Zargarlik buyumlari kvartali - Jewellery Quarter

Ushbu maqola Birmingemdagi hudud haqida. Twang albomi uchun qarang Zargarlik buyumlari kvartali (albom).

Zargarlik buyumlari kvartali
  • JQ
Chamberlain Clock and the Rose Villa Tavern, zargarlik buyumlari kvartirasi, Birmingem UK.jpg
Jewellery Quarter is located in West Midlands county
Zargarlik buyumlari kvartali
Zargarlik buyumlari kvartali
Ichida joylashgan joy G'arbiy Midlend
Maydon1,07 km2 (0,41 kv. Mil)
AholisiTaxminan 19000[1]
• Zichlik17 757 / km2 (45,990 / sqm mil)
OS tarmog'iga ma'lumotnomaSP072889
Metropolitan tumani
Metropolitan grafligi
Mintaqa
MamlakatAngliya
Suveren davlatBirlashgan Qirollik
Pochta shaharchasiBIRMINGHAM
Pochta indeksiB1, B3 va B18
Kodni terish0121
PolitsiyaG'arbiy Midlend
Yong'inG'arbiy Midlend
Tez yordamG'arbiy Midlend
Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti
Joylar ro'yxati
Buyuk Britaniya
Angliya
G'arbiy Midlend
52 ° 29′20 ″ N 1 ° 54′36 ″ Vt / 52.489 ° shimoliy 1.910 ° Vt / 52.489; -1.910Koordinatalar: 52 ° 29′20 ″ N 1 ° 54′36 ″ Vt / 52.489 ° shimoliy 1.910 ° Vt / 52.489; -1.910

The Zargarlik buyumlari kvartali markaziy maydon Birmingem, Buyuk Britaniya, shimoliy-g'arbiy qismida Birmingem shahar markazi, aholisi 19000 atrofida[1] 1,07 kvadrat kilometr (264 akr) maydonda.[2]

Zargarlik buyumlari kvartali Evropaning eng yirik biznes kontsentratsiyasi hisoblanadi zargarlik buyumlari savdo, bu Buyuk Britaniyada ishlab chiqarilgan barcha zargarlik buyumlarining 40 foizini ishlab chiqaradi.[3] Bu erda dunyodagi eng katta uy ham joylashgan Sinov idorasi, qaysi belgilar yiliga taxminan 12 million buyum.[4] Tarixiy zargarlik buyumlari kvartali sanoat texnologiyasida ko'plab kashshof yutuqlarning vatani bo'lgan.

1900-yillarning boshlarida zargarlik buyumlari kvartalida eng yuqori cho'qqisida 30 mingdan ortiq kishi ishlagan,[5] ammo xorijiy raqobat va talabning etishmasligi tufayli sanoat 20-asr davomida pasayib ketdi. Hozir bu hudud shaharlik holatini saqlab qolgan holda, shaharcha qishloqqa va ijodiy biznes markaziga aylanmoqda. Uning tarixiy ahamiyati ko'plab tabiatni muhofaza qilish sxemalariga olib keldi va bu Ankor nuqtadir Evropa sanoat merosi yo'li.[6]

Tarix

Kelib chiqishi

Aziz Pol cherkovi 1779 yilda Sankt-Pol maydonida tugatilgan, ammo 1823 yilda shpil qo'shilgan.

1553 so'rovnomasi birinchilardan biri deb nomlangan zargarlar Birmingem, Rojer Pemberton.[7] 18-19 asrlarda Birmingem asrlardan rivojlandi Sanoat inqilobi va tez-tez turli metallardan turli xil mahsulotlarni ishlab chiqaradigan yirik sanoat shaharchasiga aylandi. Ko'plab yirik quyma va shisha zavodlari Britaniyaning barcha hududlaridan ishchilarni jalb qildi. Yaltiroq tugmalar, qalpoq nishonlari, pinalar va kichik metall o'yinchoqlar ishlab chiqarishda katta savdo-sotiq rivojlandi.

1780 yilgi Birmingem ma'lumotnomasiga ko'ra, o'sha paytda 26 zargar bor edi.[8] Katalogda zargarning ta'rifi tushuntirilmaganligi sababli, unda ko'plab qoidabuzarliklar bo'lishi mumkin va haqiqiy zargarlar soni kamroq bo'lishi mumkin. 19-asrning boshlariga kelib, taxminan 400 kishi ishlaydigan 12 ta zargarlik buyumlari ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniya mavjud edi.[8]

1746 yilda Colmore oilasi tobora ko'payib borayotgan aholining talablarini qondirishga yordam berish uchun bugungi kunda zargarlik buyumlari kvartali deb ataladigan erni ozod qildi. Eng katta er uchastkasi Uilyam Kolmor tomonidan Birmingemdagi Manordan sotib olingan Newhall edi. 1560 yilda u quyon urushi deb ta'riflangan va 1620 yilga kelib ushbu joyda yangi Hall Manor qurilgan. Katta manor uy bu hududga o'z nomini berdi. 1746 yilga kelib Kolmor oilasi ko'chib o'tdi va manorni ijarachilarga berdi. Buning ortida Birmingem Xitga olib boradigan yopiq maydonlar mavjud edi. Sandpitslar Xokli tepaligida joylashgan bo'lib, ushbu chuqurlarning mahsuloti mahalliy metall quyish sanoatida qoliplar uchun ishlatilgan.[9]

Hududni uchta yo'l kesib o'tgan. Çarnsberi va "Vulverxempton" Endi Konstitutsiya tepaligi, Buyuk Xempton ko'chasi va Xokli tepaligidan iborat edi burilgan 1727 yilda. Keyinchalik, Dadliga yozgi qator, parad va yozgi tepalik yo'lidan iborat yo'lning burilishi bilan 1760 yilda shaharga yaxshi yo'lni taqdim etish uchun yozgi qator kesilgan edi. Ikkala yo'ldan ham xom ashyo tashiydigan savdogarlar va vagonlar katta foydalangan Staffordshire Birmingemga. Tugashi Birmingem kanali 1769 yilda ushbu yo'llarning yaxshilanishiga olib keldi. Uorstoun-Leyn, hozirgi Uorstoun-Leyn, Xoll ko'chasi va Iknield ko'chasining bir qismi Vulverxempton yo'lini Dudli yo'li bilan bog'lab turdi. Ladywood Road, hozirgi Ladywood Middleway, shuningdek, Warstone Lane natijasida bu hududga bog'langan.[9]

Uylarga bo'lgan talab 1750-yillarda qisqa vaqt ichida pasayib, 1759 yildan boshlab yana ko'payishni boshladi. Qo'shimcha ko'chalar orasida joylashgan edi Colmore Row va 1760-yillarda Buyuk Charlz ko'chasi Queensway hududi. Buyuk Charlz ko'chasi hududidagi uchastkalarga birinchi bo'lib 1760 yilda yo'l qo'yilgan. 1772 yilda Nyuxol filiali kanali qurilishi va 1770 yillarning oxiriga kelib Buyuk Charlz ko'chasi va Lionel ko'chalarining deyarli barchasi erga bo'lgan talabni yanada kuchaytirdi. qurilgan edi.[9] Uylar qurilishi hozirgi kunda "Zargarlik buyumlari kvartali" deb nomlanuvchi hududda davom etdi va u zamonaviy Gruziya uylaridan iborat boy turar-joy hududiga aylandi.[10] Bu, ayniqsa, 3 gektar (12000 m) ehson bilan rag'batlantirildi2) cherkov qurish uchun Charlz Kolmor tomonidan er.[11]

Qurilishi Aziz Pol cherkovi, Rojer Eykin tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va atrof Aziz Pol maydoni 1777 yilda boshlangan va 1779 yilda yakunlangan.[12] Obod o'rta sinfga qaratilgan gruzin uylari maydon atrofida qurilgan bo'lib, ularning ba'zilari omon qolgan, masalan, II-sinf ro'yxatiga kiritilgan 12-14-sonlar, maydonning sharq tomonida.[11] Tomas Xanson tomonidan 1778 yilda tuzilgan Birmingem rejasi shuni ko'rsatadiki, Nyuxollning aksariyat qismi Avliyo Pol cherkovining panjara shaklida yaratilgan. Rejada yana shuni ko'rsatdiki, Buyuk va Kichik Basseyn ikkita hovuz to'ldirilgan va ularni boqadigan ariq kanalizatsiya qilingan. Biroq, Nyu-Hall hali ham rivojlanishni to'xtatdi Newhall ko'chasi. 1770-yillarning boshlarida, Metyu Boulton binolarni qisman omborxona sifatida ishlatgan va uni buzish rejalari namoyish etilganda, u ularga qarshilik ko'rsatgan. Biroq, 1787 yilda Livri ko'chasida Boultonning yangi ombori qurib bitgunga qadar faqat omborcha qolgan holda 1787 yilda uy buzilgan.[9]

Zargarlik buyumlari kvartalini ko'rsatadigan xarita

Hududda 18-asr oxirida qurilgan bunday villalarga 1770-yillarda qurilgan Regent's Place kiradi. Bu Metyu Boulton tomonidan ijaraga olingan Jeyms Vatt va mintaqadagi eng qadimgi villa bo'lib ko'rinadi. Vatt 1775 yildan 1790 yilgacha, Xitfild uyiga ko'chib o'tishdan oldin u erda qoldi Xendvort. Key Hill uyi 1780-yillarda Key Hillda mahalliy savdogar Joshua Glover uchun qurilgan. 1784 yilda ser Tomas Guch Uorstoun-Leynning shimoliy qismida joylashgan mulkni ijaraga oldi. Uchastkada Forrest pivo zavodi va ikkita yakka tartibdagi uy qurilgan. Ushbu uylarni pivo zavodi egalari egallab olishgan. Buyuk Xempton ko'chasining shimoli-sharqidagi Semyuel Lloyd va Edvard Xarford egalik qilgan erlarda uylar 1780-yillarning oxirlaridan boshlab qurilgan. 1713 yildan Lloyd va Xarfordga o'tguniga qadar bu er Lensberi shahridan temir ustasi Richard Parkesga tegishli edi. 1750 yilda Genri Karver Yozgi Tepadan er sotib oldi va 1790 yilda 15 ta uydan iborat terasta qurila boshladi.[9]

Hududning turar-joy tarkibiga qaramay, ishlab chiqarish korxonalari u erda o'z faoliyatini boshladi. Sanoatning ushbu sohada o'sishiga asos solingan Birmingemni tahlil qilish idorasi Boulton va boshqa sanoatchilar tomonidan iltimos qilingan 1773 yilda.[13] The Birmingem va Feyzli kanali hududning janubi orqali qurilgan va 1789 yilda qurilgan bo'lib, bu hududda ishlab chiqarilgan tovarlarni transportirovka qilish va materiallarni hududga etkazib berishning eng yaxshi shaklini ta'minlagan.[14]

Kanal qurib bitkazilgandan so'ng, Nyuxoll ko'chasi unga qarab uzaytirildi. O'rta sinflar bu hududdan chiqib ketganda, ularning o'rniga zargarlar va kumushchilar uchun yirik fabrikalar va ustaxonalar qurildi. O'sha paytda ishlab chiqarilgan oltinning asosiy mahsulotlari kalitlar, muhrlar va soat zanjirlari edi kumushchilar taqlid toshlaridan foydalangan holda tokalar va taroqsimon bezaklar ishlab chiqarilgan. Tokalar jamiyatda modadan chiqib ketganiga qaramay, sanoat rivojlanib ketdi. Zargarlik buyumlari, asosan, o'sha paytda Angliyada qurilgan yirik fabrikalar va tegirmonlardan farqli o'laroq, kichik ustaxonalarda ishlab chiqarilgan.[9]

Kolmor oilasi kanallar qurilishi natijasida yuzaga kelgan salohiyatni anglab etdi va 1809 yilda Karolin Kolmorda Birmingem va Fazeli kanalidan Jorj ko'chasi yaqinidagi havzaga qurilgan kanal tarmog'i bor edi. Bu Miss Colmore kanali sifatida tanilgan, ammo keyinchalik Uitmorning qo'li deb nomlangan.[9]

1820-yillarda iqtisodiy muammolar natijasida hududdagi zargarlarning soni sezilarli darajada qisqargan va ko'plab zargarlar ortiqcha bo'lib qolgan, chunki firmalar omon qolish uchun ularning hajmi kamaygan. Ta'siri keyingi o'n yil ichida sezildi va Xokli 1830 yillarning o'rtalaridan so'ng shahar zargarlik sanoati markazida aniq "kvartal" sifatida rivojlandi.[8]

O'sish

1850-yillarda ustaxonaga aylantirilgan Avliyo Pol maydoniga qarashli turar-joy ob'ektlari.

Zargarlik buyumlari kvartalining mahsulotlari yaqin atrofdagi zargarlik buyumlari savdosidan oshib ketdi Derbi chorakda ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlar ham sifat jihatidan yaxshilandi. Zargarlik buyumlari savdosi Edinburg shuningdek, tanazzulga yuz tutdi va 19-asrning oxiriga kelib Londondagi o'rta sinflar o'z shaharlaridan ko'ra ko'proq Birmingemdan zargarlik buyumlarini etkazib berishga bog'liq edi. 1850 yilga kelib, London zargarlik buyumlari do'konlarida sotilayotgan oltin va kumush buyumlarning yarmi Birmingemda ishlab chiqarilgan deb hisoblashadi, ammo aniq ma'lumotlar yo'q, chunki ko'plab do'kon egalari mahsulot qayerda ishlab chiqarilganligini ixtiyoriy ravishda tan olmaydilar.[8] Chorak katta qismni tashkil etdi Britaniya imperiyasi zargarlik buyumlari. Aksariyat zargarlar hanuzgacha beshdan ellikgacha odam ishlaydigan kichik ustaxonalarda ishlashgan. O'nta zargarning to'qqiz nafari dastlab ishchi bo'lgan.[8]

Ko'plab zargarlarning ustaxonalari bilan yonma-yon yashashlari jamoat binolari bilan ta'minlash kerakligini anglatardi. 1835 yilda Key Xill qabristoni (u paytda Umumiy qabriston deb nomlangan) ilgari bog 'va qumtepa sifatida ishlatilgan quruqlikda Key Xillda ko'mish uchun ochilgan. Egalari 1930-yillarga qadar qumni olib tashlashni davom ettirdilar, chunki u juda katta talabga ega va sifatli edi. Qabriston hamma uchun ochiq edi, ammo Anglikan dafn etilishi uchun hali ham bosim mavjud edi va 1845 yilda Angliya cherkovi qabristoni kompaniyasi tashkil etildi. 1848 yilda kompaniya qabriston sifatida foydalanish uchun Gooch va Vysse mulklaridan qumtepalar va bog'lar uchun foydalaniladigan erlarni sotib oldi. Umumiy qabriston kengayishda davom etdi va qabristonda Pitsford ko'chasining shimolida Vyse mulkidan kengaytirish uchun yer sotib oldi. Biroq, bu er temir yo'l kompaniyasiga 1854 yilda sotilgan. Umumiy qabriston yana 1890-yillarda shimol tomon kengaygan. Kompaniya qum qazib olish uchun buzilgan Key Hill House maydonini sotib oldi. Bu davr Alfred Jerrold Natan singari bunday ramziy belgilar biznesni yuritgan payt edi, u asosan kumushdan va kamdan-kam hollarda butterskotch amberidan yasalgan trubkalar haqida mashhur bo'lgan. [9]

Birmingem va Staffordshire Gas Light kompaniyasi 1825 yilda tashkil topgan va ular 1836 yilda Buyuk Xempton ko'chasini yoritgan. 1832 yilda kompaniya quvurlarni etkazib berishni boshladi[9] va 1840 yilga kelib, barcha zargarlar pufakchalarini gaz bilan ta'minladilar.[14]

1824 yilda Uilyam Elliot Frederik ko'chasi va Regents ko'chasining burchagida tugmalarni ishlab chiqarish uchun asarlar yaratdi. 1837 yilda u mato bilan qoplangan tugmachalarni ishlab chiqarish usulini patentladi va Vittoriya ko'chasiga qadar cho'zilgan asarlarining orqasida fabrika qurdi. Bu boshqalar bilan birgalikda ishlab chiqarilgan ko'plab zavodlardan biri edi Viktoriya ishlaydi 1839-1840 yillarda Jozef Gillott tomonidan po'lat qalam niblarini ommaviy ishlab chiqarish uchun qurilgan Grem ko'chasida.[9]

1845 yil 28-mayda Birmingemdan zargarlik buyumlari vakillarining partiyasi yuborildi Bukingem saroyi ishontirish niyatida Qirolicha Viktoriya uni targ'ib qilish maqsadida Britaniyada ishlab chiqarilgan zargarlik buyumlarini kiyish va qirollik juftligi bilan uchrashuv bo'lib o'tdi. Guruh qirolichaga va shahzodaga 400 dan ortiq bahoga qo'lbola, broshka, juft halqa, bel qisqichi, soat zanjiri, muhr va kaliti sovg'a qildi. gvineyalar. Barcha mahsulotlar Regent's Place kompaniyasining Tomas Aston va St Paul's Square janob Baleny tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan. Partiya 5000 oilaning Birmingemdagi zargarlik buyumlari savdosiga bog'liqligini da'vo qildi.[15]

1846 yilda Vysse ko'chasi Richard Xovard-Vays tomonidan qurilgan. Keyin Xilton ko'chasi shimol tomonga kesilgan. Branston, Spenser va Xokli ko'chalari Inge ko'chmasidan Vyse ko'chasigacha Vyse Street va Pitsford ko'chalariga qadar uzaytirildi. Ushbu tartib iloji boricha ko'proq qurilish uchastkalarini ishlab chiqarishga mo'ljallangan edi.[9]

Dastgoh sifatida ishlatilgan Kerolin ko'chasidagi uch qavatli terasli ob'ektlar.

19-asrning o'rtalariga kelib, zargarlik buyumlari savdosi shaharda eng daromadli hisoblanadi, chunki zargarlar shaharning eng yaxshi maoshli ishchilaridir. Savdoda ish bilan band bo'lganlar shaharda boshqalarga qaraganda ko'proq edi.[8] O'g'il bolalarga 14 yoshida shogirdlik berilib, o'rtacha to'rt shiling ishlagan. Bu har yili ertalab soat 8 dan kechki 7 gacha ishlaydigan 21 yoshgacha o'sadi. Garchi zargarlar uchun ortiqcha ish vaqtlari odatiy hol edi. O'quvchilar odatda hech qanday malakaga ega emas edilar, ammo uslub bu sohada o'rganishga aylandi va bitta zargar firma barcha shogirdlardan ushbu maktabda qatnashishini talab qildi Birmingem san'at maktabi.[8] Oilalar, odatda, ba'zi buyumlarni tayyorlashda zarur bo'lgan poklik va ehtiyotkorlik bilan manipulyatsiya tufayli savdoda ishlamadilar. Ko'pgina oilalar savdo-sotiq natijasida zargarlik buyumlari buyumlarini himoya qilish uchun zargarlik buyumlari tomonidan keng foydalanilgan charm yoki qog'oz qutilarini ishlab chiqarish orqali daromad olishdi.[8]

1861 yilga kelib, 7500 kishi zargarlik buyumlari savdosi bilan shug'ullangan[14] va 1880 yilga kelib mahalliy katalogda 700 ga yaqin ustaxonalar ro'yxatga olingan.[15] Savdo 1880-yillardan boshlab xom oltinning pasayib ketishidan katta foyda ko'rdi. Kabi yangi jarayonlarni ishlab chiqish va takomillashtirishdan foyda ko'rdi elektrokaplama tomonidan ixtiro qilingan Jorj Elkington kuni Elkington kumush elektrokaplama ishlarida Newhall ko'chasi.[14] Shuningdek, zargarlik buyumlari kvartalida birinchi sun'iy plastik, Parkesine, tomonidan Aleksandr Parkes 1862 yilda.[16]

1883 yilda Birmingemda ishlab chiqarilgan kumush taqinchoqlarning yarmidan kami o'tib ketadigan darajada yuqori edi Birmingemni tahlil qilish idorasi. Shu bilan birga, o'sha yili kamida 30 tonna 17 cwt 4 lb 4 oz (32,363 kg) kumush zargarlik buyumlari va 3 tonna 7 cwt 12 lb 3 oz (3409,3 kg) oltin buyumlar yuborilgan buyumlarning umumiy sonini olgan holda olingan. o'sha yili 2,6 milliondan oshiq bo'lganligi uchun.[15]

1885 yilda Tomas Harman va Valter Shouell o'zlarining asarlarini yozdilar Shouellning Birmingem lug'ati unda ular kitobni yozish paytida savdo-sotiqda pasayish yuz berayotganini va minglab ishchilar yarim soatlik ish kunida omon qolganlarini ko'pchilik o'zlarini ishsiz deb topganligini hujjatlashtirgan.[15] Ushbu tushkunlik butun mamlakat bo'ylab sezilgan va 1880-yillar davomida davom etgan. O'sha davrda ko'plab ishlab chiqaruvchilar ishdan chiqib ketishdi va uzoq muddatli o'sish va farovonlikdan keyin ishlab chiqaruvchilarga savdo iqtisodiy muammolarga moyil ekanligini ko'rsatdilar.[14]

Qayta tiklash

№ 3 Legge Lane qalam qutisi fabrikasi bo'lib, 1893 yilda Essex, Nicol & Goodman tomonidan loyihalashtirilgan.

Iqtisodiy muammolardan so'ng, zargarlik buyumlari kvartalidagi savdogarlar va zargarlar Birmingem zargarlar va kumushchilar assotsiatsiyasini (avvalgi Britaniya zargarlik buyumlari, sovg'a buyumlari va tugatish federatsiyasi )[17] 1887 yilda.[18] Shuningdek, 1890 yilda a Zargarlik va kumushchilik maktabi tashkil etildi[14] San'at maktabining filiali sifatida Vittoriya ko'chasidagi konvertatsiya qilingan fabrikada.[9]

20-asrga o'tib, zargarlik buyumlari kvartali zargarlar uchun yaratilgan tashabbuslarning harakatlaridan foyda ko'rdi va sanoat u ko'rmagan darajada o'sdi. Bu 1914 yilda eng yuqori cho'qqiga chiqdi, bu sohada 20 mingdan ortiq kishi ish bilan ta'minlandi. Qimmatbaho toshlar, asboblar va qadoqlarni etkazib beruvchilar ham bundan foyda ko'rishdi. O'sish davomida zargarlik buyumlari kvartirasi kichik ustaxonalar tarkibini saqlab qoldi va yirik fabrikalar shimoliy chekkada joylashgan bo'lib, past sifatli zargarlik buyumlarini ishlab chiqardi.[14] Joy etishmasligi, ishchilar mulkini sudlari o'z bizneslarini kengaytirish uchun biznes egalari tomonidan qabul qilinishini anglatardi.[9]

Harbiy tugmachalar, nishonlar va medallarga talab oshgani sayin zargarlik buyumlari kvartali Birinchi Jahon urushi davrida rivojlanib boraverdi. Biroq, urush oxirida talab keskin pasayib ketdi va zargarlar ham jamiyatda modaning o'zgarishiga guvoh bo'lishdi.[9]

Pastga tushish va qayta qurish

Zargarlik buyumlari kvartalida ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlarga talab 1920 yilda avjiga chiqdi va barqaror pasayish boshlandi. Chorakka qattiq zarba berildi Katta depressiya va keyin o'zini tiklash uchun kurashdi. Ba'zi bir kompaniyalar o'z bizneslarini diversifikatsiya qilishga harakat qilib, yirik fabrikalar qurishdi. Ikkinchi Jahon urushida ishlab chiqarish yana o'q-dorilarga aylandi va bu zargarlik buyumlari kvartalining bombardimon qilingan reydlar nishoniga aylanishiga olib keldi. Luftwaffe ichida Birmingem Blits. Boshqa Birmingem singari, bu zargarlik buyumlari kvartaliga katta zarar etkazdi. Sent-Pol cherkovi buzilgan va 1949-1951 yillarda J. B. Surman loyihasi bilan ta'mirlangan. 1940 yil noyabrda Tomas Uolker plcning 1934 yil Sent-Pol maydonidagi fabrikasi vayron qilingan, ammo 18 oy o'tgach qayta tiklangan.[9]

1943 yilda Birmingem zargarlar va kumushchilar uyushmasi chorakda sanoatning qayta tiklanishini muhokama qilish uchun qo'mita tuzdi. Ko'pgina binolar foydalanishga yaroqsiz deb topilganligi sababli, 1945 yilda BJSA tomonidan hududni tekis zavodlarga aylantirish uchun taklif qilingan. Qabul qilinganiga qaramay, reja bajarilmadi. Urushdan so'ng, kvartal biroz tiklanishiga guvoh bo'ldi, bu joyning etishmasligi bilan yana to'sqinlik qildi. 1948 yilda, chorakning shimoliy chekkasidagi yirik fabrikalar ishlab chiqarishning pasayishini boshdan kechirayotgani, markazdagilar esa buning aksiga guvoh bo'lganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi.[14] 1950 va 1960 yillarda yirik firmalar ushbu hududdan shaharning boshqa joylarida joylashgan yangi joylarga ko'chib ketishdi. Ba'zi rivojlanish sodir bo'ldi, masalan, Papa ko'chasi, Karver ko'chasi va Kamden ko'chasi atrofidagi mahkamalarni tozalash.[9]

Vyse ko'chasi bo'ylab shimolga, Birmingem shahar kengashini rivojlantirish rejasining past darajadagi elementiga qarab, chakana savdo birliklari va uning ustida joylashgan avtoturargoh.

1953 yilda o'tkazilgan Shahar Kengashining so'rovi natijasida 23 gektar (93000 m)2) yerlar ta'mirdan tashqari edi. 1956 yilda kengash chakana savdo kabi nodavlat faoliyatni aniq belgilangan hududlarga birlashtirish uchun hududni qayta rejalashtirish bo'yicha o'z rejalarini ishlab chiqdi.[14] Biroq, ular hudud uchun hayotiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan kichik savdogarlarning ahamiyatini inobatga olmaganliklari sababli ular qarshiliklarga duch kelishdi. 1960 yilda ser Richard Vyse o'zining Xokli mulki uchun reja tuzdi, ammo u reja amalga oshmasdan vafot etdi. 1963 yilda kengash 14,5 gektar maydonni (59,000 m) sotib olishga qaror qildi2) uchun Vyse mulki £650,000. 1965 yilda hududni qayta rejalashtirish bo'yicha kengash sxemasi 1972 yilda yakunlanishi uchun tasdiqlangan.

Takliflar qatoriga sakkiz qavatli yassi fabrikasi va ustki qismida avtoturargoh bilan jihozlangan 16 ustaxona, shuningdek yangi tahlillar idorasi, zargarlik buyumlari maktabi, ko'rgazma zali, restoran, ofis bloki va do'koni kiritilgan. Dockley Center (hozirgi Big Peg) deb nomlanuvchi yassi fabrikasi 1971 yilda qurib bitkazilgan. Avtoturargohlar joylashgan ustaxonalar 1978 yilda shimolda qurilgan. Sxema muvaffaqiyatli bo'lmadi, chunki ijara narxlarining ko'tarilishi va 150 firmaning aksariyati ustidan shikoyatlar bor edi[19] Rivojlanish tufayli ko'chirilganlar, chorakning boshqa joylariga ko'chib o'tdilar. Natijada, kengash rivojlanish bilan davom etish rejasidan voz kechdi va hududda bundan buyon keng ko'lamli qayta qurish bo'lmaydi deb aytdi.[9]

Kengash tomonidan kashshof bo'lgan yana bir rivojlanish bo'ldi Ser Herbert Manzoniga tegishli Ichki halqa yo'li va O'rta halqa yo'li. Ichki halqa yo'li Nyuxoll ko'chasini Buyuk Charlz ko'chasida yo'lni kengaytirish sxemasi orqali ajratdi. Halqa yo'li zargarlik buyumlari kvartalining yadrosiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatmagan bo'lsa-da, darhol erga qo'shni Kvinsvey yo'l bo'ylab katta ofis bloklari qurgan yirik korxonalar tomonidan sotib olingan. O'rta halqa yo'li zargarlik buyumlari mahallasini g'arbdan va shimoldan chegaralagan va urushdan keyingi yillarda zargarlik buyumlari kvartalining kengayishini keskin cheklagan.[20]

Urushdan keyingi yillarda saqlanib qolgan bo'lsa-da, sanoat pasayishda davom etdi. Bu talabning etishmasligi va xorijiy raqobat bilan birlashishi natijasida yuzaga keldi. 1965 yilda 900 ta firmada 8000 kishi ish bilan ta'minlangan bo'lsa, 1985 yilga kelib bu 600 ta firmadagi 4000 kishiga kamaydi. 80-yillarda firmaning o'rtacha umri 2,8 yilni tashkil etdi, ya'ni tekis fabrikalarda bo'sh joyni ijaraga berish maqsadga muvofiq emas edi.[14] Maslahatchilarning hisoboti Segal Quince Wickstead 1981 yildan buyon kengash ushbu hududdagi korxonalarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan va atrof-muhitni yaxshilaganligini ta'kidladi.

Hududni qayta tiklash sxemalari amalga oshirildi, masalan, sanoatni obodonlashtirish maydonini belgilash va grantlar Ingliz merosi tarixiy binolarni ta'mirlash uchun. 300 dan ortiq binolar yangilandi, bu xususiy xarajatlarga 6 million funtdan oshdi.[14] 1987 yilda yana bir qancha jismoniy o'zgarishlar amalga oshirildi, masalan, bir asr davomida mintaqadagi birinchi yangi uy-joy qurilishi tugadi, shuningdek, vino barining ochilishi. Uy-joy uyushmasi Avliyo Pol maydonidagi omborxonani kvartiralarga aylantirdi. Anvic House ustaxonalarda ta'mirlandi, bir firma o'z binolarini reklama agentligiga aylantirdi.[14] Biroq, 1998 yilga kelib, sanoat korxonalarining 45 foizdan ortig'i bo'sh edi va hududning atigi 12 foizini oilalar egallab olishdi.[21]

1998 yil 5-noyabrda zargarlik buyumlari kvartali shahar qishloqlarining ramka rejasi qabul qilindi[2] mintaqada qayta tiklanishni rivojlantirish va jamoatchilikni o'rnatish uchun aralash ishlatiladigan rivojlanishdan foydalanish.[9] Urban Village Framework Plan EDMAW Ltd boshchiligidagi Birmingem shahar kengashi, Shahar qishloqlari forumi va shu bilan buyurtma qilingan maslahatchilar guruhi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. Inglizcha hamkorlik 1997 yil noyabrda.

Rejada kengashga ingliz sherikliklari va mintaqadagi mahalliy korxonalar bilan ishlash tavsiya etilgan. Tavsiyalar natijasida zargarlik buyumlari kvartali shahar qishloqlarini qayta tiklash bo'yicha sheriklik quyidagi sheriklar bilan tashkil etildi:[22]

Hamkorlik yiliga ikki marotaba yig'ilib, ularning "Uyg'onish xartiyasi" asosida erishilgan yutuqlarni muhokama qiladi. Maqsad hududni ijodiy biznes markaziga aylantirish va u erda odamlar yashashi uchun qulayliklar yaratishdir.[23] Ijodiy biznes uchun ushbu sohada qo'llanilayotgan tashabbuslardan biri bu korxonalarga bepul vitrinalarni taqdim etishdir.[24] Shu bilan birga, kvartal aholisi va xodimlari zargarlik buyumlari kvartirasini ijodiy biznes markaziga aylantirish borasida kengashning sustligini tanqid qildilar.

2003 yil aprel oyida mahalla forumi nomli manifest e'lon qildi Gemni silliqlash vaqti keldi masalaga e'tiborni jalb qilish uchun.[25] Hududdagi ishlab chiqaruvchilar, shuningdek, ijara haqining ko'tarilishi ularning qolishini qiyinlashtirganidan shikoyat qilmoqdalar. Ushbu shikoyatlar Jewellery Quarter Association Inc.[26]

Tabiatni muhofaza qilish

II daraja * berilgan Brothers Newman tobut mebellari fabrikasi Filo ko'chasida, G'arbiy Midlendning afzalligi uni tashrif buyuruvchilar markaziga aylantirish niyatida

Zargarlik kvartalining tarixiy ahamiyati 1970-yillarda Birmingem shahar kengashi va ingliz merosi tomonidan tan olingan. 1971 yilda, "Belgilangan" Fuqarolik to'g'risida "gi qonundan to'rt yil o'tib tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonalari, Sent-Pol maydonini muhofaza qilish zonasi tashkil etildi. Bu Birmingemda qolgan so'nggi Gruziya maydoni va 18-asr oxirlarida Birmingemdagi shaharsozlik namunasi sifatida tan olingan. 1975 yilda uning tarkibiga Nyuxoll ko'chasidagi Assay Office qo'shildi. 1980 yilda zargarlik buyumlari kvartalini muhofaza qilish zonasi va Key Hillni muhofaza qilish zonasi belgilangan. Sent-Pol maydonini muhofaza qilish maydoni 1992 yilda kengaytirilgan bo'lib, maydon atrofidagi bloklarni egallab, Ludgeyt tepaligiga yaqinlashdi. Key Hill tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonasi 1994 yilda, zargarlik buyumlari kvartalini muhofaza qilish zonasi 2000 yilda kengaytirildi.[9]

1998 yilda English Heritage ushbu hududdagi barcha binolarni hujjatlashtirish orqali butun zargarlik buyumlari kvartalini o'rganib chiqdi. Ular hisobot e'lon qildilar, Birmingem zargarlik buyumlari kvartali shaharcha qishlog'i. Ishlab chiqarishni me'moriy tadqiqoti 1760-19991999 yil sentyabr oyida zargarlik buyumlari kvartali xalqaro ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan tarixiy sanoat hududi degan xulosaga keldi. Hisobot natijasida uchta tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonasi birlashtirilib, 2000 yil sentyabr oyida yangi zargarlik buyumlari kvartalini muhofaza qilish zonasini tashkil etdi.[9] Birmingem shahar kengashi va English Heritage birgalikda Belgilarni baholash va boshqarish rejasini moliyalashtirishga kelishib oldilar. Shuningdek, hisobot natijasida, uchun tavsiya qonuniy ro'yxat 106 ta bino qurilib, ular meros vaziri tomonidan tasdiqlangan Endryu Makintosh 2004 yilda. Ikkisi II daraja ro'yxatiga kiritilgan, qolgan 104 tasi II daraja ro'yxatiga ega bo'lgan.[16]

2000 yilda, ser Nil kazonlar deb e'lon qildi Brothers Newman tobut mebellari fabrikasi II daraja * ro'yxati berilgan maqom beriladi.[27] Tobut fabrikasi a tiklash bo'yicha nomzod (2003 BBCTV seriyasi), ammo finalga chiqish uchun etarli ovoz olmadi.[28] Tobut fabrikasi Advantage West Midlands tomonidan 2003 yil aprel oyida sotib olingan va uni muzeyga aylantirish rejalari amalga oshirilmoqda, buning evaziga binoning bir qismini ofislarga qayta tiklash va ijarachilarni ijaraga berish evaziga to'lanadi. 2014 yil 28 oktyabrdan boshlab Newman Brothers tobut mebel fabrikasi Birmingham Conservation Trust qoshida muzey sifatida ochildi va Tobut Worksda Newman Brothers deb o'zgartirildi.[29]

2008 yil yanvar oyida kengash hisobotida zargarlik buyumlari kvartalini olish uchun taklif yuborish rejalari tavsiya qilindi Butunjahon merosi ro'yxati holat. Hududni tavsiya qilish kerak edi Hukumat.[30]

Kelajak

Nortvud ko'chasiga qaragan A.E. Xarris binosi, ularni qayta qurish sxemasi sifatida saqlanib qolinishi kerak.

Birmingem shahar kengashining zargarlik buyumlari kvartalini ijodiy biznes uchun markazga aylantirish rejasi so'nggi yillarda kvartalga katta miqdordagi xususiy sarmoyalarni jalb qildi. Hududda aralash usullar bo'yicha ko'plab takliflar taklif qilingan va tasdiqlangan. Tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonasi bo'lganligi sababli, ko'plab sxemalar mavjud binolarni ta'mirlashni o'z ichiga oladi, ammo ko'plab yangi qurilish loyihalari mavjud.

Zargarlik buyumlari kvartali uchun taklif qilingan eng yirik ishlanmalardan biri bu Nortvud ko'chasidagi A. E. Xarris binolarini qayta qurishdir. Metall ishlab chiqaruvchi firma A. E. Xarris tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan John Simpson & Partners Dastlabki sxema bo'yicha 211 ta turar-joy binolari, 1725 kvadrat metr (18,568 kvadrat metr) chakana savdo va restoran inshootlari, tibbiyot markazi va san'at galereyasi, 6565 kvadrat metr (65,283 kv. ft) yangi B1 maydonining uchdan bir qismi, bu hududdagi zargarlik buyumlarini saqlash va rivojlantirish uchun mo'ljallangan arzon ustaxona maydoni.

Hozirgi sxemada 151 xonadon mavjud.[31] Loyiha II darajadagi ro'yxatga olingan bino va shuningdek, mahalliy tarix va shahar ko'rinishi uchun muhim bo'lgan ikkita boshqa binolarni saqlashni o'z ichiga oladi. Zargarlik buyumlari kvartalining matolarini saqlab qolish uchun sxema doirasida bir nechta yangi ko'chalar va yo'laklar yaratilmoqda.[32]

Ushbu sxema firma tomonidan kompaniyaning kelajagini himoya qilish maqsadida amalga oshirilmoqda, chunki u raqobat ta'sirida Uzoq Sharq. Taklif natijasida ishlab chiqarilgan mablag 'Advantage West Midlands bilan hamkorlikda bo'lgan A. E. Xarris uchun yangi sanoat binolarini yaratishga sarflanadi. Dastlab, ushbu sxema doirasida ettita qavatli ofis binosi loyihalashtirilganligi sababli, dastlab 2005 yilda maslahatchilar tomonidan rad etilgan.[33] Biroq, qayta ko'rib chiqilgan sxema 2006 yilda taqdim etilgan va 2008 yilda rejani rejalashtirishga ruxsat olgan, ammo tabiatni muhofaza qilish jamiyatlari ushbu sxema yaqin atrofdagi er qiymatini 900% ga oshirib yuborishi va biznesni majbur qilishidan qo'rqishgan.[34] Rivojlanish doirasida taklif qilingan turar-joylar soniga nisbatan g'azab ham bor edi.[35]

2008 yil sentyabr oyida Nyuxoll maydonini rivojlantirish bo'yicha qurilish ishlari.

Hudud uchun yana bir muhim taklif - bu kvartiralar, chakana savdo birliklari, ofis xonalari va a. Aralashmasidan iborat Newhall Square Travelodge mehmonxona. U sobiq saytida barpo etilmoqda Fan va sanoat muzeyi 1997 yilda yopilgan. Muzey yopilganda, shahar Kengashiga qarashli sayt talablarga ortiqcha bo'lib qoldi va 2001 yilda yo'q qilish uchun sotildi. 2002 yil yanvar oyida rivojlanish bo'yicha qisqacha ma'lumot kelajakda ishlab chiquvchilarga qo'shimcha rejalashtirish bo'yicha qo'llanma sifatida qabul qilindi. saytni qanday qilib mos ravishda rivojlantirish haqida ma'lumot.[36]

Rivojlanish haqida qisqacha ma'lumot nashr etilgandan so'ng, ishlab chiquvchilar tomonidan sayt uchun takliflar berildi va qisqa ro'yxatga olish jarayoni boshlandi. 2002 yil 9 dekabrda RO St Bernard's Ltd sayt uchun afzal ishlab chiquvchilar sifatida tanlandi.[37] Saytni rejalashtirish uchun ariza 2005 yilda taqdim etilgan va 2006 yil mart oyida ma'qullangan. 2,34 gektar maydonda (9500 m) qurilish2) saytning qiymati 63 million funt sterlingga baholanmoqda va piazza atrofida joylashgan bo'ladi.[38] 234 ta kvartira mavjud bo'ladi, ammo ulardan 140 tasi "Zeb-ziynat qutisi" tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan rivojlanish bosqichiga kiritiladi. Associated Architects. Zargarlik qutisi, shuningdek, 70000 kvadrat metrdan (6503 m) iborat bo'ladi2) 100 xonali Travelodge mehmonxonasi bilan bir qatorda ofis xonalari, shuningdek chakana savdo bo'limlari va san'at / ko'rgazma maydonlari.[39] Saytning markazida joylashgan Uitmor ombori va 144-sonli Nyuxol ko'chasi sxema bo'yicha o'zgartiriladi.[40] Saytni buzish 2006 yil sentyabr oyida boshlangan va 2007 yil oxirida qurilgan.[38] Buzilgan binolardan Jeyms Vatt binosi bo'lgan eng qadimgi ishlaydigan bug 'dvigateli tomonidan qurilgan dunyoda Jeyms Vatt.[41]

Avliyo Pol maydonidagi avliyo Paulning old tomoni.

Sankt-Pavlus maydoni zargarlik buyumlari kvartalidagi rivojlanish sxemalarida markaziy ahamiyatga ega. Maydonga qarashli muhim voqealardan biri bu Chord Developments tomonidan 35 million funt sterlingga mo'ljallangan St Paul's Place. Bu 148 xonadondan iborat studiya, bitta va ikki xonali kvartiralar, shuningdek uchta pentxaus va 35,973 kvadrat fut (3342 m) dan iborat aralash foydalanish.2) ofis maydoni. U Chord Developments guruhi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va qurilish ishlari Kosteynlar tomonidan olib borilmoqda. Chord bu sxemani ishlab chiqishda uch yildan ko'proq vaqt sarfladi, uning ichiga sobiq toka ishlab chiqaruvchi Tomas Uolker binosining jabhasini tiklashni o'z ichiga olgan, bu avliyo Pol maydoniga jabhada joylashgan. Chord ikkita hovli yaratdi va sobiq zavodga uchta yangi qanot qo'shdi, Northwood Street, Caroline Street va Jeyms Street. Yangi qurilish kengaytmalari asl binoni aks ettirish uchun qizil g'isht bilan qurilgan.

Rivojlanishning markazida mukofotga sazovor bo'lgan landshaft me'mori Alan Gardner tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan kommunal hovli mavjud. Chord Developments shuningdek, maydonning yoritilishini yaxshilash va o'rnatishga 60 ming funt sterling berdi Videokamera.[42] Chord Developments-ning zargarlik buyumlari kvartalidagi yana bir sxemasi - bu JQ One, bu 43 xonadondan iborat kichikroq qurilish, ulardan biri ikki qavatli uyning orqasida. pentxaus kvartirasi. JQ One Nyuxoll-Strit va Jorj ko'chalarining tutashgan qismida joylashgan.[43]

Kichikroq rivojlanish - bu Chamberlain Clock-ga qaraydigan Chamberlain binosini yangilash. Sifatida MCD Properties tomonidan katta o'zgarish yuz berdi Tesco, Uilyam Xill va Metro birinchi qavatga yozilishdi. Yuqoridagi ikki qavat ta'mirlanib, taxminan 929 m2) ofis maydoni.[44] Yana bir kichik rivojlanish - bu Spencer ko'chasidagi Spencer Point, u qurib bitkazilgandan so'ng binoga ko'chib o'tadigan PCPT Architects tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va bunyod etilmoqda. Shuningdek, 13 ta turar-joy binolari va bino bo'ladi[45] qurilishi tugagandan so'ng, zargarlik buyumlari kvartalidagi eng ekologik binolardan biriga aylanishi kerak.[46] Bu 2008 yil oxirida yakunlanishi kerak.[45]

Spenser ko'chasida joylashgan Spencer Point inshooti, ​​2008 yil sentyabr oyida qurilayapti.

Zargarlik buyumlari kvartalining chekkasida ishlab chiqaruvchi Chord Deeley tomonidan qurilgan Sent-Jorj konstruktsiyasi joylashgan. 6,8 gektar maydonni (28000 m) egallaydi2), bu zargarlik buyumlari kvartali uchun taklif qilingan eng katta sxema. Sayt Icknield Street, Camden Street va Carver Street bilan chegaralangan va Papa ko'chasi va Moreton ko'chasini o'z ichiga olgan. U tomonidan rejalashtirilgan Shahar tashabbuslari and will include 695 apartments, eight live/work spaces, 8,689 square metres (93,528 sq ft) of offices, 1,145 square metres (12,325 sq ft) of bars and restaurants, 2,274 square metres (24,477 sq ft) of retail, plus a 237 space ko'p qavatli avtoturargoh, in seven blocks.[47]

Also within the scheme are two hotels, including a £15 million Ramada Encore hotel with 151 rooms on the corner of Icknield Street and Pope Street. The second hotel will contain 100 rooms. Alfred McAlpine and New World Leisure have been appointed by Chord Deeley to develop and operate the hotels in a joint venture. Most of the buildings on the site are derelict and in a poor state of repair and whilst none of them are listed, the Kettleworks, the former Swan kitchenware factory which dates back to 1890, is to be retained. Work began in summer 2008 on the first phase and the entire scheme is expected to be completed in 2012. It is estimated to cost £130 million[48] and is hoped that between 1,500-2,500 jobs will be created as a result.[49]

Also on the fringe of the Jewellery Quarter is the Birmingem zarbxonasi redevelopment by Junared Property Group. When the Mint closed in 2003, work got underway to find an alternative use for the site. Demolition work on the site commenced in early 2007 and construction in September 2007. The scheme has been designed by Ian Darby Partnership and is being developed in two phases. Phase 1 will include 192 apartments and approximately 60,000 square feet (5,574 m2) of offices whilst Phase 2 will consist of 62 apartments and a 50,000-square-foot (4,645 m2) data centre is now in the planning stage. Ninex are constructing the complex. As part of the scheme, the Grade II listed façade and the 130-foot (40 m) chimney are being retained and incorporated.[50]

Geografiya

The area rests on Bunter upper mottled sandstone from the Trias davr. These sands were very useful in the manufacture of moulds, which were extensively used in the metal working industries in Birmingham. Much of the rest of the city centre lies on Keuper sandstone, which is better suited for foundry work. The conservation area sits on a flat-topped hill, orientated north–south. The land falls steeply west towards Icknield Street and southeast to the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal. It rises southeast from the canal to Great Charles Street Queensway.[9] The highest point is located on Warstone Lane.[51]

There were two pools within the Jewellery Quarter before the 19th century. The largest was Great Hockley Pool and the other was Little Hockley Pool, which was located on what is the site of Hockley railway station. Little Hockley Pool was filled in after 1834 whilst Great Hockley Pool was drained in 1869.[52]

In April 2008, the Jewellery Quarter was mentioned as being at risk of flooding by Gareth Morgan, an environment expert at the Buyurtma bo'yicha tadqiqotchilarning qirollik instituti, due to the rising water table in the city and its location adjacent to Birmingham's canal network. The rising water table is partly a result of the loss of heavy industry which used to remove large quantities of water.[53]

Turizm

The Qirollik Birmingem rassomlar jamiyati gallery on St Pauls. The wall plaques are by Uilyam Bloye.

As well as being an industrial area, the Jewellery Quarter has become a tourist attraction itself as many of the workshops retain their 19th-century appearance.

Birmingham City Council first recognised the importance of tourism in raising the profile of the Jewellery Quarter in the 1980s. Studies were commissioned on the industry and potential for tourism in the area. These were put together into a strategy which included aims such as improving views in the area, established a muzey and a trade centre to rival Germany and Italy. This was accepted, except the trade centre proposal. The first things to be implemented were the refurbishment Vyse Street car park and the improvement in street parking provisions. Former derelict sites were turned into surface car parks. The existing street furniture was improved whilst necessary additions were made. To influence the quality of design for future shops, a shopfront design guide was prepared by the council for the area. There were also plans for an arcade and gateways into the Jewellery Quarter, but these were abandoned in the 1990s due to a lack of available finances.[19]

The city council also launched a series of initiatives aimed at promoting the Jewellery Quarter and raising the awareness of the location of the Quarter amongst the general public. Articles were published in local and national newspapers and magazines such as British Airways' own magazine Efir vaqti. The council produced 200,000 leaflets in conjunction with Centro deb nomlangan How to find the Jewellery Quarter which were distributed through a range of outlets.[19]

Manufacturers were approached to allow members of the public to enter their premises and see products be manufactured in the Quarter. Many accepted and a 'Factory Tours' pack was published for the public. Retailers were also approached to assist in the publication of a prestigious shopping guide along with World Gold Guides. However, despite promises that over one million of the guides would published and distributed around the world, nothing was ever produced.[19]The plan for gateways into the Jewellery Quarter was revived at the turn of the 21st century and three metal sculptures designed by Anuradha Patel, a local freelance artist, were unveiled on lamp posts at strategic location on Hall Street with Great Hampton Street, Newhall Street with Lionel Street, and Vyse Street with Great Hampton Street on 13 February 2003. The sculptures themselves were manufactured in the Jewellery Quarter by Form Fabrications (Birmingham) Limited. They are made from a variety of steel tubes and rods, which are rolled, bent and then welded together.[54]

The charm bracelet padlock at the bottom of Newhall Hill, marking the start of the Charm Bracelet Trail.

The Zargarlik buyumlari kvartalining muzeyi came about as a result of the strategy. It was created when the Smith & Pepper jewellery firm on Vyse Street closed their doors in 1981, leaving all the contents in the building. Hozir u Birmingem muzeyi va badiiy galereyasi[55] va 2008 yilda, TripAdvisor named it as the third best free tourist attraction in Europe, behind the Panteon Rimda va Milliy galereya Londonda.[56]

Bundan tashqari, turli xil turlari mavjud san'at galereyalari. The Qirollik Birmingem rassomlar jamiyati is a historic society of artists who moved to an art gallery in St Paul's Square in 2000. St. Paul's Gallery is the largest commercial art gallery outside London[57] and opened in February 2003.[58]

There are also two trails through the Jewellery Quarter that were created by the city council. The Findings Trail was designed by Laura Potter, a practising maker and graduate from the School of Jewellery. There are 30 pavement slabs, with a stainless steel information plaque based on the form of a hallmarked tag usually found on jewellery. There is also a glass cat's eye set into each information plaque which reflects light at night and day on the principle of a gemstone set in jewellery. Slabs contain various elements of either stainless steel or cast bronze. The Charm Bracelet Trail was designed by the Birmingham-based artist partnership Renn and Thacker. The trail is shaped like a giant bronze charm bracelet. At the bottom of Newhall Hill is a charm bracelet padlock that illuminates at night, marking the start of the trail.[59]

Sanoat

The Argent markazi, on the corner of Frederick Street and Legge Lane, constructed in 1863 for W. E. Wiley, a pen manufacturer.

Jewellery manufacturers continue work in the area today with around 700 jewellery-related businesses in the Quarter.[60] 400 of these are jewellery manufacturers, producing 40% of British jewellery output.[61] Jewellery is produced here for the general public and also for the wholesale and retail trade and the area is said to contain the highest concentration of dedicated jewellers in Europe.[62] Vittoria Street hosts the Jewellery teaching centre for the Birmingem rassomlik va dizayn instituti. Many former industrial buildings have been refurbished including the Argent markazi.[19] As a result of regeneration, the Jewellery Quarter has also become home to PR firms, media firms, software companies and developers. It also hosts half of the city's architectural practices.[61]

The silver and gold manufactured in the city during the 19th century and early 20th century was of exceptionally high quality, with its own belgi. These products are now considered collectibles. In the 19th century, other products such as chains were manufactured. Some chains were produced to be purely ornamental and to be attached to watches. However, some larger chains were manufactured for industrial uses. These chains sometimes contained silver, and rarely gold. Gold chains would sell, on average, for £250,000. The first silver guard chain made in Birmingham was made in 1806. At around the mid-19th century, between 1,500 and 1,600 people were employed in the chain-making industry, 500 of which were women.[8]

Another major trade in the Jewellery Quarter and the surrounding area was the pen trade. The Quarter was home to the world's first mass producer of pen nibs which made pens more affordable by reducing the cost by 99.9%.[16] At the industry's peak in the area, 5,000 workers produced 1,500 million pen nibs per year.[16] The area was home to many qalam manufacturers who played a vital role in the pen trade in the city. 20-asrning birinchi yarmida, Swan Pens opened a large gold pen factory in the city, taking advantage of the skilled gold workers of the Jewellery Quarter.

The Grade II listed Icknield Street façade of the Birmingem zarbxonasi.

Many sporting awards have been produced in the area and still are today. G'oliblarga topshirilgan kubok Wimbledon Ladies Singles tournament was produced in the area. Tomas Fattorini Ltd.. is also based in the area and have designed and made the original Angliya kubogi kubogi, and still make the Lonsdeyl va Hamdo'stlik belts for boxing.[16]

Whistles were pioneered in the Jewellery Quarter, especially by Jozef Xadson who produced the first football referee whistle in 1878 and invented the politsiya hushtagi in 1883. Hudson also manufactured whistles for the RMS Titanik, some of which were recovered from the wreck.[16] Around 1,000 million whistles have been made by various companies in the Jewellery Quarter since 1870.[16]

Coffins and coffin parts were also manufactured in the area with the main factory being the Brothers Newman tobut mebellari fabrikasi. The works were constructed in 1892 to a design by Richard Harley for Newman Brothers, who were brass founders and produced metal coffin fittings. The company manufactured coffin furniture in solid brass, electro-brass, silver plate and nickel plate, and later from resins with oxy-silver, oxy-bronze and oxy-copper finishes. At its peak, it employed 100 people.[63] The company also made shrouds. By the 1950s, the company was exporting their products to Asia, Africa and North America.[28] The company has also produced coffin furniture for the funerals of Sir Uinston Cherchill, Jozef Chemberlen va Malika Diana.[64] When the company shut down in 1999 as a result of cheap mass production of fittings made from resins and plastics, it was one of three coffin furniture manufacturers in England.[28]

Coins were also manufactured in the Jewellery Quarter by the Birmingem zarbxonasi, which flourished in the city from 1850 till 2003. By 1889, it had become the biggest private mint in the world.[65] However, as the Mint expanded, their business diversified into the manufacture of commemorative medals, copper tubings and gambling tokens. By 1953, coins accounted for only 5% of the business.[66]

Qiziqarli joylar

The Chamberlain Clock, commemorating Joseph Chamberlain's visit to South Africa in 1903

As tourism in the area has increased since the 1990s, many buildings have been restored and have since become local landmarks. Aziz Pol maydoni qolgan yagona narsa Gruzin square in Birmingham, whose church was attended by the new industrialists. It eventually became overrun with workshops and lost its exclusiveness as a residence towards the end of the 19th century. It has now had restorative work and many are ro'yxatdagi bino. It is one of a few open spaces remaining in the Jewellery Quarter. Two others are the Warstone Lane va Key Hill Cemeteries. Both cemeteries are closed to burials and are listed areas. The General Cemetery at Key Hill became Grade II listed on the Tarixiy bog'lar va bog'larning milliy reestri in 1996 and the Church of England Cemetery on Warstone Lane was added in 2001. However, they are in urgent need of restoration and have been placed on English Heritage's at Risk Register.[67] Key Hill is home to the tombs of many influential people of Birmingham.[51]

The Chemberlen soati stands at the junction of the Vyse and Frederick Street with Warstone Lane. It was constructed in 1903 to mark Joseph Chamberlain's visit to South Africa. It was unveiled in January 1904[68] by Chamberlain's wife.[69]

Newhall Street was home to the Fan va sanoat muzeyi, which incorporated the Elkington Silver Electroplating Works. The museum closed in 1997 and the majority of the buildings were demolished, with only the buildings fronting onto Newhall Street and a hall in the centre of the site being retained. The site is to be developed in a mixed-use scheme called Newhall Square and will incorporate the remaining buildings. Many exhibits of the museum itself moved to Thinktank yilda Millennium Point.[37]

Another local landmark is the Big Peg, formerly called the Hockley Centre. It was completed in 1971 as an eight-storey flatted factory to a design by Peter Hing & Jones.[70] The building was refurbished into a studio offices for arts, media and creative businesses. The Big Peg Gallery hosts arts exhibitions from local artists[71] and the 100,000-square-foot (9,290 m2) building has space for 500 people. It is owned and operated by SPACE Organisation.[72] Located within the Big Peg is Concrete, a 3,000-square-foot (279 m2) club which was opened on 1 February 2008 with Yuta avliyolari headlining the opening.[73]

Transport

Zargarlik buyumlari kvartali stantsiyasi with the rail and Metro lines.

The Jewellery Quarter is served by the Zargarlik buyumlari kvartali stantsiyasi, a co-joined stop on both the G'arbiy Midlend metrosi and the main rail line into Birmingem Snow Hill stantsiyasi. It was opened as a passenger railway station in 1995 as part of the "Jewellery Line" project and Midland Metro services commenced in 1999. It is located on the Kidderminster liniyasi orqali Birmingem - Vorsesterga.[74] It is located partly on the site of the Hockley goods facilities.[75] The Hockley railway station is a disused station located about 100 yards (91 m) away from the current Jewellery Quarter station. It was open from 1854 till 1972.[76] A viaduct starts at Snow Hill stantsiyasi and becomes a tunnel, cutting beneath the Jewellery Quarter. A new entrance to Snow Hill station is being constructed within the viaduct on the opposite side of Great Charles Street Queensway, within the Jewellery Quarter.[77]

Birmingham's canal network cuts through the south of the Jewellery Quarter. The Birmingem va Feyzli kanali was completed in this area in 1789. A canal arm was constructed by Caroline Colmore in 1809 and this became known as Miss Colmore's Canal, although was later named Whitmore's Arm.[9] The canal arm has since been filled in although the remains of the entrance to it are still visible from the canal path. Also along this length of canal are the remains of brackets which held early canalside lighting.[78] Newhall Street crosses the canal and beneath the bridge is lock 9 of the Farmers Bridge flight. Lock 10 is located directly beneath Brindley House,[79] a telephone exchange which was constructed 1967–8 to a design by D.K. Makgovan.[80] It has recently been renovated into apartments by MCD Developments.[81] The canal is no longer used for industrial purposes and is now used for leisure.

The Jewellery Quarter itself consists of a network of narrow streets. However, the area is bounded by large roads, chiefly a product of postwar redevelopment. To the south is Great Charles Street Queensway which formed part of the A4400 ichki halqa yo'li. Part of the road also consists of the Great Charles Street Queensway tunnel, part of the A38. To the northwest is Icknield Street which forms part of the A4540 Middle Ring Road. At the western apex of the area, the Middle Ring Road forms a junction with the A457. At the northernmost point, Great Hampton Street crosses over the Middle Ring Road at Boulton Middleway. Great Hampton Street runs southeast and becomes Constitution Hill and then Old Snow Hill before merging with the Inner Ring Road at St Chad's Circus. To the southwest is Sand Pits and Summer Hill Road, forming part of the A457.[82] Several bus services run through the Jewellery Quarter, and many National Express West Midlands buses run along the main roads on the boundaries.[83]

Ta'lim

The Zargarlar va kumushchilar uchun shahar maktabi on Vittoria Street.

The longest-running school in the Jewellery Quarter is the Zargarlar va kumushchilar uchun shahar maktabi, endi qismi Birmingem rassomlik va dizayn instituti, tomonidan boshqariladi Birmingem Siti universiteti, on Vittoria Street. The school was founded in 1888 and moved to its present location in 1890 when Martin va Chemberlen converted a goldsmith's factory, built in 1865 to a design by J. G. Bland. The top storey was added in 1906 by Cossins, Peacock & Bewlay who also designed the south extension in 1911. The school was acquired by the Markaziy Angliya universiteti in 1989, along with an adjoining site.[84] Ular buyurtma berishdi Associated Architects who designed a further south extension which was constructed between 1992 and 1993. They also redesigned much of the interior, creating a full-height atrium with gallery access to workshops. The reception area can also be used as exhibition space. The building itself consists of a Lombardo-Gothic front, whilst the 1911 extension is of red brick mottled with blue.[85] The project won the 1995 RIBA Architecture Award and the 1996 Civic Trust Award.[84]

Bounded by Great Hampton Street, Hall Street and Kenyon Street is the Birmingham campus of Yuridik kolleji xayriya.[86] It is located within industrial premises, previously occupied by William Canning & Co., manufacturing chemists and dry salters and became The College of Law premises in 2001.[87] The entrance to the college is located at the corner of Great Hampton Street and Hall Street and there is vehicular access via Kenyon Street. The car park to the rear of the premises was created through the demolition of industrial units in the 1980s.[88] On 6 May 2008, the college submitted a planning application for an extension to provide 1,413 square metres (15,209 sq ft) of additional space along with car parking. The extension was designed by Gaunt Francis Architects.[88] It was approved by Birmingham City Council in September 2008[87] and construction commenced in October 2008[89] with completion in September 2009.[87]

Abbey College Birmingham is a college based in buildings overlooking St Paul's Square.[90] Opened in October 1994,[91] it is an independent college with approximately 140 pupils aged 14–19.[92] It is part of the Alpha Plus Group.[93]

Birmingem universiteti kolleji own land on Legge Lane and commissioned Glancy Nicholls Architects in 2006 to design a new campus for the site. The £15 million project was due to be submitted for planning permission in Spring 2007, although no planning application has been submitted. The design consisted of a four-storey building with 75,000 square feet (6,968 m2) bo'shliq.[94] Part of the site includes the remaining gable end of St Paul's School which was completed in 1869 to a design by J. A. Chatvin.[95]

Sobiq Birmingem yong'in brigadasi shahri station on Albion Street which was built between 1909 and 1910 to a design by T. G. Price,[96] has been converted into a private children's day nursery.[97]

Birmingham Music School - a Yamaha Music Point exists within Branston Court. Its presence heightens the growing music scene within the Jewellery Quarter and Hockley areas.

Parking in the Jewellery Quarter is predominantly pay and display and permit holders bays. There are a variety of cheaper off-road options at around 50p per hour. There are also some free parking spaces on the side streets. Free bays are marked by a white P in a blue square on a nearby sign.

Shuningdek qarang

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