Jon C. Truesdale - John C. Truesdale - Wikipedia

Jon C. Truesdale
John C Truesdale - National Labor Relations Board.jpg
Tug'ilgan(1921-07-17)1921 yil 17-iyul
Grand Rapids, Michigan, AQSh
O'ldi2011 yil 3-iyul(2011-07-03) (89 yosh)
Martinsburg, G'arbiy Virjiniya, BIZ.
KasbAdvokat; federal hukumat xodimi
Turmush o'rtoqlarKarin Nelson Truesdale
BolalarJek Truesdale, Charlz Truesdale, Endryu Truesdale, Margaret Truesdale Quigley

Jon Kushman Truesdale Jr. (1921 yil 17-iyul - 2011 yil 3-iyul) amerikalik huquqshunos va davlat xizmatchisi bo'lib, ikki muddat Ijroiya kotibi sifatida ishlagan Milliy mehnat munosabatlari kengashi, to'rt muddat Kengash a'zosi sifatida va bitta muddat Kengash raisi.

Dastlabki hayot va martaba

Jon Truesdale 1921 yil 17-iyulda tug'ilgan Grand Rapids, Michigan, John C. va Hazel C. Truesdale-ga.[1][2] U to'rt farzanddan biri edi va uning uchta singlisi bor edi: Peti, Enn va Meri.[3] 1927 yilda otasi jismoniy tarbiya professori etib tayinlandi Grinnell kolleji yilda Grinnell, Ayova.[4] Keyinchalik uning otasi kollejning basketbol bo'yicha erkaklar murabbiysi,[5] va yosh Jon Grinnelda o'sgan va u erdagi davlat maktablarida o'qigan.[1]

Uning aka-ukalari singari,[5] u Grinnell kollejiga o'qishga kirdi va o'zining A.B. daraja ijtimoiy fanlar 1942 yilda.[5][6]

U ro'yxatga olindi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari sohil xavfsizligi va 1943 yilda xizmatga kirdi.[5] Uning birinchi xabari dengiz ostiga qarshi urush o'qituvchi.[5] 1944 yil apreldan 1946 yilgacha u dengiz osti urushiga qarshi ofitser bo'lgan USS Peterson, an Edsall sinf esmort eskorti Shimoliy Atlantika okeanida konvoy vazifasini o'tash.[5] 15 aprel kuni Truesdale kemasida birinchi kun Peterson va yana ikkita esminets eskortlari Germaniyaning dengiz osti kemasini jalb qilib, cho'ktirishdi U-550.[5]

Truesdale 1946 yil sentyabr oyida ro'yxatdan o'tgan Nyu-York shtati sanoat va mehnat munosabatlari maktabi da Kornell universiteti.[7] U M.S. yilda ishlab chiqarish va mehnat munosabatlari 1948 yil may oyida.[6] Kornell universiteti o'sha paytdagi yagona ishlab chiqarish aloqalari maktabiga ega edi va har yili NLRB xodimlari malakali kadrlarni yollash uchun maktabga borar edilar. Truesdale-ning professorlaridan biri uning butun sinfini NLRB imtihonini topshirgan va Truesdale unda yaxshi natijalarga erishgan.[7]

Kengash Truesdale-ga ish taklif qildi va u ishga yollandi qo'tos 1948 yilda dala tekshiruvchisi sifatida dala ofisi.[1][7] U tayinlanganidan keyin bir necha oy davomida u boshqa advokat va do'sti Richard Lipsits Srdan xonani ijaraga oldi.[8]

Dastlabki NLRB martaba

Truesdale yuqori darajadagi dala tekshiruvchisi ekanligini isbotladi. NLRB uni keyingi uch yil ichida boshqa daladagi idoralarda talab qilinadigan lavozimlarga o'tkazishni taklif qildi, ammo u har safar rad etdi. Ammo yana bir rad etish uning martabasiga ziyon etkazishi mumkinligiga ishongan holda, 1951 yilda Nyu-Orleanga o'tishni qabul qildi. U erda vaqtincha xizmatda bo'lgan San-Frantsisko ofisining dala imtihonchisi va mehnat iqtisodchisi Karin Nelson bilan uchrashdi.[9] 1952 yilda Truesdale Vashingtonga ko'chib o'tdi,[9] u erda u Kengash uchun ma'muriy tahlilchi etib tayinlandi.[6] U 1957 yilda Karin Nelson bilan turmush qurgan.[2]

Truesdale 1957 yilda direktor o'rinbosari etib tayinlangandan so'ng NLRBni tark etdi Milliy fanlar akademiyasi.[6] 1957 yil 1 iyuldan 1958 yil 31 dekabrigacha Xalqaro geofizik yili uchun Axborot direktori bo'lib ishlagan.[6] U tadbir tugaganidan so'ng direktor o'rinbosari lavozimiga qaytib keldi va 1963 yilgacha xizmat qildi.[6]

Truesdale 1963 yilda NLRBga qaytdi. U muassasa kotibi etib tayinlandi va 1968 yilgacha ushbu lavozimda ishladi.[6] U mas'ul kotib o'rinbosari lavozimiga ko'tarildi va 1972 yilgacha shu lavozimda ishladi.[6] Truesdale ijobiy fikrga ega edi Edvard B. Miller, Nikson - 1970 yildan 1974 yilgacha NLRB kafedrasi raisi lavozimiga tayinlangan. "U boshqaruv dasturini bajarish uchun kengashga kelmagan", - deydi Truesdale 2006 yilda. "U juda adolatli odam edi; u hamkasblari bilan yaxshi ishlagan".[10] U uni qabul qildi J.D. dan Jorjtaun universiteti yuridik markazi 1972 yilda.[1][6] O'sha yili u agentlikning eng yuqori martabali idorasi - Boshqaruvning Ijrochi kotibi etib tayinlandi.[6][11]

Birinchi NLRB muddati, 1977-1981

Prezident Jimmi Karter 1977 yil 26 sentyabrda Truesdaleni NLRB a'zosi sifatida nomzod qilib ko'rsatdi,[6] Piter D. Uolterning (iste'foga chiqqan) muddati tugamagan muddatini to'ldirish.[12] AFL-CIO Daniel Pollittni o'rindiqqa undayotgan edi. Pollitt maxsus maslahat bergan Frenk Makkullox, Kennedi va Jonson ma'muriyati davrida NLRB raisi va ish beruvchilar guruhlari (masalan Biznes davra suhbati va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Savdo palatasi ) unga qat'iyan qarshi edilar. Walther va NLRB kafedrasi Jon H. Fanning ammo Truesdale tarafdorlari edi. Ish beruvchilar guruhlari Truesdale-ni biroz liberal deb hisoblashdi, ammo Fanningni yanada mo''tadil yo'lni tanlashga yordam beradi. Karter kichik tayinlanish sifatida qabul qilingan narsa uchun siyosiy kurashni boshlashni istamay, Truesdale nomzodini ilgari surdi.[13] The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati uni tasdiqladi va u 1977 yil 25 oktyabrdan 1980 yil 27 avgustgacha kengashda xizmat qildi.[14] Truesdale 1979 yilda Uilyam Lyubbers tomonidan ijro kotibi lavozimini egalladi.[15]

Kengashdagi faoliyati davomida Truesdale muhim ovoz berdi Kaliforniya shtatidagi General Trikotaj, Inc., 239 NLRB 619 (1978). The America United Steelworkers 134 dan 104 gacha bo'lgan po'latni ishlab chiqaruvchi General Knit, Inc kompaniyasida bo'lib o'tgan saylovlarda g'alaba qozongan edi. Kompaniya Kengashdan saylovni bekor qilishni so'radi, chunki kasaba uyushmasi saylov kuni kompaniya foyda ko'rganligi to'g'risida varaqa tarqatdi. 1977 yilda Kengash bo'lib o'tdi Xarid qilish uchun oziq-ovqat bozori, 228 NLRB 1311 (1977), saylovlar faqat saylovoldi tashviqoti paytida jiddiy buzilishlar ro'y berganda bekor qilinishi kerak.[16] Uolter boshqalari bilan ovoz berdi Respublika - Kengashning saylovlarni tezkor ravishda tasdiqlash vazifasi adolatli saylovlarni ta'minlash vazifasidan ko'ra muhimroq ekanligini ta'kidlab, saylovni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun tayinlangan Kengash a'zolari.[17] The Umumiy trikotaj qaror bekor qilindi Xarid qilish Karta oziq-ovqat bozori va topshirilgan tartibda Kengashning eski qoidasini tikladi Gollivud seramika.[18] Truesdale ishda muhim uchinchi ovozni taqdim etdi.[17][19]

Karter Truesdale-ni 1980 yil 5-avgustda kengash tarkibida to'liq besh yillik muddatga nomzod qilib ko'rsatdi. Ammo Senat respublikachilari, Truesdale-ning ishchilarni haddan tashqari qo'llab-quvvatlashiga ishonib,[20] uning tasdiqlanishini noyabrdagi saylovlardan keyin (respublikachi Ronald Reygan g'alaba qozonishi kutilgan) kechiktirishga intildi.[21] Respublikachilar buni avgust oyining o'rtalarida e'lon qilishdi muvozanatlash Truesdeylning tayinlanishi.[22] Sentyabr oyining o'rtalariga kelib, Senat respublikachilari prezidentlik muddati tugaganidan keyin xizmat qilishlari mumkin bo'lgan ko'p sonli Karterni tayinlagan shaxslarni butilka bilan to'ldirish bo'yicha juda kengaytirilgan strategiyani qabul qildilar.[20] 1980 yil 23 oktyabrda Prezident Karter undan foydalandi ta'tilga uchrashuv Truesdale-ni yana bir bor NLRBga tayinlash vakolatlari.[23] Truesdeylni tanaffusga tayinlash faqat Kongress sessiyaga qaytguniga qadar samarali bo'lgan.

Biroq, Prezident Ronald Reygan o'z inauguratsiyasidan keyingi kun Truesdale-ning Kengashga nomzodini qaytarib oldi,[24] va Truesdale 1981 yil 26 yanvardan boshlab iste'foga chiqdi.[14][25]

Ijrochi kotib lavozimiga qaytish

Ammo kutilmagan harakat bilan NLRBning qolgan a'zolari Truesdale-ni Kengashning ijrochi kotibi etib tayinlash uchun ovoz berishdi.[25] Prezident Karter Ijrochi kotib Uilyam Lyubbersni 1979 yil 28-noyabrda Boshqaruv kengashining nomzodiga tayinlagan edi,[26] ammo respublikachi senatorlar nomzodlikni fibilteratsiya qilishlarini aytganda, Karter tanaffusni tayinlash vakolatidan foydalanib, Lyubberni lavozimga ko'targan.[27] Ijrochi kotib o'rinbosari Robert Volger ijro kotibi vazifasini bajaruvchi etib tayinlandi. 1981 yil boshida hali ham ushbu lavozim bajarilmaganligi sababli, Truesdale 18 yanvarda ish uchun murojaat qildi.[25]

Truesdeylning tayinlanishi va uning 1994 yilgacha bo'lgan xizmati uning Boshqaruv mas'ul kotibi sifatida xolis ekanligidan dalolat berdi. Masalan, 1989 yilda, AFL-CIO Prezident Leyn Kirkland Reygan davrida tayinlanganlar o'zlarining qarorlarini menejmentga nisbatan og'dirganliklari va ish beruvchilarga qonunni buzganliklari uchun qattiq jazo tayinlamaganliklarini ta'kidladilar. Truesdale Kengashni himoya qildi va faqat bitta a'zosi (Meri Miller Krakraft) xizmatidan oldin ish beruvchiga aloqadorligini ta'kidladi.[28] Truesdale Cracraft-ni mutlaqo xolis deb himoya qildi va shunday dedi Milliy mehnat munosabatlari to'g'risidagi qonun Jazolarni tuzatish va jazolamaslik kerak edi.[28]

1990 yilda Truesdale NLRB operatsiyalarining qisman yopilishini nazorat qildi. Truesdale avgust oyi boshida katta byudjet kamomadini aniqladi.[29] Avgust oyining oxiriga kelib, Truesdale barcha sayohatlarni taqiqlashni buyurdi,[29] va barcha ULP tinglovlari bekor qilinganligini aytdi.[30] Piket bilan bog'liq ishlardan istisnolar qilingan yoki zo'ravonlik boshlanishi mumkin edi.[29] Truesdale hatto ko'rib chiqildi yugurish barcha NRLB ishchilari sentyabr oyida ikki-uch kun davomida.[29]

Ushbu davrda Truesdale, shuningdek, Kengashni Oliy sudning qarori bilan bog'liq tartibsizliklar bilan shug'ullanishga majbur qildi. Amerika aloqa xodimlari Bekga qarshi, 487 AQSh 735 (1988). Ushbu qarorda Sud, a kasaba uyushma xavfsizligi shartnomasi, kasaba uyushmalari nizomga binoan a'zo bo'lganlardan faqatgina o'z vazifalarini bajarish uchun zarur bo'lgan yig'im va yig'imlarni undirish huquqiga ega jamoaviy bitim vakil. Sud tomonidan belgilangan huquqlar Amerika aloqa xodimlari Bekga qarshi shundan beri "nomi bilan tanilganBek huquqlari. "1991 yil oktyabr oyida, Oq uy maslahatchisi C. Boyden Grey Kengashni va keyinchalik raisni tanqid qila boshladi Jeyms M. Stiven ishchilarning ishini etarli darajada ta'minlamaganligi uchun Bek huquqlar.[31] Stivenlar bu vaqtda allaqachon taklif qilgan edi a qoidalarni buzish masala bo'yicha,[32] va 1991 yil oktyabr va 1992 yil may oylarida Stivenlar Oq uy xodimlarining ushbu qoidaga izoh berishlari uchun ularga qoidani ko'rsatishni so'rab murojaat qilishdi.[33] 1992 yil may oyida o'z tarixida faqat ikkinchi marta,[34] Milliy mehnat munosabatlari kengashi o'z zimmasiga oldi qoidalarni buzish tomonidan ko'tarilgan turli xil, murakkab masalalarni hal qilishga qaratilgan Bek qaror. 1992 yil 3 sentyabrda, qoida bo'yicha jamoatchilik fikrini bildirish davri yopilgan bo'lsa ham, Oq Uy Ijrochi kotib Truesdalega ushbu qoidaga sharhlar Oq Uydan kelayotganligi, ushbu sharhlar jamoatchilikka etkazilmasligi kerakligi to'g'risida eslatma yubordi, Oq uy ushbu sharhlarni qoidaga kiritilishini kutganligi va Oq uy yakuniy qoidani nashr etilishidan oldin ko'rishni xohlaganligi.[35] Truesdale va kengashning bosh advokati Jon Xiggins ertasi kuni kengashga Oq uyning so'rovlari va pozitsiyalarini bayon etgan eslatma yubordi.[36] Kengash Oq uyning eslatmalarini ko'rib chiqmaslik yoki ko'rib chiqmaslik uchun 4-to-1 (a'zo Dennis Devaney bilan kelishmovchilik bilan) ovoz berdi.[37]

Taklif etilgan qoida 1992 yil 22 sentyabrda chiqarilgan.[38] Ammo taklif qilingan reglament bo'yicha uch yarim yillik harakatsizlikdan so'ng, Boshqaruv 1996 yil 19 martda ushbu qoidadan voz kechdi - odatdagidek odatiy yondashuv orqali tezroq davom etishi mumkin degan xulosaga keldi.[39]

Ikkinchi NLRB muddati, 1994 yil

1994 yil 24 yanvarda Prezident Bill Klinton Truesdale-ni yana bir bor Kengashga ko'tarish uchun ta'tilga tayinlash vakolatidan foydalangan. Truesdale 1994 yil 3 martgacha atigi 38 kun xizmat qildi.[14]

Tanaffusga tayinlanish juda dolzarb muammo tufayli yuzaga keldi: uzoq muddat to'xtab qolgan nomzod Uilyam B.Guld IV, a Stenford universiteti huquqshunos professor. Prezident Bill Klinton 1993 yil iyun oyida Guldni NLRB nomzodiga nomzod sifatida tayinlagan edi.[40] Ammo Guldning tayinlanishini senator qo'llab-quvvatladi Nensi Kassebaum, kim (ga ko'ra Nyu-York Tayms ) respublika Kengashiga tayinlanishlar ustidan hokimiyatni amalga oshirmoqchi edi.[41][42] Gouldning so'zlariga ko'ra, Truesdale Klinton ma'muriyati tomonidan 1993 yil dekabr oyida intervyu olgan va Kengashga yana bir tanaffus tayinlash taklifi unga ham tegishli.[43] Gumonki Klinton ma'muriyati Kassebaum bilan Truesdale ta'tiliga tayinlanish masalasini muhokama qilgan va Truesdaleni rais etib tayinlamaslikni taklif qilgan; evaziga Kassebaum Guld nomzodini oldinga surishiga imkon beradi.[43] Gouldning so'zlariga ko'ra, ma'muriyat, shuningdek, Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart yuridik firmasi bilan shug'ullanuvchi NLRBning sobiq advokati Charlz I. Koenni nomzodini ko'rsatishga rozilik bergan.[44] Kassebaum 1994 yil 19-fevralda bunga rozi bo'lganligi sababli, kelishuvlar ish berganga o'xshaydi.[45] Gould 58 dan 38 gacha, Senat tomonidan 1994 yil 2 martda tasdiqlangan.[46]

Qisman Truesdale-ning tayinlanishi Milliy mehnat munosabatlari kengashiga kvorum berish uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Iste'foga chiqishlar, nomzodlar orasida uzoq vaqt va Senatda uzoq vaqt tasdiqlanganligi sababli Kengashdagi beshta o'rindan atigi ikkitasi ishg'ol qilindi. Truesdeylning tanaffusga tayinlanishi Kengashga kvorum berdi va unga biznes yuritish imkoniyatini berdi.[47] Truesdale-ning roli ham Guld uchun "o'rindiqni issiq ushlab turish" edi, shuning uchun uning faoliyati atigi 38 kun davom etdi.[48]

Ijrochi kotib lavozimiga qaytib, Truesdale kengashni 76-1 qoidasini qayta tiklashga undadi,[49] 1976 yilda Kengash tomonidan o'rnatilgan protsessual qoidalar.[50] Ushbu qoida, agar Kengashning uchta a'zosi fikr loyihasini qabul qilishga rozilik bergan bo'lsa va hozirgacha biron bir muxolif fikr tarqalmagan bo'lsa, ushbu muddat ichida hech qanday muxolif fikr tarqatilmagan bo'lsa, xulosa ikki hafta ichida chiqarilishini talab qildi. 30 sentyabrda Truesdale rasmiy ravishda Kengashdan ushbu qoidani qayta tiklashni so'radi, ammo Kengash qarorlarni qabul qilish tezligini yaxshilash uchun boshqa yondashuvlar foydasiga rad etdi.[49]

Uchinchi NLRB muddati, 1994-1996

Truesdale yana Kengashning ijrochi kotibi lavozimiga qaytdi, ammo 1994 yil 23 dekabrda Prezident Klinton uni yana Kengash tarkibida ta'tilga tayinladi.[14][51] Truesdale prezident tomonidan Kengash tarkibiga tayinlangan konservativ demokrat Dennis Devani o'rnini egalladi Jorj H. V. Bush.[51] Ushbu ta'tilga tayinlash 1996 yil 3 yanvargacha davom etdi.[14]

Guldning so'zlariga ko'ra, Truesdale tezkor qarorlarni qabul qiladigan, ammo o'z qarashlarini o'zgaruvchan siyosiy shamollarga moslashtiradigan mehnatsevar edi.[52] Shuningdek, u Bosh Kengashning qarorlarini ijro etish uchun qonuniy choralar ko'rish bo'yicha Bosh maslahatchining har qanday so'rovini katta qo'llab-quvvatladi.[53] Gould va Truesdale Kengash ham o'ynashi kerak bo'lgan rol haqida bir necha bor to'qnash kelishdi. Gould, kafedra mehnat qonunchiligi islohoti kutilayotganligi to'g'risida ochiqchasiga gapirishi va o'zini va xodimlarni xabardor qilib turish uchun mehnat qonunchiligidagi dolzarb masalalar bo'yicha konferentsiyalarga homiylik qilishi kerakligini his qildi. Ammo Truesdale kutilayotgan qonunchilikka sukut saqlashni qo'llab-quvvatladi,[52] va Kengash seminarlarga homiylik qilish orqali xolislik ko'rinishini yaratmasligi kerak.[54]

Truesdale Kengashdagi faoliyati davomida bir nechta muhim qarorlarni qabul qilishda muhim rol o'ynadi. Ular orasida edi Makro, Inc., 316 NLRB 109 (1995) (yaxshi tanilgan Loehmann Plaza II), unda Kengash prezedentni bekor qildi (Makro, Inc., 305 N.L.R.B. 663 [1991], shuningdek ma'lum Loehmann Plaza I) atigi to'rt yil oldin tashkil etilgan va birlashishni rad etgan piketchilar ish beruvchining mulkiga kirish huquqi;[55] Oklend savdo markazi, 316 NLRB 1160 (1995), shuningdek ma'lum Oakland Mall II, unda Kengash ushbu ishchini ushlab turdi hisob-kitob qilish kasaba uyushmasi nomidan ish beruvchining mulkida bo'lishi mumkin emas;[55] Leslie Homes, Inc., 316 NLRB 123 (1995), bog'langan Filadelfiya va uning yaqinidagi Metropolitan tuman kengashi, Amerika duradgorlari va qo'shuvchilarining birodarligi, AFL-CIO v. NLRB, 68 F.3d 71 (3d. Cir. 1995), unda Boshqarma kasaba uyushmasi ko'chmas mulk ishlab chiqaruvchisi tomonidan sotilayotgan uylar egallagan erlarda piket o'tkazmasligi mumkin degan qarorga kelgan.[55] Shuningdek, u muhim holatlarda ko'pchilik bilan ovoz berdi (Kaliforniya arra va pichoq ishlari, 320 NLRB 224 [1995], Mahalliy hujjatlar 1033 (Weyerhaeuser Paper Co.), 320 NLRB 349 [1995]) da belgilanganidek kasaba uyushma a'zosi bo'lmagan ishchilarning huquqlari bilan bog'liq Amerika aloqa xodimlari Bekga qarshi, 487 AQSh 735 (1988).[55] Kaliforniya ko'rdi AQSh Oliy sudining qaroridan keyin NLRBning birinchi qarori edi Bek.[56] Truesdale va ko'pchilik, kasaba uyushmasi xodimlarni a shartnoma asosida to'lashga majbur qilmoqchi bo'lgan har doim kasaba uyushma xavfsizligi shartnomasi, barcha ishchilarga kasaba uyushmasining a'zosi bo'lmaslik va faqat jamoaviy bitimlar uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan to'lovlarni to'lashga qonuniy huquqlari borligi to'g'risida xabar berishlari kerak (va bundan keyin ham yo'q). Mahalliy hujjatlar 1033 (Weyerhaeuser Paper Co.) masalalarini hal qildi Kaliforniya ko'rdi buni qilmadi va Truesdale va Boshqarma bir ovozdan kasaba uyushmasi barcha savdo bo'limi a'zolarini (nafaqat mavjud bo'lgan a'zolar), Bek huquqlar va ular barcha kasaba uyushma a'zolariga a'zo bo'lmaslik huquqiga ega ekanliklari to'g'risida xabar berishlari shart.[57] Yilda Kantin Co., 317 NLRB 1052 (1995), enf'd. 103 F.2d 1355 (7-Cir. 1997), Truesdale vorislik haqidagi yangi yangi qarorda ko'pchilik bilan qo'shildi. Yilda Fall River Dyeing & Finishing Corp.ga qarshi NLRB, 482 AQSh 27 (1987), Oliy sud, agar bitta kompaniya boshqasiga muvaffaqiyat qozonsa, agar ikkala kompaniya o'rtasida jiddiy uzluksizlik bo'lsa va yangi kompaniya kamida 50 ta saqlab qolsa, avvalgi kompaniyaning kasaba uyushmasi bilan savdolashishga majburdir. ishchi kuchining foizi.[58] Gould tomonidan yozilgan fikrga qo'shilib, Truesdale, ish beruvchining ish haqi stavkalarini yoki nafaqa miqdorlarini o'zgartirish to'g'risidagi qarori bilan savdolashish burchini qondirmagan deb hisoblaydi.[59] Yilda Keeler Brass Automotive guruhi, 317 NLRB 1110 (1995), Gould Truesdale va Cohenni o'z ovozlarini o'zgartirishga va shikoyatlar bo'yicha qo'mita NLRA huzuridagi mehnat tashkiloti emasligini va shuning uchun "bo'lishi mumkin emas" degan fikrda besh kishidan iborat ko'pchilikni tashkil qilishga ishontirdi.kompaniya kasaba uyushmasi "(hatto ish beruvchilar ustun bo'lgan taqdirda ham).[60] Yilda A.P.R.A. Yoqilg'i moyini xaridorlar guruhi, 320 NLRB 408 (1995), Truesdale Gouldga qarshi qo'shildi Demokratik Oliy sud qarorini sharhlash uchun a'zo Peggi Braunning Sure-Tan, Inc., NLRB, 467 AQSh 883 (1984). Sud o'tkazgan Albatta bu hujjatsiz ishchilar NLRA bo'yicha ish haqini qaytarib olish huquqiga ega. Yilda A.P.R.A. Yoqilg'i moyi, jamoaviy bitim, ish beruvchini qayta ishga qabul qilishni boshlaganda, avval ishdan bo'shatilgan ishchilarni qayta tiklashni talab qildi. Agar ishdan bo'shatilgan ishchilar bo'lmasa, ish beruvchidan kasaba uyushma tomonidan yuborilgan ishchilarni jalb qilish talab qilingan. Kasaba uyushmasi bu hujjatsiz ishchilarni o'z ichiga olgan deb ta'kidladi. Ammo Truesdale va ko'pchilik Kengash ish beruvchini bunday hujjatsiz ishchilarni jalb qilishga majburlash huquqiga ega emas, deb hisoblashdi.[61]

Beysbol zarbasi

Ammo uning eng muhim qarori 1994–95 yil Beysbol oliy ligasida ish tashlash. Beysbolning oliy ligasi (MLB) va Beysbol o'yinchilarining yuqori ligasi (MLBPA) sakkiz marta shartnomalar bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borgan va har safar har xil uzunlikdagi ish tashlash harakatlari sodir bo'lgan.[62] 1994 yil bahoriga kelib, ish tashlash ehtimoli kuchayib bordi, chunki egalar va futbolchilar a haqida bahslashdilar ish haqi chegarasi, daromadlarni taqsimlash (bu sportning eng yaxshi pul ishlab chiqaradigan jamoalariga "soliq" soladi va mablag'larni eng zaif jamoalarga qayta taqsimlaydi) va ish haqi darajasi hakamlik sudi.[63] NLRB vaziyatni diqqat bilan kuzatib bordi,[64] (kichik qismida emas, chunki rais Gould beysbolga ashaddiy muxlis bo'lgan).[65] 28 iyulda MLBPA 1994 yil 12 avgustgacha yangi muddat o'rnatdi jamoaviy bitim kelishuv yoki u ish tashlashi mumkin.[66] Ish tashlash 12 avgustda boshlandi,[67] ammo sobiq tayinlanganiga qaramay Mehnat kotibi Kichik Uilyam Useri 13 oktyabr kuni maxsus vositachi sifatida[68] The Jahon seriyasi tarixda birinchi marta bekor qilindi.[69] 22-dekabr kuni egalar bir tomonlama ravishda ish haqi miqdorini tayinladilar va ish haqi hakamligini bekor qildilar.[70] Rojdestvo arafasida MLB bahorgi mashg'ulotlarni boshlashini e'lon qildi zarbdor futbolchilar.[71] Ikki kundan so'ng, egalar va futbolchilar assotsiatsiyasi ikkalasi ham ariza berishdi adolatsiz mehnat amaliyoti (ULP) NLRB bilan shikoyatlar, har bir tomon boshqasini muzokara qilmagan deb da'vo qilmoqda yaxshi niyat.[72] Ayni paytda, NLRB ish tashlash bo'yicha o'z tekshiruvini boshladi (NLRB mintaqaviy direktori Den Silverman va NLRB bosh maslahatchisi Fred Faynshteyn rahbarligida).[72][73] Kengash uchun asosiy masala - muzokaralarning qonuniy qoidalariga rioya qilinganligi.[74] Amerika mehnat qonunchiligiga binoan, ish beruvchiga oxirgi taklifini amalga oshirishga ruxsat beriladi o'lik erishilgan edi. Ammo ikki tomon noyabr oyidan beri muzokaralar olib borishgan va bu borada murosaga kelgani umuman aniq emas edi.[75] Kongress beysbolni bo'ysundiradigan qonunlarni ko'rib chiqmoqda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining monopoliyaga qarshi qonuni va 26 yanvar kuni Prezident Bill Klinton tomonlar 6 fevralga qadar kelishuvga erishish uchun katta yutuqlarga erishishlari yoki aks holda federal hukumat aralashishini e'lon qildi.[76] 3 fevral kuni egalar bir tomonlama ravishda ish haqi miqdorini ko'tarishdi.[77] Ammo hech qanday yaqin kelishuvga ega bo'lmagan holda, Usery prezidentga qonunchilik echimini taklif qilishi mumkinligini (ehtimol antitrestlik ozod qilishni olib tashlash, ehtimol majburiy arbitrajni tayinlash) maslahat bergan.[78] Ammo Kongressdagi respublikachilar (ular Palata va Senat boshqaruvini yangi qo'lga kiritgan), bunday qonunlarni qabul qilmasliklariga ishora qildilar.[79]

Ushbu o'zgarishlar NLRBning ish tashlash taqdirini hal qilishiga olib kelishi ehtimolini oshirdi. Rais Gould, Bosh maslahatchi Faynshteyn ULP tekshiruvini kechiktirmoqda (ehtimol muzokaralarga ishlash imkoniyatini berish uchun), deb ishongan, ammo Feynshteyn unga Kengashning bosh vakili bo'lishni taklif qilganida tashvishga tushgan.[80] Kengash va Bosh maslahatchi qonun bo'yicha mustaqil ravishda mustaqil tashkilot bo'lganligi sababli, Guld Faynshteynning rahbar bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymadi. Feynshteyn unga ushbu masala bo'yicha butun kengash bilan gaplashishga ruxsat berilishini so'radi. Truesdale va NLRB a'zosi Jeyms Stivens ushbu taklif qilingan uchrashuvdan jiddiy tashvish bildirdilar, chunki ish tashlash masalalari kengash oldiga kelib tushishi mumkin edi, chunki Bosh maslahatchi va kengash qo'lida bo'lishi kerak edi.[81] Feynshteyn ularning izohlaridan xafa bo'lganida, Guld Kengash a'zolariga o'zi murojaat qilishni taklif qildi. Faynshteyn shunday qildi va 8 mart kuni Kengash bilan uchrashuvda g'olib bo'ldi.[81] Ammo Kengashning beshta a'zosidan to'rttasi Faynshteynning taklifidan noroziligini bildirdi va u bekor qilindi.[81]

17 martda Faynshteyn ULP tekshiruvi natijalarini Kengashga taqdim etdi va Kengashdan 10 (j) ni tasdiqlashni so'radi buyruq.[81][82][83] Besh kundan so'ng, Truesdale va NLRB a'zosi Peggi Braunning Bosh maslahatchining talabini ma'qullashga tayyor ekanliklarini e'lon qilishdi.[84] Gould, NLRB Feynshteynning iltimosini muhokama qilish uchun 23-mart, payshanba kuni shaxsan uchrashishini e'lon qildi (garchi u ilgari bu lavozimida ishlaganida).[85] Garchi Guld uchinchi va hal qiluvchi ovoz berishga tayyor bo'lsa-da, 22 martga o'tar kechasi Usery undan har qanday qarorni to'xtatib turishini so'radi, chunki ikkala partiya rivojlanib bormoqda.[84] Usery egalari bilan juda mos kelishidan xavotirga tushib, Guld bilan bog'landi Oq uy maslahatchisi Abner J. Mikva.[84] Mikva Gouldga "hech kim uni [Usery] futbolchilarga etib borolmaydi deb o'ylaydi. U o'z ta'sirini yo'qotdi" deb maslahat berdi.[84] Guld Truesdale, Braunning va Faynshteynga qo'ng'iroqdan keyin Mikva bilan bo'lgan suhbati to'g'risida xabar berdi.[84] Ertasi kuni (23 mart) ertalab Gould Usery so'rovini butun Kengashga takrorladi (lekin Mikva bilan suhbatni emas) va Kengashga ishni kechiktirishni tavsiya qildi.[84] Kengash bir ovozdan qarorini 28 mart seshanba kunigacha qoldirishga rozi bo'ldi.[86] MBLPA Usery Goulddan kechikishni so'raganligi uchun g'azablandi,[86] va muzokaralar quladi (bu va boshqa sabablarga ko'ra). 24-mart, juma kuni tushdan keyin Gould Truesdale bilan alohida gaplashdi va muzokaralar hech qaerga ketmayotgandek tuyulganligi sababli (Usery-ning da'volariga qaramay) Kengash yakshanba kuni tushdan keyin yig'ilib, 10 (j) buyrug'i talabiga ovoz berishini tavsiya qildi.[87] Truesdale rozi bo'ldi va Gould boshqa NLRB a'zolari bilan shaxsiy ravishda uchrashib, xuddi shunday so'rov yubordi.[87] Uchrashuv haqida so'zlar oshkor bo'ldi Nyu-York Tayms, 25 mart shanba kuni yig'ilish so'zlarini e'lon qildi.[87][88]

Nimada Associated Press "favqulodda" sessiya deb nomlangan,[89] NLRB 26-mart, yakshanba kuni tushdan keyin Faynshteynning 10 (j) buyruq berish haqidagi iltimosini muhokama qilish uchun yig'ildi. Truesdale Gouldning takroriy aloqalari va matbuot bilan intervyularini juda tanqid qildi va Boshqarma jurnalistlar bilan aloqalarni taqiqlash uchun 4 dan 1 gacha ovoz berdi.[90] Guldning o'zi yolg'iz fikr bildirdi va Kengash qaroriga bo'ysunmasligini aytdi.[91] Ro'yxatdan Browning tomonidan yuborilgan Truesdale, shuningdek, Kengash ovoz berish natijalarini (3-ga-2 yoki 4-dan 1-ga yoki 5-dan-0gacha) ham oshkor qilmasligi kerakligini aytdi.[91] Gould "bu qarashni qat'iy istisno qildi".[91] A'zolar Stefens va Koen o'zlarining ovozlarini ommalashtirishlariga ruxsat berishni talab qilishganda, Truesdale o'z taklifini qo'llab-quvvatladi.[91] Truesdale, Gould va Browning buyruq so'rovini qisqacha muhokama qildilar; Ro'yxatdan Stefens, shu bilan birga, ish, umuman mehnat siyosati va sport mehnat qonuni haqida uzoq nutq so'zladi.[91] Oxir-oqibat, ikki soatlik uchrashuvdan so'ng Guld buyruqbozlik berish to'g'risidagi talabni ma'qullash uchun muhim uchinchi ovozni berdi (Truesdale va Browning-ga qo'shildi).[92]

Qarordan bir kun o'tgach, Gouldning so'zlariga ko'ra, Truesdale uning ofisiga kirib kelib, uni og'zaki shafqatsizlikka yo'liqtirdi (bu qichqiriq uchrashuviga aylandi), chunki Truesdale Gould bilan gaplashganidan xafa bo'ldi. Nyu-York Tayms Kengash qarori to'g'risida.[91] Voqeadan so'ng Guld Mikva bilan tushlik qildi, o'shanda Mikva Guldga Truesdale va boshqa Kengash a'zolariga ushbu mashhur ishda o'z ovozlarini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi fikrlar yozishga ruxsat berishni maslahat bergan.[93] Gould buni qilishni xohlamadi va Mikvaga Truesdale Bosh maslahatchining bu qimmatli mashqni bajarishga bo'lgan iltimoslarini juda hurmat qilganligini aytdi.[93] 28 martda Guld Truesdalening beysbol zarbasi paytida Guldning matbuot bilan aloqalarini tanqidiy izohlarni nashr etmoqchi ekanligini bilib oldi.[93][94] Guld Mikvadan Oq uy Truesdale-ni xususiy ravishda tarbiyalashga tayyor bo'ladimi yoki yo'qligini so'radi, lekin Mikva bunga yo'l qo'ymasligini ko'rsatdi.[93]

1995 yil 31 martda sudya Sonia Sotomayor ning Nyu-Yorkning janubiy okrugi uchun tuman sudi NLRBning 10 (j) buyrug'i bo'yicha talabini qondirdi va futbolchilar 1995 yilgi beysbol mavsumi boshlanishi uchun o'z vaqtida ishlariga qaytishdi.[95] 1995 yil 29 sentyabrda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Ikkinchi davri bo'yicha apellyatsiya sudi sudya Sotomayorning buyrug'ini o'z kuchida qoldirdi.[96]

Truesdale va Gould munosabatlarining jihatlari juda tortishuvli ko'rinadi. Ammo Maykl J. Goldberg, dekan muovini Videner universiteti yuridik fakulteti "Ular siyosatda bir-biridan farq qilsalar-da, ularning munosabatlari umuman yaxshi edi va Truesdale-ning Guld bilan NLRBda bo'lganligi haqidagi keyingi bayonoti muvozanatli bo'lganlardan biri.[97]

NLRB raisi, 1998-2001

Truesdale NRLB-dagi uchinchi muddati 1996 yilda tugaganidan keyin nafaqaga chiqdi, garchi u yarim kunlik mehnat hakamligi vazifasini bajarishda davom etsa ham.[98]

Uilyam Guldning NLRB raisi lavozimidagi vakolati 1998 yil 27 avgustda tugagan.[99] Ikki kundan so'ng, Klinton Oq Uy Truesdale'dan NLRBga stul sifatida qaytishini so'radi.[98][100] "Men bu borada juda ziddiyatli edim", dedi keyinchalik Truesdale. "Ammo men NLRBda deyarli 50 yil ishladim. Qanday qilib yo'q deb ayta olasiz?"[98] Truesdale-ni tanlash uchun ma'muriyatning asoslari uning ish beruvchilar, konservativ guruhlar va Kongressdagi respublikachilarga ma'qulligi, shuningdek, Guld raislik qilgan paytida ushbu guruhlar bilan bo'lgan tortishuvli munosabatlaridan qochish istagi edi.[98][99] Ma'muriyat rasmiylari, shuningdek, Truesdale ko'pincha Guld bilan baxtsiz munosabatda bo'lgan NLRB a'zolarining o'zaro munosabatlarini yaxshilaydi deb umid qilishdi.[98]

1998 yil 4 dekabrda Truesdalega NLRBga ta'til tayinlandi va prezident Klinton tomonidan kafedraga tayinlandi.[98] Uning tanaffusga tayinlanishi 1999 yil avgust oyida Senat tanaffus qilganida tugashi kerak edi,[98] ammo u Senat tomonidan 1999 yil 19 noyabrda bir ovozdan tasdiqlangan.[14][101] Truesdalening aytishicha, uning raislikdagi yagona maqsadi Kengash qaror qabul qilish uchun sarflagan vaqtini kamaytirishdir.[98] Truesdale vakolat muddati 2003 yil 27 avgustda tugashi kerak edi, ammo u 2001 yilda yangi Prezident inauguratsiya qilingandan so'ng u o'z lavozimidan ketishini aytdi.[101][102]

Uning kafedra lavozimida bo'lgan davrida Vashington Post Xabar berishlaricha, "Truesdale" jiddiy ishlarni olib tashlashga yordam berdi.[1] Truesdale vakolat muddati boshlanganda, Kengashda 700 ga yaqin ish bor edi.[1] Jeyms A. Gross, mehnat tadqiqotlari professori Kornell universiteti, 2011 yilda aytilganidek, ishning orqada qolishini yo'q qilish va ishni dastlabki topshirish bilan hal qilish o'rtasidagi vaqtni qisqartirish Truesdeylning rais sifatida katta yutug'i bo'lgan.[1][103] Beysbol zarbasi bahslari paytida olgan pozitsiyasiga sodiq qolgan Truesdale ham asosan NLRBni axborot vositalaridan chetlashtirdi.[1][104] Sobiq rais Gould Truesdale kengashi ko'rib chiqayotgan ko'plab siyosat masalalari bo'yicha qaror chiqarmaganligini va Truesdale kengashi 10 (j) buyruqlarni chiqarishni rad etganini ta'kidladi.[52] Biroq, Kundalik mehnat hisoboti (federal mehnat siyosati va NLRBni kuzatuvchi mustaqil nashr) shuni ta'kidladiki, Kengash a'zolari Truesdale davrida NLRB ni ancha kollegial deb hisoblashdi.[105]

Truesdeylning NLRB raisi lavozimidagi faoliyati ikki yildan sal ko'proq davom etdi va shu vaqt ichida Kengash na avvalgi moddani bekor qildi va na yangi doktrinani yaratdi. Biroq, 200 fevral oyi oxirida Kengash buni amalga oshirdi qarorga keltirish Oliy Ligadagi Umpires Assotsiatsiyasi va sertifikatlangan Jahon Umpires uyushmasi uchun yangi ittifoq sifatida hakamlar yilda Beysbolning oliy ligasi. Truesdale yangi ittifoqni tasdiqlovchi uch xatboshidan iborat fikrni yozdi.[106] Boshqarma 2000 yil oktyabr va noyabr oylarida ikkita muhim qaror qabul qildi. Birinchisi, Nyu-York universiteti, 332 NLRB 1205 (2000), xususiy kollej va universitetlarda aspirantlarning o'qituvchi va ilmiy yordamchilari NLRA tomonidan belgilangan xodimlar. Truesdale ishontirdi Respublika A'zo Piter J. Xurtgen o'zi va Ro'yxatdan qo'shilish uchun Vilma B. Libman tayanib Boston tibbiyot markazi, 330 NLRB 152 (1999) (bu avvalgi holatni o'zgartirib, tibbiyot stajyorlari va rezidentlarini ishchilar deb topdi) aspirantlarni ishchi sifatida topish uchun.[107][108] Xuddi shu kuni, ichida NYP Acquisition Corp., 332 NLRB 1041 (2000), Truesdale Ro'yxatdan Sara Foksni o'zi va Xurtgen bilan birlashib, Kengashning vorislik qarorlarini sezilarli darajada o'zgartirishga ishontirdi. Rupert Merdok "s Yangiliklar korporatsiyasi sotib oldi Nyu-York Post 1976 yilda.[109] 1988 yilda News Corp. Nyu-York shahridagi televizion stantsiyani sotib olganida, federal regulyatorlar Merdokdan ushbu televizorni sotishni talab qilishgan Xabar.[110] 1991 yilda yangi noshir bankrot bo'lgan,[111] va News Corp. qog'ozni 1993 yilda yana sotib oladi.[110][112] The Nyu-York Post keyinchalik ko'plab kasaba uyushma ishchilarini ishdan bo'shatishdi.[113] NLRB nafaqat iste'foga chiqishlar va kechiktirilgan tasdiqlashlar sababli Truesdale va Xurtgen 1993 yilda qog'oz sotib olish uchun ishlatilgan sho'ba News Corp kompaniyasining 1976 News Corp. sho'ba korxonasidan etarlicha farq qilgan degan xulosaga kelib, Truesdale va Xurtgen Kengashning vorislik sinovini o'zgartirishga qo'shilishdi. u etarlicha turli xil maqsadlar bilan, u Kengashning vorislik vazifasini savdolashish talablarini qo'zg'amagan.[114]

Ammo Klinton ma'muriyatining pasayib borayotgan oylarida Truesdale Kengashga ikkita yangi yangi qaror chiqarishga rahbarlik qildi. Birinchisi kirib keldi M.B. Sturgis, Inc., 331 NLRB 1298 (2000), unda Kengash uzoq vaqtdan beri mavjud bo'lgan presedentsiyani bekor qildi va vaqtinchalik ishchilarga kasaba uyushmalariga ruxsat berdi.[115][116] Va ichida Ogayo shtatining shimoli-sharqidagi epilepsiya fondi, 331 NLRB 676 (2000), Kengash birlashmagan xodimlarga intizomiy muhokamalar paytida ishchilar vakili ishtirok etish huquqini kengaytirdi.[115][117]

Jorj V.Bush 2000 yilgi AQSh prezidentlik saylovlarida g'alaba qozondi va Truesdale Bushga o'zining raisini tayinlashiga ruxsat berish uchun Kengashdagi lavozimini tark etishiga ishora qildi. Ammo Truesdale darhol iste'foga chiqsa, Senat Bushning yangi tayinlaganlarini tasdiqlagan paytgacha Kengashda kvorum etishmaydi degan xavotir bor edi.[118] Keyinchalik, Truesdale NLRBdan ketishini kechiktirdi. Bushning nomzodi sifatida Piter Xurtgen 2001 yil 15 mayda tasdiqlangan edi, ammo Truesdale agentlikni o'z kvorumini saqlab qolishda yordam berish uchun Kengashda qoldi. Uning raislik muddati tugashi bilan Truesdale jamoatchilik oldida Xurtgen va kelajakdagi NLRB kafedralarini Kengash qarorlarini zamonaviy ish joylarining ehtiyojlarini qondirishini ta'minlash va ishlarning orqada qolishini davom ettirish uchun mavjud pretsedentga qattiq qarashga chaqirdi.[115]

Truesdale NLRB raisi lavozimidan 2001 yil 14 mayda iste'foga chiqdi, ammo 2001 yil 1 oktyabrda iste'foga chiqqunga qadar Kengash tarkibida qoldi.[14][119]

Rene Aleksandr Akosta 2001 yil 9-oktabrda Truesdale-ning o'rinbosari lavozimiga tayinlangan.[120] Acosta 2002 yil 22-noyabrda Truesdale-ning 2003 yil 27-avgustda tugagan muddati uchun tasdiqlangan.

Pensiya va o'lim

Truesdale uning o'rnini egallagan Piter J. Xurtgenga yaxshi so'zlarni aytdi. "U mafkurachi emas, - dedi Truesdale 2002 yil oktabrda." U menejmentdan kelib chiqqan va menimcha, u o'zi sizni respublikachi va konservator va boshqaruvga yo'naltirilgan odam deb aytadi. Ammo u har doim juda adolatli edi ".[121]

1998 yilda NLRBni tark etganida u 78 yoshda bo'lsa-da, Truesdale hakamlik faoliyatini davom ettirdi va sarlavhalarni davom ettirdi. Bunday qoidalardan biri Banita Jaklar ish. 2008 yilda Jeks ochlikdan va keyinchalik to'rtta bolasini (5 yoshdan 16 yoshgacha) o'ldirishda aybdor deb topildi.[122] Jasadlar topilganidan to'rt kun o'tgach, Kolumbiya tumani meri Adrian Fenty Vashingtondagi bolalar va oilalarga xizmat ko'rsatish agentligining olti nafar xodimini "shunchaki o'z ishlarini bajarmagan" deb ishdan bo'shatdi.[123] Ijtimoiy ishchilarning uchtasi shaharga shikoyat qilishdi. Truesdale sudga hakam sifatida tayinlangan. 2008 yil sentyabr oyida Truesdale xulosa chiqarib, u uchalasi ham noqonuniy ravishda bekor qilingan deb qaror qildi. Truesdale shaharga ijtimoiy ishchilarni bir xil ish haqi va nafaqa darajalarida qayta ishga olishni, hodisani xodimlar yozuvlaridan chiqarib tashlashni va ularga ish haqi (foizlar bilan) va ular tugatilgan davr uchun imtiyozlarni qaytarib berishni buyurdi.[124]

Yana bir ish Kolumbiya okrugining metropoliten politsiya bo'limi (MPD). 2007 yilda yangi tayinlangan MPD Politsiya boshlig'i Keti L. Lanier "Barcha qo'llar kemada" siyosatini e'lon qildi, unda barcha 4000 MPD xodimlari uch kun davomida jinoyatchilik yuqori bo'lgan mahallalarda patrul qilish va hibsga olish buyruqlarini bajarish uchun ishladilar.[125] "All Hands on Deck" ning bir necha davri 2007, 2008 va 2009 yillarda sodir bo'lgan Politsiyaning birodarlik buyrug'i (FOP), Kolumbiya okrugidagi politsiyachilar vakili bo'lgan kasaba uyushmasi, ushbu amaliyotga nisbatan oltidan 10 tagacha shikoyat yuborgan, bu jamoaviy shartnomani buzganligi va D.C.ning qonunlarini buzganligi.[126] 2009 yil sentyabr oyida Truesdale hakamlik xulosasini taqdim etdi, unda MPD zobitlarni kasaba uyushma shartnomasini buzgan holda ta'til kunlari va xizmat turlarini o'zgartirishga majbur qilganligi, ushbu bir tomonlama shartnomalar o'zgarishi bo'yicha FOP bilan savdolashmaganligi va shaharni "All Hands on Deck" tashabbusini to'xtatish.[126][127] Shuningdek, u MPDga qo'shimcha smenada ishlagan zobitlarga ortiqcha ish haqi (foizlar bilan) to'lashni buyurdi.[126][127] Lanier said would appeal the ruling to the Public Employee Relations Board and the courts.[126][128]

Truesdale moved from his home in Bethesda, Merilend, ga yashashga yordam berish inshoot Annapolis, Merilend, 2005 yilda.[1] In early 2011, he moved to Martinsburg, G'arbiy Virjiniya, to be closer to family members.[1] U vafot etdi West Virginia University Hospitals East-City Hospital from cancer on July 3, 2011.[1] Uning xotini va to'rt farzandi qoldi.[1] U aralashdi Arlington milliy qabristoni.[129]

Awards, memberships, and honors

John C. Truesdale was a member of the Amerika advokatlar assotsiatsiyasi, Merilend advokatlar uyushmasi va Kolumbiya okrugi advokatlar uyushmasi.[9] U shuningdek, uning a'zosi edi College of Labor and Employment Lawyers, a professional association of labor and employment law lawyers which promotes the practice of labor and employment law and honors outstanding achievement in these fields.[9]

Truesdale was a member of the Executive Board of the Association of Labor Relations Agencies from 1983 to 1995, and served as the organization's president from 1992 to 1993.[130] He was a long-time member of the D.C. chapter of the Sanoat aloqalarini tadqiq qilish uyushmasi, and was the association's president in 1989.[130]

Truesdale was a well-known arbitrator, and he worked for the Amerika arbitraj assotsiatsiyasi, Federal vositachilik va kelishuv xizmati, Milliy mediatsiya kengashi va Oregon Employment Relations Board.[130] He also served for a time as a member of the Chet el xizmatining shikoyatlari bo'yicha kengashi.[130]

In 1988, Truesdale was awarded the President's Rank Award for Meritorious Executives, the second-highest annual award given to members of the Katta ijroiya xizmati in the U.S. federal government.[9]

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l Buerger, Megan. "John C. Truesdale, NLRB Chairman and Staff Member, Dies at 89." Vashington Post. 2011 yil 9-iyul. Accessed 2011-07-15.
  2. ^ a b Kim mehnatda kim, p. 602.
  3. ^ "Mrs. Truesdale Dies in Florida." Grinnell Herald-Register. 1980 yil 15-may.
  4. ^ Nollen, p. 181.
  5. ^ a b v d e f g Toner, p. 207.
  6. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k "National Labor Relations Board Nomination of John C. Truesdale to Be a Member." Matbuot xabari. Prezident devoni. Oq uy. September 26, 1977. Woolley, John T. and Peters, Gerhard. Amerika prezidentligi loyihasi. Santa-Barbara, Kalif. Accessed 2011-07-15.
  7. ^ a b v Toner, p. 207-208.
  8. ^ Lipsitz later defended numerous labor leaders before the Senatning Tergov bo'yicha doimiy quyi qo'mitasi during Senator Jozef Makkarti 's anticommunist hearings in the 1950s. He also defended many people before hearings of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari faoliyati qo'mitasi 1950 va 1960 yillarda. He also represented civil servants accused of violating the Makkarran ichki xavfsizlik to'g'risidagi qonun and educators accused of violating New York state's anticommunist loyalty test laws (known as the "Feinberg law"). He was the winning counsel in Keyishianga qarshi Regents kengashi, 385 U.S. 589 (1967), which overturned the law. See: Williams, Fred O. "Labor of Love: Richard Lipsitz, Sr., Has Been Labor's Advocate for More Than 50 Years." Buffalo yangiliklari. 2003 yil 7-may.
  9. ^ a b v d e Toner, p. 208.
  10. ^ Jensen, Trevor. "Edward Miller: 1922–2006." Chicago Tribune. 2006 yil 28-noyabr.
  11. ^ He succeeded Ogden Fields, who had been Executive Secretary from 1960 to 1972.
  12. ^ Yalpi, p. 242.
  13. ^ Yalpi, p. 243.
  14. ^ a b v d e f g "Board Members Since 1935." Milliy mehnat munosabatlari kengashi. Sana yo'q. Arxivlandi 2010-01-30 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Accessed 2011-07-15.
  15. ^ Pas, Erik. "William A. Lubbers, 75, Lawyer For U.S. Labor Relations Board." Nyu-York Tayms. September 10, 2000.
  16. ^ The Board had first ruled on the issue in Hollywood Ceramics, 140 NLRB 221 (1962). But after 15 years, the Republican-dominated Board overturned Hollywood Ceramics yilda Shopping Kart Food Market. See: Twomey, p. 114.
  17. ^ a b "N.L.R.B., in Reversal, Sets Aside Contested Union Vote on Coast." United Press International. 1978 yil 12-dekabr.
  18. ^ Twomey, p. 114.
  19. ^ The Board would reverse itself yet again in Midland National Life Insurance, 263 NLRB 387 (1982). The Shopping Kart-Midland National Life rule was upheld by the Qo'shma Shtatlarning Uchinchi davri bo'yicha apellyatsiya sudi yilda North American Directory Corp. v. NLRB, 339 F.2d 74 (1991). See: Twomey, p. 114.
  20. ^ a b Tolchin, Martin. "Republicans Fight Carter's Nominees." Nyu-York Tayms. 1980 yil 14 sentyabr.
  21. ^ Yalpi, p. 245.
  22. ^ Hershey, Jr., Robert D. "Washington Watch." Nyu-York Tayms. August 18, 1980.
  23. ^ "Carter Uses the Senate's Recess to Reappoint N.L.R.B. Member." Associated Press. October 25, 1980.
  24. ^ "Second Democrat Resigns From NLRB." Associated Press. January 26, 1981.
  25. ^ a b v "Aide Spurned by Reagan Named to N.L.R.B. Post." Nyu-York Tayms. 1981 yil 30-yanvar.
  26. ^ Public Papers of the President..., p. 2166.
  27. ^ Shabekoff, Filipp. "Nominee Opposed by Businesses Gets Temporary Job at N.L.R.B." Nyu-York Tayms. December 28, 1979.
  28. ^ a b Tolchin, Martin. "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Chief Laments State of Labor Laws." Nyu-York Tayms. 1989 yil 30-avgust.
  29. ^ a b v d Maurer, Mitch. "Labor Board Cuts Cost." Tulsa dunyosi. 1990 yil 30-avgust.
  30. ^ Reza, H.G. "Budget Crimp Cancels All Labor Practice Hearings." Los Anjeles Tayms. 1990 yil 29 avgust.
  31. ^ Gould, p. 128.
  32. ^ It had taken this decision in March 1992. See: Zebrak, p. 152.
  33. ^ Gould, p. 128-129.
  34. ^ Swoboda, Frank. "Labor Board to Address Dues Issue." Vashington Post. May 5, 1992.
  35. ^ Gould, p. 129.
  36. ^ Gould, p. 129-130.
  37. ^ Gould, p. 130.
  38. ^ "Proposed Union Dues Regulation." 57 FR 43635 (1992-09-22); "NLRB's Stephens Cites Advantages of Rulemaking to Deal With Beck Issues." Kundalik mehnat hisoboti. October 15, 1992; "NLRB Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Oral Argument on Enforcing Beck v. Communications Workers of America." Kundalik mehnat hisoboti. September 22, 1992.
  39. ^ "Board Drops 1992 Proposal to Engage in Rule-Making for Agency Fee Procedures." Kundalik mehnat hisoboti. March 19, 1996.
  40. ^ The chair of the NLRB is selected from among the existing members of the NLRB, and serves as chair at the pleasure of the President of the United States. Being named chair does not require Senate approval.
  41. ^ Lyuis, Entoni. "Abroad at Home: Running the Gantlet." Nyu-York Tayms. 1994 yil 31 yanvar.
  42. ^ Traditionally, one or more members of the NLRB resign (out of courtesy to the President) in the first year of a President's first term in order to allow the President to appoint a majority of the Board from members of his own political party. If the chair's term is due to last more than a year into the new president's first term, the chair is one of those to resign.
  43. ^ a b Gould, p. 44.
  44. ^ Gould, p. 44-47.
  45. ^ Gould, p. 47.
  46. ^ Gould, p. 48-49; Noble, Barbara Presli. "At the Labor Board, New Vigor." Nyu-York Tayms. 1994 yil 4 sentyabr.
  47. ^ "Clinton Fills Labor Board Temporarily." Associated Press. January 25, 1994.
  48. ^ Gould, p. 215.
  49. ^ a b Gould, p. 62.
  50. ^ Woldow, p. 1088-1089.
  51. ^ a b Gould, p. 55.
  52. ^ a b v Gould, p. 56.
  53. ^ Gould, p. 67.
  54. ^ Gould, p. 70.
  55. ^ a b v d Goldberg, p. 1053.
  56. ^ National Labor Relations Board, 1997, p. 25. Arxivlandi 2011-10-20 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
  57. ^ The latter holding was intended to enforce NLRB v. General Motors Corp., 373 U.S. 734 (1963). Qarang: National Labor Relations Board, 1997, p. 25-26. Arxivlandi 2011-10-20 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
  58. ^ Njoya, p. 1984-185.
  59. ^ Gould, p. 77.
  60. ^ Gould, p. 189.
  61. ^ Gould, p. 410.
  62. ^ Gould, p. 101-108.
  63. ^ Smit, Kler. "All the Signs Are Pointing to Another Major-League Strike." Nyu-York Tayms. May 19, 1994; Chass, Myurrey. "Owners Pull So Hard on Cap, They Can't See Strike in Their Path." Nyu-York Tayms. 1994 yil 7 iyun.
  64. ^ Gould, p. 108.
  65. ^ Gould, p. 102.
  66. ^ Chass, Myurrey. "Players Association Sets Strike Date of Aug. 12." Nyu-York Tayms. 1994 yil 29 iyul.
  67. ^ Chass, Myurrey. "No Runs, No Hits, No Errors: Baseball Goes on Strike." Nyu-York Tayms. August 12, 1994.
  68. ^ Smit, Kler. "White House Takes Cut at Ending Baseball Strike." Nyu-York Tayms. 1994 yil 14 oktyabr.
  69. ^ Chass, Myurrey. "Owners Terminate Season, Without the World Series." Nyu-York Tayms. September 15, 1994.
  70. ^ Chass, Myurrey. "Baseball Owners Implement a Cap on Players' Pay." Nyu-York Tayms. December 23, 1994.
  71. ^ Chass, Myurrey. "Baseball Braces for a Brave New World of Replacements." Nyu-York Tayms. December 25, 1994.
  72. ^ a b Chass, Myurrey. "Players and Owners File Complaints With Labor Board." Nyu-York Tayms. December 28, 1994.
  73. ^ Gould, p. 111.
  74. ^ Gould, p. 110-111.
  75. ^ Gould, p. 109-111.
  76. ^ Jehl, Duglas. "Clinton Warns Major Leagues to Settle Strike." Nyu-York Tayms. 1995 yil 27 yanvar.
  77. ^ "Pressured Owners Lift the Salary Cap." Nyu-York Tayms. February 4, 1995.
  78. ^ Chass, Myurrey. "It's Clinton at the Bat in Labor Negotiations." Nyu-York Tayms. 1995 yil 6 fevral.
  79. ^ Gould, p. 112.
  80. ^ Gould, p. 112-113.
  81. ^ a b v d Gould, p. 113.
  82. ^ Chass, Myurrey. "Talks Off as N.L.R.B. Summons Parties." Nyu-York Tayms. March 14, 1995; Chass, Myurrey. "N.L.R.B. Cites Baseball's Owners Again." Nyu-York Tayms. 1995 yil 15 mart.
  83. ^ The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), as amended, authorizes the General Counsel to act as the National Labor Relations Board's representative in the courts. However, the General Counsel cannot initiate suits without the Board's consent. Similarly, the Board cannot enforce its orders without the consent of the General Counsel. Section 10(j) of the NLRA authorizes the Board to seek a temporary or preliminary injunction in any unfair labor practice case. See: Goldberg, p. 1050; McGuiness and Silverberg, p. 16.
  84. ^ a b v d e f Gould, p. 114.
  85. ^ Chass, Myurrey. "N.L.R.B. Moving Fast." Nyu-York Tayms. March 18, 1995.
  86. ^ a b Chass, Myurrey. "Labor Board Slows Action in Bid to Get Owners and Players Back to Table." Nyu-York Tayms. March 24, 1995.
  87. ^ a b v Gould, p. 115.
  88. ^ Chass, Myurrey. "Labor Board and Senate Are Busier Than the 2 Sides." Nyu-York Tayms. 1995 yil 25 mart.
  89. ^ Abrams, Jim. "NLRB's Decision Targets Owners, Injunction to Be Sought." Associated Press. March 27, 1995.
  90. ^ Gould, p. 115-116.
  91. ^ a b v d e f Gould, p. 116.
  92. ^ Chass, Myurrey. "Labor Board to Seek Injunction Against Baseball Club Owners." Nyu-York Tayms. March 27, 1995; Maske, Mark. "NLRB Votes to Seek Injunction Against Baseball Owners." Vashington Post. March 27, 1995.
  93. ^ a b v d Gould, p. 117.
  94. ^ The comments were made in a statement issued to Kundalik mehnat hisoboti, a labor relations industry newsletter. See: Flynn, p. 518, 519.
  95. ^ Chass, Myurrey. "Backed By Court, Baseball Players Call Strike Over." Nyu-York Tayms. 1995 yil 1 aprel.
  96. ^ Chass, Myurrey. "Appellate Court Rules in Favor of Players." Nyu-York Tayms. September 30, 1995.
  97. ^ Goldberg, p. 1045-1046. See also: Truesdale, 2000, generally.
  98. ^ a b v d e f g h Skrzycki, Cindy. "For NLRB, an Improvement in Its Own Relations." Vashington Post. 1998 yil 25-dekabr.
  99. ^ a b Issiqxona, Stiven. "Parting Shots by Labor Board Chief." Nyu-York Tayms. 1998 yil 23-iyul.
  100. ^ Skrzycki, p. 63.
  101. ^ a b "John Truesdale Continues as NLRB Chairman Following Unanimous Senate Confirmation." Matbuot xabari. Milliy mehnat munosabatlari kengashi. 1999 yil 22-noyabr. Arxivlandi 2013 yil 8 aprel, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Kirish 2011-07-28.
  102. ^ Skrzycki, Cindy. "Changing of the Guard: New President's Choices At Regulatory Agencies Will Set the Course." Vashington Post. November 5, 2000.
  103. ^ William J. Gould disagrees with this analysis, at least insofar as it applies to the period through 1999. He argues that the backlog rose in Truesdale's first year by almost 20 percent, and that the median number of days it took to issue a decision rose by almost 62 percent. See: Gould, p. 287-292.
  104. ^ Stein, p. 507.
  105. ^ "Truesdale Reflects on Tenure As Chairman." Kundalik mehnat hisoboti. November 16, 1999, p. A9-A10.
  106. ^ Blum, Ronald. "NLRB Certifies New BB Umps Union." Associated Press. 2000 yil 24 fevral.
  107. ^ Arenson, Karen W. "U.S. Allows Unions of Postgraduates." Nyu-York Tayms. 2000 yil 2-noyabr.
  108. ^ There is ongoing debate by the Board over this issue. Yilda Braun universiteti, 342 NLRB 42 (2004), Member Liebman reversed herself and joined a unanimous Board in overturning Nyu-York universiteti and returning to the Board's previous precedent. In June 2011, NLRB Region 2's acting director denied a new election for graduate students at New York University. But in doing so, the decision strongly criticized Braun universiteti as wrongly decided, laid out a factual record that would support the ruling in Nyu-York universiteti, and concluded that the dual role of student and employee was not incompatible with the NLRA. The graduate students at New York University said they will appeal to the full NRLB. See: Greenhouse, Steven and Arenson, Karen W. "Labor Board Says Graduate Students at Private Universities Have No Right to Unionize." Nyu-York Tayms. July 16, 2004; Issiqxona, Stiven. "N.Y.U. Teaching Assistants' Unionization Hopes Get a Boost." Nyu-York Tayms. 2011 yil 20-iyun. Accessed 2011-07-28; Berret, Dan. "Munozara qayta boshlandi." Yuqori Ed ichida. 2011 yil 21 iyun.[doimiy o'lik havola ] Accessed 2011-07-28; Shmidt, Piter. "NLRB Official's Ruling Bolsters Drive to Unionize NYU Teaching Assistants." Oliy ta'lim xronikasi. 2011 yil 20-iyun. Kirish 2011-07-28.
  109. ^ "News Corp: Historical Overview". Hollywood Reporter. 2005 yil 14-noyabr.
  110. ^ a b Byanko, Entoni. " Nyu-York Post: Profitless Paper in Relentless Pursuit." Biznes haftasi. 2005 yil 21 fevral.
  111. ^ Hylton, Richard D. "Bankruptcy Protection Is Sought by Kalikow." Nyu-York Tayms. 1991 yil 21 avgust.
  112. ^ News Corp. was able to buy the Xabar because numerous politicians persuaded the Federal aloqa komissiyasi to grant Murdoch a permanent waiver from the rules that had forced him to sell the paper five years earlier. See: Andrews, Edmund L. "Murdoch Gets Waiver From the F.C.C. to Buy the Nyu-York Post." Nyu-York Tayms. 1993 yil 30 iyun.
  113. ^ Glaberson, William. "After His F.C.C. Victory, Murdoch Battles Unions." Nyu-York Tayms. July 2, 1993; Glaberson, William. "Murdoch Closes Nyu-York Post, Citing a Failure of Labor Talks." Nyu-York Tayms. July 10, 1993; Glaberson, William. "Newspaper Guild Once Again Finds Itself Left Out." Nyu-York Tayms. 1993 yil 14-iyul.
  114. ^ Issiqxona, Stiven. "Labor Board Rules for Post Owner on '93 Layoffs." Nyu-York Tayms. 2000 yil 3-noyabr.
  115. ^ a b v Weaver, Gregory. "NLRB Chief Hopes That Successor Follows Trail." Indianapolis yulduzi. 2001 yil 6 aprel.
  116. ^ This ruling was itself overturned by a Republican-dominated three-member Board in Oakwood Care Center, 343 NLRB 33 (2004). See: Joyce, Amy. "Temps Lose Bargaining Rights Won in 2000." Vashington Post. 2004 yil 30-noyabr.
  117. ^ Union employees had long enjoyed this right after the U.S. Supreme Court issued its ruling in NLRB qarshi J. Weingarten, Inc., 420 U.S. 251 (1975). Ammo Epilepsiya fondi ruling was itself overturned in June 2004 by a three-member Republican-dominated board in IBM Corp., 341 NLRB No. 148 (2004). See: Joyce, Amy. "Temps Lose Bargaining Rights Won in 2000." Vashington Post. 2004 yil 30-noyabr.
  118. ^ Swoboda, Frank. "Openings Leave Panel Up for Grabs." Vashington Post. November 5, 2000.
  119. ^ Issiqxona, Stiven. "Washington: National Labor Relations Chairman Named." Nyu-York Tayms. 2001 yil 17-may.
  120. ^ "White House Nominations Sent to the Senate" Press release. Prezident devoni. Oq uy. 2001 yil 9 oktyabr.
  121. ^ Coile, Zachary. "Port Mediator Praised as Fair." San-Fransisko xronikasi. October 5, 2002.
  122. ^ Alexander, Keith L. "Banita Jacks Found Guilty of Murdering Daughters." Vashington Post. 2009 yil 29 avgust.
  123. ^ Dvorak, Petula va Namakura, Devid. "Qizlarning o'limida Fenty Fire 6." Vashington Post. 2008 yil 15-yanvar.
  124. ^ Dvorak, Petula. "Reinstate 3 Social Workers, D.C. Told." Vashington Post. September 6, 2008. The District of Columbia appealed to the city's Public Employee Relations Board, and as of June 2010 the case had not been heard. See: Dvorak, Petula. "D.C. Social Workers Fired in Maelstrom of Banita Jacks Case Should Be Reinstated." Vashington Post. 2010 yil 25 iyun.
  125. ^ Klein, Allison and Johnson, Jenna. "Police OT Credited in Crime Dip." Vashington Post. 2007 yil 12 iyun.
  126. ^ a b v d Labbe-DeBose, Theola. "'All Hands' Program Runs Into Trouble." Vashington Post. 2009 yil 12 sentyabr.
  127. ^ a b Jurdan, Kristi. "Arbitrator Says All Hands on Deck Unlawful." Washington Times. 2009 yil 11 sentyabr.
  128. ^ On November 14, 2009, Lanier said she would openly disobey Truesdale's order, and continue holding "All Hands on Deck" days. The initiatives were continuing as of June 2010, despite a change in mayoral administrations. See: Labbe-DeBose, Theola. "D.C.'s 'All Hands' to Continue, Despite Ruling." Vashington Post. 2009 yil 14-noyabr; "Sizing Up Mr. Fenty: What His Choice of Cathy Lanier as Police Chief Revealed." Vashington Post. 2010 yil 2-iyun.
  129. ^ "John C. Truesdale, 89." Hagerstown Herald-Mail. 2011 yil 16-iyul.
  130. ^ a b v d "Clinton Names Truesdale to National Labor Relations Board." Matbuot xabari. Prezident devoni. Oq uy. 1998 yil 14 oktyabr.

Bibliografiya

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