar kiritdi. Hlai tili orfografiyasi "," nomli darslik nashr etilishi bilan yakunlandi. Liyu Jichu Jiaocheng (Xitoy: 黎 语 基础 教程).^[2] 2019 yil oxirida Li nomi bilan ham tanilgan Hlai lug'ati rasmiy ravishda onlayn ravishda joylashtirildi (http://www.tunhlai.com ).

Fonologiya

Xlay tili undoshlarining diagrammasi^[3]

Xlay tili unlilarining sxemasi^[4]

Nutq qismlari

Turli xil turlari otlar^[5][6]

1. Umumiy ismlar

A. insoniyat / shaxslar bilan bog'liq

• 【baiskaux】: (1) ayol; (2) xotin, er faqat o'z xotinini chaqirish uchun foydalanadi; bu boshqalarning xotinlarini chaqirish uchun ishlatish odobsiz so'z.
• 【pasmaen】: (1) erkak; (2) er, bu xotin tomonidan faqat o'z erini chaqirish uchun ishlatiladi; boshqalarning erlarini chaqirish uchun ishlatish odobsiz so'z.
• 【baisdza】: Ona, uni rivoyatchi ishlatadi. Bola o'z onasini chaqirganda, "bais" so'zini ishlatadi
• 【pasdza】: (1) otasi, uni rivoyatchi ishlatadi. Bola o'z otasini chaqirganda, u "pas" so'zini ishlatadi; (2) keksa odamga qo'ng'iroq qilishning hurmatli usuli.

B. Ob'ektlar / narsalar bilan bog'liq

• 【gang】: Tepalik, tog '
• 【nomlar/NAMS】: (1) suv; (2) daryo
• 【laenglar】: Dengiz
• 【fei】: (1) n.: Olov; (2) v.: Yurish
• 【ghei】: Guruch

C. Vaqt yoki makon bilan bog'liq

• 【xwanneix】: Bugun;【uuhaux】: Ertaga
• 【paisdeuu】: Yuqoriga; 【paisfou】: Pastga; 【paiskueng】: O'ng; 【paishluums】: Chap

2. To'g'ri ismlar

A. Shaxslar

• Xan (xitoy) nomi: Li ning barcha xitoycha ismlari Uisliy (黄 黄) mintaqasidagi xaynan tilidagi so'zlashuv so'zlaridan olingan, masalan, qarz so'zlari. Maeus zek dhongx, (Mao Szedun (毛泽东), Xitoy Xalq Respublikasining asoschisi.
• Xlai ismi: Li xalqi odatda o'z farzandlarini o'z tillaridan ismlar bilan chaqirishadi (Hlai).

B. guruh / tashkilot / partiyaning

• Bu xaynan tilidan olingan so'zlar, masalan, Dangx Gok Gong Caens Dhaengs (中国 共产党), Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi.

C. joylar

• Bu xaynan tilidan olingan so'zlar, masalan, Baxgenlar, "Pekin, 北京 (Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi poytaxti)"; Haeisnaems dhaeus, "Xaynan oroli, 海 海南岛"; Lokdhongs, "Ledong, bén (qabilasining markaziy shahri Hlai bor )"

D. Xalqlarniki

• Ko'pchilik xaynan tilidan olingan so'zlar, masalan, Dangx Gok, "Xitoy, 中国";
• bir nechtasi kredit so'zlari emas, masalan, Moei, "Xan xalqi, 汉族"; Xlai, "Li odamlar, 黎族"

3. Mavhum ismlar

Ushbu ismlar asosan qarz so'zlari. Xlay tili ham amaliy, ham konkret xarakterga ega bo'lib, moddiy bo'lmagan narsalarni ta'riflash uchun mos emas.

Uchun asosiy qoidalar Otlar Hlai tilida^[7][8][6]

1. Ismlarni odatda o'zgartirish mumkin emas raqam yolg'iz; raqamga mos keladigan narsa kerak klassifikator ismni o'zgartirish uchun raqamdan keyin.

zuu lang dzax, (a / one classifier ilon) "ilon"

Ammo, sanalar bilan bog'liq bo'lgan ismlar (yil, oy, kun kabi) faqat raqamlar bilan o'zgartiriladi (tasniflovchilar yo'q).

fus boux (uch yil) "uch yil"

hlaus hwan (ikki kun) "ikki kun"

ba nyaen (besh oy) "may"

"Nyaen" so'zi oy nomiga ishora qilganda (yuqoridagi may oyi bo'yicha), raqam "nyaen" ni tasniflagichsiz o'zgartirishi mumkin. Biroq, "nyaen" so'zi oylar miqdoriga ishora qilganda (quyida ko'rsatilganidek), "nyaen" so'zini o'zgartirish uchun tasniflagich talab qilinadi.

ba hom nyaen (beshta klassifikator oyi) "besh oy"

2. Ismlarni o'zgartirish mumkin emas zarflar, shuningdek, ismni ikki baravar oshirish mumkin emas (masalan, **uxaeu uxaeu, "odam odam"; **qora tanlilar, "uy uyi") xitoy tilida bo'lgani kabi "har" ma'nosini ifodalash uchun. "Har bir" ning ma'nosini taqdim etish usuli "ranx" so'zidan va tegishli klassifikatordan quyidagi tarzda foydalanishdir:

ranx zuen uxaeu (har bir klassifikator odam / bitta) "hamma"

ranx hom blongs (har bir klassifikator uyi) "har bir uy"

3. Hlai tili mavjud bo'lmasa ham pasayish jinsi, unda ikkitasi bor prefikslar jinsini ko'rsatish uchun: ayol uchun "bais" va erkak uchun "pas", masalan.

pasdza, "ota"

baisdza, "Ona"

paskay, "xo'roz / xo'roz" （kai: tovuq)

baiskai, "tovuq"

pasdzuengsgong, "sotuvchi" （dzuenglar: sotish, gong: narsalar）

baisdzuengsgong, "sotuvchi ayol"

"Bais" so'zi yolg'iz mavjud bo'lganda, ma'no ona; "pas" otani anglatadi. "Pas" ni a sifatida ham ishlatish mumkin edi klassifikator masalan,

Kun hluuekmuuen hauux zuu pas lax zuu hom. (Plural_marker young_man o'sha bitta klassifikator bitta klassifikatorni yeydi) "O'sha yigitlarning har biri bittadan tanovul qildi."

4. Hlai tili ishlatilmaydi qo'shimchalar yoki ismlarni bildiradigan prefikslar ko'plik ingliz tilidagi kabi. Ammo, Hlai tili "kun" so'zidan foydalanib, ismlarning ko'pligini, masalan.

Kun aeudza rien tun raeu dhuus fou cai. (Ko'plik_marker old_man daraxt ostida kuladi / gapiradi / gapiradi) "Keksa odamlar daraxt ostida hazil aytib berishdi".

"Kun" so'zi a bilan birga ishlatilishi ham mumkin raqam va ismlarni o'zgartirish uchun klassifikator, masalan.

Kun hlaus zuen kauus fuuek riens paens. (Plural_marker two classifier old_sister to'quv yubkasi dekorativ_pattern) "Ikki katta opa-singillar dekorativ naqshli yubkalar to'qishgan."

5. Ism a bo'lishi mumkin Mavzu, predikat, ob'ekt, masalan.

(sub'ekt sifatida "cai" va ob'ekt sifatida "ceeng")

cai tuuen ceeng (Daraxtlar gullari) "daraxtlar gullaydi (gullar)"

(mavzu sifatida "veengs" va predikat sifatida "veengs")

Veengs hauux veengs meuu. (ko'ylak / ustki ko'ylak / ustki (sg.)) "" Bu ko'ylak / ustki sizniki. "

6. Ism atribut bo'lishi mumkin, shuningdek, tomonidan o'zgartirilishi mumkin atributlar masalan.

Meuu kweis ojiep caqias Hlai da? (Siz Li skriptini o'rganmoqchisiz SAVOL) "Hlai yozuvini o'rganmoqchimisiz?"

7. Ism ot ham bo'lishi mumkin qo‘shimcha modifikator, masalan.

Tong neix cai vuek. (tong this tree / wood do / make) "Bu nargile yog'ochdan qilingan." (tong = Chekish uchun mo'ljallangan asbob, masalan, nargile)

8. Vaqt bilan bog'liq bo'lgan ot, hatto a-ni o'zgartirish uchun ergash gapning o'zgaruvchisi ham bo'lishi mumkin fe'l, masalan.

Hwanneix juda yaxshi! (Bugun juda issiq EMFAZIS) "Bugun juda issiq!"

Na uunyeuu hei zok das. (U ertangi kundan keyin onaning onasiga qarab) "U ertasiga buvisining uyiga boradi".

Fa uupans beuuluueng. (Biz kecha qaytib keldik) "Biz kecha qaytdik."

9. Ko'rsatish uchun "guu" so'zi ot oldiga qo'yilganda bo'ysunish, bu kombinatsiya a funktsiyasini bajaradi egalik ibora, va faqat gapning predikatida bo'lishi mumkin, masalan.

Vabheny neix guu Dongxgok. (Bu samolyot Imkoniyatlar Xitoy) "Ushbu samolyot Xitoyga tegishli."

Hlaus lang duis neix guu Laufus. (Ikkita klassifikator bu suv_buffalo Imkoniyatlar Janob Fu) "Bu ikkita suv bufalo janob Fuga tegishli."

Turli xil turlari Fe'llar Hlai tilida^[9][10]

1. Harakat fe'llari 动作 动词

• 【vuek， 做】: qilish, yasash ... (u tez-tez ishlatiladi)

• 【bo'shashgan， 吃】: (1) eyish, ichish, chekish ...; (2) yutmoq (tez-tez ishlatiladi)

• 【duuengx， 给】: bermoq

• 【taeix， 打】: urmoq, urmoq

• 【bleuu， 听】: (1) eshitish; (2) his qilish

• 【dzok， 偷】: o'g'irlamoq

• 【zonglar， 坐】: o'tirish

• 【ghais， 叫 ， 请 ， 派】: birovga (larga) biror narsa qilishni aytmoq; taklif qilmoq...

• 【fei， 走】: (1) v.: Yurmoq; yurmoq; (2) n.: Olov

• 【cuuek， 休息】: dam olish

• 【tuas， 欺骗】: aldash

• 【lienglar， 看守】: tomosha qilmoq, qo'riqlamoq

• boshqalar

2. Fe'llarni bog'lash 连 系 动词 （判断 动词）

• 【kishi， 是】: am, is, are (fe'llar bo'ling, ba'zan gapda tashlab qo'yiladi)

• 【gvayx， 不是】: emasman, emas, emas

3. Aqliy faoliyatni ifodalash uchun fe'llar 表示 心理 活动

• 【dhas， 怕】: qo'rqmoq, qo'rqmoq

• 【ngop， 想念】: yana ko'rishni istamoq, sog'inmoq

• 【oep， 爱】: sevmoq, yoqtirmoq

• 【vuuengx， 心里 烦乱】: chalkash, tartibsiz (fe'l sifatida ishlatiladi)

• 【luuemx， 忘记】: unutmoq

• 【uuen， 埋怨】: shikoyat qilmoq

• 【tuuenngaen， 生气】: g'azablanmoq (shunga o'xshash boshqa so'z: kis, kisngaen)

• 【dxayx， 忍受】: chidamoq, toqat qilmoq

• boshqalar

4. Borliq, o'zgarish, rivojlanishni ifodalash uchun fe'llar 表示 存在 、 变化 、 发展

• 【zhus， 在】: (1) v .: mavjud bo'lish; (2) tayyorgarlik: in, on, at

• 【zaux， 有】: bor, bor / bor

• 【Hlaeux， 死】: (1) v .: o'lmoq; (2) n.: O'lim

• 【salom， 生】: (1) v .: tug'ish; (2) adj: tirik, tirik

• 【uzoq， 长大】: (1) v .: voyaga etmoq; (2) adj: katta, katta

• 【dzauux， 变】: o'zgartirish

• boshqalar

5. Modal fe'llar 能 愿 动词

• 【Gieu， 能】: yaxshi bo'lishni, qodir bo'lishni, mumkin

• 【gaks， 不能】: qilolmayman, qila olmayman

• 【kveys， 愿意】: tayyor bo'lmoq

• 【ais， 不愿】: xohlamaslik

• 【dheeng-hwoek， 同意 ， 愿意】: rozi bo'lmoq, tayyor bo'lmoq

• 【kueng， 会】: qanday qilishni bilish, qodir bo'lish

• 【boei， 不会】: qanday qilishni bilmaslik, qodir bo'lmaslik

• 【lopp， 可以 ， 能够】: ruxsat berish, qodir bo'lish

• 【guulax， 必须 ， 应该】: kerak, kerak

• 【kiemx， 必须 ， 应该】: must, should (bu kredit so'zi)

• 【komx， 必须 ， 应该】: must, should (bu kredit so'zi)

• 【auux， 敢】: jur'at qilmoq

• boshqalar

6. Harakat fe'llari 趋向 动词

• 【buen， 来】: kelmoq

• 【hei， 去】: borish

• 【beuu， 回】: orqaga qaytmoq, qaytmoq

• 【lueng， 返】: qaytmoq

• 【dhuas， 过】: o'tmoq

• 【kaen， 上】: yuqoriga ko'tarilish

• 【luei， 下】: pastga tushmoq

• 【hluet， 进】: kirmoq

• 【tuuen， 出】: (1) v .: tashqariga chiqmoq, ketmoq, chiqmoq; (2) tayyorgarlik: dan

• 【dhaens， 到】: kelmoq

Uchun asosiy qoidalar Fe'llar Hlai tilida^[11][10]

1. Hlai tilida fe'llar hech qachon shaklini o'zgartirmaydi. Qo'shimchaning yoki anning joylashishi yordamchi fe'ldan keyin yoki undan oldingi so'z fe'lni aniqlaydi vaqt.

A. Progressiv jihat

Qo'shimcha so'z "faets"yoki"fietla"harakatni jarayonda ifodalashi mumkin va fe'l oldiga qo'yiladi, masalan.

Na faets lax soliq.

u progressiv tomonning qo'shimchali so'zi guruch iste'mol qiladi

"他 正在 吃饭 ， U ovqatlanmoqda."

Daty faets bheny.

qushcha qo'shimchali so'zi progressiv aspekt pashshasi

"鸟 正在 飞 ， qushlar uchmoqda."

Hluuek na fietla laix dax.

progressiv aspektli shudgor maydonining bolasi, u qo'shimchali so'zi

"他 的 孩子 正在 犁田 ， Uning bolalari / bolasi dalada shudgor qilyapti."

B. Ajoyib jihat

"So'zi bilan fe'llarbxeys"allaqachon sodir bo'lgan harakatni ifodalaydi. Agar"bxeys"fe'ldan oldin joylashtirilgan, bu ergash gap, masalan.,

Hluuek na bhaeis hei ang he.

bola u / u mukammal tomonning qo'shimchali so'zi maydon urg'usiga o'ting

"他 的 孩子 已经 去 山 栏 地 了 ， Uning bolalari / bolasi allaqachon dalaga ketgan."

Pashlaus na bhaeis bleuu fan rien,

katta aka u / u mukammal tomonning qo'shimchali so'zini eshitadi, keyin aytadi

"Eis, hluumsghweuu na guu. Loms cas da?"

Aksent u kelajak yo'nalishining yordamchisini hali ham bilmaydi yoki yo'q

"他 哥哥 （已经） 听了 便 说 ，" 哎 ， 不 知道 他 还要 这样 不? "，

Akasi bu haqda eshitgach: "Eh, men u hali ham buni (yoki) qilmasligini bilmaymanmi?"

Agar "bhaeis" so'zi fe'ldan keyin qo'yilgan bo'lsa, u a vazifasini bajaradi to'ldiruvchi va "tugagan" degan ma'noni anglatadi, masalan,

Hou lax soliq bhaeis goms hei.

Men tugagan guruchni iste'mol qilaman, keyin boraman

"我 吃完 饭 就去 ， Kechki ovqatni tugatgandan so'ng, ketaman."

"Dhuas" so'zi mukammal tomonni ham ko'rsatishi mumkin, ("(1) v.: O'tish; (2) harakat allaqachon sodir bo'lganligini va fe'ldan keyin joylashtirilganligini ko'rsatadigan yordamchi so'z; (3) yordamchi taqqoslashni anglatadigan va sifatdan keyin joylashadigan so'z ") masalan,

Meuu laeis zuu zuen aeu neix dhuas cas da?

bitta yordamchi odamni yoki tasniflagichni ko'rasiz

"你 见过 这个 人 吗？ this Siz bu odamni ko'rganmisiz?"

Dhes da rien dhongneix dhuas.

Men bunday yordamchi kabi aytmayman / gapirmayman

"我 没有 说过 这样 的 的 话 ， Men bunga o'xshash hech narsa demaganman."

S Kelajak istiqboli

Yordamchi so'z "kveys"yoki"guu"fe'l oldiga qo'yilishi bilan harakat kelgusida bo'lishini bildiradi, masalan.

Na kweis hei Damxax.

he/she auxiliary word for future go Sanya city

"他要去三亚，He is going to Sanya."

Meuu kweis vuek meshes?

you auxiliary word for future do/make what

"你要干什么？What will you do?"

The nuance between the two words "kweis"va"guu" is that: when two verbs are used together, if the first one is the method of the second one, or the second one is the purpose of the first one, only the word "guu" can be placed before the second verb, e.g.,

Bhoek noms guu roengx tax.

carry water for the purpose of cook rice

"打水煮饭，bring the water (used) for cooking"

D. Others

If an action only lasts for a short while, the adverbial word "zuufanx" is placed after the verb, e.g.,

Gaux zuufanx.

lie down a short while

"躺一会儿，Liedown (for) a short while."

Duuengx hou cat zuufanx.

to let/to allow I, wear a short while

"给我穿一下子，Let me wear it (for) a short while."

2. Hlai verbs, including action verbs, verbs for expressing mental activities, and verbs for expressing existence, change, and development, can be predicates or predicate heads in a sentence. Most of these verbs can be followed by objects or by complements, and can be modified by adverbials, nouns of time, and auxiliary words, e.g.,

Dhes naeus buuen.

I just come

"我刚来，I just came here."

Mieu gaenys diu.

cat bite mouse

"猫咬老鼠，A cat bites a mouse."

Pasdza dhuus blongs.

father exist/in house

"父亲在家，Father is at home."

Meuu uuhaux kweis hei da？

you tomorrow auxiliary word for future go not

"你明天去吗？Are you going tomorrow (or not)?"

3. Hlai verbs, except for linking verbs, can usually be made nominal by adding a prefix "uu-"; nominal verbs can be a Mavzu, but cannot be a major part of the predikat masalan,

Uu- laix hauux dax hou.

prefix plow that field my

"那犁过的是我的田，The field that has been plowed is mine."

Uu- buuen hauux ghueng dhes.

prefix come that young brother or sister my

"那个来的是我的弟弟（妹妹），The one who is coming is my brother/sister."

Nominal verbs still can function as a verb with an object following it; the nominal verb and the object together can function as a subject, object or nominal predicate, e.g.,

Duis neix man uu- duuengx hlausghueng.

buffalo this is prefix give relatives

"这牛是给亲戚的，The buffalo is for (giving to) the relatives."

Uu- oep hou man dhangjis hou.

prefix love me is comrade my

"爱我的是我的同志，The one who loves me is my comrade."

4. Hlai verbs are rarely doubled as they are in Chinese; only monosyllabic action verbs and verbs for expressing mental activities can be doubled. Ikki baravar monosyllabic verbs imply that the action is casually and carelessly done, e.g.,

Na bleuu bleuu fan beuu.

he/she hear hear then go back

"他听了听就回去了，He (only) heard about/of it and went back."

Kun hluuekueng dzueis dzueis fan fei hluet blongs.

plural marker young girl look look then walk go into house

"姑娘们看了看就走进屋里去了，The girls (only) taking a quick look, then went into the house."

A verb followed by "laeis" comes to mean "to try"; if a verb is followed by an object, the word "laeis" should be placed after the object, e.g.,

Hou qim laeis.

I taste try

"我尝尝看，I'll try (to taste) it."

Meuu dzueis dhang na laeis.

You (s.) look face he/she try

"你看看他的脸，You try to look at his face."

5. Modal fe'llar are usually placed before a verb forming the predicate of a sentence to express 1) the ability of the one performing the action, or 2) the possibility, obligation, or need of the action, e.g.,

Dhes kueng rien tun Moei.

I know how say/speak word Han/Chinese

"我会讲汉语，I can speak Chinese."

Meuu kiemx hei geek guns.

You should/must go look for firewood

"你应该去砍柴，You should look for firewood."

Meuu guulax dhongneix vuek naus dhiu.

you should/must like this do just right

"你必须这样做才对，You must do (it) like this, (for it) to be done just right."

Meuu gieu vuek meshes?

You be good at do what

"你能干什么？What are you good at?"

Na boei taeis zuu hom qias neix.

he/she be not able to write one classifier script this

"他不会写这个字，He does not know how to write this one script."

Hou dheeng'hwoek vuek.

I be willing to/agree do

"我愿意/同意做，I am willing to (do that) / I agree to (do that)."

Meuu kweis beuu na da?

You be willing to marry he/she not

"你愿意嫁他吗？Are you willing to marry him?"

Na ais vuek.

he/she be not willing to do

"他不愿意做，He is not willing to (do that)."

Na gax vuek gong neix.

he/she be not able do work this

"他无法做这个工作，He is not able to do this work."

Na loepp buuen.

he/she be allowed to/be able to come

"他可以来，He is able to come. / He is allowed to come."

Hou auux taeix hapaeu.

I dare to shoot

"我敢打枪，I dare to shoot."

Modal verbs cannot be followed by noun-objects, nor can modal verbs be doubled, except in an interrogative sentence, that a positive and negative modal verb is used to ask yes or no,e.g.,

Meuu kueng da kueng?

You know how not know how

"你会不会？Do you know how to do it (or not)?"

Only in answering questions, can a modal verb act alone as a predicate, except for the modal verbs "kiemx", "guulax" and the word "guu", which cannot act as a predicate, e.g.,

Meuu gieu rien tun Hlai cas da? Dhes gieu.

You be able to say/speak word Li or not? I be able to

"你能说黎语吗？我能，Can you speak the Hlai/Li language? I can."

Modal verbs sometimescan be followed by an object, e.g.,

Na bhaeis o kueng qias Hlai he.

he already learn (loan word) know how script Li accent

"他已经学会黎文了，He already learned the Hlai's/Li's script."

The antonim of the modal verb "kweis"bu"ais"; the antonym of "kueng"bu"hluums", and that of "gieu"bu"gaks", which cannot be used in the imperativ kayfiyat.

6. Verbs of motion can act alone as a predikat masalan,

Uengxtoengs buuen res!

everyone come accent

"大家来吧！Everyone, come!"

Also, verbs of motion can follow a main verb to express the direction of the action forming a predicate, e.g.,

Dhes fei hluet blongs.

I walk go into house

"我走进屋里，I walked into the house."

Na tuuen blongs ghoux tuuen buuen.

he/she from house run go out come

"他从屋里跑出来，He ran out of the house."

Zuufanx blei hei, zuufanx blei luueng.

a short while swim go to, a short while swim go back

"一会儿游去，一会儿游回，swim back and forth."

Also, verbs of motion can combine together and become qo'shma so'zlar as can be seen in the chart below:

The compound words above can be followed by objects, e.g.,

Hou hwanneix bhaeis duengx heikaen hwous.

I today already carry/bring go up mountain

"我今天已经送到山上去，I have already brought (it) to the mountain today."

Pasdza ghuis na heihluet hwous hloek.

Father lead/direct he/she go into mountain deep

"父亲带他进入深山，Father took him into the remote mountains."

Pasbhanghlauux fan beuuluueng blongs.

name of a man then come back home

"Pasbhanghlauux 便回家去，Then, Pasbhanghlauux went home."

Except for the word "luueng", the words found in the first column of the chart ("dhuas", "kaen", "luei", "hluet", "tuuen", va"beuu") and the words found along the top row ("buuen", "hei", va"beuu") can exchange positions. After exchanging positions, the compound words cannot be followed by an object, and usually are used in imperativ kayfiyat.

7. Linking verbs are placed before nouns, noun phrases yoki olmoshlar, combining two grammatical parts as a predikat, to provide information about the objects, e.g.,

Hou man Hlai, ghwaix Moei.

I am Li, am not Han/Chinese

"我是黎族，不是汉族，I am a Li, not a Han."

Na man pashlaus hou.

He is older brother my

"他是我的哥哥，He is my older brother."

The linking verbs can be omitted, e.g.,

Na pasghueng hou.

He younger brother my

"他是我的弟弟，He is my younger brother."

But, when the subject or predicate is too long, or when the predicate includes numbers, the linking verbs cannot be omitted, e.g.,

Gha uengxtoengs bhaeisbhaeis ruus man uxaeu Dongxgok.

We everyone all all are people China

"咱们大家都是中国人，All of us are Chinese."

Linking verbs cannot go with words that indicate the tense (like "faets" or "bhaeis" or "dhuas"), nor with directional verbs or with the complement, nor be modified by adverbials, or be doubled.

8. When the qo'shimchasi "toengs" is added to some verbs, the compound words become reciprocal verbs, and cannot be followed by any objects, e.g.,

Duis tut'toengs.

Water buffalo collide with each other

"牛互相碰撞，The buffaloes collided with each other."

Na hlaus zuen oeptoengs dhat.

He/she two classifier love each other truly

"他们两人很相爱，The two of them love each other very much."

9. Some words in Hlai language are both nouns and verbs, e.g.,

qiziqarli

N.: fun long

    rain  big

    "大雨，heavy rain"

V: fun bhe!

   rain, accent

   "下雨了！It is raining!"

coem

N.: coem cai

    meva. daraxt

    "果子，fruit"

V: cai coem

   tree  bear fruit

   "树结果，The tree bears fruit."

dzuuem

N.: dzuuem kai

    egg        chicken

    "鸡蛋，chicken egg"

V: kai dzuuem

   chicken  lay egg

   "鸡下蛋，The chicken is laying an egg."

haeis

N.: haeis duis

    excrement  water buffalo

   "牛屎，water buffalo's excrement"

V: duis haeis

   water buffalo  excrement

   "牛拉屎，The water buffalo is defecating."

In Chinese and English, the verb "wear" can apply to different actions, like wearing a necklace, wearing a hat, or wearing earrings. However, in Hlai language these different actions are distinguished by different verbs, e.g.,

"to wear"

kienx (for wearing a necklace);

mieng (for wearing earrings);

ngwaus (for wearing a hat);

pien (for wearing a skirt, pants, shoes);

mushuk (for wearing a top, a shirt)

"noise"

roeng (from an insect or bird);

vuns (from a dog);

hyoen (from a rooster);

ngwaety (from a human)

Turli xil turlari Sifatlar in Hlai language^[12][13]

1. That are for describing the characterities of a person or thing

• 【hleny，好】: good
• 【reek，坏】: bad, not good
• 【kaeix，冷】: cold
• 【fous/faus，热】: hot
• 【dza，老】: old
• 【bluuek，年轻】: young
• 【hloek，深】: deep
• 【tuuens，浅】: shallow
• boshqalar

2. That are for describing the forms/attributes of thing

• 【uzoq，大】: big, large
• 【enyx，小】: small
• 【ko'zdan kechirish，高】: tall, high
• 【tauus，矮】: short
• 【daeus，长】: long
• 【yoqimli，短】: short
• boshqalar

3. That are for describing the state of actions or emotions

• 【dzuuns，快】: quick
• 【romashka，慢】: slow
• 【hluengs，松】: loose
• 【guung，紧】: tight
• 【hlenyfaty，快乐】: happy
• 【heen，容易】: easy
• boshqalar

The basic rules for Adjectives in Hlai language^[14][8][13]

1. In Hlai language, adjectives cannot be a Mavzu, na ob'ekt, but can act as a predikat, xususiyat, qo‘shimcha, yoki to'ldiruvchi.

A. As a predikat

The adjective goes after the subject, e.g.,

Zuu hom coem hauux long baisias.

One classifier fruit that big/large very much

"那一个果子很大，That fruit (is) large!"

Zuu zuen aeu max reek.

One classifier man/person there bad

"那一个人坏，That man (is) bad/notorious."

B. As an xususiyat

The adjective goes after the noun that is modified, e.g.,

dhop kieu

cloth blue/green

"蓝布，(a) blue cloth"

veengs paens

shirt/top colorful

"花衣服，(a) loud (pronounced colors) shirt"

fun long

rain big

"大雨，heavy rain"

hwous enyx

mountain small

"小山，(a) small mountain / hill"

blongs peek

house tall

"高房子，(a) tall house"

ceeng hleny

flower good

"好花，(a) pretty flower"

C. As an qo‘shimcha

The adjective is placed before the verb, e.g.,

Meuu dais dais lax as.

You slow slow eat an accent

"你慢慢地吃吧！(You) Eat slowly."

Na kauuspaeis fei.

He/she swift in action walk

"他迅速地走，He walked quickly."

D. As a to'ldiruvchi

The adjective usually comes after the verb in a sentence, e.g.,

Na vuek reek he.

He/she do/make bad an accent

"他弄坏了，He has broken (it)."

Meuu bhaeis laix hleny hyos?

You already plow well marker of question

"你已经犁好了吗？Have you finished plowing?"

2. An adjective also can be modified by adverbs, which can be placed either before or after the adjective, e.g.,

da hleny

not good

"不好，not good"

da peek

not tall

"不高，not tall"

vaeu reek

most bad

"最坏，worst"

duix hlenymuuen

most beautiful

"最美丽，most beautiful"

paens dhatdhat

colorful/floral truly/really

"很花，very colorful"

hlenyfaty baisias

happy very much

"很高兴，very happy"

3. In Hlai language, adjectives have qiyosiy va ajoyib daraja.

A. qiyosiy daraja

Yoki "dhuas"yoki"bhi", denote comparative degree; the former one is a Hlai word, the latter a loan word. If the word "dhuas" is used, it should be placed after the adjective, and the adjective and "dhuas" should be placed between the two objects being compared, e.g.,

Baisdza peek dhuas hluuekbaiskaux.

Mother tall more than daughter

"母亲高过女儿，The mother is taller than her daughter."

Zuuhwuuep long dhuas zuu'ei.

Winter melon/white gourd big more than pumpkin

"冬瓜大过南瓜，The white gourd is bigger than her pumpkin."

If the loan word "bhi" is used, it is placed between the two objects being compared, and the adjective is placed after the latter object, e.g.,

Meuu bhi dhes peek.

You compare I tall

"你比我高，You are taller than I (am)."

Blongs dhes bhi blongs na hleny.

House my compare house his good

"我的房子比他的房子好，My house is better than his."

B. ajoyib daraja

Yoki "vaeu"yoki"duix", denote superlative degree; the former one is a Hlai word, the latter a loan word. If either "vaeu"yoki"duix" is used, it should be placed before the adjective, e.g.,

Pashlaus vaeu gieu.

Older brother most capable

"哥哥最能干，The older brother is most capable."

Baiscuty duix hlenymuuen.

Youngest daughter most beautiful

"幺妹最漂亮，The youngest daughter is most beautiful."

According to my Hlai language consultant, Mr. Liu, "The word veau could possibly imply a derogatory, an exaggerated or overstated statement." It depends on the context.

C. Others

"Zuugit", instead of indicating comparative or superlative degrees, denotes "(just) a little bit", e.g.,

Zuu kuuengx cai neix peek zuugit.

One classifier tree this tall a little bit

"这棵树高一点，This three is just a little bit taller."

Veengs neix baen zuugit.

shirt/top this new a little bit

"这衣服新一点，This dress is just a little bit newer."

4. Except for adjectives that describe a mental/emotional status, adjectives can be made nominal qo'shib prefiks "uu-". Adjectives that are nominal cannot be a predikat, but can act as a subject, an object, or an xususiyat masalan,

Uu-hleny neix man guu meuu.

The good one this is a maker of possession you

"这个好的是你的，This good one is yours."

Na qieng dheuu uu-daeus.

He/she want to take the long one

"他想拿长的，He wants to take the long one."

Kai uu-long hauux man guu dhes.

Chicken the big one that is a maker of possession me

"那只大的鸡是我的，That big chicken is mine."

5. Adjectives for describing the forms/attributes of things, and those for describing the status of actions or emotions, can be doubled, but the adjective has to be monosyllabic.When the adjectives are doubled, the degree of the adjective increases, e.g.,

veengs kaeu kaeu

shirt/top white white

"白白的衣服，white clothes"

dzuuns dzuuns buuen

quick quick come

"快快来，come quickly"

dais dais fei

slow slow walk

"慢慢走，walk slowly" (When the Hlai people are saying farewell (bye), "dais dais fei" is the phrase they say to each other.)

Two different adjectives can be doubled like AABB, e.g.,

Blongs dhes baen baen hleny hleny.

House my new new good good.

"我的房子又新又好，My house is new and good."

Zuu hom hwous neix peek peek long long.

One classifier mountain this high high big big

"这一座山又高又大，This mountain is tall and big."

Two different adjectives also can be positioned in an ABAB pattern, e.g.,

Guen neix peek tauus peek tauus.

Road this high short high short

"这条路高高低低，This road is rough/bumpy."

Na fei aus uty aus uty.

He/she walk swing swing swing swing

"他踉踉跄跄地走着，He is walking tipsy (unsteady like a drunk)."

Zuu dhaenx guen neix muety toei muety toei.

One classifier road this straight flat straight flat

"这一条路平平直直，This road is straight and smooth."

Bundan tashqari, ba'zilari monosyllabic adjectives express an increasing degree by the adding of a prefix, which combines the initial consonant of that adjective with a vowel like "i" or "u"; and the tone of the prefix is the first tone, e.g.,

li- loek

prefix dark

"黑漆漆，pitch-dark"

ri- raeux

prefix sparse

"稀疏，sparse"

gu- goeks

prefix concave

"黑漆漆，full of bumps and holes/uneven"

ghu- ghaeu

prefix clear

"清澈，clear"

6. Some adjectives can have a duplicated suffix tagged on to the ends, which cannot exist independently, to intensify the description, e.g.,

kaeu- laepplaepp

white something looks bright

"亮晶晶，something is so white as to be bright"

loek- tingting

black something looks dark

"黑漆漆，something is so black as to be dark"

tax fous-qiettqiett

rice hot something looks hot

"饭热乎乎，the hot rice"

7. The word "enyx" is used to describe something small, and can either be placed before the noun or after; either way the emphasis is on the latter word, e.g.,

The word "long" is used to describe something big or large, and can either be placed before the noun or after; either way the emphasis is on the former word, e.g.,

Another way to express something big or large is to add the prefix "bais-" to nouns related to objects/things; but, if the prefix "bais-" is added to nouns related to mankind/persons, it becomes an indicator of gender, e.g.,

Nouns that have the prefix "bais-" added on to them can be modified by the word "long" to increase the degree, e.g.,

bais-kuuengxcai long,

big tree big

"很大的树，large tree"

bais-qien long,

big stone big

"很大的石头，large stone"

If the speaker intends to increase the degree, the word "dhat" or "dhatdhat" can be added.

Turli xil turlari Raqamlar and their basic rules in Hlai language^[15][16]

Numbers in Hlai language, including cardinal numbers, tartib raqamlari, and numbers of approximation, usually act as subjects, predicate, or objects in a sentence. When numbers are used with tasniflagichlar, together they become a phrase that can be an attribute to modify the ot iborasi.

1. Kardinal raqamlar

A. Basic numbers units

• 【ceuus/zeuus/zuu，一】: one (in some case, the word "bo'shashgan" also mean the digit—"one")

• 【hlaus，二】: two

• 【fus，三】: three

• 【caus，四】: four

• 【ba，五】: five

• 【dom，六】: six

• 【tou，七】: seven

• 【ghou，八】: eight

• 【fauus，九】: nine

• 【fuet，十】: ten

• 【ghwaen，百】: hundred

• 【nguen，千】: thousand

• 【vaens，万】: ten thousand

B. Basic numbers unit combinations

• 【fuet ceuus，十一】: eleven

• 【fuet hlaus，十二】: twelve

• 【hlaus fuet，二十】: twenty

• 【fus fuet ba，三十五】: thirty five

• 【bo'shashgan ghwaen hlaus fuet，一百二十】: one hundred twenty

• 【caus nguen uengx ceuus，四千零一】: four thousand zero one (4,001)

• 【zuu vaens，一万】: ten thousand

C. Cardinal numbers by themselves usually cannot modify nouns, but need to be placed before a klassifikator to modify the noun that goes after the classifier, e.g.,

zuu lang kai

one classifier chicken

"一只鸡，one chicken"

fuet zuen aeu

ten classifier person/man

"十个人，ten people"

hlaus nguen kuuengx cai

two thousand classifier tree

"两千棵树，two thousands tree"

However, in relation to dates (like year, month, day), numbers can modify these types of nouns without classifiers.
Meuuda doengs dhuus Bhakgengs zuu boux hei lo.

you live in Beijing one year pass accent

"你们住在北京一年了，You have lived in Beijing for a year."

Na hlaus hwan da kaen hwous geek guns lo.

he two day not go up mountain search firewood accent

"他两天不上山砍柴了，These past two days he has not gone up to the mountain to look for firewood."

D. Cardinal numbers cannot be doubled, except for with "nguen"va"vaens"; when their pattern is AABB, and the resulting phrase means a number of great amount, e.g.,

Zaux nguen nguen vaens vaens aeu buuen.

have thousand thousand ten thousand ten thousand man come

"有千千万万的人来，There are thousands of people coming."

Nguen nguen vaens vaens aeu ngan qieng hei Bhakgengs.

thousand thousand ten thousand ten thousand man also/all desire go Beijing.

"千千万万的人都想去北京，Thousands of people want to go to Beijing."

Sometimes, the words "nguen"va"vaens" combine with "jieng"yoki"zuu" to form an ABAC phrase to modify a noun, synonymous in meaning to the AABB pattern, e.g.,

Zaux jieng nguen jieng vaens aeu hei.

have form thousand form ten thousand man go

"有成千成万的人去，There are thousands of people going."

Zuu nguen zuu vaens aeu ngan qieng fas fun.

one thousand one ten thousand man all desire sky rain

"千千万万的人都盼望天下雨，Thousands of people look forward to the rain."

E. There are four words ("zuu", "ceuus/zeuus", va"bo'shashgan") that can represent the place value of "one", but each word has its own usage.

First, when Hlai people count, they will say, "ceuus/zeuus, hlaus, fus, caus…(1, 2, 3, 4…)", they won't use "zuu"yoki"bo'shashgan" for one.

So'zizuu" needs to go with a classifier to modify a noun.

zuu lang duis

one classifier water buffalo

"一只水牛，one water buffalo."

The digit 1, when it is either in the 100's, 1,000's, 10,000's, 100,000's.... place of a number, the word "zuu" should be used for 1, e.g.,

zuu ghwaen

one hundred

"一百，one hundred"

zuu nguen

one thousand

"一千，one thousand"

zuu vaens

one ten thousand

"一万，ten thousand"

The digit 1, when it is either in the 10's or 1's place of a number, the word "ceuus/zeuus" should be used for 1, e.g.,

fuet ceuus/zeuus

ten one

"十一，eleven (11)"

zuu ghwaen ceuus/zeuus fuet

one hundred one ten

"一百一十，onehundred and ten (110)"

zuu vaens zuu nguen ceuus/zeuus fuet ceuus/zeuus

bir o'n yuz bir ming bir o'n bitta

"一 万 一千 零 一 十一 ， O'n bir ming o'n bir (11,011)"

zuu ghwaen uengx ceuus / zeuus

yuz bir

"一百 零 一 ， yuz bir (101)"

Ammo, agar raqam tasniflagich bilan ishlatilsa, unda "zuu" so'zi ishlatilishi kerak, masalan.

zuu nguen uengx zuu hom

ming bir klassifikator

"一千 零 一个 ， ming bir (ob'ektlar)."

So'zibo'shashgan"klassifikator bilan ishlatib bo'lmaydi." so'zibo'shashgan"faqat raqam o'ndan kattaroq bo'lganida birinchi raqamda ishlatilishi mumkin. Ammo 100, 1000, 10000 ... va hokazo kabi sonlar 10 ga ko'p bo'lsa, so'z"zuu"o'rniga ishlatilishi kerak"bo'shashgan"masalan.,

lax fuet ceuus / zeuus (= fuet ceuus / zeuus)

bitta o'n bitta = o'n bitta

"一 十一 ， o'n bir (11)"

lax ghwaen ceuus / zeuus fuet ceuus / zeuus

yuz bir o'n bitta

"一百 一 十一 ， bir yuz o'n bir (111)"

lax nguen dom ghwaen (= zuu nguen dom ghwaen)

bir ming olti yuz = bir ming olti yuz

"一千 六百 ， bir ming olti yuz (1600)"

F. Ikki so'z bor ("fuet"va"bulka")" o'n "qiymatining qiymati uchun ishlatiladigan, ammo har bir so'zning ishlatilishi mavjud.

Birinchidan, "fuet"hisoblashda o'n raqami uchun ishlatiladi.

"Bun"ismni o'zgartirish uchun klassifikator bilan borishning hojati yo'q. Ammo, agar"bulka"ismni o'zgartirish uchun klassifikator bilan boradi, ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan ikkita tasniflagich"hom"va" lang "; ammo" lang "odamlar bilan ishlatilganda,"bulka"dan foydalanish mumkin emas.

hlaus bun hom gan (= hlaus bun gan)

ikkita o'n tasniflovchi pul = ikkita o'n pul

"Yigirma yigirma dollar"

fus bun lang kai (= fus bun kay)

uchta o'nta klassifikator tovuqi = uchta o'nta tovuq

"三十 只鸡 ， o'ttiz tovuq"

"Fuet"ismni o'zgartirish uchun klassifikator bilan borish kerak, masalan.

fuet lang duis

o'nta klassifikator bufalo

"十 只 水牛 ， tenwater buffalo"

Shu bilan birga, "fuet" ismlarning oldiga qo'yilishi mumkin, ular ham tasniflovchi hisoblanadi, masalan.

ba fuet boux

besh o'nta klassifikator / yil

"五 五 ， ellik yil"

fus fuet waeu

uchta o'nta klassifikator / piyola

"三 ls ， o'ttiz piyola"

G. Hlai tilida "nol" raqami uchun so'z yo'q; ba'zi sohalar qabul qilingan qarz so'zi "lengs" (零 ， nol), masalan,

zuu ghwaen lengs ba

yuz nol besh

"一 百零五 ， bir yuz besh (105)"

Biroq, "nol" raqami "uengx" yoki "loms" birikmasi bilan ifodalanishi mumkin, masalan.

zuu ghwaen uengx hlaus (hom)

yuz ikki (tasniflovchi)

"一百 零二 （个） ， yuz ikki (102)"

fus nguen loms hlaus fuet (hom)

uch ming yana ikki o'n (tasniflovchi)

"三千零 二十 （个） ， uch ming yigirma (3020)"

H. Hlai tilida raqamlarni yasashning ikkita qoidasi mavjud

(1) 1 dan 9 gacha bo'lgan har qanday bitta raqam "fuet", "ghwen", "nguen", yoki"bekor", raqam va so'z o'rtasidagi munosabat qo'shimcha, masalan,

fuet ceuus (= fuet + ceuus)

o'n bitta

"O'n bir (11)"

fuet xlaus (= fuet + hlaus)

o'n ikki

"O'n ikki (12)"

(2) 1 dan 9 gacha bo'lgan har qanday bitta raqam oldin "qo'yilgandafuet", "ghwen", "nguen", yoki"bekor", raqam va so'z o'rtasidagi munosabatlar ko'paytma, masalan,

fus fuet (= fus X fuet)

uch o'n

"三十 (o'ttiz (30)"

hlaus ghwaen (= hlaus X ghwaen)

ikki yuz

"二百 ， ikki yuz (200)"

2. Tartib raqamlar

A. Hlai tilida "so'zighwous"(头 ， bosh) yoki"ceuus"(一 ， one)" birinchi "degan ma'noni anglatadi va" so'ziyoqimli"(尾 ， quyruq)" oxirgi "degan ma'noni anglatadi; birinchi va oxirgi orasidagi barcha raqamlar uchun" so'zi "tom"(中间 ， o'rta) ishlatiladi.

hluuek-ghwous-ghwa

ekish uchun bola boshi

"老大 老大 长子） ， birinchi tug'ilgan bola (odatda, bu" o'g'il "degan ma'noni anglatadi)" "

hluuek-tom

bola o'rtasi

"老二 ， 老三… ， o'rtada bola (bolalar)"

hluuek-cuty

bolalar dumi

"Kenja bola"

Agar odamning jinsi kerak bo'lsa, "pasmaen"(男人 ， odam) yoki"baiskaux"(女人 ， ayol) qo'shilishi mumkin, masalan,

hluuek-pasmaen-ghwous-ghwa = hluuek-ghwous-ghwa

bola odam ekish uchun bosh = bola bosh ekish uchun

"Birinchi tug'ilgan o'g'il"

hluuek-baiskaux-ghwous-ghwa = hluuek-baiskaux-uzun

bola ayol bosh ekish = bola ayol katta

"大 女儿 ， birinchi tug'ilgan qiz"

Odatda "ghwous"eng keksa erkakni ko'rsatadi;"uzoq"eng keksa ayol"kauuslong"(大姐, eng katta opa),"zoulong"(Katta akasining xotini).

Bundan tashqari, "prefiksi"pas-"(男性 ， odam) yoki"bais- "(女性 女性 ayol) so'zlariga qo'shilishi mumkin"tom"va"yoqimli", jinsni ko'rsatish uchun, masalan,

pas

erkak prefiksi o'rta

"O'rtada o'g'il"

kafedra

ayol prefiksi quyruq

"幺 女 ， kenja qizi"

Tartib raqamlari narsalarga taalluqli bo'lsa, odatda bu ibora "ghwous" + "zuu" + birinchisini ifodalash uchun mos klassifikator tomonidan tuziladi, masalan.

ghwous zuu kuuengx

daraxt uchun bitta klassifikatorni boshqaring

"Birinchi (daraxt)"

So'nggisini taqdim etish uchun odatda ibora "" so'zlari bilan tuziladipechene" + "zuu"+ tegishli klassifikator, masalan.

baiscuty zuu hom

oxirgi / dum bitta klassifikator

"最后 一个 ， oxirgi (bittasi)"

O'rta (lar) ni taqdim etish uchun odatda ibora "baistom" + "zuu" + tegishli klassifikator so'zlari bilan tuziladi, masalan.

baistom zuu lang

o'rta va bitta klassifikator

"第二 ， 或 第三… ， 2 yoki 3-chi…"

B. tartib raqamlari bilan hisoblash

Odatda, aloqada har qanday aniqlik xitoy tilidan qarz so'zlari bilan amalga oshiriladi, masalan.

• 【Dhois-iet， 第一】: birinchi

• 【dhois-dzis， 第二】: ikkinchi

• 【Dhois-das， 第三】: uchinchi

• 【dhois-dis， 第四】: to'rtinchi

• 【Dhois-ngau， 第五】: beshinchi

• 【Dhois-laekk， 第六】: oltinchi

• 【dhois-qiet， 第七】: ettinchi

• 【dhois-bhoeix， 第八】: sakkizinchi

• 【Dhois-gaeus， 第九】: to'qqizinchi

• 【dhois-dapp， 第十】: o'ninchi

Dhoeis-iet dus

birinchi guruh

"第一 第一 ， birinchi guruh"

dhois-bhoeix dhuix

sakkizinchi jamoa

"Sakkizinchi jamoa"

dhois-dzis bhaenx

ikkinchi sinf

"第二 班 ， ikkinchi sinf"

C. Yillar, oylar, kunlar yoki vaqtlarning o'tishini hisoblash uchun

Hlai madaniyatida odamlar shunga o'xshash usuldan foydalanadilar Xitoy burji yillarni va hatto kunlarni hisoblash, masalan,

• 【boux-diu， 鼠年】: sichqoncha yili

• 【boux-duis， 牛年】: bufalo yili

• 【boux-cauus， 鱼 年】: baliq yili

• 【bouss-bous， 兔年】: quyon yili

• 【boks-dang， 龙 年】: ajdaho yili

• 【boux-zan， 虫 年】: hasharotlar yili

• 【boks-ngas， 马 年】: ot yili

• 【boks-mat， 人年】: odam yili

• 【boux-nok， 猴年】: maymun yili

• 【boks-kai， 鸡 年】: tovuq yili

• 【boux-tety / hwanba， 狗年】: it yili

• 【bou-bou， 猪 年】: cho'chqa yili

• 【xvan-diu， 鼠 日】: sichqoncha kuni

• 【xwan-duis， 牛 日】: bufalo kuni

• 【xwan-cauus， 鱼 日】: baliq kuni

• 【xvan-bous， 兔 日】: quyon kuni

• 【xvan-dang， 龙 日】: ajdarho kuni

• 【xvan-zan， 虫 日】: hasharotlar kuni

• 【xvan-ngas， 马 日】: ot kuni

• 【xwan-matD， d人nggi kun: odamning kuni

• 【xvan-nok， 猴 日】: maymun kuni

• 【xvan-kai， 鸡 日】: tovuq kuni

• 【hwan-tety / hwanba， 狗 日】: it kuni

• 【xvan-bou， 猪 日】: cho'chqa kuni

Oylarni hisoblash uchun Hlai madaniyatida ikki xil taqvim mavjud: bittasi Xanlarga tegishli quyosh taqvimi masalan,

• 【zuu-nyaen-baen， 一月 、 正月】: yanvar

• 【hlaus-nyaen， 二月】: fevral

• 【fus-nyaen， 三月】: mart

• 【sabab-nyaen， 四月】: aprel

• 【ba-nyaen， 五月】: may

• 【dom-nyaen， 六月】: iyun

• 【tou-nyaen， 七月】: iyul

• 【ghou-nyaen， 八月】: avgust

• 【faus-nyaen， 九月】: sentyabr

• 【fuet-nyaen， 十月】: oktyabr

• 【fuetceuus-nyaen， 十一月】: noyabr

• 【fuetlaus-nyaen， 十二月 、 腊月】: dekabr

Ikkinchisi Xannikiga ergashmoqda oy taqvimi masalan,

• 【zuu-hwan-nyaen， 初一】: qamariy oyning birinchi kuni

• 【hlaus-hwan-nyaen， 初二】: qamariy oyning ikkinchi kuni

• 【fus-hwan-nyaen， 初三】: qamariy oyning uchinchi kuni

• 【caus-hwan-nyaen， 初四】: qamariy oyning to'rtinchi kuni

• ..........

• 【fuetceuus-hwan， 十一 日】: qamariy oyning 11-kuni

• 【fuetceuus-hwan， 十二 日】: qamariy oyning 12-kuni

• ..........

• 【hlausfuetceuus-hwanD， 二十 一 today】: qamariy oyning 21-kuni

• 【fusfuet-hwan， 三十 日】: qamariy oyning 30-kuni

3. Yaqinlashish soni

A. Hlai tilida taxminiy sonlarni ifodalashning bir usuli ikki yoki uchta ketma-ket raqamlarni bir-biriga joylashtirishdir, masalan.

hlaus fus (hom)

ikki uch (tasniflovchi)

"两三 （个） ， ikki yoki uch"

ba dom (hom)

besh olti. (klassifikator)

"五六 （个） ， besh yoki olti"

hlaus fus caus (hom)

ikki uch to'rt (tasniflovchi)

"二 三四 （个） ， ikki, uch yoki to'rt"

Tou Ghou faus (hom)

etti sakkiz to'qqiz (tasniflovchi)

"七八 九 （个） ， etti, sakkiz yoki to'qqiz"

Odatda, bitta va ikkita raqamlar birlashtirilmaydi.

B. Taxminiy raqamlarni ifodalashning yana bir usuli - "" so'zidan foydalanishdzaengsloepp"(大约 / 大概 ， ehtimol), masalan,

dzaengsloepp zaux fuet dom hom

ehtimol o'nta oltita klassifikator mavjud

"大概 有 十六 个 ，, ehtimol, o'n oltitasi (bitta)"

dzaengsloepp zaux hlaus fuet boux he

ehtimol ikki o'n yillik aksanga ega

"大概 有 二 十岁 ， taxminan yigirma yoshda"

"Dzaengsloepp" so'zi "loepp" ga qisqartirilishi mumkin, masalan.,

loepp zaux tou fuet ceuus kuuengx

ehtimol daraxtlar uchun ettita bitta klassifikator mavjud

"大约 有 七十 一棵 ， yetmish bitta (daraxt) bo'lishi mumkin"

C. Taxminiy raqamlarni ifodalashning yana bir usuli - bu "so'zini ishlatishdza"(余 ， profitsit / ko'proq), masalan,

hlaus dza hom

ikkita ortiqcha klassifikator

"两个 多 ， ikkitadan ko'p (uchtadan kam)"

fuet dza boux

o'n ortiqcha yil

"十 多年 ， o'n yildan ortiq (yigirmadan kam)"

"Dza" so'zi taxminiy sonlarni ko'rsatish uchun "loepp" bilan ishlatilishi mumkin. Qurilish "lopp" + zaux + raqam + "dza", masalan,

Na loepp zaux fuet dza boux da buuen he.

Ehtimol, u o'n yildan ortiq bo'lmagan yilga ega

"他 大约 有 十余 年 没 来 来 了 ， U o'n yildan oshdi (bu erga) kelmadi."

Ushbu qurilishdagi "zaux" so'zi chiqarib tashlanishi mumkin, masalan.

Zuu hom as neix loepp fuet dza gins.

bitta klassifikator tarvuzi, ehtimol bu ortiqcha o'nta klassifikator, taxminan 500g

"这个 西瓜 大约 有 十 多斤 多斤 Ushbu tarvuz 10 gindan bir oz ko'proq."

D. kabi ba'zi bir sinonimlar mavjud "zuugit", "zuugitgit", "zuugitlaei", bu taxminiy raqamlarni ko'rsatish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Ushbu so'zlar oz miqdordagi noaniqlikni bildiradi, masalan.

Sizga yordam beradigan narsa yo'q!

u shunchaki ozgina aksentni yeydi

"他 才 吃 一 点点 点点 ， U faqat ozgina ovqatlandi.)"

Hou zaux zuugitgit.

Menda ozgina narsa bor

"我 有 一 点点 ， Menda ozgina narsa bor.)"

bhinx zuugitlaei

ozgina etishmayapti

"缺 了 一 点点 ， ga ozgina etishmayapti."

"Zuutom" so'zi (zh， bir qism / ba'zi) ma'lum miqdordagi noaniqlikni anglatadi, masalan.

zuutom hei zuutom buuen

ba'zilari borishadi, ba'zilari keladi

"一部分 （人） 去 ， 一部分 （人） 来 来 ， Ba'zi (odamlar) ketadi, ba'zilari (odamlar) keladi."

paem na dhuus zuutom guen

u bilan qisman uchrashish

"在 半 路上 碰见 他 ， u bilan qisman uchrashish"

Ba'zan, "zuutom" so'zi "yarim" degan ma'noni anglatadi, masalan.

zuu pas zuutom

odamning yarmi uchun bitta klassifikator

"一 人 一半 ， har biri (oladi) yarmi"

Berilgan miqdordagi noaniqlikni ifodalovchi yana bir so'z "gei" (g, 若干, bir nechta) bo'lib, bu miqdor o'ndan kamligini anglatadi, masalan.

gei hwan neix

bir necha kun shu

"这 几天 ， shu kunlarda"

Mansnyoengx zaux gei zuen aeu buuen.

faqat bir nechta tasniflovchi odam kelishi kerak

"只有 几个 人 来 ， Faqat bir necha kishi keladi (o'ndan kam)"

E. "hloei" so'zi (多, ko'p / ko'p) katta miqdordagi noaniqlikni anglatishi mumkin; agar miqdori bundan ham kattaroq bo'lsa, "hloei" so'zi takrorlanadi, "hloeihloei", masalan,

Bhous na hauux hloei duis dhat.

u juda ko'p suvli bufalo

"他 那个 村 牛 牛 很多 ， Uning qishlog'ida bufalo juda ko'p."

Dhuix fa neix zaux uxaeu hloeihloei.

Jamoa bizda juda ko'p odam bor

"我们 这个 队 有 许多 许多 人 ， Bizda bu jamoada juda ko'p odamlar bor."

Muayyan miqdor so'ralganda, "hloeiras" so'zi (， ， qancha / ko'p) so'roq qiluvchi jumla, masalan,

Meuu boux neix hloeiras boux?

sen bu yilni necha yil

"你 今年 多大岁数？ Bu yil necha yoshdasiz?"

Meuu zaux hloeiras zuen hluuekghueng?

sizda qancha klassifikator singlisi yoki ukasi bor

"你 有 多少 个 弟弟 弟弟 妹妹？ Sizda qancha ukalar va singillar bor?"

Turli xil turlari Tasniflagichlar Hlai tilida^[17][18][19]

1. Ismlarni o‘zgartiruvchi klassifikatorlar

A. Umumiy tasniflagichlar

• 【hom ， 个 、 块 、 、 颗 、 粒 、 朵 、 元 、 座 盏 、 顶】 ...】: ko'pincha ishlatiladi va jonsiz narsalar bilan ishlatiladi (shu jumladan meva, oy, hikoya, bino, gul, pul , tog ', stend, shapka ...), masalan,

zuu hom waeu

bitta klassifikator kosasi

"一个 碗, piyola."

• zuen ， 位】: u faqat odamlarda ishlatiladi, masalan,

hlaus zuen bhiengs

ikkita tasniflovchi askar

"两个 士兵, ikki askar"

【Laus ， 个 、 位 位】: u faqat erkak, go'dak, bola, o'g'il yoki yigit, masalan,

zuu laus hluuek

bitta klassifikator bola

"一个 男孩, bola"

• 【hauus ， 个 、 位】: u faqat ayol, go'dak, bola, qiz yoki yosh ayol, masalan,

hlaus hauus hluuek

ikkita tasniflovchi bola

"两个 女孩, ikki qiz"

• ang lang ， 只】: uni odamlar bilan, narsalar va ruhiy mavjudotlarni jonlantirish bilan ishlatish mumkin, masalan,

fus lang kai

uchta klassifikatorli tovuq

"三 只鸡, uchta tovuq"

• kuuengx ， ， 棵: u katta o'simliklarda ishlatiladi (gullarda "hom" ishlatiladi), masalan,

caus kuuengx cai

to'rtta klassifikator daraxti

"四 棵树, to'rtta daraxt"

• fanatlar ， 件】: u ko'ylak yoki bluzkalar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

ba muxlislari

beshta klassifikator ko'ylak / tepa

"五 件 衣裳, beshta ko'ylak yoki ko'ylak"

• 【hyax ， 条 、 件】: u shim / shim bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

hlaus hyax kous

ikkita klassifikator shim

"两条 裤子, ikki juft shim"

• uet ruet ， 条】: u yubkalar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu ruet riens

an'anaviy Xlai yubkasining bitta klassifikatori

"一条 筒裙, yubka"

【Tos ， 套】: u kiyim yoki kiyim bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu tos veengs kous

bitta tasniflagich ko'ylak / shim

"一套 衣服 裤子, yuqori va pastki qismlariga mos keladigan kostyum yoki kiyim"

• ， tut ， 套】: u kostyum yoki kiyim kiyimi bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu tut veengs

bitta klassifikator ko'ylak / tepa

"一套 衣服, kiyim-kechak"

• dhanx ， 条 、 根】: u chiziqli narsalar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu dhanx dhoei

bitta tasniflovchi arqon

"一根 绳子, arqon"

dom dhanx nomlari

oltita klassifikator daryosi

"六条 河, oltita daryo"

• 【viens ， 块 ， 张】: u massiv yoki planar ob'ektlar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

tou viens noeng duis

ettita klassifikator terisi suvi

"七 张 牛皮, etti dona sigir terisi"

【Rueis ， 块 、 张】: u odatda tekis yuzali planar buyumlar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

hlaus rueis aek bou

ikkita klassifikatorli go'sht cho'chqasi

"两块 猪肉, ikki plita cho'chqa go'shti"

fus rueis noeng loei

uchta tasniflovchi teri muntjak

"三张 麂子 皮, uch dona kamzul (mayda antilop) yashirin"

• 【ban ， 头 、 只】: u sigir yoki ot bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

hlaus ban gaz

ikkita tasniflovchi ot

"两 匹马, ikkita ot"

• 【pous / paus ， 堆】: nisbatan kichik qoziq bilan ishlatiladi (pous / paus ham fe'l), masalan,

zuu pous van

bitta klassifikator yer

"一堆 土, uyum er"

zuu pous qurollari

bitta klassifikatorli o'tin

"一堆 柴, bir uyum o'tin"

• 【kun， 堆】: nisbatan katta qoziq bilan ishlatiladi, masalan.,

zuu kun muens

po'stlog'ida bitta klassifikator guruch

"一大堆 稻谷, katta uyum guruch"

• 【baep， 把】: u odatda ko'chat bilan ishlatiladi (Xaynan orolida / Hlai odamlari hududida bug'doy yo'q.), Masalan,

zuu baep muxlisi

bitta klassifikator ko'chati

"一把 秧, bir hovuch guruch ko'chatlari"

• 【xax， 把】: odatda guruch bilan ishlatiladi, masalan.,

zuu hax muens

bitta klassifikator guruch

"一把 稻子, bir hovuch guruch"

• 【bhaeng， 间】: u odatda xona yoki bino bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu bhaeng blongs

bitta klassifikator uyi

"一 间 屋子, bino / uy"

zuu bhaeng qiafei

bitta klassifikator poezdi

"一 节 火 车厢, vagon qutisi"

• 【bhaengs， 梭 / 颗 、 封】: u odatda harflar bilan (pochta orqali yuborilgan yozma aloqa) o'q yoki fişek bilan ishlatiladi, masalan.

zuu bhaengs veji

bitta klassifikator o'qi

"一 梭 / 颗 子弹, o'q"

zuu bhaengs dienx

bitta klassifikator xati

"一封信, xat"

• 【bhak， 块】: odatda tekis narsalar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu bhak gias

bitta klassifikator stakan

"一块 玻璃, stakan bo'lagi"

zuu bhak qias

bitta tasniflovchi qog'oz

"一块 硬 纸片, karton parcha"

• 【beek， 幅】: u odatda rasm yoki rasm bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu bheek ueix

bitta klassifikator rasm / rasm

"一 幅画, rasm / rasm"

• 【bxuek， 把】: odatda somon bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu bhueks ngwiengs

bitta klassifikator somon

"一把 稻草, bir hovuch somon"

• 【bhui本 本】: odatda kitoblar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

hlaus bhui qias

ikkita tasniflovchi kitob

"两 本书, ikkita kitob"

• 【cax， 座】: odatda tog'lar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu cax hwous

bitta klassifikator tog '

"一座 山, tog '"

• 【ceuus， 枝 、 秆】: odatda qalam yoki tayoq bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu ceuus bhit

bitta tasniflagich

"一支 笔, ruchka"

• 【Cueng， 枚】: odatda igna bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu cueng guty

bitta klassifikator ignasi

"一枚 针, igna"

• 【Diyen， 畦 yoki 幅】: odatda qishloq xo'jaligi erlari bilan (dashtdagi to'rtburchaklar er uchastkalari, tizmalar bilan ajratilgan, odatda sabzavot etishtirish uchun), shuningdek mato bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu dhien van bheuudaeis

bitta klassifikator er / yer sabzavotlari

"一 畦 菜地, karavot sabzavot"

zuu dhien dhop

bitta klassifikator mato

"一幅 布, mato bo'lagi"

• 【zhun， 户 、 家】: u odatda uy xo'jaliklarida qo'llaniladi, masalan,

bhous fa zaux hlaus fuet dhun blongs.

Bizning qishloqda ikkita o'nta klassifikatorli uy mavjud

"我们 村子 有 二十 户 户 人家, bizning qishloqda yigirma xonadon bor."

• 【gaz， 辆 、 架】: odatda avtomobil yoki samolyot bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu gas qia

bitta klassifikatorli mashina

"一辆 车, mashina"

zuu gas vabheny

bitta klassifikator samolyot

"一架 飞机, samolyot"

• 【ghoeix， 行 、 排】: qator, chiziq, masalan,

fus ghoeix cai

uchta klassifikator daraxti

"三行 树, uch qator daraxtlar"

zuu ghoeix qias

bitta tasniflovchi so'z / harf

"一行 字, bitta qator so'zlar"

• 【ha， 缕】: odatda yorug'lik bilan ishlatiladi.

• 【hus， 副】: u odatda o'yin kartalari, poker bilan ishlatiladi.

• 【hwoens， 堆 、 块】: u odatda qoziqda tashkil etiladigan maydonlar yoki ob'ektlar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan.

zuu hwoens qurollari

bitta klassifikatorli o'tin

"一堆 柴火, bir uyum o'tin"

zuu hwoens dax

bitta klassifikator maydoni

"一块 水田, maydon"

• 【hluut， 层】: bu "qatlamlar" yoki "darajalar" degan ma'noni anglatadi, masalan,

fus hluut laeus

binoda polni uchta klassifikator

"三层 楼, uch qavat"

Van neix zaux fus hluut na.

Uchastkaning uch qalinligi bor

"这 土 有 三 层厚, bu tuproq uchta qatlamdan iborat."

• 【ka， 枝】: odatda filiallar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu ka cai

bitta klassifikator daraxti

"一枝 树枝, filial"

• 【kok， 棵】: odatda qo'ziqorinlar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu kok dhety

bitta klassifikator qo'ziqorin

"一棵 菌 子, qo'ziqorin"

• 【koen， 只】: u odatda juftlikdagi bitta ob'ekt bilan ishlatiladi, masalan.

zuu kuen zuugoems

bitta klassifikator poyabzali

"一只鞋, poyabzal"

zuu koen fiek

bitta klassifikator klassifikatori

"半 挑 东西, ustun yelkada muvozanatlangan yukning yarmi oldinga, qolgan yarmi orqaga ko'tariladi (fiek: yelkada narsalarni ko'tarish harakati klassifikatorga aylanadi)."

• 【kou， 张 、 顶】: odatda mesh bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu kou ghoeis hla

bitta tasniflovchi baliq

"一张 鱼网, baliq ovi uchun to'r"

• 【liemx， 瓣】: odatda chinnigullar yoki mevalar bo'laklari bilan ishlatiladi, masalan.

zuu liemx coembhem

bitta klassifikator greyfurt

"一瓣 柚子, greyfurtning bir bo'lagi"

• leep ， 叠】: u odatda qog'oz kabi ingichka narsalar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan.

hlaus leep qias

ikkita tasniflovchi qog'oz

"两层 纸, ikki varaq qog'oz"

• 【pog'ona， 瓣 、 片 、 层】: odatda ingichka narsalar bilan ishlatiladi

• 【luengs， 把】: odatda arra bilan ishlatiladi (arralash uchun asbob)

• 【moux， 种 、 类】: bu "xilma-xil", "masalan" degan ma'noni anglatadi,

neix zuu moux hleny

Bu bitta klassifikator yaxshi

"这 一种 好, bu juda yaxshi."

zaux hlenyhloei moux muenlari

ko'plab tasniflovchi guruchga ega

"有 好 多种 稻子, guruchning ko'p turlari bor."

• 【paeng， 串】: odatda meva bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu paeng zuuloengs

bitta klassifikatorli betel yong'oq

"一串 槟榔, betel yong'oq klasteri"

• 【pienx， 把】: odatda pichoqlar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu pienx gazi

bitta klassifikator pichog'i

"一 把刀, pichoq"

• 【bolalar， 杆 、 根】: u odatda daraxt tanasi yoki barga o'xshash yoki novda o'xshash narsalar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan.

zuu puens cai

bitta klassifikator daraxti

"一根 树干, qoq (yoki daraxt tanasi)"

zuu puens bhit

bitta tasniflagich

"一支 笔, ruchka"

• 【rais， 块 、 片】: u maydonlar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu raeis dax

bitta klassifikator maydoni

"一片 田, maydon"

• 【ras， 棵 ， 株】: odatda o't yoki guruch bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu ras gans

bitta klassifikator maysasi

"一棵 草, o't pichog'i"

• 【rok， 块】: u odatda tog 'yonbag'ridagi maydonlarda (suv manbasidan uzoqda joylashgan maydonlar) ishlatiladi, masalan.

zuu rok ang

bitta klassifikator maydoni

"一块 刀 耕地, maydon"

(ang: xususan, qolgan kul bilan kelajakda dehqonchilik qilish uchun o'g'itlanadigan yoqib yuborilgan er uchastkasi; Hlai xalqining qadimgi dehqonchilik usuli, ammo hozirda CN hukumati tomonidan taqiqlangan)

fus rok pos

uchta tog 'yonbag'ridagi maydon

"三块 旱地, tog 'yonidagi uchta maydon"

• 【ruets， 摞】: odatda massiv narsalar bilan ishlatiladi

• 【taeu， 批 、 群】: u odatda tovarlar partiyasi yoki hayvonlar guruhi bilan ishlatiladi, masalan.

caty zuu taeu liem

bitta klassifikator o'roqni sotib oling

"买 一批 镰刀, bir o'roq o'roq sotib oling"

zuu taeu dzeeng

bitta echki / qo'y

"一群羊, echki suruvi"

• 【tuueng， 把】: u odatda qishloq xo'jaligi vositalari bilan ishlatiladi, masalan.

zuu tuueng rik

bitta klassifikator rake

"一把 耙, rake"

• 【bekor， 梳 、 下】: odatda taroqsimon, taroqsimon buyumlar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu vaen xweek

bitta klassifikator banan

"一 梳 芭蕉, bir guruh banan"

yoki u zararkunandalar sonini hisoblash uchun ishlatiladi, masalan.

ceek fuet vaen

pestle o'n klassifikatori

"舂 十 下, o'n marta pestle"

• 【furgonlar， 张 、 页 、 幅 、 、 块】: odatda qog'oz mahsulotlari bilan ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu vans qia

bitta tasniflovchi qog'oz

"一张 纸, bir parcha qog'oz"

zuu furgonlar

bitta klassifikator rasm

"一幅 照片, fotosurat"

• 【voyi， 桶】: odatda chelakda olib yuriladigan narsalar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan.

zuu voei ghei

bitta klassifikator guruch

"一桶 米, bir paqir guruch"

• 【vong， 嘟噜】: u odatda klaster sifatida hosil bo'lgan narsa bilan ishlatiladi (tropik meva odatda kokos, betel yong'oq kabi guruhlarga kiradi), masalan,

zuu vong coemcai

bitta klassifikator mevasi

"一 嘟噜 果子, meva klasteri"

B. O'lchov uchun klassifikatorlar

• 【mous， 亩】: (xitoylik akr) erni yoki maydonni o'lchash uchun maydon birligi, taxminan 667 kvadrat metr, masalan,

zuu mous dax

bitta klassifikator maydoni

"一 亩田, bitta mu maydon"

• 【dho， 丈】: chiziqli jismlarning uzunligini o'lchash uchun uzunlik birligi, 1 dho taxminan 350 santimetrga teng, masalan.

zuu dho dhop

bitta klassifikator mato yoki to'qimachilik

"一丈 布, bitta zhang mato"

• 【qieux， 尺】: chiziqli jismlarning uzunligini o'lchash uchun uzunlik birligi, 1 qieux taxminan 35 santimetr, 10 qieux = 1 dho.

hlaus qieux dhop

ikkita klassifikator mato yoki to'qimachilik

"两尺 布, ikki metr mato"

• 【amakivachchalar， 寸】: chiziqli jismlarning uzunligini o'lchash uchun uzunlik birligi, taxminan 3,5 sm, 10 cuns = 1 qieux.

fus cuns dhop

uchta tasniflovchi mato yoki to'qimachilik

"三寸 布, uch dyuym mato"

• 【Xlaenx， 庹】: ikki qo'lning uzunligi, odamning bo'yi atrofida, taxminan 5-6 fut.

• 【hwuup， 拃】: bosh barmog'i bilan o'rta barmog'i orasidagi masofa tekis chiziq bo'ylab yuzaga bosilgan, taxminan 15-20 santimetr, masalan,

zuu hwuup daeus

bitta klassifikator uzunligi

"一 拃 长, bitta zuo uzunligi"

• 【tunx， 节】: barmoq uzunligi, taxminan 6-9 santimetr.

• 【dhas， 石】: vazn birligi, masalan, fuetdhas ghei, "十 石 米 (fuet: ten, ghei: pishmagan guruch)." 1 dha, ehtimol 150 ginga teng, taxminan 75 kg.

• 【dhaeu， 斗】: vazn birligi, masalan, zuu dhaeu ghei ， "一 斗 米 (zuu: bitta, ghei: pishmagan guruch)." 10 dhaeu = 1 dhas; 1 dhaeu = 10 kax = 15 gins, taxminan 7,5 kg.

• 【kax， 升】: vazn birligi, masalan, fus kax ghei, "三 升 米 (fus: uchta, ghei: pishmagan guruch)." 1 kax = 1,5 gins, taxminan 0,75 kg.

• 【gins， 斤】: vazn birligi, masalan, zuu gins hla ， "一斤 鱼 (zuu: bitta, hla: baliq)." 1 gins = 16 luuengx; 1 gins = 0,5 kg.

• 【luengx， 两】: vazn birligi, masalan, zuu luuengxnyaeus ， "一 两 盐 (zuu: bitta, nyaeus: tuz)." 1 gins = 16 luuengx; 1 gins = 500 g; shuning uchun 1luuengx = 31,25 g

• 【zhun， 吨】: zamonaviy vazn birligi, 1000 kg, masalan, fauus dhun ghoei ， "九 吨 铁, tonna temir (fauus: to'qqiz, ghoei: temir)."

C. Ism yoki fe'ldan yasalgan klassifikatorlar

• 【kop捧 捧 yoki 把】: biron bir narsani ikki qo'lda ushlab turish yoki ko'tarish harakati o'lchovga aylanadi, masalan.

zuu kop ghei

bitta klassifikator guruch

"一 捧 米, bitta qoshiq guruch"

• 【koens， 捆】: bog'lash, bog'lash yoki bog'lashning asl harakati o'lchovga aylanadi, masalan,

zuu koens hya

bitta klassifikator somon yoki divan o'ti

"一捆 茅草, shamlardan bir dasta"

• 【bhiek， 捆】: u odatda yelkangizda ko'tariladigan narsalar to'plami bilan ishlatiladi, masalan.

zuu bhiek qurollari

bitta klassifikator o'tin / tayoq

"一 捆柴, o'tin / tayoq to'plami"

• 【zeems， 撮】: olishning asl harakati (beshta barmoq bilan) o'lchovga aylanadi, masalan.

zuu zeems nyaeus

bitta klassifikator tuzi

"一撮 盐, bir chimdik (beshta barmog'ini ishlatib) tuz."

• 【jimlar， 撮】: olishning asl harakati (bosh barmog'i va ko'rsatkich barmog'i / ko'rsatkich barmog'i bilan) o'lchovga aylanadi, masalan.

jims zuugit nyaeus

ozgina tuz oling

"拈 一点 盐, bir chimdik (faqat ikkita barmog'idan foydalangan holda) tuz"

hlaus jims nyaeus

ikkita klassifikator tuzi

"两 撮 盐, ikki chimdik tuz"

• 【fiek担 担 yoki 双】: o'lchovlar uchun ishlatiladigan ustunni (odatda bambukdan yasalgan) elkada olib yurishning asl harakati ustunlar ustida olib borilgan narsalar uchun o'lchovga aylanadi, masalan.

zuu fiek qurollari

bitta klassifikatorli o'tin

"一 担 柴 bir o'tin o'tin"

zuu fiek zuugoems

bitta klassifikator poyabzali

"一 双鞋, bir juft poyabzal"

• 【gok， 杯 、 瓶】: chashka (yoki shisha), dastlab ism, klassifikatorga aylanadi, masalan.

zuu gok nomlari

bitta klassifikator suv

"一杯 水, bir piyola suv"

zuu gok ghweis

bitta klassifikator moyi

"一瓶 油, bir shisha moy"

• 【waeu， 碗】: piyola, dastlab ism, klassifikatorga aylanadi, masalan.

zuu waeu soliq

bitta klassifikator pishirilgan guruch

"一 碗饭, bir piyola guruch"

• 【boux/boks， 岁】: bir yil, dastlab ism, klassifikatorga aylanadi, masalan.

zuu fuet ghou boux

bitta o'n sakkizta klassifikator

"十八 岁, 18 yosh"

• 【bhaem， 围】: biron narsani ikki qo'l bilan quchoqlashning asl harakati o'lchovga aylanadi, masalan.

hlaus blaem cai

ikkita klassifikator daraxti

"两 围 的 树 daraxtning kattaligi o'ralgan ikki erkakning qo'llari"

• 【comx， 袋】: odatda, tasniflagichga aylangan sumkalarda olib yuriladigan narsalar, masalan.

zuu comx ghei

bitta klassifikator guruch

"一袋 米, bir qop guruch"

• 【ding， 升】: bochka (kokos po'stlog'idan yasalgan), dastlab ism, o'lchovga aylanadi, masalan,

zuu ding ghei

bitta klassifikator guruch

"一 升 米, bir bochka guruch"

• 【dhak， 滴】: asl harakat tomchilatib yuborilmoqda; ma'nosi "tomchi", klassifikator sifatida ishlatiladi, masalan.

zuu dhak nomlari

bitta klassifikator suv

"一滴水, bir tomchi suv"

• 【dzuen， 挂】: sopi banan o'sadi, dastlab ism, klassifikatorga aylanadi, masalan.

zuu dzuen hweek

bitta klassifikator banan

"一 大 挂 芭蕉, banan sopi"

• 【fas， 阵】: ism sifatida u osmonni anglatadi, lekin u tasniflovchi sifatida ham ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

zuu fas qiziqarli

bitta klassifikator yomg'ir / dush

"一 阵雨, (yomg'irli) dush"

• 【jinnilar， 把】: ism sifatida u qishloq xo'jaligi vositalarining tutqichidir, lekin u tasniflovchi sifatida ham ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

zuu fiens gwaek

bitta klassifikator ketmon

"一把 锄头, ketmon"

• 【fok， 块】: ism sifatida u joy, hudud yoki mintaqadir, lekin u ham klassifikator sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

zuu fok gom neix

bitta klassifikator mintaqasi

"这块 地方, bu mintaqa"

• 【gipslar， 夹】: asl harakat - bu somonni tarash, lekin u ham klassifikator sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

hlaus gieps hya

ikkitasi. tasniflagich

"两 夹 茅草, ikkita bog'lamoq"

• 【guenglar， 篮 、 框】: savat, dastlab ism, klassifikatorga aylanadi, masalan.

zuu guengs ghei

bitta klassifikator ketmon

"一筐 米, guruch savati"

• 【taxmin， 串】: ba'zi narsalarni birlashtirish uchun tayoq, dastlab ism, klassifikatorga aylanadi, masalan.

zuu guety hla

bitta klassifikator baliq

"一串 鱼, baliq qatori"

• 【neny， 串】: ba'zi narsalarni birlashtirish uchun bambuk tayoq, dastlab ism, klassifikatorga aylanadi, masalan.

zuu neny hla

bitta klassifikator baliq

"一串 鱼, baliq qatori"

• 【neny， 枝】: ism sifatida u kichik shoxni anglatadi, lekin u shox yoki gul bilan klassifikator sifatida ham ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

zuu neny ceeng

bitta klassifikator gul

"一枝 花, gul"

• 【ghonglar， 丛】: ism sifatida u chakalakni anglatadi, lekin u tasniflovchi sifatida ham ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

zuu ghongs hweek

bitta klassifikator banan

"一 丛 芭蕉 树, banan daraxtlari"

• 【halqa， 盒】: ism sifatida u qutini bildiradi, lekin u klassifikator sifatida ham ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

zuu hoep cuax

bitta klassifikator mos keladi

"一盒 火柴, gugurt qutisi"

• 【hwang， 圈】: ism sifatida u ring, ferrule yoki bandni bildiradi, lekin u klassifikator sifatida ham ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

zuu xwang zuu hwang nomlari

bitta klassifikator bitta klassifikator suv

"一圈 一圈 的 水, to'lqin (suv)"

• 【hwaeng， 垄】: ism sifatida u balk degan ma'noni anglatadi, ya'ni tuproq bilan tepaliklarga yig'ish kerak, masalan.

zuu hwaeng odam

bitta klassifikator kartoshka uchun umumiy atama

"一 垄 甘薯, shirin kartoshka tizmasi"

• 【hwoens， 丘 、 床】: ism sifatida bu naqsh hosil qiluvchi qatorni anglatadi, masalan,

zuu hwoen dax

bitta klassifikator maydoni

"一 丘 田, maydon";

zuu hyoen haeus

bitta klassifikator choyshab

"一 床 被子, ko'rpa"

• 【op， 抱】: asl harakat go'dakni ushlab turadi, masalan,

zuu op qurollari

bitta klassifikatorli o'tin

"一 抱 柴火, bir hovuch o'tin"

• 【puuen， 代】: ism sifatida yoshga nisbatan katta yoshni anglatadi va klassifikator sifatida "avlodlar" degan ma'noni anglatadi, masalan,

fa buuen neix bhaeis zaux fus puuen bhe

Biz bu erga allaqachon uchta klassifikator aksenti bor

"我们 来 这儿 已有 三代 了 了, biz bu erda uch avloddamiz."

• 【rei， 枝】: ism sifatida u nihollarni anglatadi, klassifikator sifatida esa unib chiqishda ishlatiladi.

• 【ruek， 窝 、 笼 、 盒 盒】: ism sifatida u uyani, qafasni yoki qutini anglatadi va u klassifikator sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan,

zuu ruek bou

bitta klassifikator cho'chqa / quchoq

"一窝 猪, to'ng'izlar axlati"

zuu ruek kai

bitta klassifikatorli tovuq

"一 笼 鸡, tovuqlar qafasi"

zuu ruek aenx

bitta klassifikator keki

"一盒 点心, bir quti pirojnoe"

Ba'zan, u siydik bilan ham ishlatiladi, masalan,

zuu ruek dhou

bitta klassifikator siydik

"一 泡尿, siydik oqimi"

• 【taen， 场 、 趟】: ism sifatida u qurbongohni anglatadi (odatda jinlarga yoki ajdodlarga sig'inish uchun), lekin u tasniflovchi sifatida ham ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

bhaeis vuek zuu taen dings.

Allaqachon bitta klassifikator jinni

"已经 祭 了 一趟 鬼, (ruhoniy) allaqachon jinlarga bir marta qurbonlik qilgan."

• 【taeng， 桶】: chelak, dastlab ism, klassifikatorga aylanadi, masalan.

zuu taeng nomlari

bitta klassifikator suv

"一 桶水, chelak suv"

• 【pog'ona， 夹】: asl harakat - bu tayoqchalar bilan oziq-ovqat yig'ish, lekin ism sifatida bu tayoqchalarni anglatadi, bu esa bir chimdim tayoq bilan olinadigan oziq-ovqat miqdoriga ishora qiluvchi klassifikator sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

zuu tiep bheuucai

bitta klassifikator sabzavot

"一 夹菜, chopstick-chimdim ovqat"

• 【tortib olish， 包】: asl harakat - bu o'rash; bog'lash; qo'shib qo'yish; to'plami, lekin u shuningdek tasniflovchi sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

zuu tuek dza

bitta klassifikatorli sigaretalar

"一 包烟, bir quti sigaret"

• 【veeng， 户】: ism sifatida u lord yoki xo'jayin degan ma'noni anglatadi va klassifikator sifatida u uy xo'jaliklarida ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

zuu veeng

one classifier

"一户(人家), a household."

• 【zaemx，步】: as a noun it means step, and the verb is stepping or walking, but it can also be used as a classifier, e.g.,

zuu ghwaen zaemx

one hundred classifier

"一百步, one hundred steps"

• 【zeeng，穗、粒】: as a noun it means kernels (husks) of rice, but it can also be a classifier to mean the husks from a stalk of rice or something with larger kernels, e.g.,

zuu zeeng muens

one classifier rice

"一穗稻子, a stalk of rice"

zuu zeeng nyaeus

one classifier salt

"一粒粗盐, a grain of coarse salt"

2. Fe'llarni o'zgartirish uchun klassifikatorlar

• 【faei，下、次、回】: time, e.g.,

taeix zuu faei

hit/beat one classifier

"打一下, to hit/beat once"

• 【geys，回、次、遍】: time, e.g.,

na bhaeis rien hlaus gaeis

he/she already say/speak two classifier

"他已经说了两遍了, He already said (it) two times."

• 【guen，趟、遍】: time, e.g.,

hei zuu guen

go one classifier

"去一次, go (there) one time"

• 【caety，阵、遍】: it is usually used by women, it means "time", e.g.,

bhaeis fun zuu caety

Already rain one classifier

"下了一阵雨, It already showered."

kai bhaeis hyoen fus caety

Chicken already cock crow three classifier

"鸡已叫了三遍, The chicken has already crowed three times."

• 【pienx，遍】: time, e.g.,

tak zuu pienx

study one classifier

"读一遍, read one time"

• 【caeu，阵】: it is usually used by the elderly, it means "time", e.g.,

zuu caeu fun

one classifier rain

"一阵雨, a shower (describing rain)"

zuu caeu hwoet

one classifier wind

"一阵风, a gust of wind"

• 【caens，顿】: classifier for meal, e.g.,

zuu caens tax

one classifier rice

"一顿饭, a meal"

• 【kok，脚】: feet, e.g.,

teeks zuu kok

kick one classifier

"踢一脚, give (it) a kick"

• 【boms，口】: mouth, e.g.,

gaenys zuu boms

bite one classifier

"咬一口, to take a bite"

• 【oyoq，口or 句】: mouth, e.g.,

lax zuu feek tax

eat one classifier rice

"吃一口饭, to take a bite of food"

na zuu feek tun ruus da rien

he/she one classifier word even not say

"他一句话也不说, He did not even say a word."

• 【pui，阵、遍】: it means "time" and is used to count sleep, e.g.,

gaux zuu pui

sleep one classifier

"睡一觉, time spent in rest/sleep"

Uchun asosiy qoidalar Tasniflagichlar Hlai tilida^[20][19]

1. Tasniflagichlarni AA (masalan, lang lang) deb ikki baravar oshirish mumkin emas, lekin AB + AB shaklida ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

Daty zuu kun zuu kun bheny.

bird one classifier one classifier fly

"鸟成群成群地飞，Birds fly in groups."

2. Classifiers cannot modify otlar yolg'iz; classifiers and raqamlar must be used together to modify nouns, e.g.,

Zuu lang ba neix long dhat!

one classifier dog this big really/truly

"这只狗真大！This dog is really big!"

3. Classifiers (for modifying verbs) and numbers must be used together and be placed after the verb as a to'ldiruvchi; ba'zi mintaqalarda kombinatsiya (son + klassifikator) fe'ldan oldin joylashtirilgan bo'lar edi, masalan.

Raux fus gaeis =Fus gaeis raux

read aloud three classifier= three classifier read

"读三遍，read three times"

Taeix zuu guen = Zuu guen taeix

hit one classifier = one classifier hit

"打一次，to hit/punch one time"

4. Ba'zi hollarda raqamlar va tasniflagichlarning birikmasi yolg'iz mavjud bo'lib, ular hech qanday ism yoki fe'lni o'zgartirmaydi, masalan.

Hou caty zuu hom, meuu ngan caty zuu hom.

I buy one classifier you also buy one classifier

"我买一个，你也买一个，I buy one, and you buy one."

Turli xil turlari Olmoshlar and their basic rules in Hlai language^[21][22]

There are three kinds of pronouns: the shaxs olmoshi, namoyish olmoshi va so‘roq olmoshi.

1. Shaxsiy olmoshlar

The different usage of "hou"va"dhes"^[23]

(1) The women prefer to use "hou" when women talk to women, or women to men. They prefer to use "hou" in order to express themselves as a humble woman and to show respect to their listeners.

(2) When a senior member of the family (an elderly, parents, older brothers or sisters...etc.) is angry with a junior, he/she could choose to use "hou"yoki"dhes"; on the contrary, juniors are forbidden to use "dhes" when speaking with the seniors in conversation, or when they are angry at them.

(3) Among blood relatives, when men speak to women, they use "hou"; when men speak to men, either "hou"yoki"dhes" can be used; when juniors speak to a senior, they usually use "hou".

(4) Among in-laws, no matter whether men, women, seniors, or juniors, when they speak to each other, the word "hou" is preferable to express politeness.

(5) Between hosts and guests, no matter the gender or age, the word "hou" must be used to express politeness and respect.

(6) When someone asks a who question, "Asras…?" If it is answered with the first personal pronoun, "hou" is preferable over "dhes", masalan,

Savol: Asras dhuus hauux? A: Hou res!

Q: Who is there? A: I accent

"Q: 谁在那里？A: 我呀！Q: Who is there? A: (It's) I."

If someone answers with the word "dhes", it expresses his impatient attitude. Usually, it occurs between family members' conversations, e.g.,

Savol: Asras dhuus hauux? A: Dhes vi! Asras?

Q: Who is there? A: Me accent! JSSV?

"Q: 谁在那里？A: 我嘛！还有谁？Q: Who is there? A: (it's) I！Who else?"

(7) When a man sings to a woman to express his love to her, he will definitely use "hou"; if he uses "dhes", she would think he is not sincere, e.g.,

Tuuen dhang duuengx hou nga; tuuen ca duuengx hou laeis

Go out face give me look go out eye give me see

"露脸给我瞧；露眼睛给我见，Let me see your face; let me look into your eyes."

(8) When someone speaks rudely, he uses "dhes" o'rniga "hou".

(9) In today's Hlai society, the difference between "hou"va"dhes" is not so strict. Generally, women mostly use "hou"; men usually use "dhes". So'zihou" expresses politeness and respect to the listener, and the word "dhes" is more casual.

P.S. My language consultant said: the word "kun" is a simplified form of "kunaeu". Usually, in a conversation held between those of the same gender group, "kun" is used; in a conversation held between those of different gender groups, "kunaeu" would be used to show respect. Or, if a conversation were made up of those from both the older and younger generation, the younger generation would need to use "kunaeu" to show respect toward the elderly.

A. Personal pronouns can be both a Mavzu va an ob'ekt masalan,

Na taeix hluuek daty.

he hit child bird

"他打小鸟，He hit the little bird."

dheuu toencai taeix na

take stick hit him

"拿木棍打他，take a stick to hit him"

Personal pronouns can also act as an attribute to indicate the possessive relation, e.g.,

Gha vou tun na hei vuek.

we follow words his to do

"咱们按照他的话去做，Let's follow his words to do (it)."

Refleksiv olmoshlar bo'lishi mumkin ijobiy to another pronoun to emphasize the pronoun, e.g.,

Neix man hou zuenzauus vuek.

this is I self do

"这是我自己做的，I made it myself."

B. "yordamchi so'z"guu"egalik munosabatini bildirish uchun shaxs olmoshi oldiga qo'yilishi mumkin. So'zni qo'ygandan keyin"guu", olmoshi sub'ekt, ob'ekt yoki sifat bo'la olmaydi, lekin faqat predikat, masalan.

Neix zuu lang kai man guu na.

this one classifier chicken is his

"这一只鸡是他的，This chicken is his."

Blongs neix man guu dhes.

house this is mine

"这房子是我的，This house is mine."

2. Namoyish olmoshlari

• 【neix，这】: this; Bu yerga; shunday; shunday

• 【hauux，那】: that; U yerda; shunday; shunday

• 【maksimal，那】: that; U yerda

So'zineix" refers to someone, or something, at a close distance; the word "hauux" is farther away than the word "neix"; the word "maksimal" is even farther. These three words also can be combined to the words "dhong"yoki"salom" and become compound words as below,

• 【dhongneix，这】: like this

• 【dhonghauux，那】: like that

• 【Hineix，这】: such

• 【xixauux，那】: like that

Other demonstrative pronouns are:

• 【uwwayx，别的】: other

• 【ranx，每】: every

A. Namoyish olmoshi predmet vazifasini bajarganda, bosh so'zdan oldin qo'yiladi, masalan.

Neix veengs baen.

this shirt/top new

"这是新的衣服，This (is) a new dress."

Hauux duis long.

that water buffalo big

"那是大水牛，That (is) a big buffalo."

B. Namoyish olmoshi son, klassifikator va ot bilan birikib, ot so`z birikmasini hosil qilganda, ko`rsatish olmoshi atribut vazifasini bajaradi, masalan.

Hauux zuu kuuengx cai hleny baisias.

that one classifier tree good very

"那一棵树好得很，That tree is very good."

When a demonstrative pronoun acts as an attribute in a noun phrase, it can be placed either in the beginning or at the end of the noun phrase, e.g.,

Neix zuu lang kai ghweis.

this one classifier chicken fat

"这一只鸡肥，This chicken is fat."

Zuu lang kai neix ghweis.

one classifier chicken this fat

"这一只鸡肥，This chicken is fat."

If the linking verb is placed between the demonstrative pronoun and the noun, the demonstrative pronoun acts as a subject, e.g.,

Neix man hlaus lang kai enyx.

this are two classifier chicken little

"这是两只小鸡，These are two chicks."

C. "so'zlarineix", "hauux", va"maksimal"mavzu, atribut, ergash gap va ob'ekt bo'lishi mumkin; so'z"uwwayx"mavzu, atribut va ob'ekt bo'lishi mumkin; qo'shma so'zlar"dhongneix", "dhonghauux", "Hineix", va"xixauux"mavzu, atribut, ergash gap va predikat bo'lishi mumkin, masalan.

Dhongneix vuek yos?

like this do a marker of question

"这样做吗？Is it done like this?"

Gong dhongneix hleny yos?

stuff like this good a marker of question

"这样的东西好吗？Is such a thing as this good?"

Yous rien dhonghauux.

don't say like that

"别那样说，Don't say that."

Meuu dhonghauux yos.

you like that a marker of question

"你是那样的吗？Are you like that?"

D. In Hlai language there is no pasayish in demonstrative pronouns to indicate singular or plural. Demak, ko'rsatma olmoshlari son va klassifikator bilan yoki "zuugit" so'zi bilan birlik yoki ko'plikni bildirishi kerak, masalan.

Zuu kun daty hauux bheny he.

one classifier bird that fly accent

"那一群鸟飞了，The flock of birds (is) flying away."

Zuugit ghei neix ghei uuras?

some rice this rice whose

"这些米是谁的？Whose rice is this?"

E. Namoyish olmoshi atribut vazifasini bajarganda, odatda bosh so'zdan keyin qo'yiladi, masalan.

Buuemx neix long.

shrimp this big

"这只虾大，This shrimp is big."

Na qieus hloei neix.

he take many/much so/such

"他拿这么多，He took so much."

Meuu dheuu raux hauux.

you take/want little/few so/such

"你要这么少，You took/want so little."

F. When the demonstrative pronoun is placed after the shaxs olmoshi yoki so‘roq olmoshi, the demonstrative pronoun loses its meaning, and becomes an empty word that functions as an emphasis to make it sound fluent, e.g.,

Meuu neix kweis dheuu gong meshes?

you empty word want take stuff what

"你要拿什么东西？What are you going to take?"

Uuras hauux gongx hou?

who empty word look for me

"谁找我？Who is looking for me?"

G. "ranx" ko'rsatma olmoshi faqat klassifikator oldida joylashtirilgan va ta'kidlash uchun ikki baravar ko'payishi mumkin, masalan.

Ranx zuen lax zuu hom.

every classifier eat one classifier

"每个人吃一个，Everyone eats one."

Ranx ranx zuen uuaeu ruus lax zuu hom.

every every classifier man all eat one classifier

"每一个人都吃一个，Everyone eats one."

H. "uughwaix" ko'rsatma olmoshi atribut va ob'ekt bo'lishi mumkin, masalan.

gong uughwaix

stuff other

"别的东西，other stuff"

aeu uughwaix

man other

"别人（他人，不相干的人），other's"

Zaux uughwaix cas da？

have other or not

"有别的没有？Do (you) have (any) other stuff?"

3. So‘roq olmoshlari

• 【ras，哪，如何】: Where? Qaysi? Qanaqasiga?

• 【uuras/asras，谁】: Who?

• 【dhongras，怎样】: How?

• 【qiras，何时】: When? What time?

• 【hloeiras，多少】: How much? Qancha?

• 【meshes，什么】: What?

• boshqalar

A. "uuras" ("asras") so'roq so'zi mavzu, atribut yoki ob'ekt bo'lishi mumkin, masalan.

Uuras gongx hou?

JSSV? look for me

"谁找我？Who is looking for me?"

Meuu laeis uuras?

you see who?

"你看见谁？Who do you see?"

Na buuen blongs uuras?

he come house who?

"他来谁的家？Whose house is he coming to?"

Just like personal pronouns, when the auxiliary word "guu" isplaced before an interrogative pronoun, it indicates a possessive relation, and the interrogative pronoun cannot be a subject, an object, nor an attribute, but only a predicate, e.g.,

Nyiu max man guu uuras?

cow that is whose?

"那黄牛是谁的？Whose cow is that?"

Veengs neix man guu uuras?

shirt/top this is whose?

"这衣服是谁的？Whose shirt/top is this?"

B. "meshes" so'roq so'zi sub'ekt bo'lishi mumkin emas, faqat atribut yoki ob'ekt, masalan.

Gong meshes vaeu hleny?

stuff what most good

"什么东西最好？What is the best stuff?"

Na kweis dheuu meshes?

he want take what

"他要拿什么？What does he want to take?"

C. "ras" so'roq so'zi sub'ekt bo'lishi mumkin emas, faqat atribut, ergash gap yoki ob'ekt., Masalan,

Na dhuus ras?

he exist where?

"他在哪里？Where is he?"

When the word "ras" acts as an attribute, it is usually used with a number and clasiifier, and is placed before a noun, e.g.,

Ras zuu hom blongs vaeu long?

which one classifier house most big

"哪一个房子最大？Which house is the biggest one?"

When the word "ras" acts as an adverb, it is usually placed after the adjective, e.g.,

Coem neix long ras?

fruit this big how

"这果子有多大？How big is this fruit?"

D. The interrogative word "dhongras" usually acts as an qo‘shimcha, and is most often is placed before a verb, but sometimes it can be placed after a verb, e.g.,

Dhongras lax ngan da bhaeis.

How eat also not finish

"怎么吃也吃不完，There is more food than we can eat."

Ang neix ghwa dhongras?

hilly field this plant how?

"这山栏地怎样种？How is this hilly field to be planted?"

E. "qiras" so'roq so'zi ko'pincha ergash gap vazifasini bajaradi va fe'ldan oldin qo'yilishi kerak, masalan.

Meuu qiras hei qix?

you when go street

"你什么时候上街？When are you heading out for the streets (to buy something)?"

Na qiras beuubuuen ohyaeu?

he when go back school

"他什么时候返校？When is he going back to school?"

F. "Hloeiras" so'roq so'zi ko'pincha ob'ekt vazifasini bajaradi, masalan.

Meuu zaux hloeiras, hou dheuu hloeiras.

you have how many I take how many

"你有多少，我要多少，However many you have, I will take them."

Hlai tilidagi turli xil qo'shimchalar va ularning asosiy qoidalari^[24][25]

1. inkorni bildiruvchi qo‘shimchalar

• 【da，不】: not

• 【yous，不要，别】: Do not

• boshqalar

These adverbs modify verbs or adjectives, and usually are placed before the verbs or adjectives, e.g.,

Hansneix na da hei.

now he/she not go

"今天他不去，Today he won't go."

Gong neix reek he, yous lax.

stuff this bad accent don't eat

"这东西坏了，别吃！This stuff (is) bad, don't eat (it)!"

When the adverb "da" modifies verbs or adjectives, and "zo", an accentuated ta'kidlangan particle, is placed at the end of the sentence, "da" means "not yet", e.g.,

Na da buuen.

he/she not come

"他不来，He won't come."

Na da buuen zo.

he/she not come accent

"他还没来呢，He hasn't come yet!"

When the adverb "da" is placed at the end of a sentence, then the word "da" signals a question, e.g.,

Meuu zaux kius da?

you have ball signal a question

"你有球吗？Do you have a ball?"

2. Darajani ifodalash uchun qo‘shimchalar

• 【veau，最】: for expressing superlative degree

• 【duix，最】: for expressing superlative degree (this is a loan word)

• 【zangs，太】: too

• 【nguenxges，更加】: more, even more (this is a loan word)

• 【loeppvaix，恰恰，相当】: just right, just enough, exactly

• 【dhat，很】: very

• 【baisias，很，极，非常】: very much

• boshqalar

These adverbs are usually placed before the adjectives to modify them, e.g.,

vaeu reek

most bad

"最坏，worst"

duix hlenymuuen

most beautiful

"最美丽，most beautiful"

zangs fous

too hot

"太热，too hot"

nguenxges hleny

even good

"更好，even better"

loeppvaix hleny

exactly good

"恰恰好，just right"

But, the adverbs "dhat" and "baisias" are placed after the adjectives. These two words also can modify verbs, e.g.,

kaeix dhat

cold very

"很冷，very cold"

dzuuns baisias

quick very much

"非常快，very quick"

To increase the degree of something, two different adverbs can modify the same term, e.g.,

vaeu dzuuns baisias

most quick very much

"快极了，Very, very (extremely) quick"

Na vaeu vaet baisias

he/she most poor very much

"他非常穷，He is very, very (extremely) poor."

The word "dhat" can be doubled to increase the degree, e.g.,

Veengs neix hleny dhatdhat.

shirt/top this good very much

"这件衣服非常好，This shirt/top is a very good one."

3. Qo'llanish doirasi, ko'lami yoki diapazonini ifodalash uchun qo'shimchalar

• 【ruus，都】: all

• 【ngan，也，都】: also, all

• 【nyoengx，仅，只】: only

• 【mans，仅，只】: only

• boshqalar

These adverbs are usually placed before the verbs to modify them, e.g.,

Uengxtoengs ruus qim.

everyone all believe

"大家都相信，Everyone believes that."

Hou ngan vuek.

I also do

"我也做，I also do (that)."

Na mans/nyoengx dheuu zuu hom coem.

he/she only take one classifier fruit

"他只要一个果子，He only took one fruit."

These adverbs "mans" and "nyoengx" can be linked together to emphasize the voice, e.g.,

Na mans-nyoengx zaux zuu zuen hluuek.

he/she only have one classifier child

"他只有一个孩子，He has only one child."

4. Vaqtni ko'rsatadigan qo'shimchalar

• 【bxeys，已经】: already

• 【kuenx，先】: earlier, before, first, in advance

• 【naeus，刚】: just, a moment ago

• 【faets，正在】: in process

• 【dhom，还】: still, yet

• 【muxlis，就，便】: then (This word is usually used in a narrative when describing something.)

• 【goms，就】: then (This word is usually used in a quote.)

• boshqalar

These adverbs cannot be doubled for intensity, except for the adverb "naeus", e.g.,

Na naeus naeus buuen.

he/she just come

"他刚刚来，He has just come."

Adverbs for indicating timing usually modify verbs, and are placed before the verbal phrase, e.g.,

Na naeus hei tuuen blongs.

he/she just go out from house

"他刚从家里出去，He's just gone out of the house."

Na dhom da hei zo.

he/she still not go accent

"他还没去呢，He hasn't gone yet."

Zuughanx hluet blongs hou fan laeis na.

right after enter house I then see he/she

"一进门我就看见他，As soon as I entered the house, I saw him."

meuu buuen dhaens neix goms bhaeisyous hei beuu.

you come to here then never/not go back

"你来到这里了，就别再回去了，(Since) You came here, don't go back."

Meuu kuenx rien.

you first say

"你先说，You speak first."

However, the adverb "kuenx" can also be placed after the verbal phrase, e.g.,

Meuu rien kuenx.

you say first

"你先说，You speak first."

5. Takrorlash yoki davom ettirishni tavsiflovchi qo'shimchalar

• 【loms，又，再，还】: also, again,

• 【uulomlar， 又 ， 再 ， 还】: shuningdek, yana,

• 【oyoqlari， 互相】: bir-birlari

• boshqalar

Ushbu qo'shimchalar fe'llarni o'zgartiradi; "loms" yoki "uuloms" so'zi fe'ldan oldin, "toengs" so'zi fe'ldan keyin, masalan,

Meuu loms rien zuu gaeis.

siz yana bitta klassifikator deysiz

"你 再说 一遍 ， Buni yana bir bor takrorlang."

Kun taeix u bilan bog'liq.

ular bir-birlariga urg'u berishadi

"他们 互相 打架 了 了 ， Ular o'zaro urushdilar."

"Toengs" qo'shimchasi bilan o'zgartirilgan fe'lni fe'ldan oldin joylashtirilgan boshqa qo'shimchalar bilan o'zgartirish mumkin, masalan.

Meuuda youus taeix toengs as!

siz (pl.) bir-biringizga qarshi urishmaysiz

"你们 别 互相 打架 了 了！ Bir-biringiz bilan urishmang!"

6. Urg'u yoki o'tishni ifodalash uchun qo'shimchalar

• 【oms， 又 ， 却】: lekin, o'tish uchun signal so'z

• 【naus， 到底】: ta'kidlash uchun signal so'z

• 【kuslak， 原来】: demak, o'tish uchun signal so'z

• boshqalar

Ushbu qo'shimchalar fe'llarni yoki sifatlarni o'zgartiradi va odatda fe'l yoki sifat oldida joylashadi, masalan,

Baiscai long neix oms caeu.

katta daraxt shunday katta, ammo sinadi

"这样 大 的 树 却 断 断 了 ， Bunday katta daraxt, lekin (u) singan!"

Aeu naus cas meuu vuek meshes？

Boshqalar ta'kidlaydiki, siz nima qilasiz = nega?

"人家 到底 为什么 骂 你 你？ Nega odamlar sizni tanbeh qiladilar?"

Ushbu qo'shimchalarning odatiy bo'lmagan joylashuvi jumlaning boshida, masalan,

Cuuslax na dhuus max.

shuning uchun u u erda / u erda

"原来 他 在 那里 ， Demak, u erda!"

Hlai tilidagi turli xil birikmalar va ularning asosiy qoidalari^[26][27]

1. Bog`lovchilar otlar, olmoshlar, otli iboralar yoki fe'l-predmetli iboralarni bog'laydigan

• 【uengx和 ， 与】: va

• 【ku跟 ， 同 ， 和】: va, ga, bilan

• 【nyuek， 同 ， 和】: va, bilan

• boshqalar

A. Ismlarni bog'laydigan narsa

Ba ku bou zestoengs kweis lax soliq.

it va cho'chqa bir-biri bilan urishadi, guruch iste'mol qilishni xohlashadi

"狗 和 猪 争 吃 ， It va cho'chqa ovqat yeyish uchun bir-biri bilan urishmoqda."

Toengsdhun nyuek toengsblongs uengxtoengs ojiep.

xotin va er birgalikda o'rganadilar

"妻子 和 丈夫 共同 学习 ， ， Er va uning rafiqasi birgalikda o'qiydi."

B. Bu bog`lovchi olmoshlari

Hou uengx meuu uengxtoengs vuek gong.

Men va siz birgalikda ish qilamiz

"我 和 你 共同 干活 ， men va siz birgalikda ishlaymiz."

C. Ism jumlalarini bog'laydigan narsa

Hou duuengx meuu dheuu zuu hom coem long ku hlaus hom guengs.

Men sizga AUXga bitta klassifikatorli katta mevalar va ikkita tasniflovchi savat beraman

"我 给 你 一个 大 果子 和 两个 大 箩筐 ， Men sizga katta meva va ikkita katta savat beraman."

D. Fe'l-ob'ektiv so'z birikmalarini bog'laydigan narsa

Dhes hei qix lax soliq ku lax bhiengx.

Men ko'chaga borib guruch yeyman va yopishqoq guruch sharobini iste'mol qilaman

"我 上街 吃饭 和 和 喝酒 ， Men guruch yeyish va sharob ichish uchun ko'chalarga chiqdim."

E. Ushbu bog'lovchilar ikkitadan ortiq ot, olmosh yoki so'z birikmalariga qo'shilishi mumkin; Ushbu bog'lovchilar hatto birinchi ism, olmosh yoki iboradan oldin joylashtirilishi mumkin, masalan.

Uengx hou uengx meuu uengx na hei caty gong.

va men va siz va u narsalar sotib olish uchun boramiz

"我 和 你 和 他 他 去买 东西 ， Men va siz u bilan do'konga boramiz."

Quyidagi jadvalda ko'rinib turganidek, bu qo'shma so'zlar yuklama vazifasini ham bajarishi mumkin:

"Nyuek" so'zi Xlayning xalq qo'shig'ida ishlatiladi va fe'l bilan bog'lanishi mumkin, masalan.

Baisdza zok nyuek cas, pasdza cas nyuek taeix.

Onam tanbeh berib, tanbeh beradi, otasi esa tanbeh beradi va kaltaklaydi

"母亲 边 数落 边 骂 ， 父亲 又骂 又 打 ， ， (Onasi) tanbeh berib, tanbeh berdi, (otasi) kaltakladi va kaltakladi."

F. Ba'zi qo'shimchalar, masalan, "loms" (又 ， 却 ， ， yana) va "hloeis" (， ， aytmoqchi, 而且 va) kabi, shuningdek, qo'shma gap vazifasini ham bajarishi mumkin, masalan,

Duis hauux long hloeis ghweis.

juda katta va semiz suvli bufalo

"那头 水牛 大 而且 肥 ， Bu buyvol semiz va semiz".

Guen neix bheeng loms muety.

bu keng va to'g'ri yo'l

"这 条路 宽 而且 直 ， Bu yo'l keng va to'g'ri."

2. Fe'l, sifat va so'z birikmalarini bog'laydigan qo'shma gaplar

• 【kub或者 ， 还是】: yoki

• 【kas或者 ， 还是】: yoki

• 【cuusnaus， 还是】: yoki

• boshqalar

Meuu gaux cuus zongs ngan loepp.

Siz yotasiz yoki o'tirasiz

"你 躺 或者 坐着 都 可以 可以 ， Sizga yotishga yoki o'tirishga ruxsat beriladi."

Meuu hei cuus da？

Siz borasizmi yoki yo'qmi

"你 去 还是 不去？ ， Ketasizmi yoki yo'qmi?"

Veengs dhes neix hleny cas da？

ko'ylak / top mening bu yaxshimi yoki yo'qmi

"我 这 件 衣服 好吗？ Kiyimim / ustki kiyimim yaxshi ko'rinishga egami?"

naeusneix meuu hleny cas da？

Yaqinda siz yaxshi yoki yo'q

"近来 你 好吗？ Yaqinda qanday bo'lib qoldingiz?"

Odatda, "cas" so'zi "cuus" ning sinonimidir. Ikkalasi ham ko'rsatma va so'roq gaplarda ishlatilishi mumkin. Ammo, boshqa bir "cuusnaus" sinonimi faqat so'roq gaplarda ishlatilishi mumkin, masalan.

Na hei cuusnaus hou hei？

U boradi yoki men boraman

"他 去 还是 我 去？ ， U ketadimi yoki men borishim kerakmi?"

Meuu kweis caty rasbluenx cuusnaus caty lauxmety？

Siz ananas yoki jekfrut sotib olmoqchisiz

"你 要买 菠萝 还是 菠萝蜜？？ you ananas yoki jekfrut istaysizmi?"

3. Bittani bog'laydigan birikma tobe gap

• 【xans， 因为】: chunki

• 【dosdzis， 所以】: shunday

• 【laislar， 如果】: agar

• 【tom， 但是】: lekin

• 【dagomlar， 不然】: aks holda

• boshqalar

Hans na da buuen, hou da hei bhe.

U kelmagani uchun, men aksentga bormayman

"因为 他 不 来 ， 所以 我 不去 了 ， U kelgani uchun, men bormadim."

Na kueng caqias, dosdzis na kuengghweuu li.

U stsenariyni biladi, shuning uchun printsipni ham biladi

"因为 他 有 知识 ， 所以 他 懂 道理 道理 ， U ssenariyni bilgani uchun printsipni tushunadi."

Laeis meuu hei, hou goms dzoeng meuu.

Agar boradigan bo'lsangiz, men sizni kutaman

"如果 你 去 ， 我 就 等 你 你 ， Agar boradigan bo'lsangiz, men sizni kutaman."

qimax gha vaet baisias, tom hansneix da dhong qihauux bhe.

Ilgari biz juda kambag'al edik, ammo hozir aksent oldingi kabi emas

"以前 我们 很穷 ， 但是 现在 和 那个 时候 不同 了 ， ， Oldin biz juda kambag'al edik, ammo endi biz avvalgimizga o'xshamaymiz."

Meuu hei, dagoms na hei.

Siz borasiz, aks holda u ketadi

"你 去 ， 不然 他 去 ， go Siz borasiz, aks holda u ketadi."

"Dagoms" so'zi "nafaqat" yoki "yoki" degan ma'noni anglatadi, masalan,

Na dagoms gieu laix dax, uuloms gieu kieux muens.

U nafaqat shudgorlash dalasini, balki sholi qanday yig'ib olishni ham biladi

"他 不但 会 犁田 ， 而且 会 割 稻 ， U nafaqat shudgor qilishni, balki o'rim-yig'im usullarini ham biladi."

Meuu fei guen hei, dagoms zongs qia hei.

Yo'lda yurasiz, aks holda o'tirasiz mashinada

"你 走路 去 ， 或者 坐车 坐车 去 ， (u erda) piyoda yurishingiz yoki u erda avtobusga chiqishingiz mumkin."

4. Ikki yoki undan ortiq gapni bog`lovchi bog`lovchilar

Gaz dacaux lax gans, lax uengx nomlari.

Ot nafaqat o'tni yeydi, balki suv ham iste'mol qiladi

"马 不但 吃草 ， 而且 而且 喝水 ， Ot nafaqat o't o'stiradi, balki suv ham ichadi."

Na dacaux taeix meuu, taeix koms hou.

U nafaqat sizni urdi, balki meni ham mag'lub etdi

"他 不但 打 你 ， ， 而且 打 我 我 ， U nafaqat sizni urgan, balki meni ham urgan."

Dhes dacaux zaux pasghueng, zaux toep baisghueng.

Mening nafaqat ukam bor, hatto singlim ham bor

"我 不但 有 弟弟 ， ， 而且 有 妹妹 ， ， Menda nafaqat (a) kichik birodar (lar) bor, (lekin) hattoki (a) singillar ham bor."

Odatda, "danyoengx" yoki "dagoms" so'zi "dacaux" so'zining sinonimidir, masalan.

Duis neix danyoengx long kaux, uuloms doengs gans.

buffalo bu nafaqat katta kuch, balki tirik o't ham

"这 头牛 不但 力气 大 ， 而且 安静 吃草 ， Sigir nafaqat baquvvat, balki tinchgina o'tni ham yeydi."

Na dagoms gieu laix dax, uuloms gieu kieux muens.

U nafaqat shudgorlash dalasini, balki sholi qanday yig'ib olishni ham biladi

"他 不但 会 犁田 ， 而且 会 割 稻 ， ， U nafaqat dalani haydashni, balki sholi yig'ishni ham biladi."

Hans uupans fas fun, dosdzis hou gax buuen.

Kecha osmon yomg'ir yog'dirgani uchun men kela olmayman

"因为 昨天 下雨 ， 所以 我 不能 来 来 ， (Chunki) Kecha yomg'ir yog'ayotgan edi, men kela olmadim."

5. Bog'langan elementlar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni ko'rsatadigan qo'shma gaplar

Parallel munosabat

Parallel munosabatni ifoda etadigan qo'shma so'zlar "uengx" (和, va), "ku" (和, va) va "nyuek" (和, va), masalan,

Hou uengx meuu hei.

Men va siz boramiz

"我 和 你 去 ， Men siz bilan boraman."

Uengx hou uengx meuu uengx na hei vuek gong.

Va men va siz va u ish bilan boramiz

"我 和 你 和 他 去干 去干 工 ， Men siz va u bilan birga ishlashga ketaman."

Toengsdhun nyuek toengsblongs uengxtoengs ojiep.

Xotin va er birgalikda o'qishadi / o'rganadilar

"妻子 和 丈夫 共同 学习 ， Er va xotin birgalikda o'qiydi."

Hou hei qix caty veengs ku caty kous.

Men ko'cha / ko'ylak sotib olib, shim sotib olaman

"我 上街 买 上衣 和 买 买 裤子 ， Palto sotib olish va shim sotib olish uchun do'konga bordim.

Dhes duuengx na lax zuu lang kai ku zuu lang ba.

Men unga yordamchi bitta klassifikatorli tovuq va bitta tasniflovchi it beraman

"我 给 他 一 只鸡 和 和 一只 狗 ， him Men unga tovuq va it berdim."

B. progressiv munosabatlar

Progresiv munosabatlarni ifoda etuvchi bog'lovchilar "loms" (又, yana), "hloeis" (并且, 而且, va) va shunga o'xshash "dacaux ... koms ..." ("... 而且 ... ，) kabi iboralardir. ... lekin ...), masalan,

Na lax zuu feek loms zuu feek.

U bitta luqma va bitta luqma yeydi

"他 吃 一口 又 一口 ， U (bitta) luqma bilan (bitta) tishlaydi".

Gong neix fas hloeis ghety.

bu nordon va issiq narsalar

"这 东西 又酸又 辣 ， Bu achchiq va issiq."

Na dacaux cas hou, cas koms / uengx meuu.

U nafaqat meni, balki siz ham meni tanqid qiladi

"他 不但 骂 我 ， 而且 而且 骂 你 ， he U nafaqat meni, balki hatto sizni ham tanqid qildi."

"Dacaux ... koms ..." ("nafaqat ... balki ...") kabi iboralarni tuzishda "lekin" ham "(" koms "," uengx "yoki" toep ") qo'shimchalari ikkinchi bandga joylashtirilishi kerak. , fe'l va predmet o'rtasida.

C. Ixtiyoriy munosabatlar

Ixtiyoriy munosabatni ifoda etadigan bog'lovchilar "cuus" (或, yoki), "cas" (或, yoki), "cuusnaus" (或, yoki), "casnus" (或, yoki) va "dagoms" (或). , yoki), masalan,

Meuuda kweis hei geek hla cuus da?

Baliq qidirishni xohlaysizmi yoki yo'qmi

"你 要去 捕鱼 还是 不去？ Siz baliq ovlashga borasizmi yoki yo'qmi?"

Gha caem cuus bhiek les?

Biz qo'lda olib yuramiz yoki elkama-elka savol belgisi bilan olib yuramiz

"咱们 抬 还是 扛？ Biz (uni) qo'limiz bilan yoki yelkamizda ko'taramizmi?"

Meuu kweis dheuu zuucoeis cuusnaus dheuu zuuyunx？

Siz litchi yoki kokos yong'og'ini olmoqchisiz

"你 要拿 荔枝 还是 椰子？？ ， Siz litchi yoki kokos yong'og'ini tanlamoqchimisiz?"

D. O'tish davri munosabatlari

O'tish munosabatlarini ifodalaydigan bog'lovchilar "tom" (但是, lekin), "oms" (却, lekin) va "tus" (但是, lekin), masalan.

Na ghwaix Hlai, tom kueng rien tun Hlai.

U Li emas, lekin Li tilini biladi

"他 不是 黎族 ， 但 会 讲 黎 话 话 ， U Li emas, lekin u Li shevasida gapiradi."

Na kweis hei, oms wenysnaeis hwan.

U ketishni xohlaydi, ammo kun yo'q

"他 愿意 去 ， 但 没有 没有 时间 ， U borishga tayyor, ammo vaqt yo'q."

E. Shartli munosabat

Shartli munosabatni ifodalaydigan bog`lovchilar "laeis", "dalunx", masalan.

Dalunx na rien dhongras, hou ngan hei.

u nima desa ham men qanday boraman

"不管 他 怎样 说 ， 我 都 都 去 ， U nima desin, men ketaman."

Laeis na da buuen, hou goms hei lo.

Agar u kelmasa, men aksentga boraman

"如果 他 不 来 ， 我 就去 了 了 ， Agar u kelmasa, men boraman."

F. Sabab munosabati

Sabab munosabatini ifodalaydigan bog`lovchilar "xans" (g, chunki), "dagomalar" (g, aks holda), masalan.

Dhes da hei, hans zaux cok.

Kasalligim sababli bormayman

"我 不去 ， 因为 有病 ， Men kasalligim sababli bormayman."

Fas fun, you he he, dagoms ia cok.

Osmon yomg'iri boshqacha yo'l tutmaydi, kasallikka yo'liqmaydi

"天下 雨 了 ， 别 去 ， 不然 要 得病 ， Yomg'ir yog'moqda. Bormang! Aks holda kasal bo'lib qolasiz."

Turli xil turlari Prepozitsiyalar va ularning Xlay tilidagi asosiy qoidalari^[28][29]

1. Joy, yo'nalish yoki vaqt bilan bog'liq predloglar

A. Quyidagi yuklamalar yordamida yasalgan predlogli ibora odatda fe'ldan keyin joylashadi va fe'lni o'zgartirish uchun ergash gap vazifasini bajaradi.

• 【zhus， 在】: in, at, on

• 【tuuen， 从】: dan

• 【ueks， 里】: ichkarida

Meuu doengs dhuus max hyo！

Siz u erda aksentda yashaysiz

"你 住在那里 哟！ Siz u erda yashaysiz!"

Meuu buuen tuuen ras?

Siz qayerdan keldingiz?

"你 从哪里来？ Siz qayerdansiz?"

Ammo tobora ko'payib borayotgan Li avlodi Xan madaniyati bilan aralashib borar ekan, ular asta-sekin xitoy grammatikasini o'zlashtirdilar va predlogli iborani fe'l oldiga qo'ydilar, masalan.

Meuu dhuus max doengs hyo！

Siz u erda jonli aksent

"你 住在那里 哟！ Siz u erda yashaysiz!"

Meuu tuuen ras buuen?

Siz qayerdan kelasiz

"你 从哪里来？ Siz qayerdansiz?"

"Ueks" so'zi "dhuus" predlogidan keyin joylashtirilishi mumkin, masalan.

zongs dhuus ueks hauux

U erda o'tir

"坐在 那 里面 ， U erda (ichkarida) o'tiring"

"Ueks" so'zi bilan yasalgan predlogli ibora ham sub'ekt vazifasini bajarishi mumkin, masalan.

Ueks blons neix mangshais baisias.

Uyning ichida bu qorong'i

"这 屋子 里面 暗 得很 ， Uyning ichi juda qorong'i."

B. Quyidagi yuklamalar yordamida yasalgan predlogli ibora odatda fe'ldan keyin joylashadi va toldiruvchi vazifasini bajaradi.

• 【dhaens， 到】: gacha

• 【zok， 往 ， 向】: tomonga, tomonga

• 【dhuas， 过】: orqali

• 【buu， 在】: yoqilgan, in

• 【edi， 沿】: birga

Bhousaeu dzoeng meuu dhaens politsiya.

Mehmon sizni tungacha kuting

"客人 等 你 到 晚上 ， Mehmon (lar) sizni tungacha kutishdi."

Fa hei zok ohyaeu.

Biz maktabga / tomonga boramiz

"我们 到 学校 去 ， Biz maktabga boramiz."

Aeu fei reuureuu dhuas ngaeix bhous.

Odamlar chekka qishloq bo'ylab oldinga va orqaga yurishadi

"人们 络绎不绝 走过 村 边 ， Odamlar qishloqning chekkasi bo'ylab u yoq-bu yoqqa yurishadi."

Ghais na pien buu huen.

Unga tanada kiyinishini ayting

"叫 他 穿 在 身上 ， Unga uni kiyishini ayting."

Daty roeng buu peek goep maeis.

Sharqiy panjara shakarqamishida qushlar chirqiraydi

"鸟叫 在 甘蔗 园 篱笆 篱笆 东边 ， Qush shakarqamish bog'ining sharqiy to'sig'ida chinqirmoqda."

fei beeng ngaeix nomlari

qirg'oq / bank daryosi bo'ylab yurish

"沿着 河边 走 ， daryo bo'yida piyoda yurish"

C. Quyidagi predloglar yordamida yasalgan predlogli ibora odatda fe'l oldida joylashadi va fe'lni o'zgartirish uchun ergash gap vazifasini bajaradi.

• 【qarindoshlar， 沿】: birga

Na niens guen hauux hei ohyaeu.

U maktabga boradigan yo'l bo'ylab

"他 沿着 那 条路 条路 去 学校 ， U maktabgacha shu yo'l bo'ylab sayohat qilgan."

Shu bilan birga, "niens" ning prepozitsiya iborasi averbdan keyin ham joylashtirilishi mumkin, masalan.

fei niens hyoen dax

tog 'tizmasi bo'ylab yurish

"沿着 田埂 走 ， dala tizmasi bo'ylab yurish"

2. Uslubga oid predloglar

• 【aens， 按】: tomonidan, ko'ra (bu qarz so'zidir)

Kunaeu aens laeustaeng gieu ku gax buuen gauxtoengs.

Ular ishlashga ko'ra kuchli va kuchsizlar tarqatadilar

"他们 按 劳动 的 强弱 来 来 分配 ， Ular ishni mardikorlarning qobiliyatiga qarab tarqatishdi."

3. Aql yoki maqsad bilan bog'liq predloglar

• 【guu ghais， 为了】: maqsad uchun

• 【uy， 为了】: uchun (bu kredit so'zi)

• 【uislaeus， 为了】: uchun (bu kredit so'zi)

• 【kuslak， 由于】: chunki

vuuengx hwoek cuuslax meuu

sen tufayli yurakni bezovta qil

"心烦 由于 ​​你 ， siz tufayli xafa"

"Kuuslaks" so'zi she'riyatda faqat yuqoridagi kabi ishlatiladi.

Veeng duis kweis beuu fan taeix duis,

Magistr suv bufoli orqaga qaytishni xohlaydi, keyin esa suvsarni uradi

guu ghais duis dzuuns fei.

suv bufalo tez / tez yurishi uchun

"牛 主人 要 回家 就打 牛, Buffalo egasi uyiga borishni istadim, shuning uchun tez yura Buffalo olish uchun, Buffalo bosing. 为了 叫 牛 快走,"

Li avlodlari tobora ko'proq Xan madaniyati bilan aralashib ketganligi sababli, ba'zida ular maqsadini "uis" yoki "uisliaeus" so'zidan foydalanib ifoda etadilar.

4. Ob'ekt bilan bog'liq predloglar

A. Quyidagi yuklamalar yordamida yasalgan predlogli ibora odatda fe'llardan keyin joylashadi va fe'lni o'zgartirish uchun ergash gap vazifasini bajaradi.

• 【toep， 连】: hatto

• 【koms， 连】: hatto

• 【goem对 ， 和 ， 与】: ga, bilan

• 【ku对 ， 和】: ga

Na vaet toep / koms fok gaux ngan wenysnaeis.

U kambag'al uxlash uchun joy ham yo'q

"他 穷得连 睡 的 地方 也 也 没有 ， U shunchalik kambag'alki, hatto uxlashga joy ham yo'q."

vuektun goem na.

u bilan qo'shiq ayt

"和 他 对唱 山歌 山歌 ， U bilan qo'shiq kuylang."

Baisdza rien ku na.

Ona unga ayt

"母亲 母亲 他 说 ， (ona) unga aytdi."

Biroq, Xitoy grammatikasi ta'siri tufayli, "ku" prepozitsiya iborasi fe'ldan oldin ham joylashtirilishi mumkin, masalan.

Baisdza ku na rien.

Ona unga ayt

"母亲 母亲 他 说 ， (ona) unga aytdi."

B. "dhuas" yuklamasi bilan yasalgan yuklamali ibora sifatdoshni to'ldiruvchi sifatida o'zgartirganda, bu taqqoslashni bildiradi.

• 【dhuas， 过】: nisbatan

Ghueng baiscuty hlenymuuen dhuas kun hluuekkauus.

Kichik singil, ko'plik singilga qaraganda eng yoshi

"幺妹 子 比 姐姐 们 漂亮 漂亮 ， kenja singlisi katta opalaridan ko'ra chiroyliroq."

C. Quyidagi predloglar bilan yasalgan predlogli ibora odatda fe'ldan oldin joylashadi va fe'lni o'zgartirish uchun ergash gap vazifasini bajaradi.

• 【uengx， 和 ， 跟】: bilan

Na uengx enyxlauux taeixtoengs.

U bolalar bilan janjallashadi

"他 跟 小孩 小孩 打架 ， U bola (bolalar) bilan jang qildi."

Shu bilan birga, "uengx" dan foydalangan prepozitsiya iborasi fe'ldan keyin ham joylashishi mumkin, masalan.

Na buuen doengs uengx hluuekpasghueng.

U yosh birodar bilan o'ynashga keladi

"他 来 跟 小弟 小弟 玩 ， U (ukasi) bilan o'ynash uchun kelgan."

5. Agent bilan bog'liq predloglar

A. Quyidagi yuklamalar yordamida yasalgan predlogli ibora odatda fe'ldan oldin joylashadi va fe'lni o'zgartirish uchun ergash gap vazifasini bajaradi.

• 【ia， 被】: tomonidan

• 【arvohlar， 被】: tomonidan

• 【dheuu， 把】: yordamida

Na ia ba gaenys he!

U it tishlamoq aksenti bilan

"他 被 狗咬 了 ， Uni it tishladi！"

Hou ghoems na taeix bhe.

Men unga urg'u berdim

"我 被 他 打 了 ， ， meni urdi."

Baisdza dheuu ghei roengx soliq.

Onam guruch pishiradigan guruchdan foydalanadi

"母亲 把 米 煮成 煮成 饭 ， Ona guruch donidan guruch pishirgan."

Turli xil turlari Yordamchi so'zlar va ularning Xlay tilidagi asosiy qoidalari^[30][31]

1. Strukturaviy yordamchi so'zlar

Ushbu turkumda uchta so'z mavjud: "guu", "uu" va "dhaens"

A. "guu" so'zi ot yoki olmosh oldiga qo'yilib, bo'ysunishni bildiradi, bu birikma egalik iborasi vazifasini bajaradi va faqat gapning predikatida bo'lishi mumkin, masalan.

Gong neix guu meuu.

Bu narsalar sizga tegishli

"这 东西 是 你 的 ， Bu sizniki."

Blongs hauux man guu dhes.

Menga tegishli uy

"那 房子 是 我 的 ， U uy meniki."

Biroq, "guu" so'zini chiqarib tashlash mumkin, masalan.

Veengs neix veengs na.

ko'ylak / top bu ko'ylak / yuqori u / u

"这 件 衣服 是 她 的 的 Bu kiyim unga tegishli."

B. "uu-" yordamchi prefiksi ba'zi fe'llarga yoki sifatlarga qo'shilishi mumkin. Ushbu prefiksni qo'shgandan so'ng, nominal fe'l yoki sifat sub'ekt, ob'ekt yoki atribut bo'lishi mumkin, lekin predikat bo'lishi mumkin emas, masalan.

Uu ghaens hleny.

yordamchi prefiks qizil yaxshi

"红 的 好 ，" qizil yaxshi. "

Hou lax uu-enyx.

Men kichkintoyni yeyman

"我 吃 小 的 ， Kichkintoyni yeyman."

Neix man gong uu-lax.

Bu yordamchi prefiks ovqat

"这 是 吃 的 东西 东西 ， Bu narsa eyishi mumkin."

C. Yana bir tarkibiy yordamchi so'z - "dhaens". Odatda fe'l yoki sifatdan keyin joylashtiriladi va undan keyin harakat / vaziyatning natijasi yoki darajasini ko'rsatadigan to'ldiruvchi qo'shiladi, masalan.

Kaeix dhaens nyan.

Qaltirash uchun sovuq

"冷得 发抖 ， Bu titragani qadar sovuq."

Fas dhaens maeu nomshloei.

Tuprikni to'kish uchun nordon

"酸 得 流 口水 ， Bu juda achchiqdir, chunki u (birovni) axlatga aylantiradi."

Na ghweis dhaens gax fei guen.

U yo'lni bosib o'tolmaydigan darajada semiradi

"他 胖 得 难 走路 ， U shu qadar semizki, yurish qiyin (u uchun)."

Na hei dhaens ngaeix noms fan beuuluung.

U qirg'oq / bank daryosiga borib, keyin qaytib keladi

"他 去 到 河边 就 就 回来 ， U daryo bo'yiga bordi va keyin qaytib keladi ..."

2. O'tgan zamondagi yordamchi so'z - "dhuas"

"Dhuas" so'zi harakat sodir bo'lganligini anglatadigan fe'ldan keyin qo'yiladi, masalan.

Hou hei dhuas Bhakgengs.

Men Pekinning yordamchi so'zini aytaman

"Men Pekinda bo'lganman."

Meuu laeis dhuas na cuus da?

Siz u yordamchi so'zni ko'rasizmi yoki yo'qmi?

"你 见过 他 吗？ Uni ko'rganmisiz?"

Hou qieng dhuas muixdhoeis neix.

O'ylaymanki, yordamchi so'z bu savolga javob beradi

"我 想过 这个 问题 ， Bu savol haqida o'ylardim."

3. Aktyorlik-qabul qiluvchi yordamchi so'zlar

Ikkala yordamchi so'zlar ham "lax" va "dheuu" ko'pincha agent va bemor o'rtasidagi harakat va qabul munosabatlarini ko'rsatish uchun ishlatiladi.

"Lax" so'zining asl ma'nosi "yeyish" degan ma'noni anglatadi, shu bilan birga, yordamchi so'z vazifasini bajarganda ma'no o'zgaradi; "bo'shashgan" so'zi odatda predmet-predmet bo'lmaganda ham, shaxs-ob'ektdan keyin ergash gapli gaplarda joylashtiriladi.

Pashlaus hou duuengx na lax zuu lang ba.

Katta akam unga yordamchi so'zni bitta klassifikator itini bering

"我 哥哥 给 他 一只 一只 狗 ， akam unga it sovg'a qildi."

Meuu dun hou lax tun Hlai.

Siz menga Li yordamchi so'z tilini o'rgatasiz

"你 教 我 黎 黎 话 ， Siz menga Li tilini o'rgatasiz."

Hou rien duuengx na lax.

Men unga yordamchi so'zni aytaman

"Men u bilan gaplashdim."

"Dheuu" so'zining asl ma'nosi "olish" degan ma'noni anglatadi, ammo yordamchi so'z vazifasini bajarganda ma'no o'zgaradi, masalan.

Na duuengx hou dheuu zuu hom coem.

U menga yordamchi so'zni bitta klassifikator mevasini beradi

"他 给 我 我 一个 水果 ， U menga bitta meva berdi."

Zuu hom zuuyunx neix duuengx meuu dheuu.

Bitta klassifikator kokos yong'og'i sizga yordamchi so'z beradi

"这 一个 椰子 给 你 ， Ushbu kokos yong'og'i siz uchun."

Odatda, "bo'shashgan" va "dheuu" so'zlari almashinuvchan.

Turli xil turlari Accent markerlari va ularning Xlay tilidagi asosiy qoidalari^[32][33]

1. Indikativ kayfiyat uchun aksent belgilar

Indikativ kayfiyatda ishlatiladigan "lo", "bhe", "ve / vi", "he", "zu / zo" va "rus" kabi bir nechta so'zlar mavjud.

A. 【mana, 了】: bu so'z nimadir jarayonda yoki yaqinda bo'lishini bildiradi va u umid yoki ajablanish tuyg'usini bildiradi, masalan.

Ko'ngil ochdi.

osmon yomg'iri aksenti

"天 要 下雨 了 ， Yomg'ir yog'adi."

Meuu dhongneix vuek goms da dhiu lo.

sizga yoqadi, shunda aksent to'g'ri emas

"你 这样 做 就不 对 了 了 ， Sizga buni qilish to'g'ri emas."

B. he bhe, 啊】 ： bu so'z allaqachon sodir bo'lgan narsani anglatadi va u sub'ektiv tuyg'uni ifodalaydi, masalan.

Ko'ngilxushlik bhe.

osmon yomg'iri aksenti

"天 （已经） 下雨 了 了 ， Yomg'ir yog'moqda (yomg'ir yog'di)."

Aeu reek hauux hlaeux bhe.

aksent o'ladigan odam yomon

"那个 坏人 死 了 了 ， o'sha yomon odam o'ldi."

Man hauux hleny lax bhe.

yaxshi ovqatlanadigan kartoshka

"那 甘薯 好吃 啊 ， O'sha shirin kartoshka mazali edi."

【va/vi, 的, 了】 ： bu so'z ma'ruzachi nimanidir tushuntirayotganini va ma'ruzachining so'zini bildiradi ohang aniq, masalan,

Qias neix ghwaix hou taeis ve.

xat bu men aksent yozmayman

"这 字 不是 我 写 的 的 ， Bu so'z men yozgan narsa emas."

Meuu duuengx hou goms bhaeis ve.

siz men beraman, keyin aktsentni tugataman

"你 it 我 就 行 了 ， Menga bering (bering), keyin tugadi."

D.u， 啦】 ： bu so'z allaqachon sodir bo'lgan narsani anglatadi va u sub'ektiv hissiyotni ifodalaydi va ma'ruzachining ohanglari aniq, masalan.

Dhes vuek gong bhaeis he.

Men ish tugagan aksan qilaman

"我 做 完工 了 ， (ishimni) tugatdim."

【zo/zu， 还… 呢】 ： bu so'z biron bir haqiqat yoki haqiqat ekanligini anglatadi, unda notiq boshqalarni ishontirishga harakat qiladi va notiqning ohanglari aniq, masalan.

Hla dhom hlou zo.

Baliqlar hali ham jonli aksent

"鱼 还 活着 呢 ， Baliq hali ham tirik."

Na dhom da vuek zo!

U hali ham ta'kidlamaydi

"他 还没 做 呢 呢 ， U buni hali bajarmagan."

Fas da fun zo!

Osmon yomg'ir emas aksenti

"天 还没 下雨 呢 ， Hali yomg'ir yog'madi."

Ba'zan "zo / zu" so'zlari kayfiyatni ta'kidlash uchun ularga "ho" yoki "nex" qo'shilishi mumkin, masalan.

Aeu reek hauux da hlaeux zuho!

aksent o'lmaydigan yomon odam

"那个 坏人 怎么 还没 死 死 呢！ Nega yomon odam hali ham o'lmadi?"

Hou da laeis meshes zunex!

Men hech qanday aksentni ko'rmayapman

"我 什么 都没 看见 呢 ， Hech narsa ko'rmadim!"

【rus， 呢】 ： bu so'z nimadir aniq emasligini, ma'ruzachining ohanglari yumshoq va bilvosita, xushmuomalalikni bildiradi, masalan.

Hvanneix na da buuen rus.

bugun u aksanga kelmadi

"今天 他 不 来 呢 ， U bugun kelmaydi."

Fa neix zuu tienx zans zuu tienx luei, da laeis rus.

biz bu bitta baliq nomini aytamiz. bitta baliqning ismi aksani ko'rmaydi

"我们 这 鲩 鱼 一 一 上 ， 一 下游 下 ， 没 看见 看见 呢 ， (Bir baliq dedi :) Biz baliqlar oldinga va orqaga suzdik, (siz) ko'rmadingiz."

2. uchun aksent markerlari so'roq qiluvchi kayfiyat

So'roviy kayfiyatda "hos", "yos", "os", "hyos", "zuumos", "huux", "hauux", "yax", "nex / nix", "kabi bir nechta so'zlar mavjud. zuurasve "," bas / vixbas "va" zuuras / cuusras ".

【hos，yos，os，hyos, zuumos， 吗】 ： ushbu so'zlar umumiy so'roq gaplarida ishlatiladi, masalan.

Meuu da hei vuek gong hos?

siz ish savollari markerini qilmang

"你 不去 干活 吗？ Ishga bormaysizmi?"

Hwanneix na da buuen yos.

bugun u savol markeriga kelmadi

"今天 他 不 来 吗？ U bugun kelmayaptimi?"

Neix man guu meuu os?

bu sizniki savol markeridir

"这 是 你 的 吗？ Bu siznikimi?"

Na man pasghueng meuu hyos?

u sizning ukangiz sizning savol markeringiz

"他 是 你 弟弟 吗 吗？ U sizning ukangizmi?"

Meuu beuu ngop dhang hou vi zuumos?

Siz mening aksent savol markerimga duch kelasiz deb o'ylaysiz

"你 回来 是 因为 想 我 我 吗？ Siz qaytib keldingiz (chunki) siz meni o'ylayapsizmi?"

B. 【huux，hauux， 呢 ， 呀】: bu so'zlar so'roq olmoshi bilan gaplarda ishlatiladi, masalan.

Meuu caty gong mesh huux?

siz qanday savol markerini sotib olasiz

"你 买 什么 东西 呢？ nima sotib olasiz?"

Meuu uuras hauux?

siz markerga savol berasiz

"你 是 谁？ Siz kimsiz?"

C. 【nex / nix ， yax ， 呢 ， 呀】: ushbu so'zlar umumiy so'roq gaplarida ishlatiladi, masalan,

Gha uengxtoengs kweis caep cas caem nix?

biz hammamiz yordamchi qo'llar bilan olib yuramiz yoki ko'taramiz yoki elkamizda savol tug'iladi

"咱们 大家 要 挑 还是 抬 抬 呢？ Biz (uni) qo'limiz bilan olib yuramizmi yoki (yelkamizda) ko'tarayapmizmi?"

Neix guu asras yax?

bu kimning savol belgisi

"这 是 谁 的 呀？ Bu kim?"

D.zuralar/kubralar， 吗】 ： ushbu so'zlar so'roq gaplarda ishlatiladi, bu erda ma'ruzachi diqqat bilan so'roq qilish orqali so'raydi, masalan.

Hwanneix hou uengx na kweis hei Damxax, meuu loms da hei zuuras?

bugun men va u yordamchi boramiz, Sanya siz yana savol bermaysiz

"今天 我 和 他 要去 三亚 ， 难道 你 又不 去 吗 吗？ Bugun men u bilan Sanyaga boraman, ketmaysizmi?"

Kun uengxtoengs vuek gong, meuu oms da vuek cuusras?

ularning barchasi siz bilan ishlaydi, ammo savol markerini qilmaydi

"他们 一起 干活 ， 难道 你 不 不 干吗？ Hamma ishlayapti, lekin nega siz ishlamaysiz?"

【zuurasve，bosh/vixbas， 吧 ， 了 吧】: bu so'zlar imkoniyatni bildiradi, masalan,

Na buuen zuurasve?

u savol belgisi bilan keladi

"他 来 了 吧？ U keldimi?"

meuu bhaeis cuis ang vixbas?

dala savol markerini allaqachon yoqasiz

"你 烧 山 栏 地 了 了 吗？ Siz allaqachon maydonni yoqdingizmi?"

meuu kweis hei bas?

siz tashvishlantiruvchi so'z boring savol belgisi

"你 要去 吗？ Siz borasizmi?"

3. uchun aksent markerlari imperativ kayfiyat

Buyruq kayfiyatida "as", "bas", "res", "bhislo" kabi bir nechta so'zlar mavjud.

【kabi， 吧 ， 啊】: bu so'z buyruq berish yoki kimnidir biron bir ishni qilishga qo'shilishga undash uchun ishlatiladi va ohang yumshoq va muloyim, masalan,

Meuuda dzueis gas fa?

siz otga o'xshaysiz, biz markerga savol beramiz

"你们 看 我们 的 马 马 吧！ Bizning otlarimizga qarang!"

Goms dhonghauux！ sifatida

keyin o'sha imperativ kayfiyat kabi

"就 那样 吧！ Bo'ldi!"

B. 【bosh， 啊 ， 吧】】 ： ushbu so'z birovga biror narsa qilishni buyurish, so'rash yoki nasihat qilish uchun ishlatiladi, masalan.

Meuu dheuu bas!

siz imperativ kayfiyatni qabul qilasiz

"你 拿 吧！ Oling!"

Meuu dzuuns hei bas!

siz tezda imperativ kayfiyatga o'tasiz

"你 快 去吧！ Tezda boring!"

Duuengx hou zuu hom ghaeix bas!

menga bitta klassifikatorni bering bodring buyrak kayfiyati

"给 我 一个 葫芦瓜 吧！ Menga qovoq bering!"

【bhislo， 咯】: bu so'zni a bilan bittasi ishlatadi norozi kayfiyat buyruq berish, so'rash yoki birovni biron bir narsani qilishga shoshiltirish, masalan.

Bisloni kattalashtiring!

uyquga majburiy kayfiyat

"该 睡 了！ Uyquga boring!"

Vuek dzuuns bhislo!

tezda imperativ kayfiyatni bajaring

"快 做 咯！ Buni tezda bajaring!"

Hansneix bhaeis zaux caqias gha Hlai,

endi allaqachon biz Li skriptiga egamiz,

uengxtoengs guulax tuuen kaux o bhislo!

hamma tashqariga chiqishi kerak. kuch o'rganish imperativ kayfiyatni o'rganing!

"现在 已经 有 咱们 黎族 文字 大家 应该 要 要 努力 学习 咯！

Endi bizda Li allaqachon stsenariy bor, uni o'rganish uchun qo'limizdan kelganicha harakat qilishimiz kerak! "

Ba'zan "bhislo" so'zi indikativ kayfiyatga urg'u berish uchun ham ishlatiladi, masalan.

Meuu hluumsghweuu mos？

Savol markerini bilmayapsizmi?

Neix man caqias Hlai bhislo!

Bu Li ssenariysi!

"你 不 知道 吗？？ 就是 黎族 文字 呀 呀！ Bilasizmi? Bu Li odamlarning ssenariysi!"

D.resB，ng yā: bu so'zning ishlatilishi "bas" so'zi bilan o'xshashdir, ammo "res" so'zining ohanglari mehribon va iliq, masalan,

Meuuda dzuuns lax res!

siz tezda imperativ kayfiyatni iste'mol qilasiz

"你们 快 吃吧！ Yuring, tez ovqatlaning!"

Hluet buuen res!

kiring imperativ kayfiyat

"进来 吧！ Kiring!"

Hyaeu dhe res!

choyni majburiy kayfiyat bilan ichish

"喝茶 吧！ (bir oz) choy iching!"

4. uchun aksent markerlari hayajonli kayfiyat^{[ajratish kerak ]}

Unda undov kayfiyatida ishlatiladigan "ho", "a", "aei", "aiho" va "o" kabi bir nechta so'zlar mavjud. Ushbu so'zlar ma'ruzachining his-tuyg'ularini kuchli ifoda etadi, masalan.

Meuu rien dhiu dhat ho!

to'g'ri juda ajoyib kayfiyatni aytasiz

"你 说 对 极 了！ To'g'ri aytasiz!"

Yous taextoengs a!

bir-biringizga qarshi kayfiyat bilan kurashmang

"别 打架 了！ Jang qilmang!"

Odatda, bu so'zlar jumla oxirida joylashtiriladi; ammo, ba'zida bu so'zlar bitta so'zli jumla sifatida ishlaydi, masalan,

O! Pasceuus hauux hleny dhat o!

undovli kayfiyat yigiti, juda yaxshi, undovchi kayfiyat

"啊！ 那 小伙子 好 极 极 了！ Oh! U yigit juda zo'r!"

Aei! Bxeys u bilan shug'ullanadi.

undov kayfiyati allaqachon undovchi kayfiyatni buzadi

"唉！ 已经 破 了！ Oh! U buzilgan."

Aixo! Cok baisias ho!

undovli kayfiyat og'rig'i juda undovchi kayfiyat

"哎哟！ 痛 极 了！ Oh! Bu og'riqli!"

Turli xil turlari Onomatopoeic so'zlar va ularning Xlay tilidagi asosiy qoidalari^[34][35]

1. Ajablanish, undov yoki kelishuv tuyg'usini ifodalash uchun onomatopoy so'zlar. Odatda, bu so'zlar mustaqil / jumla yoki banddan ajralib turadi, masalan.

Aidza! Cok rais ha!

Yaxshi! Og'riq ichaklari

"哎呀！ 肚子 疼啊！ Oh, azizim! Qanday oshqozon og'rig'i!"

Aixo! Cok baisias ho!

Yaxshi! Og'riq juda ko'p urg'u

"哎哟 ， 痛 极 了！ Oh, qanday azob!"

Ihyos! Noms bhaeis uzoq bhe!

Ah! Daryo allaqachon katta aksent

"哟！ 水 涨 了！ Yo! Suv ko'tarildi!"

Isdzos! Neix man mesh?

Mmm! Bu nima

"哟 ， 这 是 什么？ Oh, bu nima?"

Biroq, ba'zi bir onomatopoeic so'zlar jumla yoki band bilan yoki ichida bo'lishi mumkin, masalan.

Euu, dhonghauux bhe!

Ha, bu (bu) aksent

"唉 ， 是 那样！ Ha, xuddi shunday!"

Na bhaeis euu cas da?

U allaqachon rozi yoki yo'q

"他 唉 （答应） 了 了 吗？ U allaqachon rozi bo'lganmi yoki yo'qmi?"

2. Odam, jonli yoki tabiat tovushlariga taqlid qilish uchun onomatopoeic so'zlar, masalan,

Hluuek'ueng raeux hihi dhuus hauux.

U erda qiz onomatopoeik so'z bilan kuladi

"姑娘 在 那里 嘻嘻地笑 ， there Qiz u erda kulib yubordi."

Fas qiziqarli fosfos bhe.

osmon yomg'iri onomatopoeic word accent

"天 哗哗 地 下雨 了 ， Yomg'ir yog'moqda."

Gaet fanati "Pancar! Pancar! Pancar!"

Uzoq oyoqli qurbaqa yana onomatopey so'zini chaqiradi

"长腿 蛙 又叫 ，" 别！ 别！ 别 "Baqa yana chaqirdi:" Ribbit! Ribbit! Ribbit! "

Quyidagi qo'shimcha onomatopoeic so'zlar:

Iboralar yilda Hlai tili

Hlai tilidagi iboralar tuzilishi va ularning asosiy qoidalari^[36][37]

So'z birikmalarining besh turi mavjud: muvofiqlashtiruvchi iboralar, atributli iboralar, fe'l-ob'ektiv iboralar, to'ldiruvchi iboralar va predmet-predikat iboralari.

1. Muvofiqlashtiruvchi iboralar

Muvofiqlashtiruvchi so'z birikmasidagi ekvivalent elementlarni muvofiqlashtirish uchun ishlatiladigan bog'lash vositalaridan foydalanish usuli, ammo boshqa usul bog'lamalardan foydalanish emas. Ism va olmoshlar gohida bog`lovchilarni ishlatadi, gohida ular ishlatilmaydi, masalan.

bais pas

ona ota

"父母 父母 ota-onalar"

meuu ku / uengx na

you and he/she

"你和他，you and he/she"

kai ku/uengx eps

chicken and duck

"鸡和鸭，chicken and duck"

gas ku/uengx duis

horse and water buffalo

"马和水牛，horse and water buffalo"

Usually, the verbs and adjectives need conjunctions,

taeix loms cas

beat and scold

"又打又骂，beat and scold"

fas hloeis ghety

sour and hot

"又酸又辣，sour and hot"

However, when the verbs and adjectives are doubled, there is no need for conjunctions, e.g.,

hei hei luueng luueng

go go back go back

"往往返返，go back and forth"

Hluet hluet tuuen tuuen

come in come in go out go out

"进进出出，come in and out"

kiu kiu ghaens ghaens

Green green red red

"红红绿绿，green and red"

dhongneix dhonghauux

like this like that

"这样那样，like this way and that way"

2. Atributli iboralar

The elements in the attribute phrases are not equivalent; one element is the head word, and the other element is the modifier that modifies the head word. Usually, the head word is a noun, a verb, or an adjective.

A. Ism bosh so'z sifatida

Usually, the modifier is placed after the noun head word.

a. Noun (the head word) + noun

aek bou

Meat pig

"猪肉，pork"

tun Hlai

words Li

"黎话，Li's language"

hau duis

horn water buffalo

"牛角，buffalo's horn"

coem cai

fruit tree

"水果，fruit"

b. Noun + adjective

noms ghan

water cold

"冷水，cold water"

veengs baen

shirt/top new

"新衣服，new shirt/top"

fun long

rain big

"大雨，heavy rain"

hwous peek

mountain tall

"高山，tall mountain"

The word "enyx" (小, small) is the exception where the modifier is placed before the head word, e.g.,

enyx veengs

small shirt/top

"小上衣，kid's shirt (it also means brassiere)"

enyx duis

small water buffalo

"小水牛，calf (young water buffalo)"

enyx kai

small chicken

"小鸡，chick"

enyx dziengx

small finger

"小指，little finger (pinkie)"

enyx lauux

small child

"小孩子，kid"

v. Noun+ verb

fok gaux

place sleep

"睡的地方，a place for sleeping"

fok hlau

place fight

"阵地，a place for fighting"

daty bheny

bird fly

"飞的鸟，(a) flying bird(s)"

blong kuishuix

house/room meet

"会议室，a room for meeting"

blong roengx tax

house/room cook rice

"厨房，a room for cooking (kitchen)"

d. Noun+ pronoun

pashlaus hou

older brother my

"我的哥哥，my older brother"

hwoek meuu

heart your

"你的心，your heart"

veengs na

shirt/blouse his/her

"他的衣服，his/her shirt/blouse"

caqias veengzauus

script self

"自己的文字，our (own) script"

veengs neix

shirt/top this

"这衣服，this shirt/top"

blongs hauux

house that

"那房子，that house"

bhous max

village that

"那村庄，that village"

e. Raqam + klassifikator + Noun (the head word)

The modifier, which is constructed with a number and classifier, must be placed before the head word, e.g.,

fus zuen aeudza

three classifier old man

"三位老人，three old men"

hlaus hom dzuuem

two classifier egg

"两个鸡蛋，two eggs"

ba kuuengx cai

five classifier tree

"五棵树，five trees"

caus fan veengs

four classifier shirt/blouse

"四件衣服，four shirts/blouses"

f. Attribute phrases influenced by Chinese

Like Chinese, these modifiers are placed after the head word, and most of these words are loan words, e.g.,

Noun + noun (the head word)

Dongxgoknaengsmiens

China people

"中国人民，Chinese people"

Adjective + noun (the head word)

hiuxdius odex

superior student

"优秀学生，superior student"

Verb + noun (the head word)

goeisgiet muixdhoeis

resolve problem

"解决问题，resolving (the) problem"

B. Fe'l bosh so'z sifatida

The modifiers that modify verbs are the adverbs, adjectives, pronouns, nouns, numbers, or verbs. Usually, the monosyllabic modifier is placed before the head word; the disyllabic/doubled adjective, the pronoun, or the number can be either placed before or after the head word, e.g.,

a. Ergash gap + fe'l

da oep

not love/like

"不喜欢，don't like"

bhaeis lax

already eat

"已经吃了，already ate"

yous rien

Don't say

"不要说，don't say"

naeus buuen

just come

"刚来，just came"

ais lax

not willing to eat

"不肯吃，not willing to eat"

kueng vuek

know how to do

"会做，know how to do"

hluums-ghweuu

not recognize

"不知道，don't know"

b. Sifat + fe'l

dzuuns rien

quick say

"快说，(be)quick (to) say(it)" (it means out with it)

hleny lax

good eat

"好吃，good (to) eat" (it means delicious)

uns fuuek

diligent make clothing

"勤纺织，diligent (to) make clothing"

gin lax

hurry eat

"忙吃，busy eating"

v. Ism + fe'l

cai vuek

wood make

"木做的，made of wood"

uuhaux hei

tomorrow go

"明天去，(will) go tomorrow"

hluuekueng cat

girl wear

"姑娘穿，(for) girl (to) wear"

d. Fe'l + fe'l (bosh so'z)

oep lax

like eat

"喜欢吃，like to eat"

dzok dzueis

steal look

"偷看，take a peek"

hei dzok

go steal

"去偷，go (and) steal"

bleuu rien

listen say

"听说，heard (others) say"

qieng hei

desire/want go

"想去，want (to) go"

gaux dzueis

lie down look

"躺着看，reading lying down"

e. Disyllabic /doubled adjective + verb (the head word), or

Fe'l (bosh so'z) + disyllabic / er-xotin sifat

dais dais fei= fei dais dais

slow slow walk

"慢慢走，walk slowly" (This is also used to say good bye.)

dzuuns dzuuns raux = raux dzuuns dzuuns

quick quick read

"快快读，read quickly"

hleny hleny rien = rien hleny hleny

good good say

"好好说，say (it) nicely"

liloek vuek= vuek liloek

dark do

"漆黑做，do (it in) darkness"

f. Olmosh + fe'l (bosh so'z) yoki fe'l (bosh so'z) + raqam

dhonghauux nyop = nyop dhonghauux

like that sew

"那样缝，sew like that"

dhongras vuek? = vuek dhongras?

how do

"怎么做？How is it to be done?"

qiras hei? = hei qiras?

When go

"何时走？When (is it time to) go?"

g. Raqam + fe'l (bosh so'z) yoki fe'l (bosh so'z) + raqam

zuu gaeis hei = hei zuu gaeis

one classifier go

"去一趟，(make) a trip" (means to run an errand)

fus faei taeix= taeix fus faei

three classifier beat

"打三下，beat (something) three times"

zuu kuuengx zuu kuuengx ghwa= ghwa zuu kuuengx zuu kuuengx

one classifier one classifier plant

"一棵一棵地种，plant one by one"

zuu boms zuu boms lax= lax zuu bomszuu boms

one classifier one classifier eat

"一口一口地吃，eat one (bite) at a time"

C. Bosh so'z sifatida sifatlovchi

The modifiers that modify adjectives are adjectives, adverbs, or pronouns. Usually, when the modifier is an adjective or adverb, the modifier is placed before the head word, e.g.,

a. Sifat + sifat (bosh so'z)

hleny hloei

good many

"好多，so many"

hleny baen

good new

"好新，so new"

hleny coem

good sharp

"好锋利，so sharp"

reek coem

bad sharp

"坏锋利，not sharp"

b. Qo'shimchalar + sifat (bosh so'z)

da hleny

not good

"不好，not good"

vaeu fous

most hot

"很热，very hot"

duix reek

most bad

"最坏，worst"

loeppvaix hleny

exactly good

"恰好，exactly/perfectly good"

bhaeis reek

already bad

"已经坏了，already (gone) bad"

Only few adverbs, like "dhat" (真, 很, really, very) or "baisias" (非常, 极, very much, most), are placed after the head word, e.g.,

v. Sifat (bosh so'z) + ergash gap

peek dhat

high very

"很高，very high"

dzuuns dhat

quick very

"很快，very quick"

kaeix baisias

cold very much

"很冷，very cold"

hleny baisias

good very much

"很好，very good"

Also, when the modifier is a demonstrative pronoun, interrogative pronoun or noun, the modifier is placed after the head word, e.g.,

d. Sifat (bosh so'z) + namoyish olmoshi

gwaety hauux

orderly that

"那么整齐，that orderly"

vaet neix

poor this

"这么穷，this poor"

long dhongneix

big like this

"这么大，this big"

peek dhonghauux

high like that

"那么大，that high"

e. Sifat (bosh so'z) + so'roq olmoshi

bheeng ras?

wide How?

"多宽？How wide?"

daeus ras?

long How?

"多长？How long?"

peek ras?

high How?

"多高？How high?"

hloei ras?

many/much how?

"多少？How many/much?"

f. Sifat (bosh so'z) + ot

long nyiu

big bull

"大如黄牛，big as a bull"

bheeng laengs

wide sea

"宽似海，wide as the sea"

peek blongs

tall house/building

"高得像房子一样，tall as a building"

The construction of the phrase above actually is: Adjective (the head word) + dhong/bhaen + noun, the word "dhong" (像, as, like) or "bhaen" (像, as, like) is omitted, e.g.,

long (dhong) nyiu

big as bull

"大如黄牛，big as a bull"

3. Fe'l-predmetli iboralar

The verb is the head word, and the object can be a noun, a pronoun, a number, or a verb. Usually, the verb is placed before the object, e.g.,

A. Fe'l (bosh so'z) + ot (ob'ekt)

lax tax

eat rice

"吃饭，eat rice (the meaning is to eat)"

vuek gong

do work

"做工，do work (the meaning is to work)"

taeix kius

beat ball

"打球，play ball (the meaning is playing a sport)"

dzueis qias

look book

"看书，read book (the meaning is to read)"

laix dax

plow field

"犁田，plow field (the meaning is to plow)"

B. fe'l (bosh so'z) + olmosh (narsa)

dheuu hauux

take that

"要那（个），take that one"

ngwaety meuu

call you

"喊你，(I'll) call you"

fiet na

whip him

"便打他，whip him"

bhiek meshes？

carry (something) on shoulder what?

"扛什么？carry what？"

C. Fe'l (bosh so'z) + fe'l (ob'ekt)

oep lax

love eat

"爱吃，loves to eat"

dhas rien

fear say

"怕说，fears to say"

dzueis laeis

look see

"看见，to see"

auux vuuek

dare do

"敢做，dare to do (something)"

D. Fe'l (bosh so'z) + raqam (ob'ekt)

caty zuu hom

buy one classifier

"买一个，buy one"

dheuu hlaus lang

take two classifier

"拿两个，take two"

lax fus waeu

eat three classifier

"吃三碗，eat three bowls (of food)"

E. Og'zaki sifat (bosh so'z) + ot (ob'ekt)

Some verbal adjectives can act as the head word with the noun as the object, e.g.,

leis aeu

thin people

"使人变瘦，(makes) people thin"

ghweis aeu

Fat people

"使人变肥，(makes) people fat"

4. So'z birikmalarini to'ldiring

The Complement phrases include both a verb-complement phrase and an adjective-complement phrase.

A. Fe'l-to‘ldiruvchi ibora

The verb is the head word, and the complement can be a verb, an adjective, ora number with a classifier. The verb is placed before the complement.

a. Verb (the head word) + verb (complement)

qieus tuuen

take go out

"拿出，take (it) out"

fei hluet

walk go into

"走进，walk in"

zuens luei

jump go down

"跳下，jump down"

dheuu buuen

take come

"要来，plan to come"

b. Verb (the head word) + adjective (complement)

lax kuuem

eat full

"吃饱，ate (until) full (stuffed)"

riemx hleny

fix good

"修好，fixed well"

vuek reek

do bad

"做坏，made (it) broken"

roengx fui

cook cooked

"煮熟，cooked thoroughly"

v. Verb (the head word) + number (complement)

raux zuu feek

read one classifier

"读一句，read one (sentence)"

dzueis zuu fanx

look one classifier

"看一会儿，look a while (glance)"

fei zuu guen

walk one classifier

"走一趟，(make) a trip" (means to run an errand)

fun ba hwan ba cop

run five day five night

"下雨五天五夜，(it) rained five days and five nights"

d. Verb (the head word) + noun (complement)

In this case, the verb must be an intransitive verb, and the phrase can be an independent clause or a predicate.

bhaeis hlaeux duis he.

already die water buffalo accent

"牛已经死了，The water buffalo already died."

B. Sifatlovchi-to‘ldiruvchi ibora

The adjective is the head word, and the complement can be a verb, an adjective, or a number with a classifier. The complement indicates the result of the head word, so usually the auxiliary word "dhaens" is placed between the complement and the head word.

a. Adjective (the head word) + dhaens + verb (complement)

kaeix dhaens nyan

cold as to shiver

"冷得发抖，(so) cold as to shiiver"

bhoks dhaens gax fei

tire as to not able to walk

"累到走不动，(so) tired as to not be able to walk"

reek haeis dhaens asras ruus ais dheuu

bad smell as to who all not willing to take

"难闻到谁都不想要，(so) foul smelling as to not one is willing to take (it)"

b. Adjective (the head word) + dhaens + adjective (complement)

gheuu dhaens ghau

thin as to transparency

"薄到透明，(so) thin as to be transparent"

fui dhaens ghaens

cooked as to red

"熟到发红，(so) cooked (hot) as to become red"

fas dhaens cokghutyfan

sour as to teeth sour

"酸得牙齿发酸，(so) sour as to (turn) the teeth sour"

ghweis dhaens reekmuuen

fat as to ugly

"胖到难看，(so) fat as to look not good"

v. Adjective(the head word) + number (complement)

long fus boux

big three classifier/year

"大三岁，three years older"

hloei zuu hom

many one classifier

"多一个，one more"

raux zuu hlaenx

lack one classifier/arm spread (about 5~6 feet)

"少一庹，one arm spread shorter"

peek zuutom ghwous

high half head

"高一半头，a half-head taller"

d. Adjective (the head word) + noun (complement)

In this case, the adjective acts not as an attribute to the noun, but functions as izohlovchi ismga. The phrase can be an independent clause or a predicate.

Long hwoet bhe！

big wind accent

"风大啊！The wind (is) strong!"

Cok bok dhat lo！

hurt stomach very accent

"肚子痛得很厉害！A stomachache! (very painful)"

Lai guen dhat lo！

far road very accent

"路远极了！The road (is) so far! (the meaning is the destination is so far away)"

5. Mavzu-predikatli iboralar

This kind of phrase is constructed by the subject and the predicate; usually, the subject is a noun or a pronoun, and the predicate is a verb or an adjective.

Wenysnaeis aeu rien na reek.

no people say he bad

"没有人说他坏，No one said he (is) bad."

Uengxtoengs ruus rien gong neix fas.

everyone all say stuff this sour

"大家都说这东西酸，Everyone (all) says this stuff (is) sour."

Daty bheny lo.

bird fly accent

"鸟飞了，Birds have flown (away)."

Na buuen lo.

he come accent

"他来了，He has come."

The construction of the subject-predicate phrase is the same as the attribute phrase.Usually, if there is an element, like an accent, an adverb, or a noun, that is either placed after or before the phrase, then it is a subject-predicate phrase. See the chart below:

Hlai tilida jumla qurish

Hlai jumlalarining qurilishi va ularning asosiy qoidalari^[38][39]

blongs dhuus ngaeix noms hauux

house in/exist edge/bank river that

"在河边的房子，the house that (is) on the bank of the river"

pashlaus hou uengx pasghueng meuu

older brother my and younger brother your

"我的哥哥和你的弟弟，my older brother and your younger brother"

The statements above are incomplete sentences. But, when we add some critical words, they become complete sentences to communicate a complete thought that makes sense to the listeners or readers, e.g.,

Blongs hauux dhuus ngaeix noms hauux.

house that in/exist edge/bank river that

"那房子在那条河边，That house (is) on the bank of that river."

Pashlaus hou uengx pasghueng meuu ngan gaengxnaengs.

older brother my and younger brother your also worker

"我的哥哥和你的弟弟都是工人，My older brother and your younger brother (are) both workers."

The chart below presents the grammatical elements that construct a sentence.These elements are a subject, a predicate, an object, a complement, an attribute and an adverbial phrase.

1. Mavzular

The subject is placed before the predicate; and either the nouns, pronouns, numbers, or phrases can be the subject, e.g.,

A. Ismlar mavzu sifatida

Daty bheny bhe!

Bird fly accent

"鸟飞了，Birdsfly！"

Aeudza gieu vuek tun.

Old man be good at make song

"老人会唱歌，The old man is good at singing."

Fas fun bhe!

Sky rain accent

"天下雨了！It is raining!"

B. Olmoshlar predmet sifatida

Meuu hei zok ras?

You go to/toward where?

"你去哪儿？Where are you going?"

Fa hei zok Damxax as.

We go to/toward Sanya accent

"我们要去三亚，We are going to Sanya."

Neix meshes?

This what?

"这是什么？What (is) this?"

C. Raqamlar mavzu sifatida

Zuu hom neix long baisias.

One classifier this big very much

"这一个很大，This one (is) so big."

Zuu hom loepp bhe.

One classifier enough accent

"一个够了，One (is) enough."

Zuu hom neix man guu meuu.

One classifier this is belong to you

"这一个是你的，This one is yours."

D. iboralar mavzu sifatida

Blongs dhuus ngaeix noms hauux man guu hou.

house on/at edge/bank river that is belong to me

"在河边的房子是我的，The house that (is) on the bank of the river is mine."

Aeu bais gom bais bhous ruus dhas na lo!

People whole region whole village all fear him accent

"各地的人们都怕他呀！The people (of) all regions and all villages fear him!"

Hou ku na man uxaeu Bhous-dheengs.

I and he are men village name

"我和他是保定村人，He and I are from Baoding village."

E. passiv ovoz

Yuqoridagi misollarda sub'ektlar harakatlarni ijro etuvchi aktyorlar; ammo, sub'ektlar passiv ovoz deb ataladigan harakatlarni ham olishlari mumkin. Passiv ovozni ko'rsatish uchun "ia" yoki "ghoems" kabi yordamchi so'zlardan foydalanish mumkin, masalan.

Kai ghoems dauxmuty gaeny bhe.

Tulki luqma aksenti bilan tovuq

"鸡 被 狐狸 咬 了 ， Tovuqni tulki tishlab oldi."

Bhous hauux ghoems fei cuis lo.

Yong'in oqibatida vujudga kelgan qishloq

"那 村子 被 火烧 火烧 了 ， O'sha qishloq o'tda yonib ketgan."

Na ia pasceuus hauux taeix bhe.

U urg'u urgan yigit tomonidan

"他 被 那 小伙子 打 打 了 ， Uni o'sha yigit urdi."

Na ia baisdza cas.

U onasi tomonidan tanbeh berdi

"他 被 母亲 骂 骂 ， Uni (uning) onasi tanbeh berdi."

2. Bashoratlar

Mavzu haqida ma'lumot berish uchun predikat predmetdan keyin joylashtiriladi. Odatda, fe'llar yoki sifatlar predikatdir; ammo, otlar, olmoshlar va iboralar ham predikat bo'lishi mumkin.

A. Fe'llar predikat sifatida

Bunday predikat tinglovchiga sub'ekt qanday harakatni bajarishini aytadi, masalan.

Kay xyen!

Tovuq qarg'asining aksenti

"鸡 叫 了 ， (A) xo'roz qichqiradi!"

Na ghoux bhe!

U urg'u / qochish / qochish

"他 跑 了 ， U qochib ketdi / qochib ketdi!"

Meuu caty va hyos?

Siz ko'ylak / bluza aksanini sotib olasiz

"你 买 上衣 吗？ (a) ko'ylak sotib oldingizmi?"

B. Sifatlar predikat sifatida

Ushbu turdagi predikat tinglovchiga mavzu qanday ekanligini aytadi, masalan.

Pascuus hauux uns bhe.

Yigitcha bu tirishqoq aksent

"那 小伙子 勤快 啊 ， Yigit tirishqoq!"

Zuu kuuengx cai neix peek dhat.

Bu baland bo'yli bitta klassifikator daraxti

"这一 棵树 真 高 ， Bu daraxt haqiqatan ham baland".

Gong neix hleny baisias.

Bu yaxshilikni to'ldiring

"这 东西 非常 好 ， Bu narsalar juda yaxshi."

C. Ismlar predikat sifatida

Ushbu turdagi predikat tinglovchiga mavzu nima ekanligini aytadi, masalan.

Gweis neix Lokdhongx.

Ledong okrugi

"这 是 乐东县 ， Bu (Ledong okrugi)".

Na Wangs Aix-Engx hos?

U Vang Aying (ism) savol aksenti?

"她 是 王爱英 吗？ U Vang Ayingmi?"

Na man Dhaens Duxgix.

U Chenning kotibi

"他 是 陈书记 ， U kotib Chen."

Na ghwaix dhuixzang.

U jamoaning etakchisi emas

"他 不是 队长 ， ， U jamoaning etakchisi emas."

D. Olmoshlar predikat sifatida

Neix hou vi.

Bu menga urg'u

"这 是 我 呀 ， Bu (men) menman."

Meuu asras?

Sen kimsan?

"你 是 谁？ Siz kimsiz?"

Xau meshlar?

Bu nima?

"那 是 什么？ Bu nima (nima)?"

E. iboralar sifatida iboralar

Veengs hauux ais zangs hleny mushuk.

juda yaxshi kiyinmaydigan ko'ylak / bluzka

"那 衣服 不太 好 穿 ， Bu ustki kiyim juda yaxshi emas."

Maks duis hou.

O'sha bufalo koni

"那 是 我 的 水牛 ， Bu mening suv bufaloim."

Bouxneix fas raenx.

Bu yil osmon qurg'oqchiligi

"Bu yil qurg'oqchilik (fasl)."

3. Ob'ektlar

Ob'ekt fe'lga ergashadi. Ammo, agar gap passiv ovoz bo'lsa, ob'ekt fe'l iborasidan oldin joylashtirilishi mumkin. Odatda ot, olmosh yoki ibora predmet vazifasini bajarishi mumkin; ba'zan, son yoki fe'l ham predmet bo'lishi mumkin, masalan.

A. Ob'ekt sifatida ism

Na boek hla, hou bhoek noms.

U baliq tutadi, men suv tashiyman

"他 捕鱼 ， 我 挑水 挑水 U baliq tutdi, men suvni ko'tardim."

Meuu lax soliq, hou hyaeu noms.

Siz guruch yeysiz, men suv ichaman

"你 吃饭 ， 我 喝水 喝水 ， Siz guruch yeysiz, men suvni ichaman".

Ba gaeny mieux.

mushuk mushuk

"狗咬 猫 ， It mushukni tishladi."

Mieux ia ba gaeny he.

Mushuk itni tishlash aksenti bilan

"猫 被 狗咬 了 ， mushukni it tishladi."

B. Olmosh predmet sifatida

Asras ngwaety meuu?

Sizga kim qo'ng'iroq qiladi?

"谁叫 你？ sizni kim chaqirdi?"

Meuu dheuu neix, hou dheuu hauux.

Siz buni oling, men buni olaman

"你 要 这个 ， 我 要 要 那个 ， Siz buni (bittasini), men uni (birini) olaman."

Meuu dzueis asras u?

Siz kimning aksentiga qaraysiz

"你 看 谁呀？ kimga qarab turasiz?"

Meuu kweis dheuu meshes?

Siz nima olishni xohlaysiz

"你 想要 什么？ nima olmoqchisiz?"

C. Ob'ekt sifatida so'z birikmasi

Hou caty zuu fan veengs kaeu kaeu.

Men bitta oq tasniflagich ko'ylak / ko'ylak sotib olaman

"我 买 一件 白白的 衣服 ， Men juda oq ko'ylak sotib oldim."

Na caty nyaeus ku nomstaengs.

U tuz va shakar sotib oladi

"他 买 盐 和 和 糖 ， U tuz va shakar sotib oldi."

Pashlaus na oep taaeix kius.

Katta birodar uning sevgisi to'pni urdi

"他 哥哥 喜欢 打球 打球 ， Uning akasi to'p o'ynashni yaxshi ko'radi."

D. Ob'ekt sifatida raqam

Hou dheuu fuet hom.

Men o'nta klassifikatorni olaman

"我 要 十个 ， Men o'nni xohlayman."

Na zaux zuu lang.

Uning bitta klassifikatori bor

"他 有 一只 ， ， Unda bitta."

Zuu lang hla neix zaux fus gins.

Bitta klassifikator baliqida uchta klassifikator mavjud

"这条鱼 有 三斤 ， Bu baliq uchta jin (3 va 1/3 funt.)."

E. Fe'l narsa sifatida

Hluueklauux neix oep ngais.

Bola bu sevgi yig'laydi

"这个 孩子 爱哭 ， Bu bola crybaby. (= Doim yig'laydi)."

Na dhas rien.

U aytishdan qo'rqadi

"他 怕 说 ， U aytishdan (aytishdan) qo'rqadi / qo'rqadi."

Bou oep lax.

Cho'chqa ovqatni yaxshi ko'radi

"猪 爱吃 ， cho'chqa ovqat eyishni yaxshi ko'radi."

Ba'zi fe'llar, masalan, "duuengx" (给, berish) yoki "dun" (Some, o'rgatish) kabi ikkita ob'ektni qabul qilishi mumkin, odatda biri shaxs, boshqasi esa narsa. Ikki predmetli gapda, narsaning predmetidan oldin qabul qilish munosabatini bildiruvchi "lax" yoki "dheuu" yordamchi so'zi qo'shilishi mumkin.

F. Ikki tomonlama narsalar (berish-qabul qilish munosabati bilan)

Qurilish Verb + person-object + lax / dheuu + thing-object, masalan,

Baisdza duuengx na lax zuu ruet riens.

Ona unga yordamchi so'zga bitta tasnif etagini bering

"母亲 给 她 一条 一条 裙子 ， Ona unga yubka berdi."

Hou dun meuu lax tun Hlai.

Men sizga Li yordamchi so'z tilini o'rgataman

"我 教 你 黎 黎 话 ， Men sizga Li-Lugagani o'rgataman."

Pashlaus duuengx pasghueng dheuu zuu hom zuucoeis.

akasi ukasiga yordamchi bitta klassifikator litchi bering

"哥哥 给 弟弟 一个 一个 荔枝 ， Katta akasi (ukasiga) ukasiga litchi (bir turdagi meva) berdi."

"Lax" yordamchi so'zini "duuengx" fe'l bilan almashtirish mumkin (给, bering), keyin qurilish Verb + thing-object + duuengx + person-object bo'lib qoladi va ob'ektlar umuman qoldirib bo'lmaydi, masalan.

Hou caty coembhans duuengx meuu.

Men sizga longan (meva) sotib olaman

"我 买 龙眼 给 你 ， men sizga longan (sotib olish uchun) sotib oldim."

Baisdza caep noms duuengx pasghueng.

Onasi suv olib, ukasiga beradi

"母亲 挑水 给 弟弟 ， ， Onasi ukasiga berish uchun suv olib bordi."

Hluuekkauus roengx taxlik duuengx baisghueng.

Katta opa guruch pishiradi, singlisiga beradi

"姐姐 煮饭 给 妹妹 ， katta singlisi guruchni (singari) singlisiga berdi."

Ba'zan, "duuengx" fe'lini (给, for) narsa-predmetdan oldin ham, shaxs-predmetdan oldin ham qo'yish mumkin, keyin gap tuzilishi Verb + duuengx + thing-object + duuengx + person-object bo'ladi, masalan.

Na duuengx veengs duuengx hou.

U ko'ylak beradi / top menga beradi

"他 给 我 衣服 ， U menga ko'ylak berdi."

Pasdza da duuengx nomstaengs duuengx dhes.

Otam menga shakar bermaydi

"父亲 不 给 我 我 糖 ， (Otam) menga shakar bermadi."

Ikkala ma'ruzachi ham, tinglovchi ham narsaning ob'ekti nima ekanligini aniq bilsa yoki sub'ektning o'zi berilgan narsa bo'lsa, narsa-predmetni tashlab yuborish mumkin, ammo yordamchini saqlash kerak, masalan.

Meuu duuengx na dheuu.

Siz unga yordamchi so'z berasiz

"你 给 他 ， Siz unga berasiz."

Zuu pienx enyx gas neix duuengx meuu lax.

Bitta klassifikator kichik pichog'i sizga yordamchi so'z beradi

"这 把 小刀 给 你 ， Ushbu kichik pichoq sizga berilgan edi."

Zuu lang kai neix duuengx meuu lax.

Bitta klassifikatorli tovuq bu sizga yordamchi so'z beradi

"这 只鸡 给 你 ， Ushbu tovuq sizga berilgan (berilgan)."

G. Ikkilangan narsalar (berish-qabul qilish munosabatlarisiz)

Ikki kishilik gaplardagi ba'zi fe'llar beruvchini qabul qilish munosabatini anglatmasa-da, sub'ekt shaxs-narsaga "yordam berishini" ko'rsatadigan "lax" yordamchi so'zi hali ham zarur. masalan,

Hou meni sustkashlikka yo'liqtirmoqda.

Men sizga yordamchi so'zni ko'chiraman (yordam)

"我 帮 你 搬 ， Men sizga harakat qilishingizga yordam beraman."

Meuu laix na lax.

Siz unga yordamchi so'zni aylantirasiz (yordam)

"你 帮 他 犁田 ， Siz unga (haydashga) yordam berasiz."

Baisdza caep hluuekbaiskaux lax.

Ona qizini ko'tarib yordamchi so'z (yordam)

"母亲 帮 女儿 挑 挑 ， Ona qiziga (narsalarni) ko'tarishda yordam beradi."

"Lax" yordamchi so'zidan keyin boshqa ob'ekt ham bo'lishi mumkin, masalan.

Taeix dhes lax soliq.

Menga yordamchi so'zni qo'ying (yordam bering) guruch

"帮 我 打饭 ， Iltimos, menga (biroz) guruch olishga yordam bering."

Hou caty meuu lax bheuucai.

Men sizga yordamchi so'z (yordam) sabzavot sotib olaman

"我 帮你买 菜 ， Sizga (bir nechta) sabzavot sotib olishga yordam beraman."

Na rien na kueng poengs meuu lax ceengcai.

U sizga yordamchi so'z (yordam) gulini sug'oraman deb aytdi

"他 说 他 会 帮 你 给 花 花 浇水 ， U sizga gullarni sug'orishda yordam berishini aytdi."

4. To‘ldiruvchi

To‘ldiruvchilar uch xil: ketma-ket, yo‘naltiruvchi va miqdoriy qo‘shimchalar. To‘ldiruvchi harakatning ketma-ketligini, darajasini, yo‘nalishini yoki miqdorini tushuntirish uchun fe'l yoki sifatdan keyin boradi. Odatda fe'l, sifat, son yoki ibora to'ldiruvchi vazifasini bajaradi. Odatda, fe'ldan keyin to'ldiruvchi qo'yiladi, lekin agar ob'ekt shu fe'lga ergashsa, u holda ketma-ket to'ldiruvchi va miqdoriy to'ldiruvchi o'sha narsadan keyin joylashtirilishi kerak; yo'naltiruvchi qo'shimchani o'sha narsadan keyin yoki undan oldin joylashtirish mumkin, masalan.

A. ketma-ket to‘ldiruvchi

Dzax ghoems taeix hlaeux bhe.

Ilonni urib o'ldirish urg'usi

"蛇 被 打死 打死 了 ， Ilonni (kimdir) o'ldirgan."

Hou bhaeis lax kuuem he.

Men allaqachon to'liq aksentni iste'mol qilaman

"我 已经 吃饱 了 ， already Men allaqachon (guruch) eganman va to'yganman."

U soliqni to'lamaydi.

U guruchni to'liq aksent bilan iste'mol qiladi

"他 吃饱 饭 了 ， ate U eb to'ydi."

Agar ketma-ket to'ldiruvchi so'z birikmasi bo'lsa, "dhaens" predlog so'zini iboradan oldin qo'yish kerak, masalan.

Na gwaeng dhaens tuuen nomomswoms.

U terdan chiqib ketish uchun predlogni tortadi

"他 拉到 出汗 ， U terlaguncha tortdi."

Duis ghoux dhaens ngaeix noms hauux.

Suvli bufola prepozitsiya qirg'og'ini / qirg'og'ini boshqaradi

"水牛 跑到 那 河边 ， buff buff 跑到 那 那 河边 ， Suv bufoli o'sha daryoning qirg'og'iga yugurdi."

Veengs neix baen dhaens asras ruus qieng mushuk.

Kimki kiyishni xohlasa, ko'ylak / top bu yangi predlog

"这 衣服 新到 谁都 想 穿 穿 ， Ushbu ko'ylak shunchalik yangiki, hamma uni kiyishni xohlaydi."

B. yo'naltiruvchi to'ldiruvchi

Yo'naltiruvchi to'ldiruvchi fe'l + yo'naltirilgan fe'l bilan tuzilgan, masalan.

a. Ob'ektsiz yo'naltiruvchi to'ldiruvchi

Ko'pgina yo'naltiruvchi qo'shimchalar yolg'iz fe'ldan keyin to'ldiruvchi vazifasini bajarishi mumkin, masalan.

Na qieus buuen bhe.

U kelayotgan urg'uni keltiradi

"他 拿来 了 ， U bu erga bir narsa olib keldi."

Duis ghoux hei lo!

Suvli bufalo yugurish aksenti

"水牛 跑去 了 ， Suv buffalo qochib ketdi (qochib ketdi)."

Aeudza buuen luueng bhe

Chol kelib aksanga qaytish

"老人 回来 了 ， Chol qaytib keldi."

Uengxtoengs caep hei beuu bhe

Har bir odam orqaga qaytadi

"大家 挑 回去 了 ， ， Hamma (biron narsani) orqaga (uyga) olib ketishdi."

Na ais caus. luei ba.

U aksandan pastga tushishga tayyor emas

"他 不愿意 走下 来吧 ， ， U tushishga tayyor emas."

Na ghoux tuuen hos?

U savolning aksentidan chiqib ketdi

"他 跑 出来 了 吗？ U tugadi (u erdan)?"

b. Ob'ekt bilan yo'naltiruvchi to'ldiruvchi

Ushbu uchta yo'naltiruvchi fe'llar, "dhuas", "kaen" va "hluet" ularga ergashadigan narsaga muhtoj, masalan,

Tuas zuens dhuas zuu dhanx dhaeix.

Quyonlar bitta klassifikator oqimidan sakrab o'tishadi

"兔子 跳过 一条 小 沟 ， Quyon irmoqdan sakrab tushdi."

Uengxtoengs caem kaen hwous max.

Har kim yelkada ko'tarib, toqqa ko'tariladi

"大家 抬到 那 山上 山上 ， Hamma o'sha tog'da (biron narsani) yelkasiga oldi.

Diu bhaeis ghoux hluet cuengs he.

Sichqoncha allaqachon urg'u tugmachasiga kirib boradi

"老鼠 已经 跑进 洞 ， Sichqoncha allaqachon teshikka yugurdi."

C. miqdoriy to‘ldiruvchi

Yoki (son + og'zaki klassifikator) yoki (son + vaqt tasniflagichi) tomonidan tuzilgan miqdoriy to'ldiruvchi odatda fe'ldan keyin, ba'zida sifatdan keyin keladi, masalan.

a. Fe'l + (raqam + og'zaki tasniflovchi)

Hou uengx meuu hei zuu gaeis.

Men va siz bitta klassifikatorga boramiz

"我 和 你 去 一趟 ， men va siz (u erga) boramiz."

Kai bhaeis hyoen fus dzax bhe.

Tovuq allaqachon uchta klassifikator urg'usini eshitadi

"鸡 已经 啼 三遍 了 ， Xo'roz allaqachon uch marta qichqirgan."

b. Fe'l + (raqam + vaqt klassifikatori)

Fa bhaeis o zuu bhoux he.

Biz allaqachon bir yil / klassifikator aksentini o'rganamiz

"我们 已经 学 一年 了 ， Biz allaqachon bir yil o'qidik."

Na bhaeis doengs fus hwan he.

U allaqachon uch kunlik aksentda qoladi

"他 已经 住 三天 了 ， U allaqachon uch kun qoldi."

Na beuu blongs zaux hlaus nyaen bhe.

U ikki oylik aksan bilan uyiga qaytadi

"他 回家 有 两个月 了 了 ， U ikki oydan beri uyda."

v. Sifat + (raqam + klassifikator)

Blongs neix peek dhuas blongs hauux zuugit.

Uyni biroz balandroqdan balandroq / balandroq qilib qo'ying

"这 房子 比 那 房子 高 高 一点 ， Bu uy (shunchaki) o'sha uydan biroz balandroq."

Waeu neix hloei fus hom.

Yana uchta tasniflagichni joylashtiring

"这碗 多 三个 ， Ushbu piyola uchta qo'shimcha (bitta) bor."

5. Xususiyat

Xususiyat - bu xususiyatni, miqdorni yoki egalikni ko'rsatish uchun mavzu yoki ob'ektni o'zgartirish yoki aniqlashdir. Odatda, sifat, ot, olmosh, son, fe'l yoki turli xil iboralar bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan atribut bosh so'zdan keyin qo'yiladi, faqat son atribut vazifasini bajarmasa, sonni qo'yish kerak bosh so'zdan oldin, masalan,

A. Ism (bosh so'z) + ism (atribut)

aek duis

go'shtli bufalo

"牛肉 ， mol go'shti"

feekx hweek

teri banan

"香蕉皮 ， banan po'sti"

coem coeis

mevali litchi

"荔枝 果 ， litchi (meva)"

dzuuem kai

tuxum tovuqi

"鸡蛋 ， tovuq tuxumi"

Na kueng rien tun Hlai.

U Li / tilini / so'zini biladi

"他 会 说 黎 黎 话 ， U Li tilida gapirishni biladi (qanday qilib)."

Neix man bheuu cai.

Bu barg daraxti

"这 是 树叶 ， Bu daraxtning bargi."

B. Ism (bosh so'z) + sifat (sifat)

Tau loek

qozon qora

"黑锅 ， qora qozon"

zuu muxlislari veengs kaeu

bitta tasniflagich ko'ylak / yuqori oq rang

"一件 白 上衣 ， bitta oq ko'ylak"

noms neix noms ghan.

bu suvni sovuq

"这 水 是 冷水 ， Bu suv (bu) sovuq suv."

C. Ism (bosh so'z) + olmosh (sifat)

Gha Hlai zaux caqias veengzauus bhe.

Biz Li odamlar ssenariyning o'ziga xos aksaniga egamiz

"咱们 黎族 有 自己 自己 的 文字 了 了 ， Biz, Li odamlar, o'z yozuvimizga egamiz."

Damxax-ga murojaat qiling.

Keksa singlisi Sanya tomonga ketmoqchi

"他 姐姐 要去 三亚 ， Uning katta singlisi Saniyaga ketmoqchi."

D. Raqam (atribut) + ism (bosh so'z)

Zuu zuen auu dhuus blongs max.

Uydagi bitta klassifikator

"一个 人 在 那边 房子 ， O'sha uyda bir erkak bor."

Hlaus lang duis neix ghweis dhat dhat.

Ikkita klassifikator bufalo bu yog'ni juda yaxshi ko'radi

"这两 头牛 肥 极 了 ， Bu ikkita suv bufalo (juda) juda semiz."

E. Ism (bosh so'z) + fe'l (atribut)

Dhuus max wenysnaeis fok gaux.

U erda / u erda hech qanday joy yotmaydi

"在 那里 没有 地方 睡 ， U erda (u erda) uxlashga joy yo'q."

Toep laty ghoux ruus zeuu loem.

Hatto yovvoyi cho'chqa yugurishi ham to'g'ri o'q otadi

"连跑 的 野猪 也 射 中 中 ， U yugurayotgan yovvoyi cho'chqani ham o'ng tomonga otib tashladi."

Neix gong lax fa.

Bu narsalar biznikini yeydi

"这 是 我们 吃 的 东西 ， Bu bizning taomimiz."

F. Ism (bosh so'z) + ibora (atribut)

veengs dhuus blongs hauux

uydagi ko'ylak / tepa

"在 那 房子 的 衣服 ， o'sha uydagi ko'ylak (ya'ni)"

hluuekueng naeus buuen hauux

qiz shunchaki kel

"那位 刚来 的 姑娘 ， o'sha qiz (u) hozir kelgan"

zuu lang duis lax gans kuuem

bitta klassifikator suv bufoli o'tni to'liq yeydi

"一只 吃饱 草 的 水牛 ， suv bufoli (u) o'tni (to'yguncha) yeydi"

qi meuu buuen hauux

siz bunga kelasiz

"你 来 的 那个 时候 ， o'sha paytda (qachon) siz kelgansiz"

6. Qo'shimchalar

Fe'l nima uchun, qanday, qachon va qayerda yoki sifatning darajasini ko'rsatish uchun fe'l yoki sifatlarni o'zgartiradi yoki belgilaydi. Ko'pincha bu ergash gap, sifat yoki fe'l ergash gap vazifasini bajaradi; ba'zida ot, namoyish olmoshi, so'roq olmoshi, son va turli iboralar ham ergash gap bo'lishi mumkin. Ergash gaplar fe'l yoki sifatdan oldin yoki keyin joylashtirilishi mumkin. masalan,

A. Ergash gaplar qo‘shma gap sifatida

Aksariyat qo'shimchalar fe'l yoki sifatdan oldin joylashtirilgan, masalan.

Na oms da buuen zo.

U hali ham diqqatga sazovor emas

"他 还没 来 呢 ， U kelmadi (hali)".

Hwanneix fas vaeu fous hos.

Bugun osmon aksessusi

"今天 天气 很热 啊 ， Bugun ob-havo juda issiq."

Qi lax soliq siz rien tun!

Vaqt guruchni iste'mol qiling, so'z aytmang / gapirmang

"吃饭 时 别 说话！ Bu vaqt yeydi, gapirmang!"

Zuu lang aeu neix da hlenymuuen.

Bitta klassifikator odam bu go'zal emas

"这个 人 不 漂亮！ Bu odam go'zal emas."

"Dhat", "luueng", "baisias" va "dhatdhat" singari faqat bir nechta qo'shimchalar fe'l yoki sifatdan keyin joylashtiriladi, masalan.

Na buuen dhat.

U haqiqatan ham keladi

"他 真的 来 了 ， U haqiqatan ham keldi."

Na vuek luueng.

U qaytib keladi

"他 重新 做 ， U (buni) qayta qilmoqda."

Gong neiks hleny dhatdhat.

Bu haqiqatan ham yaxshi narsalarni to'ldiring

"这 东西 真好 ， Bu juda yaxshi narsalar."

Maeis neix dheeng baisias.

Shakarqamish bu juda shirin

"这 甘蔗 非常 甜 ， Ushbu shakarqamish juda shirin."

B. Sifatlar kabi Qo'shimchalar

Sifatlarning aksariyati fe'l yoki sifat bosh so'zlaridan oldin joylashtirilgan. "Hleny" (h, good / so) va "reek" (坏, yomon / unchalik emas) singari bir nechta sifatlargina sifatdosh bosh so'zlarini o'zgartirish uchun ergash gap bo'lishi mumkin, masalan.

reek coem

yomon / unchalik o'tkir emas

"不 锋利 ， unchalik o'tkir emas"

Gas Neix Hleny Coem hos！

Uzoq pichoq bu yaxshi / juda keskin aksan!

"这 把刀 好 快啊！ Bu pichoq (shunday) o'tkir!"

Dais fei as, baisdza！

Sekin yurish talaffuzi, kampir!

"慢走 啊 ， 老大娘 ， Sekin (ly) yurish, (ayol / kampir)."

Meuu dzuuns buuen bhe！

Siz tezda urg'u berasiz

"你 快来 吧 ， (Siz) tez (ly) keling."

Agar sifat ikki barobar ko'paytirilsa, uni fe'ldan keyin qo'yish mumkin, masalan.

Meuu buuen dzuunsdzuuns bhe！

Siz tezkor urg'u bilan kelasiz

"你 快快 来吧 ， (Siz) tezroq ikki marta keling."

S Fe'llar qo'shimchalar sifatida

Fe'llar bosh so'zni o'zgartirish uchun ergash gap vazifasini bajarganda, bosh so'z fe'l bo'lishi kerak va ergash gaplar shu bosh so'zdan oldin joylashtirilgan, masalan.

Na ngais rien.

U yig'laydi

"她 哭着 说 ， dedi u (yig'layotgan paytda)."

Meuu dzok dzueis meshes?

Siz nimani o'g'irlaysiz / yashirincha qaraysiz

"你 偷看 什么？ Siz yashirincha nimani ko'rayapsiz?"

Na oep lax zuuyunx.

U kokos yong'og'ini iste'mol qilishni yaxshi ko'radi

"他 爱吃 椰子 ， U kokos yeyishni yaxshi ko'radi."

D. Otlar qo'shimchalar sifatida

Ismlar bosh so`zni o`zgartirish uchun ergash gap vazifasini bajarganda, bosh so`z fe'l bo`lishi kerak va ergash gap otlari shu bosh so`zdan oldin qo`yiladi, masalan.

Neix man cai vuek

Bu daraxtdan yasalgan

"这 是 木制 的 ， Bu yog'ochdan qilingan."

Meuu ashaux hei hyos?

Siz ertaga savol aksentiga borasiz

"你 明天 去 吗？ Ertaga borasizmi?"

E. Olmoshlar qo'shimchalar sifatida

Olmoshlar bosh so'zni o'zgartirish uchun ergash gap vazifasini bajarganda, bosh so'z fe'l bo'lishi kerak va ergash gap olmoshlari o'sha bosh so'zdan oldin yoki keyin joylashtirilishi mumkin, masalan.

Na dhongneix rien. = Na rien dhongneix.

U bunday demoqchi = U shunday demoqda

"他 这样 说 ， U shunday dedi."

Gong neix dhongras vuek = Gong neix vuek dhongras

buni qanday qilib bajaring = bu ishni qanday qilib bajaring

"这 活儿 怎样 做？ Bu ish qanday (qanday) bajarilgan?"

Qiras dhaens = dhaens qiras

Qachon keladi = qachon keladi

"何时 到？ Qachon keladi (u)?"

Biroq, olmoshlar sifatdosh bo'lgan bosh so'zni o'zgartirish uchun ergash gap vazifasini bajarganda, ergash gap olmoshlari faqat shu bosh so'zdan keyin joylashtiriladi, masalan.

Gom neix bheeng dhonghauux.

Mintaqa shunday keng / juda keng / shunday

"这 地方 那么 宽 ， Bu mintaqa juda keng".

Zuu zuen aeu neix hleny dhonghauux.

Bitta klassifikator odam bu kabi yaxshi / shunga o'xshash / shunday

"这个 人 那么 好 ， Bu odam juda yaxshi".

Zuu dhanx dhoei neix daeus ras?

Bitta klassifikator arqoni qancha vaqt?

"这 一条 绳子 有多 长？ Bu arqon qancha (uzun)?"

F. Prepozitsiyali iboralar Adverbial sifatida

Prepozitsiya iborasi "ia" (被, by) yoki "dheuu" (被, by) prepozitsiyalaridan foydalanib, ergash gap vazifasini bajarganda, ergash gap faqat fe'l bo'lgan bosh so'zni o'zgartiradi va shu boshning oldiga qo'yilishi kerak. so'z, masalan,

Ia ba gaenys

it chaqishi bilan

"It tomonidan bit"

dheuu na taeix

u urdi

"被 他 打 ， uni urdi"

"Tuuen" (从, by), "dhuus" (在, in / at), "ku" (对, to), "uengx" (和, and) yoki "nyuek" predloglarini ishlatib, predlogli ibora (和 va) qo'shimchalar vazifasini bajaradi, predlogli ibora faqat fe'l bo'lgan bosh so'zni o'zgartiradi va shu bosh so'zdan oldin yoki keyin joylashtirilishi kerak, masalan,

tuuen max zuu dhanx guen kaen hwous

O'sha bitta klassifikator yo'lidan toqqa chiqing

"从这 一条 路上 山 ， o'sha yo'lda (bir kishi) toqqa chiqa oladi"

toek tuuen deuu cai

daraxtdan tushing

"从 树上 掉下 来 ， daraxtdan tushish"

dhuus blongs dzoeng meuu = dzoeng meuu dhuus blongs

uyda / uyda sizni kuting = sizni uyda kuting / uyda kuting

"在家 等 你 ， (men) sizni uyda kutaman."

ku na rien = rien ku na

unga ayt = unga ayting

"对 他 说 ， unga ayt"

uengx meuu hei = hei uengx meuu

Siz bilan boring = siz bilan boring

"同 你 去 ， (men) siz bilan boraman."

meuu doengs nyuek na. = meuu nyuek na doengs.

Siz bilan o'ynaysiz / va u bilan = Siz bilan / va u o'ynaydi

"你 和 他 玩 ， ， siz u bilan o'ynaysiz."

"Bhi" (比, nisbatan / taqqoslash), "dhuas" (过, dan), "dhong" (同 / 像 / 如, bir xil / o'xshash) yoki "bhaen" (像, o'xshash) kabi ba'zi predloglar , bosh sifat so'zini o'zgartirish uchun ergash gap sifatida ismlarga ega, ulardan ba'zilari ushbu bosh so'zdan oldin, boshqalari keyin, boshqalari oldin yoki keyin, masalan,

Sifat bosh so'zidan oldin:

Meuu bhi dhes peek.

Meni baland bo'yli / taqqoslagansan

"你 比 我 高 ， Sen mendan balandroqsan."

Sifat bosh so'zidan keyin:

Meuu peek dhuas na.

Siz undan balandroqsiz

"你 ler 过 他 ， Siz undan balandroqsiz."

Uzoq dhuas mieux.

Mushukdan kattaroq it

"狗 大 过 猫 ， It (mushuk) mushukdan kattaroq."

Sifat bosh so'zidan oldin yoki keyin:

hloek bhaen laengs

dengiz kabi chuqur

"像 deep 一样 深 ， dengiz kabi chuqur."

enyx dhong guty

igna kabi / kichkina

"像 针 一样 小 ， igna kabi kichkina".

Kai neix bhaen eps ghweis. = Kai neix ghweis bhaen eps.

Bu kabi o'rdak yog 'kabi tovuq = Bu yog'ni o'rdak kabi tovuqlang

"这 只鸡 像 鸭 一样 肥 ， Bu tovuq (a) o'rdak kabi semiz."

Gapning shakllari va turlari^[40][41]

Gapning shakllari va ularning asosiy qoidalari

1. Oddiy gap

Oddiy jumlaga sub'ekt-predikat jumlasi kiradi, sub'ekt jumlasi yo'q, bitta so'z jumlasi, masalan

A. Mavzu-predikat jumlalari

Ko'ngil ochdi.

osmon yomg'iri aksenti

"天 要 下雨 了 ， Yomg'ir yog'adi."

Na hei bhe.

U aksanga boradi

"他 去 了 ， U ketdi."

Enyxlauux rau u.

Bolalar kulgili aksenti

"小孩 笑 了 ， (bola) kulib yubordi."

Yuqoridagi sodda jumlalar ikkita elementni o'z ichiga oladi: predmetlar va predikatlar, shu bilan birga ob'ektlar, qo'shimcha yoki ergash gaplar kabi boshqa elementlarni kiritish mumkin, masalan,

(mavzu + predikat + ob'ekt)

Hou soliq.

Men guruch yeyman

"我 吃饭 ， men guruch yeyman."

(mavzu + predikat + to‘ldiruvchi)

Na qieus buuen bhe.

U kelayotgan urg'uni keltiradi

"他 拿来 了 ， U (o'zi bilan) olib keldi."

(mavzu + ergash gap + predikat + to‘ldiruvchi)

Enyxlauux bhaeis fei hluet blongs.

Bola allaqachon uyga kirib boradi

"小孩 走进 屋子 ， (bola) uyga kirib bordi."

B. Mavzuga oid jumlalar yo'q

Ushbu oddiy jumlalar teskari jumlalarga o'xshaydi, masalan.

Tuut dhoei bhe.

Arqon urg'usini uzing

"断 绳 了 ， Arqon (uzilgan)".

Hloei au dhat.

Ko'p odamlar haqiqatan ham juda

"人 真 多 ， (Shuncha odam bor)".

Hlaeux hlai bhe.

Baliqning aksenti

"鱼 死 了 ， Baliq o'ldi."

C. bitta so'zli jumla

Asras？

JSSV?

"谁？ Kim?"

Ahyo!

Oh mening!

"哎哟！ Voy!"

Javob: "Meuu kweis da kweis？"B:"Kveys."

    Siz NEGga tayyor bo'lishga tayyor bo'lasiz

Javob: 'Siz xohlaysizmi (yoki) xohlamaysizmi?' B: '(Ha, men tayyorman).

A: 你 愿意 不愿意？ B: 愿意

2. Qo‘shma gaplar

Qo`shma gaplarning ikki turi mavjud; biri koordinatali qo‘shma gap, ikkinchisi tobe qo‘shma gap, masalan.

A. Qo‘shma gaplarni muvofiqlashtirish

Koordinatali qo‘shma gap tarkibidagi bog‘langan gaplar teng keladi. Bog'langan ergash gaplar orasida o'zaro aloqalar uch xil: parallel, progressiv va ixtiyoriy.

a. Parallel munosabatlar

Odatda, gaplar orasidagi boglanishlarga ehtiyoj qolmaydi.

Hou kweis hei kuishuix, na kweis hei ang.

Men yig'ilishga boraman, u maydonga boradi

"我 要去 开会 ， 他 要去 山 栏 地 ， Men uchrashuvga boraman, u dalaga."

Coem hweek hou ngan lax dhuas,

Meva banan Men yordamchi o'tgan zamonni ham iste'mol qilaman

zuuyunx hou ngan lax dhuas.

kokos yong'og'i Men yordamchi o'tgan zamonni ham iste'mol qilaman

"香蕉 我 吃过 ， 椰子 我 我 也 吃过 ， ， Men banan iste'mol qildim va hindiston yong'og'ini ham iste'mol qildim."

Na hoen vuek veengs vuek riens,

U ko'ylak yubka qilishni biladi

hoen vuek ang vuek dax.

tepalikli maydonni oddiy maydon bilan qanday qilishni biling

"她 能做 衣服 做 裙子 裙子 能 耕田 耕田 种地 ， U ko'ylak va yubkalar tikishi mumkin, (shuningdek) tekisliklarda (va) ishlay olishi mumkin."

b. Progressiv munosabatlar

Gaplar orasidagi progressiv munosabatni ifodalaydigan qo'shma so'zlar: "loms" (又, still), "oms" (还, 却, yet), "ruus" (都, all), "koms" (连, hattoki / hatto). va shunga o'xshash iboralar, masalan, "dacaux ... koms / uuloms ..." (不但 ... 而且 ... ， nafaqat ..., balki ...), masalan,

Fas bhaeis politsiyasi, na lomlar da beuu.

Osmon allaqachon kechikdi, u hali ham qaytib kelmadi

"Kechikkan edi, u hali ham qaytib kelmagan edi."

Fas oms da dhenys, na bhaeis hei ang he.

Osmon hali yorug 'emas, u allaqachon maydon aksaniga o'tdi

"天 尚未 亮 ， 他 已经 去 田里 了 了 ， Hali tong otmagan, u allaqachon dalaga ketgan edi."

Meuuda man Moei, fa man Hlai, gha xarob odam uxaeu Dongxgok.

Siz Xansiz, biz Li, hammamiz odamlarmiz Xitoy

"你们 是 汉族 ， 我们 我们 黎族 ， 咱们 都是 中国 中国 人 ， Siz xansiz, biz Li, hammamiz xitoymiz."

Na kueng rien tun Hlai,

U Li / so'zini qanday gapirishni biladi

kueng rien koms tun Moei.

Xan tilida ham / hatto tilda / so'zda qanday gapirishni bilish

"他 会 说 黎 话 话 也会 说 汉 话 话 ， U Li tilida gapirishni biladi, shuningdek Xan tilida gapirishni ham biladi."

hou daka dzueis bhaeis, uulomlar taeis bhaeis.

Men nafaqat tugallangan, balki tugallangan ham o'qiyman

"我 不仅 看完 了 ， 而且 写完 写完 了 ， reading Men nafaqat o'qishni tugatdim, balki yozishni ham tugatdim."

v. Ixtiyoriy munosabatlar

Gaplar orasidagi ixtiyoriy munosabatni ifodalaydigan qo'shma so'zlar "cuus" (或, yoki), "cas" (或, yoki), "casnus" (或, yoki), "cuusnaus" (或, yoki) va "dagoms" dir. "(或, yoki), masalan,

Pashlaus meuu buuen, kas pasghueng meuu buuen.

Katta aka sizning keling, yoki ukangiz sizning kelishingiz

"你 哥哥 来 ， 还是 你 弟弟 来 来 ， (Yoki) sizning akangiz keladi (yoki) yoki ukangiz (keladi)."

Lak odam cuusnaus soliq solig'i？

Kartoshkani iste'mol qiling yoki guruch iste'mol qiling

"吃 白薯 还是 米饭 米饭 potatoes Siz kartoshka yoki guruch iste'mol qilasizmi?"

Meuu rien ku na, dagomlar rien ku hou.

Siz unga ayting / ayting yoki menga ayting / ayting

"你, 他 说 ， 或者 或者 告诉 我 ， Siz unga ayting yoki menga ayting."

B. Bog'liq qo'shma gaplar

Koordinatali qo‘shma gap tarkibidagi bog‘langan gaplar teng kelmaydi. Bog'langan ergash gaplar orasida uch xil aloqalar mavjud: o'tish, shartli va sabab.

a. O'tish davri munosabatlari

Odatda, birinchi gap ergash gap, ikkinchisi esa bosh gap. O'tish munosabatlarini ifodalovchi qo'shma so'zlar "tom" (但是, lekin), "oms" (却, lekin) va "dagomalar" (不然, aks holda), "tus" (但是, lekin), masalan,

Uupans hou hei zok na, tom na hei qix.

Kecha men uning oldiga boraman, lekin u ko'chaga chiqadi

"昨天 (到 他 家 去 ， 但是 他 已经 上街 去 了 了 ， Kecha men unga (uyiga) borishga (topishga) borgan edim, lekin u allaqachon ko'chalarga chiqib ketgan edi."

Na kweis vuek tun, oms dhas zuugheidhang.

U qo'shiq aytishni xohlaydi, lekin uyalishdan qo'rqing

"她 想 唱歌 ， ， 又怕 害羞 ， U qo'shiq aytishni xohlaydi, lekin uyalishdan qo'rqadi."

Kweis o goms o dhat, dagomlar beuu blongs.

O'rganishni xohlaysizmi, keyin yaxshi o'rganing, aks holda uyingizga qayting

"要 学, 真正 地 学 ， 就 回家 回家 去 ， (Agar siz o'rganmoqchi bo'lsangiz), uni yaxshilab o'rganing, aks holda uyingizga qayting."

b. Shartli munosabatlar

Odatda, birinchi band shartni bildiruvchi tobe gap, ikkinchisi esa oqibatni ifodalovchi bosh gap. Shartli munosabatni ifoda etadigan qo'shma so'zlar "laeis" (如果, agar), "dalunx" (无论, nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar), masalan,

Dalunx na rien dhongras, hou ngan hei.

u qanday aytmasin, men ham boraman

"不管 他 怎样 说 ， 我 我 都 去 ， U nima desin, men ham boraman."

Laeis na da buuen, dhes fan hei gongx na.

Agar u kelmasa, men uni topishga boraman

"如果 他 不 来 go go 去找 他 ， Agar u kelmasa, men uni topishga boraman."

Laeis zaux tax, hou goms lax.

Agar guruch bo'lsa / bor bo'lsa, men ovqatlanaman

"如果 有 饭 ， 我 就吃 就吃 rice Agar guruch bo'lsa, men (yeyman)."

Laeis na euu, meuu goms waeix ku hou bas.

Agar u rozi bo'lsa, siz menga aksentni ayting

"如果 他 答应 (你 就 告诉 我 吧 ， Agar u rozi bo'lsa, unda (siz) menga ayting."

Ba'zan, shartli jumlaga qo'shma so'z kerak bo'lmaydi, masalan.

Tuuen kaux vuek gong, nge zaux gan zaux jien.

Kuch kuchi bilan ishlaydi, pulda pul bo'lishi kerak

"努力 strength ， 一定 会有 金钱 ， (Agar siz) ishlash uchun kuch ishlatsangiz, (sizga) pul bo'ladi."

v. Sabab munosabati

Odatda, birinchi band natijani ko'rsatadigan asosiy band, ikkinchisi esa sababni ifodalovchi ergash gap. Sababiy munosabatni ifodalovchi bog`liq so`zlar "xans" (g, chunki), "dagomalar" (g, aks holda), masalan,

Fas fun youus hei, dagoms ia cok.

Osmon yomg'iri boshqacha yo'l tutmang, kasallikka yo'liqmang / yuqmang

"天下 雨 了 ， 别 去 ， 不然 要 得病 ， Yomg'ir yog'moqda, bormang, aks holda siz kasal bo'lib qolasiz."

Dhes da hei, xans dhes cok bhe.

Men kasal aksent tufayli ketganim yo'q

"我 不去 ， 因为 我 病 病 了 ， Kasalligim sababli bormayman."

Hou beuu bat dhoei, hans tuut bhaeis.

I come back take rope, because break totally

"我回来拿绳子，因为全断了，I came back to take a rope, because (my rope is) totally broken."

Sometimes, the word "hans" also can be used in a conditional clause, e.g.,

Jieng, hans hloei ges fa ngan duuengx.

Success, no matter what much price/cost we also give

"能成功的话，那么多少钱我们都给，(Achieve) success, no matter how much it costs."

When the loan words "ienxuis…dosdzis"are used to present the cause-result relationship, the causal clause is placed before the result clause, e.g.,

Ienxuis boux neix fas raenx, dosdzis daenslieng aiszangs peek.

Because year this sky dry, so produce not so high

"因为今年天旱，所以产量不太高，Because this year it (is) dry, (so) the produce (is) not so much."

C. Siqilgan qo‘shma gaplar

In view of idea expressed, the compressed sentence is a compound sentence; in view of construction, it is a simple sentence.

Dhes ghais meuu vuek meshes goms vuek meshes.

I tell you do what then do what

"我叫你做什么就做什么，Whatever I tell you to do, do (it)."

Hou kweis rien oms dhas.

I want say but fear

"我想说又害怕，I want to speak but (I) fear (to say it)."

Na faets ngop faets hlenyvis.

He more... think more... happy

"他越想越高兴，The more he thinks the more happy he is."

Bou neix luuengx bhoux luuengx ghweis.

Pig this more... feed more... fat

"这只猪越喂越肥，The more this pig is fed the fatter it is."

Na lax vuek lax dzuuns.

He more... do more... fast

"他越做越快，The more he works the faster he gets/becomes."

Aeu ceeng buuen ceeng hloei.

He more... come more... many

"人越来越多，The people coming (are) more and more."

Hlai jumla turlari va ularning asosiy qoidalari^[42][43]

According to the function and mood, Hlai sentences can be classified as declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, and exclamatory sentences.

1. Deklaratsion jumla

A. Affirmative sentence

Hou kweis hei ang.

I will go hilly field

"我要去山栏地，I will go to the hilly field."

Neix man veengs na.

This is shirt/top her/his

"这是他/她的衣服，This is her/his shirt/top."

Sometimes, the linking verb is omitted, e.g.,

Neix veengs na.

This shirt/top her/his

"这是他/她的衣服，This (is) her/his shirt/top."

B. inkor gap

Neix ghwaix veengs na.

This is not shirt/top her/his

"这不是他/她的衣服，This is not her/his shirt."

Na da buuen zo.

He not come accent

"他还没来呢，He has not come yet."

2. So'roq hukm

A. So‘roq olmoshlari yordamida

There are several interrogative pronouns that are used: "uuras/asras" (谁, who?), "meshes" (什么, what?), "dhongras" (怎样, how?), "ras" (哪，如何, where? which? how?), "qiras" (何时, when?), and "hloeiras" (多少, How much/many?), e.g.,

Neix veengs asras?

This shirt/top who?

"这是谁的衣服，Whose shirt is this?"

Uuras uengx hou hei?

Who with me go?

"谁跟我去？Who(will) go with me?"

Neix man meshes?

This is what?

"这是什么？What is this?"

Vuek dhongras naus dhiu?

Do how just right?

"怎么样做才好？How should it be done, so that it will be done right?"

Meuu hei zok ras?

You go to/toward where?

"你去哪儿？Where are you heading?"

Na qiras buuen?

He when come?

"他何时来？When (will) he come?"

zaux hloeiras zuen uucok?

Have how many classifier sick

"有几个病号？How many (people) are sick?"

B. So'roqli urg'u so'zlaridan foydalanish

These questions require an answer: "Yes or no".

Ghwaix na bas?

Is not him accent

"不是他吧？It is not him, right?"

Neix guu meuu hos?

This belong to you accent

"这是你的吗？Does this belong to you?"

Meuu bhaeis lax tax hixhos?

You already eat rice accent

"你已经吃过饭了吗？Did you already eat (rice)?"

(There are several more words used in the interrogative mood, so please see the section on accented words.)

C. Using negation words ("da")

Meuu kweis hei da?

You will go NEG?

"你要去吗？Won't you go?"

Meuu kweis da?

You be willing to NEG?

"你愿意吗？Aren't you willing?"

Meuu kweis laeis hisdhop da?

You want see movie NEG?

"你要看电影吗？Don't you want to see a movie?"

Gong neix hleny da?

Stuff this good NEG?

"这东西好吗？Isn't this stuff good?"

The conjunction word "cuus/cas" can be added before the negative words "da" to express a question, e.g.,

Meuu qieng dheuu cuus da?

You want take or not?

"你想拿吗？Do you want to take (it) or not?"

Meuu bhaeis lax cuus da?

You already eat or not?

"你已经吃了吗？Have you already eaten or not?"

Veengs neix hleny cas da?

shirt/top this good or not?

"这件衣服好吗？Is this shirt/top good or not?"

D. Birlashtiruvchi so'zlardan foydalanish ("cuus / cas")

The conjunction word "cuus/cas" can be added between two options to express a question, e.g.,

Meuu dheuu cuus ais?

You want or don't want?

"你要不要？Do you want (it) or not?"

Fa caem cuus bhiek?

We carry with hands or carry on shoulders?

"我们抬还是扛？Should we carry (it) with (our) hands or on (our) shoulders?"

Dhat cas tuas?

Genuine/real/true or false/fake?

"真的还是假的？Are you telling the truth, or did you make it up?"

Another related conjunction word "cuusnaus/casnus" can be added between two options to express a question, e.g.,

Na hei cuusnaus hou hei？

He go or I go?

"他去还是我去？Will he go or should I go?"

3. Imperativ gap

When a speaker demonstrates a request or a command, usually he will express it with an accent. When the subject is omitted, it can become a one word sentence, e.g.,

Buuen!

Kel

"来！Come！"

Uuhaux laus zuucoeis bas.

tomorrow pick litchi (fruit) accent

"明天摘荔枝吧！Tomorrow let's (finish) pick(ing) litchi (=a kind of fruit)!"

Uengxtoengs dzuuns buuen res!

Everyone quickly come accent

"大家快来吧！Everyone, come quickly!"

(There are several more words used in the imperative mood, so please see the section on accented words.)

When a speaker expresses a prohibition, usually the adverbial word "yous" (别, don't) is used.

Yous vuek!

Don't do

"别做！Quit doing that!"

4. undov gap

There are several words used in the exclamatory mood, like "ho", "a", "aei", "aidzo", "aiho", "euu", and "o". These words strongly express the speaker's feelings.

A. Bir so'zli jumlaga urg'u berilgan so'z

Euu! Hauux bhe!

Ha! That is (it)!

"嗯！是！Yes! That's it!"

Aei! Dhongras vuek naus hleny?

Oh my! How do just/then good

"哎哟！怎么做才好？Oh my! What's a good way to do this?"

B. Urg'u berilgan so'z bir so'z yoki bitta so'z birikmasidan keyin keladi

Cok ho!

Pain accent

"疼啊！Ouch!"

Hleny hloei ho!

good/so many accent

"好多啊！So many!"

C. Gapning oxiridagi urg‘uli so‘z

Aidzo! Keuuhwoek ho!

Oh my! Poor accent

"哎哟！可惜啊！Oh (my)! Poor (guy)!"

Tau bhaeis poens a!

Pot already break accent

"锅已经破了！The pot broke!"

Bheuucai neix hleny lax ho!

Vegetable this good eat accent

"这菜好吃啊！This vegetable (=dish) (is) good to eat (=delicious)!"

Noms neix ghan a!

Water this cold accent

"这水凉啊！This water is cold!"

(There are several more words used in the exclamatory mood, so please see the section on accented words.)

Xitoy tili grammatikasining ta'siri^[44][45]

Due to the frequent contacts made between the Li (黎族) and the Xon (汉族) over a relatively lengthy stretch of time, the Hlai language has been influenced by the Chinese language and its grammar. As previously mentioned, the Hlai counting system for dates, ordinal numbers, and measurements have been influenced by Chinese. In this chapter, the Chinese influence in Hlai's so'zlar tartibi of attribute phrases, verb-object-complement phrases, and interrogative sentences is discussed.

Atributli iboralar

Nouns act as head words, and the attribute word is a number. Natively, the number should be placed before the head word. But, due to the Chinese influence, the number can be placed after the head word, e.g.,

When nouns act as head words, and the attribute words are demonstrative pronouns and numbers, the number is placed before the head word and the demonstrative pronoun after the head word. But, due to Chinese influence, the word order has become more like the word order in Chinese, e.g.,

When two nouns are placed together as an attribute phrase, the front noun is the head word, and the back one the attribute word. However, due to Chinese influence, the word order can be changed, but only when applied to loan word attribute phrases, e.g.,

Another kind of attribute phrase is where the noun is the head word and the adjective is the attribute word. When the words in the phrase are all loan words, the word order follows the Chinese one, e.g.,dienx Dongxgok

new China

"新中国，new China"

dienx gun

new skirt

"新裙子，new skirt"

dhuax giuscex

big savior

"大救星，great savior"

kuis dhuaxhuix

open conference

"开会，to hold a conference"

However, when the words in the phrase are not all loanwords, the adjective is placed after the noun, e.g.,

Dongxgok baen

China new

"新中国，new China"

neix man gun baen.

DEM.this is skirt new

"这是新裙子，This is a new skirt."

giuscex long

savior big

"大救星，great savior"

Fe'l-ob'ekt-to'ldiruvchi iboralar

When verbs act as head words, the word order is verb-object-complement. But, due to Chinese influence, the word order, verb-complement-object has also been adopted, e.g.,

So'roq gaplar

The native ways to denote a question in the Hlai language are using interrogative pronouns, interrogative accents, or placing the negation word da at the end of a sentence. However, due to Chinese influence, a new word order has appeared, which is, verb (head word) + negation + verb, e.g.,

Meuu hei da hei?

You go NEG go

"你去不去？Are you going?"

Egalik ko`makchi so`z geys

The native possessive auxiliary word in Hlai is guu. In the Chinese language, the possessive auxiliary word is geys, and both its usage and function have been imputed into the Hlai language, e.g.,

Bhakgengs gaeis Ihwashueis

Beijing AUX.POSS the name of emperor's Summer Palace

"北京的颐和园，Beijing's Summer Palace"

Haeisnaems gaeis Lokdhongs gwaeis

Hainan AUX.POSS Ledong township

"海南的乐东县，Hainan's Ledong township"

gaeusdhom gaeis cahwan

morning AUX.POSS sun

"早晨的太阳，the morning's sun"

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• Mingying Wen 文明英; Jing Wen 文京 (2006). Liyu Jichu Jiaocheng 黎语基础教程. Beijing 北京: Central University for Nationalities Press 中央民族大学出版社. ISBN  9787811080018.
• Mingying Wen 文明英; Jing Wen 文京 (2009). Liyu Changpian Huayu Cailiaoji 黎语长篇话语材料集. Beijing 北京: Central University for Nationalities Press 中央民族大学出版社. ISBN  9787811086980.
• Zhongshu Yuan 苑中树 (1994). Outline of Hlai language Grammar 黎语语法纲要. Beijing 北京: Central University for Nationalities Press 中央民族大学出版社. ISBN  7810018922.