Jeyms Rivis - James Reavis

"Baron of Arizona" bu erga yo'naltiradi. 1950 yilgi film uchun qarang Arizona shtatidagi baron.
Jeyms Rivis
Reavis katta yonbosh va mo'ylovni sport bilan shug'ullanadi
Tug'ilgan
Jeyms Addison Rivis

(1843-05-10)1843 yil 10-may
Genri okrugi, Missuri
O'ldi1914 yil 27-noyabr(1914-11-27) (71 yosh)
Denver, Kolorado
Boshqa ismlarArizona shtatidagi Baron
KasbSoldier, ko'chmas mulk agenti, ko'cha avtomashinalari o'tkazuvchisi
Turmush o'rtoqlarAda Papasi (1874-1883)
Sofiya Treadway (1882? –1902)[Izoh 1]
Sudlanganlik (lar)Firibgarlik va Soxtalashtirish (1895)
Jinoiy jazo5000 AQSh dollari miqdorida jarima va 2 yillik qamoq

Jeyms Addison Rivis (1843 yil 10-may - 1914 yil 27-noyabr), keyinchalik bu nomdan foydalangan Jeyms Addison Peralta-Reavis, deb nomlangan Arizona shtatidagi Baron,[Izoh 2] amerikalik edi qalbaki va firibgar. U eng yaxshi Peralta er granti, shuningdek, Arizonaning Baroni deb nomlanuvchi firibgar sifatida tanilgan. erga bo'lgan da'volar sertifikatlangan taqdirda, unga 18,600 kvadrat mildan (48,200 km) ko'proq egalik huquqi berilishi mumkin edi2) markazdagi erlar Arizona hududi va g'arbiy Nyu-Meksiko hududi.[2] Firibgarlik paytida Reavis taxminiy 5,3 million AQSh dollari miqdoridagi naqd pul va veksellarni (bugungi kunda 163 million dollar) yig'di.[3]) sotish orqali da'volar va taklif qilingan investitsiya rejalari.[4]

Shartlariga muvofiq Guadalupe Hidalgo shartnomasi va Gadsden sotib olish, Qo'shma Shtatlar mavjudligini tan olishi va hurmat qilishi kerak edi yer grantlari Ispaniya yoki Meksika hukumatlari tomonidan qilingan.[5] Reavis ushbu qoidadan xayoliy da'vo ishlab chiqarish va undan keyin da'vo qanday qilib unga tegishli bo'lganligini ko'rsatadigan hujjatlar to'plamini yaratish orqali foydalangan. Keyin hujjatlar yashirin ravishda turli xil yozuvlar arxivlariga kiritildi. Dastlabki da'vosida Reavis bir qator orqali grantga egalik huquqini talab qildi transport vositalari. Ushbu da'voga qarshi jiddiy muammolar paydo bo'lganda, Reavis oxirgi da'vo qilingan tirik qolganlarga uylanish orqali ikkinchi da'voni ishlab chiqdi nasldan nasl dastlabki da'voni oluvchining.

O'zini aldash paytida Reavis taniqli odamlarni uning harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashga ishontirdi. U huquqiy va siyosiy qo'llab-quvvatladi Roscoe Conkling, Robert G. Ingersoll va Jeyms Broadhead. Kabi biznes rahbarlari Charlz Kroker va John W. Mackay o'z navbatida moliyaviy ko'mak ko'rsatdi. Firibgarlikning dastlabki fosh etilishi Surveyor General-ning noqulay hisoboti da'voni qisqacha rad etishga sabab bo'lganida sodir bo'ldi. Ushbu harakatga javoban Reavis sudga berilgan AQSh hukumati tomonidan 11 million dollarlik tovon puli (bugungi kunda 338 million dollar)[3]). O'z navbatida, kostyum AQSh hukumatini Reavis tomonidan turli joylarda tikilgan soxta buyumlarni to'liq fosh etgan batafsil tekshiruvni o'tkazishga undadi.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Reavis 1843 yil 10-mayda Fentondan Jorj Reavis va Meri Reivis (nikohi Dixon) dan besh farzandning ikkinchisi bo'lib tug'ilgan. Genri okrugi, Missuri shahri yaqinida Klinton. Uning otasi a Uelslik 1820-yillarning boshlarida Qo'shma Shtatlarga ko'chib kelganlar.[6] Uning onasi edi Shotlandiya va Ispaniya kelib chiqishi va ispan merosi bilan faxrlanamiz.[7] Oila kichik fermer xo'jaligida yashab, kichikiga egalik qilgan teri ishlab chiqarish zavodi.[8] Reavis ozgina rasmiy ma'lumot olgan, ammo onasi ispan tilini o'qigan Romantik adabiyot unga va u ulug'vor va ravon yozuv uslubini ishlab chiqdi.[9] 1857 yilda oila o'z fermasini sotib, ko'chib o'tdi Montevallo, Missuri, u erda ular do'kon ochdilar.[10]

Kasallik paydo bo'lganidan keyin Amerika fuqarolar urushi, Reavis Ovchi polkiga qo'shildi Konfederatsiya armiyasi, Missuri shtati gvardiyasining 8-bo'limi. Bir necha oydan keyin u bordi Springfild va kapitan Lou kompaniyasida qayta ro'yxatga olingan.[10] Dastlab ulug'vorlik orzulariga ega bo'lgan 18 yoshli Reavis tez orada harbiy hayot haqiqatlarini kashf etdi, uning romantiklashgan ideallariga mos kelmadi.[11] Taxminan shu vaqtda u tasodifan qo'mondonlik imzosini aniq takrorlashi mumkinligini aniqladi.[12] Ushbu yangi topilgan qobiliyatdan foydalanib, Reavis ishlab chiqarishni boshladi o'tadi armiya hayotining mashaqqatlaridan qochish uchun va aksincha onasiga tashrif buyurish uchun vaqt sarfladi.[13][14] Hamkasblari uning pasportlarini olish tezligi va uslubini payqashganida, Rivis ularga soxta yo'llanmalar sotishni boshladi.[14] Uning ba'zi bir boshliqlari Reavisdan shubhalanib qolishganida, u buni qo'lga kiritdi qoldiring go'yo uylanish,[15] ammo buning o'rniga taslim bo'lish uchun foydalangan Ittifoq kuchlar. Uning taslim bo'lishidan so'ng, Rivis qo'shildi Ittifoq armiyasi va qisqacha artilleriya polkida xizmat qildi.

Urushdan keyin Reavis Braziliyaga sayohat qilib, portugal tilini o'rgangan.[13] Reavis qaytib keldi Sent-Luis, Missuri 1866 yil oxiriga yaqin.[16] U erda u bir qator ishlarda ishlagan, jumladan tramvay konduktori, turli chakana savdo do'konlarida sayohat qiluvchi sotuvchi va xizmatchi. Oxir-oqibat, u ko'chmas mulk agenti sifatida muvaffaqiyat qozondi. Ko'chmas mulk bo'yicha bir nechta kichik bitimlardan so'ng, Reavis o'zining ofisini ochish uchun etarlicha pul yig'di.[13] Keyin u armiya pasportlarini o'rganishni o'rganganligi unga ko'chmas mulk hujjatlarini to'g'rilashga va nomukammallikni tuzatishga imkon berganligini aniqladi mulk nomlari.[17] Belgilangan bir misolda, u shu tarzda Sent-Luis yaqinidagi er uchastkasini sotib olmoqchi bo'lgan kishiga yordam bergan. Sotuvchi oila tomonidan to'plangan uch avlod hujjatlar erga aniq egalik huquqini aniqlay olmadilar. Reavis 18-asrda sarg'aygan va xiralashgan hujjatni ishlab chiqara oldi, bu avvalgi qidiruvlar sezmagan edi. Bitimning barcha tomonlari tomonidan haqiqiy deb qabul qilingan ushbu (soxta) hujjat uning mijoziga bitimni bajarishiga imkon berdi.[18]

Jorj Uilling

Reavis uchrashdi Jorj M. Uilling Jr. 1871 yilda.[17] Xohish, daromadni sotish bilan to'ldiradigan kashfiyotchi shifokor edi patent tibbiyoti.[19] U ko'chmas mulk agentiga, ko'chmas mulk sotib olishda yordam so'rab, Reavis kompaniyasining avvalgi mijozi, polkovnik Bayserning tavsiyasiga binoan kelgan.[20] Villingning so'zlariga ko'ra, u katta ispaniyalik huquqini sotib olgan er granti Migel Peraltadan oltin chang, qidiruv uskunalari va egar xachirlari uchun 20000 AQSh dollariga. Tranzaktsiya janubi-sharqdan Qora Kanyondagi oddiy kon qazish maydonida sodir bo'ldi Preskott, Arizona hududi odatdagi hujjatlarsiz. Villing tushuntirganidek: "Savdo amalga oshirilganda, menda hujjatni yozadigan qog'ozim yo'q edi, shuning uchun lagerni ko'zdan kechirdim va ustiga bir varaq moyli, qalam bilan yozilgan lager qog'ozini topdim ... va u erda bo'lgani kabi sudyalar yoki notariuslar qatnashmagan. Men buni guvohlar oldida tan olgan edim. "[21] O'tkazish akti 1864 yil 20 oktyabrda tuzilgan.[22]

Royalning muqovasi sadr Dastlab Peralta grantini ta'sis etish to'g'risida.

Tranzaktsiyani yozib olish uchun Uill Preskottga yetib kelganida 1867 yil bo'ldi.[23] U kelganida unga mablag 'etishmadi va da'vo bo'yicha yarim foizni mahalliy barqaror egasiga sotishni taklif qildi, Jeyms D. Monixon.[24] Villing, ikkalasi ham yaqin atrofdagi konlarni egalariga qaytarib sotish orqali katta foyda olishlari mumkinligini aytdi. Monixon bu taklifdan g'azablandi va mahalliy aholi tez orada Xohish uchun yoqimsiz munosabatda bo'lishdi. Xavfsizligidan qo'rqqan Villing tezda hisob-kitoblarini amalga oshirdi va ertasi kuni ertalab hukumatga yuborilgan tadqiqot guruhi bilan jo'nab ketdi Santa Fe.[25][26]

Reavis hujjatlarni tekshirishga vaqt ajratish uchun unga hujjatlarni qoldirishni taklif qildi. Villing taklifni rad etdi va o'rniga ertasi kuni Ispaniyaning er uchastkalari bo'yicha mutaxassisi Uilyam V. Gitt bilan qaytib keldi.[27] Yaqinda Sent-Luisga qaytib kelgan Gitt Illinoys va Missuri shtatlaridagi bir qator shubhali er bitimlaridan so'ng "Eski Ispaniyaning er huquqi bo'yicha advokati" sifatida tanilgan.[28] Avvalgi yigirma yil ichida u yashagan Gvadalaxara, Meksika, 1847 yilgi er da'vosidan keyin sud jarayoni natijada a dastgoh orderi advokat nomiga rasmiylashtirilmoqda.[29]

Uch kishi har hafta bir necha soat davomida yig'ilib, grant hujjatlarini o'rganishni boshladilar.[30] Villing va Peralta o'rtasidagi bitimga qo'shimcha ravishda maqsadga muvofiq, Peralta grantiga oid yuridik hujjatlarning nusxasi. Nusxalari bilan birga 1853 yilda yozilgan va Meksika Prezidentining imzosi bo'lgan xat bor edi Antonio Lopes de Santa Anna barcha tegishli hujjatlarni topish uchun tintuv o'tkazilganligini da'vo qilib maqsadga muvofiq grantning ishonchli nomi.[28] Reavis bu vaqtdan va Gitt bilan muloqotda bo'lib, Meksika va Ispaniyaning er hujjatlari bilan tanishdi.[22] U shuningdek, Villingning rafiqasi Meri Ann bilan do'stlikni rivojlantirdi, uni yosh ko'chmas mulk agenti ikkinchi onasi deb bildi.[31]

Bir necha yil o'tgach, Reavis va Uilling da'voni ilgari surishga qaratilgan hamkorlikni yo'lga qo'yishdi. Ikki kishi alohida sayohat qilishni rejalashtirishdi, bu esa Reavisni kelganidan keyin ko'chmas mulk bo'yicha mutaxassis sifatida saqlab qolishga imkon berdi.[32] Hujjatlar bilan 1874 yil yanvar oyida Arizona o'lkasigacha quruqlik yo'lini bosib o'tgan. Reavis dengiz orqali sayohat qilgan Kaliforniya orqali Panama.[33] Kaliforniyada Reavis Florin Massolga tashrif buyurdi, a Sakramento Willing Peralta granti doirasida qazib olish huquqini tayinlagan hujjatlarni qoldirgan savdogar garov qarzga qarshi.[34]

Rivis 1874 yil 5-mayda Montevallo Ada Papasi bilan turmush qurdi.[33] Er-xotin bir-birlarini Rivisning oilasi o'z do'konini boshqargan kundan beri bilishardi.[35] Qisqa asal oyidan so'ng, u g'arbga jo'nab ketdi va er-xotin olti yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida bir-birlarini ko'rmadilar.[36] Ularning nikoh holatidan norozi bo'lib, 1883 yilda qochib ketganligi sababli ajrashdi.[35]

Grantni belgilash

Istak keldi Preskott 1874 yil mart oyida va da'vo arizasini Yavapay tumani Sud binosi.[37] Ertasi kuni ertalab u o'lik holda topildi.[38] Villingning o'limi sabablari to'g'risida hech qanday rasmiy tergov o'tkazilmagan.[39] Tavsiya etilgan sabablarga zahar,[32] "ta'sir qilish va xususiylashtirish",[39] yoki shunchaki "g'alati va bexabar holatlar".[37] Rivis sherigining o'limi haqida u kelgandan keyin bilgan San-Fransisko. U kelishini kutayotgan yozishmalar to'plamini kutgan edi, ammo buning o'rniga faqat ikkita xat topildi. Birinchisi, Villingdan, shifokorning Preskottga xavfsiz etib borishi to'g'risida xabar beradi. Ikkinchisi, Rivisga Villingning o'limi to'g'risida xabar beruvchi, Yavapay okrugi sherifidan bo'lib, u shifokorning qog'ozlaridagi yagona manzilga xat yuborgan.[40]

Reavisga sxemani davom ettirish uchun Willing hujjatlari kerak edi. Safardan sog'lig'i yomon va mablag 'kamligi sababli Reavis maktabda o'qituvchi bo'lib ishlagan Dauni, Kaliforniya, 1875 va 1876 yillarda. Keyin u jurnalist sifatida ishlagan Shimoliy Kaliforniya, uchun muxbir bo'lib xizmat qilmoqda San-Fransisko imtihonchisi va San-Frantsiskoga qo'ng'iroq a uchun vaqti-vaqti bilan ishlash bilan Nyu-York shahri qog'oz.[41] Jurnalistlik faoliyati natijasida Reavis temir yo'l boylari bilan uchrashdi Kollis Xantington va Charlz Kroker.[42] Shuningdek, u operatsiyani kuzata oldi Jamoat er komissiyasi. O'sha paytda komissiya unga taqdim etilgan 800 ta da'voning 500 dan ortig'ini ma'qullagan paytda, ekspertiza xarajatlari filer tomonidan to'lanadigan bo'lsa, pora berish odatiy holdir. Arizona hududidagi amaliyotlar Kaliforniyadagiga o'xshash deb taxmin qilish Reavisga Peralta grantini tasdiqlash uchun katta umid berdi.[43]

Reavisning Arizona o'lkasiga birinchi tashrifi 1880 yil may oyiga sayohat bilan sodir bo'ldi Feniks.[44] Uchun obuna agenti sifatida tanlov San-Fransisko imtihonchisi, u hududni aylanib chiqdi va hattoki quyilish joyiga sayohat qildi Tuz va Gila daryolar.[39][45] Feniksdan Reavis stagecoachni olib ketdi Preskott.[46] Hududiy poytaxtga kelganida, u doktor Villingning o'limi haqida so'radi. Ishni nazorat qilgan prokurat sudyasini topgandan so'ng, Reavis Uillingning bevasi tomonidan Villingning qo'lida bo'lgan barcha hujjatlarni saqlashga ruxsat beruvchi xatni taqdim etdi.[47] Prokurat sudi tomonidan olib borilgan tintuv Villingning mol-mulkini aniqladi va Pivaladagi grant hujjatlarini Reavisga nazorat qildi.[48] Ushbu biznesni tugatgandan so'ng, Reavis Kaliforniyaga qaytib keldi.[49]

Peralta er granti oxirgi shaklda

Willing-ga ko'ra, grant "suzuvchi" bo'lib, ma'lum miqdordagi hudud uchun ajratilgan, ammo aniq joylashuvga ega emas edi. Bunday grantlar odatiy bo'lsa-da, sodda bo'lmagan er egasini qo'rqitishga qodir bo'lgan, ammo unchalik katta bo'lmagan haqiqiy qonuniy noqulayliklar sifatida foydalidir.[32][50] Reavis buni o'zgartirishga qaror qildi va grant ajratiladigan joyni aniqladi. Turli xil tarixiy o'lchovlarga oid noaniqliklar bilan shug'ullanish uchun u o'z maqsadlariga eng foydali ta'riflarni tanladi. Natijada, 10 uchun grantliga 30 liga hududi shimoldan janubga 49,5 mil (79,7 km) va sharqdan g'arbga 149,5 milya (240,6 km) masofada joylashgan hududga aylandi.[32] Keyinchalik o'lcham 78.8307 ga 236.4921 mil (127 km × 381 km) ga o'sdi.[2] G'arbiy chegarasining markazi Tuz va Gila daryolari tutashgan joyda joylashgan bo'lib, grantga Feniks shaharlari, Globus, Casa Grande, Florensiya va Tempe va chetiga cho'zilgan Silver City, Nyu-Meksiko. Grant chegarasidagi boshqa qiziqish jihatlari quyidagilar edi Kumush qirol koni va qism Janubiy Tinch okean temir yo'li.[37]

O'zining qarashlariga erishish uchun Reavis avvalo ba'zi bir dolzarb biznes masalalarini tozalashi va qo'shimcha hujjatlar olishlari kerak edi.[51] Uning birinchi qadami 1881 yil iyul oyida Florin Massol oilasiga tashrif buyurish bo'lib, u Villing imzolagan kon qazish huquqini ozod qilib, Peralta granti sharti bilan Massolga 3000 AQSh dollari va foizlar to'lash shartnomasi evaziga. tasdiqlangan.[52] Bundan tashqari, Massol ishonchnomadan foydalanib, Ravisga beriladigan grantga Villingning qiziqishi to'g'risida imzoladi.[32] Keyin Reavis Sharqiy qirg'oq. Uchun yozuvlar kitobi San-Xavier del Bac missiyasi yuborilgan edi Filadelfiya uchun Centennial Exposition, vaqtda bo'lgan Vashington, Kolumbiya qaytib kelishini kutmoqda Yepiskop Salpointe. Vashingtonda bo'lganida, Reavis kitobni batafsil o'rganishga ruxsat oldi.[53]

San-Xavier yozuvlar kitobini o'rganib chiqib, Reavis sayohat qildi Meksika u erda 1881 yil sentyabrdan noyabrgacha u arxivlarni qidirdi Gvadalaxara va Mexiko Peralta granti bilan bog'liq ma'lumotlar uchun. Meksikada u Los-Anjeles va San-Frantsisko o'quvchilarini qiziqtirgan narsalarni qidiradigan gazeta muxbirining rolini davom ettirdi.[53] Shuningdek, u har ikki shaharda arxiv xodimlari bilan do'stona munosabatlarni rivojlantirdi, bu esa uni tekshirishga qiziqqan materiallarga osonlikcha kirish imkoniyatini yaratdi.[54] Meksikani tark etgach, Reavisda Peralta granti bilan bog'liq fotosuratlar to'plami va hujjatlarning tasdiqlangan nusxalari bor edi.[55] Keyin Rivis o'sha paytda yashagan Meri Enn Uillingni ko'rish uchun yo'l oldi Kentukki. O'zining tashrifi paytida, 1882 yil 1-mayda, beva ayol vaqt o'tishi bilan to'langan 30 000 AQSh dollari miqdoridagi grantga bo'lgan qiziqishi to'g'risida imzoladi.[55]

Arizonaning birinchi baroni

Reavis to'plagan hujjatlar to'plamida Peralta grantining yaratilishi va Arizonaning xayoliy birinchi va ikkinchi baronlarining hayot tarixi haqida hikoya qilingan. Ertak Don Migel Nemecio Silva de Peralta de la Cordoba 1708 yilda Don Xose Gaston Silva va Carrillo de Peralta de las Falces de Mendoza va Dña Francisca Mariya de Garsiya de la Kordoba va Muiz de Peres tug'ilishi bilan boshlandi.[56] Don Migel 1727 yilda leytenant sifatida Ispaniya qiroli xizmatiga kirdi ajdarholar. U tayinlandi visitador del rey, qirollik inspektori, 1742 yilda va Gvadalaxaraga maxfiy topshiriq bilan yuborilgan Yangi Ispaniya.[57] Don Migelning tayinlanganligini tasdiqlovchi hujjatlarda uni Arizonakadan Baron deb atashgan, Oltin Fleece ritsari, va a'zosi Montesa ordeni.[56]

Arizona shtatidagi xayoliy 1-baron Don Migel Nemecio Silva de Peralta de la Cordoba tasviri

Qirol emissari topshirig'ining aniq mohiyati hech qachon oshkor qilinmagan, ammo Sonoraning shimoliy qismida topilgan kumush haqidagi da'volar bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin.[58] Aftidan natijalardan mamnun, Filipp V qirolni chiqargan sadr (farmon) 1744 yil noyabrda Don Migelga yer berish huquqini beradigan qirollik niyatini bildirgan.[58][59] Filippnikiga tegishli sadr 1748 yil 20-dekabrgacha harakat qilinmadi Ferdinand VI Don Migelni ajdarlarning kapitaniga ko'tarib, unga Koloradosning baroni unvonini berdi va yana birini chiqardi sadr 300 kvadrat maydonni o'z ichiga olgan mos traktni topishni Yangi Ispaniya vitse-vaziriga ko'rsatma ligalar er.[60]

Faqat 1758 yil 3-yanvarga qadar shimolga tegishli er uchastkasi joylashgan edi San-Xavier del Bac missiyasi va noibning farmoni, Agustin de Ahumada, Don Migelga yer berish.[61] Da'voni aniqlash va belgilash marosimi 1758 yil may oyida bo'lib o'tgan. Don Migel da'vo joyiga San-Xavier ruhoniysi va Vitseroy garnizonining ikki zobiti hamrohlik qilgan.[62] Ruhoniy bo'lib xizmat qildi sudya ofitserlar guvoh va geodeziya sifatida qatnashgan.[63] Marosim paytida tepalikning tepasida joylashgan "Rasmiy yodgorlik" deb nomlangan katta tosh ko'rindi va mulkning g'arbiy chegarasining markazini belgilash uchun tanlandi.[64]

Keyingi Iezuitlarni Yangi Ispaniyadan haydab chiqarish 1768 yilda Don Migel so'rov yubordi Charlz III uning grantini tasdiqlash uchun.[64][65] Ushbu iltimos 1776 yilda qondirildi, hatto byurokratik ishlov berish va sayohat vaqtini hisobga olgan holda, odatdagidan uzoq kechikish, "Men, Ispaniya Qiroli, toj armiyasidagi ko'plab qimmatli xizmatlaringizni minnatdorchilik bilan aytaman. va yuqorida aytib o'tilgan grantni tasdiqlang. "[66]

Don Migel xarobalarni ishlatib, o'z eriga joylashishga bir urinish qildi Casa Grande uning faoliyat asosi sifatida. Dan qilingan doimiy reydlar tufayli urinish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi Apache.[66] Muvaffaqiyatsiz urinishdan so'ng Don Migel Meksikaga qaytib keldi, u erda 1770 yil noyabr oyida Sofiya Ave Mariya Sanches Bonilla de Amaya va Garsiya de Orosko bilan turmushga chiqdi. Etzatlan.[67] Nikoh 1781 yilda bitta o'g'il - Xesus Migel Silva de Peralta de la Cordoba va Sanches de Bonilla bilan tug'ildi.[68]

A ga qo'shimcha ravishda iroda, Don Migel o'g'lining butun mulkini meros qilib olishini ta'minlash uchun bir nechta qo'shimcha hujjatlarni yaratdi. 1788 yilda Don Migel a koditsil uning istaklarini ko'rsatib Guadalaxarada.[68] Bundan tashqari, Don Migel 1787 yil avgustda a sadr Peralta granti, unvoni, gerbi va o'g'lining nasabini hujjatlashtirgan Gvadalaxaradagi notarius oldida.[69] Don Migel kasal bo'lib qoldi va 116 yoshida vafot etdi. 1824 yil 2 fevralda Gvadalaxarada dafn etildi.[70]

Birinchi da'vo

Meksikadagi ishini tugatgandan so'ng, Reavis San-Frantsiskoga qaytib keldi. U erda u hujjatlarini nufuzli odamlarga ko'rsatdi va bir nechta noma'lum yangiliklar maqolalarini yozdi Ekspert uning Peralta grantiga bo'lgan da'vosini tasdiqlovchi "inkor etilmaydigan dalillar" mavjudligini da'vo qilmoqda.[71] Shu vaqt ichida u Janubiy Tinch okeani temir yo'lining rahbarlari bilan muzokaralar olib bordi. Rahbarlar 200 metr kenglikda (61 m) xavfsizlikni ta'minlashdan manfaatdor edilar yo'l temir yo'llari uchun, chunki temir yo'l bir vaqtning o'zida to'siqni to'sib, grantni kesib o'tdi Texas Tinch okeani temir yo'li xuddi shunday qilishdan.[72][73] Ushbu muzokaralar natijasida Charlz Kroker Reavisga Peralta granti bo'yicha qulaylik yaratish uchun oldindan 5000 AQSh dollari va jami 50,000 AQSh dollari miqdorida mablag 'ajratish to'g'risida shartnoma imzoladi.[74]

Reavisning birinchi rasmiy harakati 1882 yil oktyabrda, u bilan hujjatlarni topshirganda sodir bo'ldi Safford, Arizona o'lkasi unga Villingning ishi tayinlanganligini ko'rsatgan prokuratura sudi.[75] Prokuratura sudi da'voning asosliligini aniqlash vakolatiga ega bo'lmaganligi sababli, ushbu ariza berishning sababi aniq emas. Ehtimol, okrugning kichkina o'rni Reavisga o'z da'vosini o'sha paytda ogohlantiradigan kamida boshqa odamlar bilan yaxshiroq tasdiqlashiga imkon bergan bo'lishi mumkin.[76]

Da'voni rasmiy ravishda rasmiylashtirish 1883 yil 27 martda bo'lib o'tgan Tusson Surveyer General J.W.ning idorasi Robbins.[37][76] Willing-ning sotib olish aktiga qo'shimcha ravishda, Reavis ularning nusxalarini taqdim etdi tsedulalar, u birinchi baron hayotini hujjatlashtirgan vasiyatnomalar, kodikillar va e'lonlarni taqdim etdi.[77] Hujjatlar to'plami ikkita chamadonni to'ldirdi.[78] Tunda davom etgan hujjatlarning dastlabki ekspertizasidan so'ng, Robins da'voni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishga va o'z tekshiruvini sertifikatlashtirishning birinchi bosqichi sifatida boshlashga va'da berdi.[79]

O'zining da'vo arizasini topshirgandan so'ng, Reavis Arizolada o'zining operatsion bazasini yaratdi. Bu yaqin joy edi Casa Grande go'yoki birinchi baron La Xacienda de Peralta sifatida ishlatgan kichik xarobalar to'plamini o'z ichiga olgan.[80] Reavis bu erda xizmatkorlar turar joylari, otxonalar, omborxonalar va joyni o'rab turgan himoya tosh devori bilan to'ldirilgan qizil daraxt va qizil g'ishtdan qasr qurish uchun ustalarni olib keldi.[81]

Qurilish boshlanganda, Reavis ijara kollektorlari va agentlarini yollashni boshladi. Shuningdek, u egasi Jeyms M. Barni bilan muzokaralarni boshladi Silver King Mining Company.[82] Bir necha haftadan so'ng Barni bir oy uchun 25000 AQSh dollari to'lashga rozi bo'ldi da'vo.[83] Kun davomida katta miqdordagi mablag 'bo'lsa-da, bu narx kondan olinadigan foyda bilan taqqoslaganda kichik edi.[84] Keyin Rivis da'vo arizasida chop etdi va e'lon qildi: fuqarolarga uning ijarasini ro'yxatdan o'tkazish va shartnomalarni imzolash to'g'risida advokat bilan bog'lanishni, yoki Peralta Granti AQSh hukumati tomonidan tasdiqlanganidek, o'zlarining huquqlarini buzish va chiqarib yuborish uchun sud oldida javobgar deb hisoblashlari kerak. "[85] Er berilishini e'lon qilgan gazetalar va yollangan publitsistlar uchun kelishuvlar tuzildi, unvonni e'lon qilish temirdan yasalgan va suvga ham, er osti huquqlariga ham tegishli edi.[32]

Ko'p o'tmay, Reavis va uning agentlari da'vo chegaralarida joylashgan ishonchli va qo'rqib ketgan ko'chmanchilarga quitclaimlarni sotishni boshladilar.[86][87] Kvitatsiya talablari uchun olinadigan narxlar juda xilma-xil bo'lib, mulk qiymati yoki amaldagi shaxsning to'lov qobiliyatiga unchalik bog'liq emas.[88] Ba'zi fuqarolarga 1000 AQSh dollaridan talablar kelib tushgan, boshqalari bepul yoki ovqat yoki bir juft ichimlik evaziga ozod qilishgan.[88][89]

Mahalliy aholining bildirishnomalariga dastlabki reaktsiya hayratga tushgan ishonchsizlik edi.[90] Da'vo grant doirasida mavjud bo'lgan barcha er uchastkalarini bekor qilish imkoniyatiga ega edi va aholining aksariyati mumkin bo'lgan sud jarayoni tahdididan xavotirda edilar.[32][90] Tinch okeanining janubiy temir yo'li va Silver King Mine ham Reavis bilan shartnoma tuzishga rozi bo'lganligi haqida xabar tarqalganda, tashvish vahima tomon burildi. Ko'pgina aholining fikriga ko'ra, agar ma'dan va temir yo'l o'zlarining moliyaviy va huquqiy manbalari bilan Rivisning da'vosini kurashish uchun juda kuchli deb topsa, ular bunga qarshi hech qanday imkoniyatga ega emaslar.[32][84][91] Ushbu ishonch Reavisning har qanday manfaatdor shaxsga uning hujjatlarini tekshirishiga ruxsat berishga tayyorligi bilan kuchaytirildi.[86] Ushbu muammoga duch kelgan ba'zi bir kashshoflar Reavis bilan kurashish o'rniga o'z uylarini va erlarini tashlab ketishdi.[32]

Da'vo arizasi

Aksariyat hudud aholisi Reavisning da'vosiga va uning da'vo arizalarini sotish bo'yicha harakatlariga qat'iyan qarshi chiqishdi.[91] Muxolifatning etakchisi Feniksning ikkita gazetasi edi Xabarchi va Gazeta.[92] 1883 yil iyuldan boshlab, gazetalar hudud aholisini Reavisdan kvitatsiya talablarini sotib olmaslikka chaqirdi.[93] Ushbu chaqiruvning samaradorligi 1883 yil noyabrda aniqlanganda buzilgan edi Xabarchi egasi Gomer X. Makneyl o'z mol-mulki uchun kvitansiyani sotib olgan edi.[92] Ommaviy qarama-qarshilikka javoban, xijolat chekkan Makneyl xaridni ommaviy ravishda bekor qilishga majbur bo'ldi.[94]

McNeil o'z da'vosini qaytarib berayotgan paytda Bosh Surveyer ofisi ispan tili bo'yicha mutaxassis Rufus Xopkinsni Meksikaga jo'natdi. Rivis va uning advokatlaridan biri Xopkinsga ergashdi.[95] Gvadalaxaraga kelgach, Reavis 70 yoshli Xopkins uchun ajralmas bo'lish uchun bor kuchini sarfladi. Ispaniyalik mutaxassisni mahalliy arxivchilar bilan tanishtirgandan so'ng, Reavis uni arxivlar bo'ylab olib borishga va turli hujjatlar joylashgan joyni ko'rsatishga o'tdi.[96] Rivis Xopkinsni tekshirishini istagan turli xil to'plamlarni ko'rsatishdan tashqari, arxivning yangi bo'limlarini qidirishga vaqt ajratdi. Ushbu harakat davomida u 1748 yil dekabr nusxasini topdi sadr dastlabki grantni tavsiya etish.[95]

Reavis va Xopkins Meksikada bo'lganida, General Surveyor J.W. Robbins vafot etdi sil kasalligi va uning bosh kotibi Royal A. Jonson bilan almashtirildi.[95] Xopkinsning xulosalari bo'yicha ma'ruzasi ijobiy bo'lib, da'vo asosli ekanligini ko'rsatdi.[96] Jonson ushbu hisobotdan norozi bo'lib, u erda muhrlar va imzolarning barchasi haqiqiyligini ko'rsatgan bo'lsa-da, asl hujjatlarning boshqa qismlari tekshiruvga olinganligini ta'kidladi. Qo'shimcha nusxasi yo'q Charlz III imzo taqqoslash maqsadida joylashgan edi. Qo'shimcha hisobotda Xopkins Mexiko shahridagi yozuvlarni qisqacha tekshirish paytida Peralta yoki grant haqida hech qanday ma'lumot topmaganligini ko'rsatdi.[97]

Xopkinsning dastlabki hisobotini e'lon qilish bilan Reavis o'zining da'vosini tasdiqlash faqat vaqt masalasi ekanligini e'lon qildi. U hatto AQSh hukumati uning da'vosiga bo'lgan huquqlarni sotib olish uchun 100 million AQSh dollari taklif qilmoqchi ekanligi haqida mish-mishlarni boshladi.[98] Jonson o'z navbatida faqat tergov davom etayotgani haqida xabar bergan va jamoatchilikka qo'shimcha tafsilotlarni taqdim etishdan bosh tortgan. Natijada, Surveyor General Reavisning sherigi deb nomlandi va mahalliy gazetalar tomonidan yomonlandi.[99]

Bu davom etayotgan paytda, Reavis kvitansiyalar savdosini kengaytirishga intildi Feniks, dastlab uning sa'y-harakatlari shaharga qaratilgan edi Florensiya. Kengayishning dastlabki maqsadi Tom Vedin, Florensiya muharriri edi Korxona, Rivis 1884 yil yanvar oyida unga murojaat qilgan.[100] Gazeta muharriri Reavisning taklifini rad etdi va uning o'rniga sudda Peralta grantiga qarshi kurashish uchun advokat yollash uchun mablag 'yig'ish uchun qo'mita tuzishga chaqirgan tahririyat maqolasini e'lon qildi.[101] Ko'p o'tmay, Florensiyada Reavisga qarshi qo'mitalar tashkil etildi, Globus, Feniks va Tempe.[102]

Keyingi bir yarim yil ichida Reavis ikkita sud jarayoniga duch keldi. Birinchisi Reavisning sobiq biznes sherigi otasi Jorj Uilling Srdan kelgan. Oqsoqol Uillining ta'kidlashicha, Meri Enn Villing faqat a ga ega edi hayotiy mulk erining mulkiga va qonuniy ravishda ta'minlashi mumkin emas edi kafolat hujjati Reavisga.[103] Ushbu kostyum uchun mablag 'yig'ishga urinish grant doirasida yashovchilarga murojaat qilish va Kongress tomonidan belgilangan narxdan 20 foizga arzonroq erlarni taklif qilish orqali amalga oshirildi.[103] Ushbu urinish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Natijada, Willing qisqa vaqtdan so'ng mablag'siz qoldi va bundan xabar topilmadi.[104]

Ikkinchi da'voni hududiy bosh prokuror Klark Cherchill hal qilish uchun topshirgan sarlavha uning shaxsiy mulkiga oid masalalar.[105] Cherchillning kostyumi bilan shug'ullanish uchun Reavis kechikish va xiralashish strategiyasini qo'llagan. 1884 yil fevraldagi depozit paytida Reavis Peralta grantiga qanday ega bo'lganligini va Meri Enn Uilling bilan munosabatlarining mohiyatini tushuntirishga majbur bo'ldi. Uning moliyaviy holatiga oid savollarga Reavis noaniq javob berdi, chunki u tafsilotlarni aniqlash uchun "agentlari" bilan maslahatlashishi kerak edi.[105] Grantning aniq chegaralari bilan bog'liq qo'shimcha savollarga ham xuddi shunday noaniq javoblar berildi.[106] 1885 yil may oyida da'vo sudga kelganida, Reavis sudning Ispaniya grantining haqiqiyligini aniqlash uchun yurisdiksiyaga ega emasligini ta'kidladi.[106] Sud buni bekor qildi va Cherchillga uning mulkiga aniq huquq berdi.[107]

Cherchill kostyumidagi qarorga binoan, Yer idorasi Komissar V. A. Sparks Royal Jonson bilan suhbatlashib, Surveyor General-ga Peralta grantini tekshirish bo'yicha ishni to'xtatishni buyurdi.[108] Jonson bu istakni bajonidil bajardi.[109] Hudud aholisi ushbu voqeadan xursand bo'lishdi, chunki bu Reavisning harakatlarini to'xtatdi. The Tucson Citizen Boshqa bir hududiy gazetada "Reavis Nails Up" sarlavhasi ostida "Dovul hamma narsa choynakda edi" deb xabar berdi.[110] Hudud bo'ylab tezkorlik bilan jamoat uchrashuvlari tashkil etilib, grantni yakuniy belgilashga chaqirdi.[111] Vaziyat unga qarshi bo'lganini sezgan Reavis shoshilib Kaliforniyaga jo'nab ketdi.[112] Ikki hafta o'tgach, u deyarli unutildi Geronimo 144 Chiricahua Apache zaxiradan chiqarib yubordi Apache urushlari orqaga Arizona hududiga.[113]

Ikkinchi da'vo

Birinchi da'vosi qulashidan oldin, Reavis ning murakkab qatorini amalga oshirdi transport vositalari u Peralta grantiga bo'lgan da'vosiga asoslanib, uning rejalarining jiddiy zaifligini ko'rsatdi. Ushbu zaiflikni bartaraf etish uchun Reavis birinchi da'vosini tayyorlayotganda, grant uchun merosxo'rni tashkil etish ishini boshladi.[114]

Doña Sophia Micaela Maso Reavis va Peralta de la Cordoba, Arizona uchinchi baronessasi

Reavis, 1875 yilda Kaliforniyaga kelishi bilanoq, Peralta avlodi haqidagi mish-mishlarni eshitgan deb da'vo qilmoqda.[115] Biroq, 1877 yilgacha u merosxo'r bilan uchrashdi. Poyezdda sayohat qilayotganda, u ikkinchi baronessaga juda o'xshash bo'lgan yosh xonimni ko'rdi.[3-eslatma] Uning kimligi va kelib chiqishi haqida so'rab, Maso ismini bilganidan so'ng, Rivis unga katta boylikning merosxo'ri bo'lganligini aytdi.[116] Yosh xonimning shaxsini tasdiqlovchi hujjatlari bo'lmaganligi sababli, ularni topish Reavisga topshirilgan.[117] 1882 yil oxirigacha juftliklar bir-birlari bilan xat almashishdi. O'sha paytda Reavis uning oldiga tashrif buyurdi Ritsarlar Landing, Kaliforniya u erda uy xizmatkori bo'lib ishlagan va turmush qurishni taklif qilgan. Er-xotin a fuqarolik marosimi 1882 yil 31-dekabrda.[116][4-eslatma] Nikohdan keyin Reavis yangi kelinini a monastir maktabi uni tug'ma xonim kutgan ko'nikmalarga o'rgatish.[118]

Uning birinchi da'vosi qulagandan so'ng, Reavis Kaliforniyaga yig'ish uchun qaytib keldi kirish xatlari ta'sirchanga Nyu-Yorkliklar do'stlari va ishbilarmon aloqalaridan.[119] Ularga Ispaniya muxbiri Karlos Satana bilan uyushgan bir qator ispan aloqalarini va ispan bilan do'stligini qo'shdi konsul San-Frantsiskoda joylashgan.[120] Keyin Rivis o'zi sifatida taqdim etilgan rafiqasi bilan sayohat qildi palata, Nyu-Yorkka. U erda u kabi shaxslar bilan uchrashdi AQSh senatori Roscoe Conkling, avvalgi AQSh Kongress a'zosi Duayt Taunsend, Genri Porter American Bank Note Company va Hektor de Kastro.[121] John W. Mackay Reavisning hujjatlari shu qadar taassurot qoldirdiki, u qo'shimcha hujjatlar uchun Ispaniya arxivlarini qidirishni moliyalashtirishga rozi bo'ldi.[122] Shu maqsadda Makay unga Reavis partiyasining nufuzli oilaga mos ravishda sayohat qilishi uchun etarli bo'lgan oyiga 500 AQSh dollari miqdorida stipendiya taqdim etdi.[123]

1885 yil dekabrda Reavis partiyasi Evropaga suzib ketdi.[124] Ispaniyaga etib borgach, Reavis arxivlarni qidirishni boshladi Madrid va Sevilya ikkinchi Baron va uning avlodlari bilan bog'liq ma'lumotlar uchun. Don Xesus Migelning mulkini Sofiyaga qoldirish vasiyatnomasi topilmaguncha bir necha oy davomida qidirish kerak edi.[125] Arxivda joylashgan turli xil hujjatlardan tashqari, Reavis yana bir nechtasini sotib olgan portret rasmlari va daguerreotip u o'z xotinining ajdodlari deb da'vo qilgan shaxslarning fotosuratlari.[126] Peralta va Ibarrasning ispaniyalik a'zolari, Sofiyani uzoq vaqtdan beri yo'q bo'lib ketgan qarindoshi deb hisoblashgan, u Ravisning qidiruv ishlarini olib borayotganda uning xotiniga ko'ngil ochishgan. U kerakli hujjatlarni topgandan so'ng, Reavis va uning rafiqasi o'zlarining nikohlarini ommaviy ravishda e'lon qilishdi va AQSh bilan nikoh shartnomalarini yozib olishdi meros "s Muvaqqat ishlar vakili. E'lonni Ispaniyadan ekskursiya qilish uchun jo'nab ketishidan oldin bayramning yangi bosqichi kutib olindi O'rta er dengizi portlar. Er-xotin 1886 yil noyabrgacha AQShga qaytib kelmadi.[125]

Qaytib kelgandan so'ng, Reavis Nyu-Yorkka tashrif buyurdi, u turli siyosiy va biznes rahbarlari bilan tanishini yangiladi.[127] Yaqinda sotib olingan hujjatlarini ushbu yorituvchilarga ko'rsatib, Reavisga bir nechta foydali tasdiqlarni qo'shdi. Jeyms Broadhead, 1884 yilda da'vo rad etilishiga ishongan va uning tekshiruvidan so'ng "Peralta da'vosi janob Konkling, janob Ingersoll va janob Hurdga berilgan, ular buni yaxshi deb e'lon qilishgan. Men ular bilan ishda aloqada bo'ldim. Mening fikrim ularnikiga to'g'ri keladi. Janob J.Addison Rivis - da'voni ilgari surayotgan janob va u ajoyib energiya va qat'iyatli odam ".[128] Roscoe Conkling o'z navbatida "Men shuni ayta olamanki, maslahat berilib ... va qadimgi qog'ozlar va boshqa qog'ozlarni juda ehtiyotkorlik bilan o'rganib chiqib, ulardan ko'pi borligi va ishning faktlari va tarixi to'g'risida men ularning hammasi Rivis xonimni u o'zini ishongan odam, ya'ni asl grant oluvchining nasl-nasabini ko'rsatishi uchun borishadi. "[129] Tasdiqlashdan tashqari, Konkling Reavis-ni tanishtirdi Robert G. Ingersoll.[130] Peralta hujjatlari Ingersollni shu qadar hayratda qoldirdiki, u yangi da'voni tasdiqlash uchun Rivisning vakili bo'lishga rozi bo'ldi.[131]

Nyu-Yorkdan Reavis partiyasi Kaliforniyaga yo'l oldi. U erda Reavis Alfred Shervuddan Sofiya va uning ota-onasini tug'ilganidan beri bilishini, u tug'ilganligini tasdiqlovchi tasdiqnoma oldi. San-Diego okrugi, Kaliforniya va uning otasi Ispaniyaga borishi kerak bo'lganida, onasi va egizak akasi vafot etganidan keyin u Don Xose R. Masoning hibsxonasida qoldirilgan.[125]

"Rasmiy yodgorlik" oldida turgan Arizonadagi uchinchi baronessa

1887 yil avgustda Reavis Arizona o'lkasiga qaytganida u "Jeyms Addison Peralta-Reavis" ismini ishlatgan. U Tussonga o'z rafiqasi, Arizona shtatining uchinchi baronessasi Donya Sofiya Mikaela Maso Reavis va Peralta de la Kordoba nomidan yangi da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qildi.[117] Rasmiy hujjatlarni rasmiylashtirishdan oldin Reavis aravani yolladi va Feniksning janubidagi tog'larga sayohat qildi. Ushbu sayohat paytida u va uning rafiqasi buyuk bobosining erini belgilab qo'ygan "Rasmiy yodgorlik" oldida sodir bo'lishdi.[132]

Ikkinchi da'voni rasmiy ravishda rasmiylashtirish 1887 yil 2 sentyabrda bo'lib o'tdi. Rasmiy nusxalar va asl vasiyatnomalar va kodikillar fotosuratlari bilan birga "Rasmiy yodgorlik" oldida turgan uchinchi baronessaning fotosurati ham bor edi.[132] Ushbu markerning kashf etilishi bilan da'vo janubga 13 km (13 km) ga siljidi.[133] O'zining dastlabki da'vosi bilan yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan nomuvofiqliklarni bartaraf etish uchun Reavis Uillingning ba'zi hujjatlarida qalbakilashtirilgan deb gumon qilinganligini da'vo qildi, ammo advokatlarning maslahati bilan dastlab AQSh hukumati oldida grantni belgilash va vaqtini isbotlash uchun vaqt sarflash to'g'risida dastlabki da'vosini topshirdi. xotinining shaxsi.[122] Reavis shuningdek, grant bo'yicha rasmiy so'rovnomani ta'minlash uchun 10 000 AQSh dollari miqdoridagi depozitni joylashtirdi.[134] Surveyer General Jon Hise so'rov o'tkazishga ruxsat bermadi, chunki bu da'vo hukumat tomonidan tasdiqlanganligini anglatadi.[135]

Ikkinchi baron va uning oilasi

Yangi hujjatlarda Peralta oilaviy hikoyasiga quyidagi qo'shimchalar kiritilgan:

Arizonaning ikkinchi baroni Don Jezus Migel hech qachon Apache borligi tahdidi tufayli uning Arizona mulkiga qiziqish bildirmagan. U 1822 yilda taniqli Guadalaxara oilasi a'zosi Dñona Juana Laura Ibarraga uylandi.[136] Don Xesus Migel pulni tejashga qodir bo'lgan narsa, merosining katta qismini g'azablantirdi. O'zining aksariyat mulklarini sotgandan so'ng, ikkinchi Baron uning mulkiga joylashdi Sonora mulk.[137] O'n yillik nikohdan so'ng, er-xotin yagona farzandi Sofiya Laura Mikaela de Peralta-de-la-Kordova va Ibarrani tug'dilar.[136][138]

Donya Sofiya 1860 yilda Xose Ramon Karmen Masoga uylandi.[139] With his remote location providing a limited selection of suitable suitors, the Baron was initially pleased to have found a husband for his 28-year-old daughter. It was only after the wedding he discovered his new son-in-law had a reputation as a "gentleman sport" (professional gambler) and ne'er-do-well in California.[138]

In 1862, Maso was called to Spain to collect some funds owed to him and the Baron.[140] Maso left for San Francisco with the Baron, his mother, Doña Carmelita Maso, and his then pregnant wife.[141] No explanation as to why the party did not embark from the more convenient port at Guaymalar was ever given.[140] Ichida Agua Mansa, Kaliforniya, Doña Sophia unexpectedly went into labor and gave birth to twins, one boy and one girl.[141] The twins were quickly suvga cho'mgan at the nearby Mission San Salvador. Complications from the birth occurred and the boy and mother both died. A ho'l hamshira was located and arrangements made for care of the newborn girl by a friend of Maso, John A. Treadway.[140] Maso then continued his journey while Don Jesus Miguel remained in San Francisco to be near his granddaughter.[142] Several months later, Don Jesus Miguel was summoned to Spain by Maso. They both died in Spain, but not before the Baron had filed a codicil to his San Francisco will naming his granddaughter as his sole heir.[143]

In California, Treadway made arrangements with Alfred Sherwood to look after the infant Sophia and Doña Carmelita Maso while he took a business trip. During this trip, Treadway died near Sakramento, Kaliforniya.[143] Doña Carmelita Maso died when Sophia was five.[143] When she was eight years old, Sophia was taken into the house of John Snowball. He remembered the young girl speaking of an inheritance that was to come to her.[144]

Development plans for Arizona

Reaction to the new claim by Arizona residents was nearly unanimously negative, with some newspapers publishing open incitements to violence against Reavis.[145] As a result of the opposition, sale of new quitclaims effectively ended.[83]

During his trip to Spain and visits to New York, Reavis had gained an understanding of government and big business finance.[146] He put this new knowledge to work and began offering investment opportunities involving development of Arizona Territory. With the accomplished business leaders he had met in New York advocating the legitimacy of his claim, Reavis began to gain millions of dollars in new funds.[147][5-eslatma]

Stock certificate for the Casa Grande Improvement Company Limited

Reavis formed three corporations in rapid succession in 1887, each bearing the name Casa Grande Improvement Company.[148] Each had Reavis as director and well known business leaders selected to serve as president and vice-presidents.[149] The third, the Casa Grande Improvement Company of Arizona, was incorporated in November and absorbed the prior two entities.[148] The company planned to develop the land of the grant by building roads, railways, dams, irrigation canals, telegraph lines, and other improvements while simultaneously engaging in leasing water rights, selling livestock, and performing other activities. Robert G. Ingersoll was the company's first president while other initial investors included Hector de Castro, Duayt Taunsend and Henry Porter of the American Bank Note Company.[150]

Among the development plans Reavis announced was construction of a large scale irrigation system.[151] At the core of the system was a proposed 450 feet (140 m) masonry dam on the Tuz daryosi near its junction with Tonto Creek (qaerga yaqin Teodor Ruzvelt to'g'oni was later built) and a 250 feet (76 m) dam on the Gila daryosi west of Florence. The proposed cost of these dams was US$2.5 million and US$1 million respectively.[152][6-eslatma]

By the time of the second filing, Reavis was dressing in the finest linen and broadcloth while his wife wore the products of New York and San Francisco's best dressmakers.[153] Finding conditions in Arizona too hostile to his ambitions, Reavis rarely spent time at his mansion in the town of Arizola.[151] He and his wife instead maintained residences in San Francisco, St. Louis, and near New York City where they entertained the social and financial elite.[32] During one stay in New York, Mrs. Reavis, possibly feeling lonely while her husband was busy with his business dealings, found a two-month-old orphan boy. She adopted the boy and named him Fenton after her husband's father.[150] Reavis also purchased a Hacienda yilda Chixuaxua. In Mexico, Reavis became a homiysi of various charities, opening a home for the blind and a hospital. Additionally, he built a monument dedicated to Don Miguel de Peralta in Monterrey and donated new altar linens for a cathedral in Gvadalaxara, Xalisko.[151]

Firibgarlik fosh etildi

Inauguratsiyasidan so'ng Benjamin Xarrison in March 1889, Royal Johnson was reappointed Surveyor General for Arizona Territory that July.[154] Despite having been out of office, Johnson had continued to investigate the validity of the Reavis claim.[155] About this time, the acting Commissioner of the Land Office had received inquiries as to the status of the Peralta grant. In September 1889, he sent Johnson a letter directing the Surveyor General to "please report to me the exact condition of said grant as shown by papers and records in your office, and all the information you can obtain in regard to it."[154] Johnson responded to this request on October 12, 1889 with the release of Adverse report of the Surveyor General of Arizona, Royal A. Johnson, upon the alleged Peralta Grant : a complete expose of its fraudulent character.[156]

Among the issues found in the report with the Peralta grant were:

  • Most of the claim's 18th century documents showed evidence of having been written with steel nibbed pens – a tool rarely used until the 19th century – instead of a kviling.[157]
  • Printing styles on the Peralta documents differed with documents from the same time period, particularly in the use of the long s.[158]
  • Searches of Spanish archives for supporting documents had failed to find information on the Peralta grant in locations where such information was expected.[159]
  • Multiple spelling errors and grammar issues were present in the Peralta documents, a situation highly atypical of documents from the Spanish Royal court.[160]

Johnson's report was met with celebration by Arizona residents and the once demonized Surveyor General became the toast of the town.[161] The Gazeta praised the Surveyor General's intelligence and fairness while extending the thanks of the Salt River valley. The Xabarchi in turn printed "No one has criticized Johnson more than we and these criticisms were founded largely on his own statements, but no one will do Mr. Johnson complete justice for his actions on behalf of the settlers sooner or more heartily give him credit for standing by them in their time of need than the Herald."[162] Gubernator Merfi even invited Johnson to Phoenix where a public reception was held in his honor.[161]

Response in Washington to Johnson's report was more subdued.[163] Reavis had enlisted the aid of Ichki ishlar kotibi Jon Uillok Nobl va AQSh senatori Frensis Kokrel in his lobbying efforts. As a result, it took until February 20, 1890 for the Commissioner of the Land Office, Lewis Groff, to respond to Johnson's report.[161] Groff's letter to Johnson was generally critical of the Surveyor General but could not disregard the report's findings.[164] The letter ended with instructions for Johnson "to strike the case from your docket and notify Mr. Reavis of the action, allowing the usual time for an appeal to the Hon. Secretary of the Interior."[161]

Reavis' response

In response to Johnson's report and the subsequent dismissal of his claim, Reavis filed kostyum AQShda qarshi Da'vo sudi. The lawsuit claimed the government had taken land belonging to Reavis and his wife and sold it to settlers, the government had reserved 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km2) for its own use, had appropriated excessive water rights from the Gila River, and had denied the plaintiffs of their konstitutsiyaviy huquq ga tegishli jarayon.[165] Reavis sought US$11 million in zarar already incurred with provisions in the suit for "further relief and costs" against future damages. Janubiy Tinch okean temir yo'li attorney Harvey S. Brown served as Reavis' lead counsel while Robert G. Ingersoll va Jeyms Broadhead assisted in preparing the case.[166]

At the time of filing, Reavis and his wife said they were aware that the Surveyor General had released a report but claimed to have been unable to obtain a copy.[165] Following the initial filing a davomiylik was filed to allow time for the collection of additional evidence.[167] During this delay, in March 1891, the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining shaxsiy erga bo'lgan da'volari sudi was created with jurisdiction to adjudicate claims involving old French, Mexican, and Spanish land claims.[168]

After filing suit, Reavis went to California to locate witnesses who were familiar with the details of Sophia's youth.[169] During October and November 1890 a series of depozitlar ichida bo'lib o'tdi San-Fransisko va Los Anjeles to take testimony from the witnesses he had located.[170] Key witness located during this process were Miguel Noe Sr., his son Miguel Jr., Andrés Sandoval, Alfred Sherwood, and John Snowball.[171] Noe testified to having been a friend of José Ramon Carmen Maso and to having met the second Baron during his time in California before his trip to Spain. The testimony included a wide variety of details related to the second Baron's stay and included Noe accompanying the Baron to Sherwood Valley to confirm that his granddaughter was well cared for.[172][173] The senior Noe's testimony was supported by Miguel Jr. relaying his childhood memories of the second Baron.[174] Sandoval testified to having run a boardinghouse and restaurant where the second Baron and his son-in-law had stayed while they were in San Francisco.[175][176] Sherwood provided details of Sophia's life from when she had been brought home by John Treadway at four months of age in July 1862, how she had been attended by her wet nurse and grandmother, and how her grandmother had told the young girl of a large inheritance she would someday receive.[177] Snowball in turn testified as to how he had taken the orphaned girl into his house when she was eight and raised her till 1876, when she left to work with a dressmaker.[177] Other witnesses filled in additional details of Sophia's life between 1879 and 1882.[177]

In addition to details about his wife's early childhood, Reavis discovered other witnesses able to relate details about her family. In this manner additional details were revealed about the second Baron and his activities during the 1850s. Another revelation was the existence of a previously unknown uchinchi amakivachcha to the third Baroness, Miguel Lauro Peralta y Vasquez. Information discovered about this cousin showed that he had traveled through Arizona during the time period in which Willing had purchased the rights to the Peralta grant and could potentially have posed as the second Baron during the transaction.[178]

A trip to San Bernardino in early 1892 resulted in Reavis discovering baptismal records for the Maso twins along with a record of burial of mother and newborn son.[179] Following this stop, Reavis returned to Guadalajara to search for additional records. A local historian informed him that some records had been stored in the archives of the Ayuntamiento (Common Council). An extended search of these records resulted in a copy of the first baron's probate proceedings being found.[179] The apparent reason for why they had never been found in previous searches was that they had been misfiled with a group of 1824 papers, possibly as a consequence of the first baron's probate proceedings.[180] Included in these records was a Peralta family genealogy and Eskutcheon va cedulas showing the first baron's promotion to captain of dragoons (1748), declaring the royal intention to make a land grant (1748), and approving the grant (1778).[181]

The Reavis twins, Carlos and Miguel circa 1898

During the second half of 1892 Reavis had hoped to perform another search for witnesses in the company of James Broadhead. Broadhead's duties as a Congressman however forced a delay of this plan until at least mid-1893. This delay worked for Reavis as on March 8, 1893 his wife gave birth to twin boys, named Carlos Jesús and Miguel in honor of the first and second Barons.[182] Reavis viewed this birth as further proof of Sophia being a twin.[181]

By 1893, Reavis began to develop financial problems. Travel, research, and legal expenses, combined with the maintenance expenses of his various households, had consumed most of his cash. Questions about the status of the Peralta claim in turn had dried up most new investments.[183] To maintain solvency and defray his expenses, Reavis made arrangements with a group of Washington and San Francisco businessmen to extend him US$30,000 at the rate of US$2500/month.[184]

With the volume of evidence and witness testimony accumulated, James Broadhead decided that the Peralta case was proven.[185]Reavis went to Santa Fe, New Mexico Territory to file his final complaint in February 1893. Land Office draftsman William Strover recalled "an express wagon drove up and unloaded an array of boxes and packages, all addressed to the court and marked 'Peralta Grant.' When all was unpacked three large tables, placed end to end, filled with documents, ancient books, pictures, including a large oil painting of the Marquis de Peralta, in his robes as grandee of Spain. There were documents with large leaden seals attached and signed by the king of Spain. There was a complete history of the marquis [and] letters to him and from him."[185]After submitting his amended filing, Reavis and his family moved back to his mansion in Arizola.[186]

Hukumat tekshiruvi

Forged Peralta grant document created by adding a page number (upper right) and the word "Lo" (lower right) to an otherwise valid original.

Mathew Given Reynolds, a special attorney for the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining shaxsiy erga bo'lgan da'volari sudi, was assigned to represent the government in Reavis' suit.[187] Sevaro Mallet-Prevost, a Mexican-born New York lawyer familiar with Spanish and Mexican law, and William M. Tipton, an expert on hujjatlarni tahlil qilish, were assigned to assist.[167] Mallet-Prevost and Tipton were dispatched to Tucson in January 1894 to make an examination of Reavis' original claim. From there, Mallet-Prevost continued on to the archives in Mexico.[188][189]

As the archives in Guadalajara were in the process of being moved, Mallet-Prevost began his search in Mexico City. A search of the National Archives found no record of the Peralta grant but did produce copies of signatures and 18th-century documents for use in later comparisons.[190] From Mexico City he went to Guadalajara, arriving just after the move of the archive was completed. Upon his return to Santa Fe in April 1894, Mallet-Prevost stated he was "entirely convinced of the spurious character of every paper there filed".[191][192]

Mallet-Prevost was then sent to Spain, arriving in Madrid on June 12, 1894.[193] The first place the Mexican-born lawyer checked was the Archives de Indias Seviliyada.[192] There he found that Reavis had arrived as a tourist and after several days had applied for and was granted permission to search the archives.[194] Reavis searched bundles for several days without success, the archivist assigned to assist him believing the documents he was searching for did not exist. Reavis then requested access to case 77, drawer 3, legajo (file) 31. The assisting archivist was surprised to see a document he had previously never seen in the bundle. This incident was reported to the Chief Archivist who ordered that Reavis be carefully watched and that all records be carefully numbered before he was allowed to examine them in the future.[195]

When Reavis later returned to the archive, the prescribed measures had been put into place. At the end of one day Reavis discovered a document in a bundle he was searching and requested a certified copy of it. The document was in an envelope and the paper folded. No other documents in the bundle were folded and the document Reavis had found was not numbered as other pages in the bundle had been.[196] Based upon this evidence and testimony from other clerks in the archive that the questioned document had not originally been part of the bundle, an arrest warrant was issued for Reavis.[197] Reavis however left Seville before an arrest could be made and influential friends in Madrid had suppressed any further investigation.[198]

While Mallet-Prevost was at the archives in Spain, Reynolds went to California to perform background investigations on the witnesses Reavis had located.[199] During this process, Reynolds was approached by San Francisco lawyer William W. Allen.[199] Allen informed the investigator that "I have an original contract made by and between Reavis and his wife, and a witness, in which the witness is to receive a contingency fee of fifty thousand dollars if he testifies to a certain statement prepared by Reavis."[200] Allen later told how Reavis had given Miguel Noe information about Don José Maso, his supposed close friend, for Noe to commit to memory. As part of the agreement, Noe was expected to locate other persons willing to memorize and testify to other events.[200]

On September 6, 1894, the government requested a judge be commissioned to take testimony. Despite protests from Reavis' attorney, Judge Thomas C. Fuller tayinlandi. Testimony was taken in Guadalajara between October 16 and 26, 1894.[201] Despite being informed of the proceedings, no one representing Reavis attended the proceedings. The most likely explanation for this is that Reavis could no longer pay his attorneys.[199] The testimony centered on the December 20, 1748 cedula recommending the Viceroy make the Peralta grant.[202] When asked about this document, archivist Emitiro Robles Giles testified "I have searched all those archives in which such a cedula should be found and I do not find it; I have found, however, a record to that effect; I have found in the protocol of the Notory Diego de la Sierra y Dueñas certain documents in relation to the matter which are notoriously not genuine."[203]

On January 5, 1895 Judge Wilbur F. Stone left New York to take evidence in Spain.[204] Due to delays in obtaining cooperation from the Spanish government this process was not completed till March 3, 1895. Following his return, a trial date was set for May 30, 1895.[200] As details of the government's evidence became known, the lawyers representing Reavis began withdrawing from the case.[199] Attorney Phil B. Thompson notified the Court of Private Land Claims of his withdrawal in a letter.[205] James Broadhead was unable to continue to represent Reavis due to his appointment as Shveytsariya vaziri.[206]In the meantime, Reavis' money had run out and he was destitute by the time the trial began.[207]

Fuqarolik kostyumi

The trial for Reavis' civil action began on Monday June 3, 1895 at 10:00.[208] As neither Reavis nor anyone representing him was in attendance, the court adjourned till 14:00 before beginning without his presence.[209] The first motion was from a lawyer representing a group of 106 individuals related to Miguel Peralta of Wickenburg, Arizona Territory. These real Peralta family members had heard about the case and hoped for a portion of any settlement. In his statement to the court, the lawyer informed the court that:

The Government Attorney ... yesterday afternoon placed in my hands the printed evidence .. and to my mind it did seem as though that grant, upon which Reavis relies—it seems to me, from a cursory examination ... that it is a fabrication, and as such, if such it turns out to be ... I want it distinctly understood by the Court and by the Government Attorney, that we have had nothing to do with it. We wash our hands from all of it.[210]

Presentation of the government case began in earnest on Tuesday morning, Reavis and his counsel still not present. First on the stand was Mallet-Prevost who testified about language and grammar problems present in some of the Peralta documents.[211] As an example of the problem he identified one document containing the word tanacion, a word not in the Ispan tili. Another example was the word descrubudo, an incorrect past tense of the verb tavsiflovchi, being used instead of the correct descrito.[212]

Forged Peralta grant document. Page is entirely was inserted into a cedula.

Tipton, the government's document analysis expert, next took the stand to discuss the 1748 cedula. His examination had found that while the coversheet appeared to be authentic, the only mention of Don Miguel de Peralta was located on a piece of yellowed tissue paper pasted to the paper. He declared the five sheets of paper contained inside the cover forgeries due to their style of writing not being consistent with the handwriting in use at the time and the seals being glued to the paper instead of impressed by a metal seal as was the custom at the time of the document.[213][214]

Following this, Tipton went on to problems with other original papers that had been located during the search of the Guadalajara archives. One group of papers was located in a set of papers related to work done by the notarius Diego de la Sierra between 1697 and 1698: the Peralta papers had been inserted between two pages of a bound volume numbered 178 and 179 respectively, printed on paper that was shorter and narrower than the other pages of the book, showed evidence of being folded unlike the book's other pages, and were glued in place instead of being bound as was the rest of the volume.[215][216]

Wednesday began with Mallet-Prevost testifying on his findings during his trip to Spain. He began with the will of Miguel de Peralta where the only mentions of the name occurred over erasures.[217] Additionally the will indicated it had been recorded in the Registry of Mortgages, volume 23, page 2, leaf 216, in section 122. An examination of that part of the Registry found an unrelated document.[218] Tipton and Maller-Provest continued to examine other documents and depositions until later that afternoon.[219] At that time, a telegraph arrived from Reavis asking for a continuance till June 10, 1895. The request was granted.[220]

Reavis first appeared in court on Monday June 10, 1895.[221] His first act was to ask for a continuance so that he could locate new legal representation. When this motion met resistance, Reavis made a ishdan bo'shatish to'g'risida iltimosnoma.[222] Reavis was finally granted a one-day continuance so he could prepare to represent himself.[221]

Tuesday's court session began with Reavis taking the stand. Beginning with an account of his early career, he described his meeting Dr. Willing and his trip to Prescott to obtain the Peralta documents.[223] During the testimony, Reavis listed the names of the many influential legal and business figures with whom he had associated.[224] Qachon so'roq qilingan by Reynolds, Reavis employed a tactic of providing excessive and irrelevant details within his answers.[223] Later in the day, Reavis was questioned about his discovery of documents within the San Xavier record books, his 1883 trip to the archives in Mexico, and his trip to Spain.[225]

Wednesday morning's session began with Reavis being questioned about his marriage contract to his wife, moved to details on his discovery of the "Inicial Monument", and was followed by questions about his financial transactions with the Southern Pacific Railroad and Silver King mine.[226]When questioned about the boundaries of the grant, Reavis testified that he had found a copy of a map in the Mexico City archives but the archivist had refused to make him a copy as the map was surrounded by papers the archivist considered to be of a questionable nature.[227] To explain the lack of documents from Mexico City, Reavis stated that the archives of the Inquisition had been sealed and no one was allowed access.[228]In the afternoon, questioning turned to Reavis' discovery of the baptismal and burial records in San Bernardino.[229] The subject then turned to Alfred Sherwood's 1887 affidavit regarding Sophia's noble birth.[230]

During this line of questioning, an apparent contradiction appeared where Reavis had known of Miguel Noe and others with knowledge of Sophia's early life as early as 1885, but he did not look for any of these people till 1892.[231] On the morning of June 13, Reavis was forced to admit he had doubted some of the documents in his 1883 filing were genuine, but he had still filed them on advice of counsel while believing his wife was the true heir. At the same time he admitted that he had at that time not told his lawyers of his marriage.[232]

Thursday afternoon, Father P.J. Stockman, rektor of the church of San Bernardino, testified the records of the baptismal of Mrs. Reavis and her twin brother and deaths of the boy and his mother were forged.[233] During a trip away from the parish, Stockman had left a young and inexperienced priest, Father Joseph O'Reilly, in charge of the church. The young priest had been convinced to loan the birth and death registers to Reavis, but had failed to inform Reavis that the church kept a separate index that was organized by last name and updated annually.[234]

During Father Stockman's testimony he pointed out differences in the inks between the pages related to Mrs. Reavis and the rest of the ledger.[233] The index made no mention of Doña Sophia Laura or her son and there was no evidence of either of their graves in the parish graveyard.[235] This testimony was followed by Father O'Reilly, who identified Reavis as the person he had given possession of the record books for a period of between two weeks and a month.[236] Following the priest's testimony the trial returned to an examination of the documentary evidence. Reavis was granted a request to be excused from the court during this phase of the trial.[236]

Testimony on Friday began with Tipton examining the genealogical document for the Peralta family from the first Baron's will. His testimony showed the first and last leaves of the document to be genuine documents from the indicated period but that the pages in between were all forgeries.[237]This was followed by an examination of the 1742 appointment of Don Miguel Peralta as royal inspector. It was pointed out the bottom of the document contained the line "A la ciudad de Guadalajara avisandola la eleccion que V[uestra] M[agastad] ha hecho de Visitador de la Nueva Espana de la persona del Baron Arizonaca ...". Within this line it was possible for an untrained person to see the words Visitador va Baron de Arizonaca had been written in a darker ink and by a different hand than the rest of the line.[238] Further investigation of the document by Tipton had revealed the document had originally announced the appointment of Pedro Cebrian, Fuenclara-ning 5-grafigi as Viceroy of New Spain.[238] Other evidence showed that the name Peralta had never appeared on lists of members of the Military Order of Montesa or the Knights of the Golden Fleece.[239] The rest of the day was taken by Royal Johnson who testified to the steps he had taken during his investigation of the Peralta claim and how he came to his conclusions.[240] Rufus C. Hopkins testified on Saturday morning about his part in the Peralta claim investigation. During the examination he admitted to having a limited knowledge of Spanish and having to make educated guesses as to a document's true meaning during his translations into English.[241]

After adjourning for the weekend, the trial resumed on Monday June 17. Local newspapers had reported that Mrs. Reavis had arrived from Denver on Friday afternoon and the courtroom was packed with spectators looking to see the third Baroness.[242] Upon taking the stand, she told of her childhood memories and then confirmed her husband's claim that an archivist in Seville had demanded a bribe before allowing documents related to the Peralta Grant to be copied. She was however unable to provide any details about the claim papers.[243] Throughout the proceedings, Mrs. Reavis maintained she was the granddaughter of the second Baron despite intense questioning about his existence.[244] Monday's testimony ended with Bishop Salpointe stating he was familiar with the San-Xaver record book from his historical studies and the documents related to Miguel de Peralta in the record book had not been present before the book had been sent to Filadelfiya uchun Centennial Exposition.[245]

The final day of testimony came on June 18. In an attempt to bolster his case, Reavis attempted to show that a portrait of Don Miguel Nemecio de Peralta de la Córdoba bore a strong resemblance to his twins. Other portraits, photographs, and documents were introduced in an attempt to prove the existence of Don Miguel and his family.[246]Closing arguments were presented the next day. The government waived the right to a closing statement, feeling the presented evidence was strong enough to prove their case.[247] Reavis used the opportunity to introduce a bill of 52 objections.[248]

The Court of Private Land Claims presented its findings on June 28, 1895. The decision rejected the claim, finding "that the claim is wholly fictitious and fraudulent" and deeming the various Peralta documents had been forged and "surreptitiously introduced" into the various archives and record books where they were discovered.[249][250]

Jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha sud jarayoni

Some Reavis associates did not believe the court's conclusion. Dr. A. T. Sherwood, who led an attempt to colonize the grant, told reporters, "It is impossible that any one man could have forged all the signatures in this case. Reavis would have had to forge over 200 Spanish documents and signatures. No man could have done it. It is the most improbable thing conceivable."[251] Despite this support, Reavis was arrested and charged, in a forty-two count indictment, with forgery, presenting false documents to the Court of Private Land Claims, and conspiracy to defraud the United States government.[252]

Reavis while imprisoned at Santa Fé. circa 1895

Reavis yolvordi not guilty and requested release on garov puli. The court set bail and allowed him to send telegrams to his previous business associates requesting assistance.[253] No one was found willing to post the US$500 bail.[254] Reavis spent roughly a year in jail awaiting trial. During this time his appeal of the civil ruling was denied and his wife moved to Denver.[254] During this time, Reynolds went to California to investigate the witnesses that had testified for Reavis. While there he discovered the date on John Treadway's tombstone showed November 21, 1861, six months before Mrs. Reavis' birth.[254]

The criminal trial began on June 27, 1896.[255] The trial was mostly a recapitulation of evidence presented during the civil trial. Confronted with the government's evidence, José Ramon Valencia and Andrés Sandoval confessed to perjury and testified against Reavis. During his testimony, Valencia stated that he had been given a set of facts by Miguel Noe and was to testify to these facts in exchange for US$20,000 once the claim was confirmed. Noe had left for Mexico following the Court of Land Claims ruling and was not expected to return.[254] Reavis was found guilty on June 30, 1896.[256] On July 17, 1896, he was sentenced to two years and a fine of US$5,000.[257][258][7-eslatma]Upon hearing the verdict, Reavis told his lawyer that he was sure the verdict would be reversed by the Supreme Court.[256]

Keyinchalik hayot

Reavis was imprisoned from July 18, 1896 to April 18, 1898, earning a three-month sentence reduction for good behavior.[259] By the time of the release, Sophia was living in Denver, Kolorado, with the couple's children and working as a tegirmon.[155] Following his release, Reavis visited San Francisco, New York City, and Washington D.C. in an effort to find new investors to finance his development plans for Arizona.[260] Instead of the reaction he had previously received, people listened politely but no longer took him seriously.[256] Unsuccessful in finding any investors, Reavis moved to Denver for a time to live with his wife and sons.[260] He also wandered from place to place advocating his vision for a large scale irrigation system within Arizona. The "group of capitalists" he hoped would finance this dream never materialized.[261]

In 1900, Reavis began the magazine Peralta Reavis Real Life Illustrated where he promised to provide the complete inside story of the Peralta fraud. The magazine folded after a single issue.[261] The same year he wrote a memoir that was published in several installments by the San-Frantsiskoga qo'ng'iroq under the title "The Confessions of the Baron of Arizona".[262]

In June 1902, Reavis's wife filed for divorce on grounds of nonsupport. Following the divorce little was heard from Reavis. By 1913 he was living in a kambag'al uy Los-Anjelesda.[263] Reavis died in Denver, Kolorado, on November 20, 1914 and was buried in a pauper's grave.[155][264] Sophia died on April 5, 1934. Her obituary in the Rokki tog 'yangiliklari made no mention of the Peralta Grant.[263]

After falling out of the public eye, Reavis became the subject of multiple magazine articles. He was even featured in an official tour book. Among the tales manufactured about the Baron of Arizona by these sources was that Reavis had used paper bearing the suv belgisi a Viskonsin qog'oz fabrikasi that did not exist until the 1870 or 1880s. Such tales discount the skill used by Reavis in the manufacture of his forgeries and the level of inspection they received before faults were eventually discovered.[265]

Reavis' exploits have been dramatized, and highly fictionalized, in motion pictures and on television. A fraudulent land claim similar to the one created by Reavis was used as a plot device in the 1939 film Tungi chavandozlar.[266] Reavis' life served as the basis for Arizona shtatidagi baron, a 1950 movie in which Vincent Price played the title role.[267] This was followed by a 1968 episode of O'lim vodiysi kunlari, "Pieces of a Puzzle", telling the story of the land grant scheme.[268] Robert Taylor, who was also host of O'lim vodiysi kunlari at the time, played Reavis in the episode.

The mansion that Reavis built in Arizola was rediscovered by the Milliy park xizmati in 1953 following years of use as a barn by a local farmer.[269] An evaluation in April 1963 by the Park Service determined restoration of the building was financially infeasible.[270]

Izohlar

  1. ^ Reavis' second marriage was not publicly acknowledged until 1886. Some sources indicate the documents used to establish the marriage beginning on December 31, 1882 were probably forged at a later date.
  2. ^ While Reavis was commonly referred to as "Baron", he never used the term himself. He instead used the term "Barony" when referring to his claim as a means of emphasizing his wife's supposed noble lineage.[1]
  3. ^ Reavis never provided an explanation as to how he had learned the appearance of the wife of the second Baron of Arizona prior to his 1877 encounter with Sophia.[116]
  4. ^ As Reavis was still married to Ada Pope till their divorce the next year, the second marriage was initially kept secret.[116]
  5. ^ Hisoblangan AQSH$ 5.3 million ($163 million today) in cash and veksellar acquired by Reavis during the course of his fraud, only US$175,000 to US$225,000 was accumulated while he was still pressing the first claim.[4]
  6. ^ The price estimates of US$2.5 million and US$1 million used by Reavis for construction of dams on the Salt and Gila River appear unrealistically low. The 280 feet (85 m) Teodor Ruzvelt to'g'oni, completed in 1911 at the site of Reavis' proposed 450 feet (140 m) masonry dam, cost the U.S. government US$5.5 million to construct.[152]
  7. ^ The maximum possible sentence for his criminal conviction was 2 years and a US$10,000 fine.[256]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Powell 1959, p. 164.
  2. ^ a b Vagoner 1970 yil, p. 274.
  3. ^ a b Minneapolis Federal zaxira banki. "Iste'mol narxlari indeksi (taxminiy) 1800–". Olingan 1 yanvar, 2020.
  4. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 150.
  5. ^ Vagoner 1970 yil, p. 271.
  6. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 25.
  7. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 26.
  8. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 27.
  9. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 29.
  10. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 13.
  11. ^ Kukrij 1972, pp. 35–6.
  12. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 13-4 betlar.
  13. ^ a b v Pauell 1960 yil, p. 14.
  14. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 37.
  15. ^ Kukrij 1972, pp. 37–8.
  16. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 39.
  17. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 15.
  18. ^ Kukrij 1972, pp. 41–2.
  19. ^ Kukrij 1972, 48-50 betlar.
  20. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 46.
  21. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 16.
  22. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 20.
  23. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 14.
  24. ^ Kukrij 1972, 17-8 betlar.
  25. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 18.
  26. ^ Kukrij 1972, pp. 15–6.
  27. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 47.
  28. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 19.
  29. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 152–3.
  30. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 48.
  31. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 52.
  32. ^ a b v d e f g h men j Jon Mayers, Myers (1956 yil avgust). "Firibgarlar shahzodasi". Amerika merosi. 7 (5): 28–31+.
  33. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 54.
  34. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 53.
  35. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 41.
  36. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 21-2 betlar.
  37. ^ a b v d Ruffner, Budge (1982 yil 10 sentyabr). "'Arizona Baroni "juda sxemasi bor edi". Kuryer. Preskott, Arizona. p. 8.
  38. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 21.
  39. ^ a b v Vagoner 1970 yil, p. 272.
  40. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 58.
  41. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 22.
  42. ^ Kukrij 1972, 79-81-betlar.
  43. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 61.
  44. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 1.
  45. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 13.
  46. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 24.
  47. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 25.
  48. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 25–6.
  49. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 26.
  50. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 86.
  51. ^ Kukrij 1972, 85-6 betlar.
  52. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 26–7.
  53. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 27.
  54. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 88.
  55. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 28.
  56. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 29.
  57. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 91.
  58. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 30.
  59. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 93.
  60. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 31.
  61. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 32.
  62. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 96.
  63. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 96–8.
  64. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 34.
  65. ^ Kukrij 1972, pp. 98–9.
  66. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 35.
  67. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 35–6.
  68. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 36.
  69. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 36-7 betlar.
  70. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 37.
  71. ^ Kukrij 1972, pp. 106,113.
  72. ^ Kukrij 1972, 77-80 betlar.
  73. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 77–9.
  74. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 105.
  75. ^ Kukrij 1972, pp. 107–8.
  76. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 9.
  77. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 37–8.
  78. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 115.
  79. ^ Kukrij 1972, pp. 115–6.
  80. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 117.
  81. ^ Kukrij 1972, pp. 120–1.
  82. ^ Kukrij 1972, pp. 122–3.
  83. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 79.
  84. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 123.
  85. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 124.
  86. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 39.
  87. ^ Vagoner 1970 yil, p. 273.
  88. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 127.
  89. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 39-40 betlar.
  90. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 125.
  91. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 40.
  92. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 41.
  93. ^ Kukrij 1972, 127-8 betlar.
  94. ^ Kukrij 1972, 132-3-betlar.
  95. ^ a b v Pauell 1960 yil, p. 50.
  96. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 129.
  97. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 51.
  98. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 130.
  99. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 53.
  100. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 43.
  101. ^ Kukrij 1972, pp. 144–5.
  102. ^ Kukrij 1972, 151-2 betlar.
  103. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 47.
  104. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 48.
  105. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 44.
  106. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 46.
  107. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 46–7.
  108. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 54.
  109. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 155.
  110. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 55.
  111. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 55–6.
  112. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 56.
  113. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 57.
  114. ^ Kukrij 1972, pp. 156–7.
  115. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 68.
  116. ^ a b v d Kukrij 1972, p. 166.
  117. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 62.
  118. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 175.
  119. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 182.
  120. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 184.
  121. ^ Kukrij 1972, 182-3-betlar.
  122. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 68–9.
  123. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 80.
  124. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 69.
  125. ^ a b v Pauell 1960 yil, p. 71.
  126. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 232.
  127. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 237.
  128. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 84.
  129. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 83.
  130. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 239.
  131. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 243.
  132. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 72.
  133. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 149.
  134. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 74.
  135. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 88.
  136. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 65.
  137. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 161.
  138. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 162.
  139. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 65-6 betlar.
  140. ^ a b v Pauell 1960 yil, p. 66.
  141. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 163.
  142. ^ Kukrij 1972, 164-5-betlar.
  143. ^ a b v Pauell 1960 yil, p. 67.
  144. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 67-8 betlar.
  145. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 252.
  146. ^ Kukrij 1972, 235-6 betlar.
  147. ^ Kukrij 1972, 238-9 betlar.
  148. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, 80-1 betlar.
  149. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 238.
  150. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 81.
  151. ^ a b v Kukrij 1972, p. 257.
  152. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 113.
  153. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 75.
  154. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 90.
  155. ^ a b v Ruffner, Budge (September 17, 1982). "'Baron Of Arizona' Had Quite A Scheme (Part 2)". Kuryer. Preskott, Arizona. p. 10.
  156. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 259.
  157. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 91.
  158. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 92.
  159. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 93-4 betlar.
  160. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 98–9.
  161. ^ a b v d Kukrij 1972, p. 271.
  162. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 99.
  163. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 100.
  164. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 100-1 bet.
  165. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 102.
  166. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 273.
  167. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 275.
  168. ^ Kukrij 1972, 273-4 bet.
  169. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 278.
  170. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 103.
  171. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 281.
  172. ^ Kukrij 1972, 281-2 bet.
  173. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 109.
  174. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 282.
  175. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 283.
  176. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 109-10 betlar.
  177. ^ a b v Pauell 1960 yil, p. 104.
  178. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 105.
  179. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 107.
  180. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 277.
  181. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 108.
  182. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 279.
  183. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 280.
  184. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 111.
  185. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 110.
  186. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 285.
  187. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 117.
  188. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 117–8.
  189. ^ Kukrij 1972, 287-8 betlar.
  190. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 118.
  191. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 118–9.
  192. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 288.
  193. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 119.
  194. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 119-20 betlar.
  195. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 120.
  196. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, pp. 120–1.
  197. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 121 2.
  198. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 291.
  199. ^ a b v d Kukrij 1972, p. 292.
  200. ^ a b v Pauell 1960 yil, p. 123.
  201. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 122.
  202. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 295.
  203. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 122-3-betlar.
  204. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 303.
  205. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 130.
  206. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 133-4 bet.
  207. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 134.
  208. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 307.
  209. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 308.
  210. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 135.
  211. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 312.
  212. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 136.
  213. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 137-8 betlar.
  214. ^ Kukrij 1972, 313-5 betlar.
  215. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 138-9-betlar.
  216. ^ Kukrij 1972, 315-6 betlar.
  217. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 139.
  218. ^ Pauell p. 139-40
  219. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 140.
  220. ^ Kukrij 1972, 316-7 betlar.
  221. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 141.
  222. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 319.
  223. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 142.
  224. ^ Kukrij 1972, 322-3-betlar.
  225. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 142-5 betlar.
  226. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 147-9 betlar.
  227. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 150.
  228. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 152.
  229. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 154.
  230. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 156.
  231. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 157.
  232. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 157-8 betlar.
  233. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 159.
  234. ^ Kukrij 1972, 176-7 betlar.
  235. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 328.
  236. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 160.
  237. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 161-2.
  238. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 162.
  239. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 331.
  240. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 162-4-betlar.
  241. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 164-5-betlar.
  242. ^ Kukrij 1972, 338-9-betlar.
  243. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 166-8-betlar.
  244. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 344.
  245. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 169-70 betlar.
  246. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, 170-1 betlar.
  247. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 351.
  248. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 171.
  249. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 172.
  250. ^ Kukrij 1972, 352-3-betlar.
  251. ^ Pauell 1960 yil, p. 173.
  252. ^ "Ikki ball bo'yicha ayblanmoqda". Nyu-York Tayms. 1896 yil 20-yanvar. P. 1.
  253. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 356.
  254. ^ a b v d Pauell 1960 yil, p. 174.
  255. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 357.
  256. ^ a b v d Pauell 1960 yil, p. 175.
  257. ^ "Telegrafik qisiqlar". Nyu-York Tayms. 1896 yil 20-iyul. P. 1.
  258. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 358.
  259. ^ Anderson 1907 yil, p. 220.
  260. ^ a b Kukrij 1972, p. 360.
  261. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 176.
  262. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 361.
  263. ^ a b Pauell 1960 yil, p. 177.
  264. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 365.
  265. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 264.
  266. ^ "Tungi chavandozlar (1939)". Filmlar. Nyu-York Tayms. Olingan 24 yanvar, 2011.
  267. ^ "Arizona Baroni (1950)". Filmlar. Nyu-York Tayms. Olingan 24 yanvar, 2011.
  268. ^ "Bugungi televizion va radio". Schenectady gazetasi. 1968 yil 10 iyun. 31.
  269. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 121 2.
  270. ^ Kukrij 1972, p. 122.

Bibliografiya

  • Anderson, Jorj B. (1907). Nyu-Meksiko tarixi: uning boyliklari va odamlari. Vol. 1. Los-Anjeles: Pacific States Publishing Co. OCLC  1692911.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
  • Cookridge, E. H. (1972) [© 1967]. Arizona shtatidagi baron. Nyu-York: Ballantina kitoblari. OCLC  32333347.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
  • Pauell, Donald M. (1959 yil yoz). "Arizonadagi" Baron "o'z-o'zini ochib berdi: uning advokatiga xat". Arizona va G'arb. 1 (2): 161–73.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
  • Pauell, Donald M (1960). Peralta granti; Jeyms Addison Reavis va Arizona Baroni. Norman: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti. OCLC  1533625.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
  • Vagoner, Jey J. (1970). Arizona hududi 1863–1912: Siyosiy tarix. Tukson: Arizona universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-8165-0176-9.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)

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