Li Deyu - Li Deyu - Wikipedia

Li Deyu (Xitoy : 李德裕; pinyin : Lé Déyù; 787 - 850 yil 26-yanvar^[1][2][3]), xushmuomala nomi Venrao (文 饒), rasmiy ravishda Vey gersogi (衛 公) rasmiysi edi Xitoy sulola Tang sulolasi sifatida xizmat qiladi kantsler birodarlar hukmronligi davrida Imperator Wenzong va Imperator Vuzong va (qisqacha) ularning amakisi Imperator Syuanzong. U o'nlab yillar davomida Li fraktsiyasi deb nomlangan Niu-Li fraktsion kurashlari va imperator Vuzong davrida ayniqsa kuchli bo'lgan, sud maydonida hukmronlik qilgan va qulab tushgan kampaniyalar paytida siyosatni boshqargan. Xuigu Xonlik va lashkarboshiga qarshi Lyu Zhen. Imperator Vuzong vafotidan so'ng, hokimiyatdagi mavqei uchun uni uzoq vaqtdan beri xor qilgan imperator Syuanzong uni lavozimidan tushirgan va quvg'in qilgan va u erda quvg'inda vafot etgan.

Fon

Li Deyu 787 yilda, hukmronlik davrida tug'ilgan Imperator Dezong. Uning bobosi Li Qiyun (李 栖 筠) bosh imperator tsenzurasi va uning otasi bo'lib xizmat qilgan Li Jifu oxir-oqibat a sifatida xizmat qiladi kantsler imperator Dezongning nabirasi davrida Sianzong imperatori. Li Deyu yoshligida shuhratparast va juda diqqatli, ayniqsa, diqqat markazida ekanligi aytilgan Xan kitobi va Zuo Zhuan. Biroq, u bo'ysunishni istamadi imperiya imtihonlari. Imperator Dezong davrida Zhenyuan davr (785-805), Li Jifu surgunda bo'lganida, Li Deyu otasiga hamroh bo'lgan va rasmiy martaba izlamagan.^[3]

Sianzong imperatori davrida

Imperator Sianzong davrida Li Jifu kansler bo'ldi va Li Deyu nomaqbul ko'rinishdan qochishni istaganligi sababli, u imperator senzurasi idorasida yoki imperatorlik hukumatining uchta asosiy byurosida ishlamaganligi aytilgan. Aksincha, u turli viloyat hokimlari shtatida ishlagan. 816 yilda kantslerdan keyin Chjan Hongjing kantsler lavozimini tark etib, Xedong tumanining harbiy gubernatori bo'ldi (河東, shtab-kvartirasi zamonaviy Taiyuan, Shanxi ), Chjan Li Deyu'ni kotib sifatida ishlashga taklif qildi. 819 yilda, Chjan poytaxtga qaytib kelganida Chang'an imperatorga hurmat bajo keltirish va keyinchalik Chang'anda qolish uchun Li Deyu imperatorlik tsenzurasi unvoniga ega bo'ldi. Jiancha Yushi (監察 御史).^[3]

Imperator Muzong davrida

820 yilda imperator Sianzong vafot etdi va uning o'rnini o'g'li egalladi Imperator Muzong.^[4] Imperator Muzong o'zining imperatorlik tsenzurasi pozitsiyasidan tashqari Li Deyu'ni imperator olimiga aylantirdi (phi, Xanlin Xueshi) shuningdek. Aytishlaricha, imperator Muzong Li Tsifu haqida u bo'lgan paytdanoq ko'p eshitgan valiahd shahzoda, u Li Deyuga hurmat ko'rsatgan. Ko'p o'tmay Li Deyu amalga oshirildi Tuntian Yuanwailang (屯田 員外郎), jamoat ishlari vazirligining past darajadagi amaldori (工部, Gongbu) va imperatorlik bilimdoni bo'lishni davom ettirdi. Li Deyu o'sha paytda imperator qarindoshlari ta'sirchan bo'lib, noo'rin so'rovlar bilan murojaat qilayotganini ko'rganligi sababli, u imperator qarindoshlaridan kantslerlar bilan shaxsiy uchrashuvda emas, balki kantslerlar bilan uchrashishni talab qilgan iltimosnoma yuborgan. uylar. Keyin Li Deyu unvoniga ko'tarildi Kaogong Langzhong (考 功 郎中), davlat xizmati ishlari vazirligining nazorat xodimi (吏部, Libu) va farmonlarni tayyorlashga mas'ul.^[3]

821 yilda Li Deyu kelgusi voqealarni engillashtiradigan hodisalardan biri deb hisoblangan hodisaga aralashdi Niu-Li fraktsion kurashlari. O'sha paytda Li Deyu ham, ham Yuan Zhen Yuanning hamkasbi bilan hokimiyat uchun kurashda qatnashgan Zhonshu Sheren (中 書 舍人, hukumat qonunchilik byurosining o'rta darajadagi rasmiy vakili (中書省, Zhonshu Sheng)) Li Zongmin, ayniqsa Li Deyu uzoq vaqtdan beri Li Zongmin va undan norozi bo'lgan Niu Sengru chunki Li Jifu Yuanxening uchinchi yilida kansler bo'lganida Li Jifuga nisbatan qattiq tanqidlar bo'lgan (803). Ayni paytda Li Zongminning qonunchilik byurosidagi kichik hamkasbi Yang Rushi (楊汝士) va marosimlar vazirining o'rinbosari (禮部 侍郎, Libu ShilangQian Xui (錢 徽) imperatorlik imtihonlarini nazorat qilish uchun mas'ul bo'lgan. Harbiy gubernator Duan Venchan (sobiq kantsler) va imperator olimi Li Shen ikkalasi ham ma'lum tekshiruvchilar uchun Qianga yashirin iltijo qilishdi. Biroq, natijalar e'lon qilinganda, Duan va Li Shen tavsiya qilgan imtihonchilarga natijalar berilmadi, imtihonlardan o'tganlar orasida esa Zheng Lang, imtihon byurosining ukasi (門下 省, Menxia Sheng) rasmiy Zheng Tan; Pei Zhuan (裴 譔) harbiy gubernatorning o'g'li Pei Du (shuningdek, sobiq kantsler); Li Zongminning kuyovi Su Chao (蘇 巢); va Yang Rushining ukasi Yang Yinshi (楊 殷 士). Shunday qilib, bu ommaviy shov-shuvga sabab bo'ldi va Duan Yang Rushi va Qianni adolatsizlikda ayblab hisobot taqdim etdi. Imperator Muzong imperator olimlaridan fikrlarini so'raganda, Li Deyu, Yuan va Li Shen Duanning fikriga qo'shilishdi. Shunday qilib imperator Muzong Li Zongminning hamkasbi Van Tsiga (王 起) Qian, Li Zongmin va Yang Rushi-ni prefektura prefekti darajasiga tushirishda va Tsian va Yang Rushi tomonidan tanlangan 10 nafar imtihonchilarni olib tashlashda qayta imtihon o'tkazish. Bu Li Deyu va uning sheriklari (Li fraktsiyasi nomi bilan tanilgan) va Li Zongmin va uning sheriklari (Niu nomi bilan atalgan Niu fraktsiyasi) o'rtasidagi qariyb 30 yillik kurashlarning boshlanishi deb aytilgan.^[4]

822 yilda Li Deyu o'zi Zhonshu Sherenva imperatorlik olimi sifatida xizmat qilishni davom ettirdi.^[3] U Niu bilan bir qatorda mumkin bo'lgan kantsler nomzodi sifatida qaraldi. 823 yilda imperator Muzong kantsler lavozimiga tayinlandi, Li Deyu esa Chang'andan gubernatorlik vazifasini bajarishga yuborildi. Guanchashi) Zhexi Circuit (浙西, bosh qarorgohi zamonaviy Chjetszyan, Tszansu ). Li Deyu buni o'sha kansler tomonidan qilingan hiyla-nayrang deb o'ylardi Li Fenji Niu kansler bo'lishi uchun uni siqib chiqarish uchun, keyin esa Niu va Li Fendzidan yanada ko'proq xafa bo'ldi.^[5]

Li Deyu Tszesi hokimi etib tayinlangan paytda, Zxesi shunchaki ofitser Van Guotsinning fitnasi tufayli azob chekdi (王國清) Li Deyu oldingisini ag'darish uchun Dou Yizhi Va fitna tugagandan so'ng Dou askarlarni joylashtirish uchun tuman xazinasini tugatdi deb aytilgan. Li Deyu tejamkorlik bilan yashagan va o'z xarajatlari byudjetining qolgan qismini askarlarga bergan, chunki u ularga bu qadar ko'p bermasa-da, ular mamnun bo'lishgan va uning topshirig'idan ikki yil o'tgach, xazina to'lgan edi. yana. Shuningdek, u tuman aholisining yo'llarini o'zgartirishga, ularga zararli bo'lgan urf-odatlarni yo'q qilishga intilgani aytilgan. Masalan, tuman aholisi xurofot va yovuz ruhlardan qo'rqishgan, masalan, yaqin oila a'zolari kasal bo'lsa, oila a'zolarini tashlab yuborishgan. Li Deyu odamlar orasida bu haddan tashqari xurofot ekanligini biladiganlarni o'rgatdi va oila a'zolarini tashlab ketganlarni yanada ko'proq jazoladi, bir necha yil ichida bu odat yo'q bo'lib ketdi. Shuningdek, u tumandagi turli xil ibodatxonalarni kataloglashtirdi - shunday qilib faqat yaxshi tarixiy shaxslarga sig'inadiganlar qolishiga ruxsat berildi, u esa boshqa 1010 ibodatxonani yo'q qildi. U yana qaroqchilar tomonidan operatsiya bazasi sifatida ishlatilmasligi uchun tog'lardagi 1460 uyni yo'q qildi.^[3]

Imperator Jingzong davrida

Imperator Muzong 824 yilda vafot etdi va uning o'rnini o'g'li egalladi Imperator Jingzong.^[5] Yosh imperator Jingzong o'zining turmush tarzida isrofgar ekanligi aytilgan va keyinchalik 824 yilda u Zhexi Circuit-ga saroy foydalanish uchun bir qator kumush idishlarni topshirishni buyurgan. Li Deyu, tuman uchun sarflangan xarajatlar tufayli bir chetga surib qo'yishni iltimos qildi. U o'zining iltimosiga javob olmadi, ammo ipak topshirish uchun buyurtmani bekor qilish haqidagi keyingi iltimosnomasi qondirildi.^[3] Shuningdek, 824 yil oxirida, Vang Chixing harbiy gubernator (Jiedushi ) yaqin atrofdagi Wuning Circuit (武寧, bosh qarorgohi zamonaviy Syuzhou, Tszansu ), odamlarni olib ketishiga ruxsat berishini so'radi tonzur (ya'ni, bo'lish) Buddist rohiblar ) Si prefekturasida (泗州, zamonaviy tilda) Huai'an, Tszansu ), imperator Jingzong uchun ilohiy ne'matlarni izlash. Imperator Jingzong dastlab bunga rozi bo'ldi. Natijada, odamlar soliqlardan qutulish uchun tonzure olish uchun Si prefekturasiga shoshilishdi. Li Deyu o'z e'tirozini bildirdi va agar shunday davom etsa, Zhexi va uning Tszedun (浙東, bosh qarorgohi zamonaviy Shaoxing, Chjetszyan ) va Fujian (福建, bosh qarorgohi zamonaviy Fuzhou, Fujian ) jangga layoqatli 600 ming yigitni yo'qotadi, imperator Jingzong amaliyotni to'xtatishni buyurdi.^[5]

825 yilda Li Deyu imperator Jingzongni o'z yo'lini o'zgartirishga chaqirgan olti qismdan iborat iltimosnoma yubordi. Qizil ekrandagi oltita Maksim (丹 扆 六 箴), oltita she'rda har biri to'rtta 12 ta satrdan iborat bo'lib, imperatorning oltita sohadagi noo'rin xatti-harakatiga ishora qilgan va u o'zgarishiga umid qilgan:^[3][5]

• U imperator amaldorlari bilan uchrashuvlarga kechikkanligi va ularni tez-tez o'tkazmaganligi.
• U mos bo'lmagan kiyimda bo'lganligi.
• U juda ko'p o'lpon so'raganligi.
• U halol maslahatlarga beparvolik bilan qaraganligi.
• Uning firibgarlarga yaqin bo'lganligi.
• U juda ko'p joylarda lazzatlanishni qidirayotgani.

Imperator Jingzong Li Deyuga minnatdorchilik bildirgan va uni maqtagan farmon chiqardi.^[5] Li Deyu bu imperator Jingzongning e'tiborini tortadi va uni Chang'anga chaqirib oladi deb umid qilgani aytilgan edi, ammo hali ham kansler bo'lgan Li Fenji bu imkoniyatni oldini oldi.^[3]

Imperator Venzong davrida

Kantslerlikdan oldin

Taxminan 827 yilda imperator Jingzong o'ldirilgan va uning ukasi uning o'rnini egallagan Imperator Wenzong.^[5] 829 yilda imperator Venzong Li Deyuni Chang'anga chaqirib olib, uni mudofaa vazirining o'rinbosari qildi (兵部 兵部, Bingbu Shilang). Katta kantsler Pei Du Li Deyu imperator Venzongga kansler lavozimiga tavsiya etilgan, ammo o'sha paytda davlat xizmatlari vazirining o'rinbosari bo'lgan Li Zongmin yordami tufayli Li Deyu ustidan kantsler etib tayinlangan. xizmatkorlar. Shundan so'ng Li Zongmin Li Deyuga tahdid deb qaraganligi sababli Li Deyu yana Chang'an shahridan Yicheng Circuit (governor 成 成) ning harbiy gubernatori sifatida xizmatga yuborildi. Anyang, Xenan ). Keyinchalik, Li Zongmin tavsiyasiga binoan, Vuchan tumanining harbiy gubernatori bo'lgan Niu (武昌, shtab-kvartirasi zamonaviy Vuxan, Xubey ) o'sha paytda, 830 yilda kantsler sifatida chaqirilgan va Li Zongmin va Niu Li Deyuning ittifoqchilarini Chang'andan chiqarib yuborish uchun birgalikda ishlagani aytilgan; hattoki Pei Chang'an shahridan Shannan East Circuit (g山南 山南 道 serve) harbiy gubernatori sifatida xizmat qilish uchun yuborilgan. Sianfan, Xubey ).^[6]

Keyinchalik 830 yilda Li Deyu Yichengdan Xichuan tumaniga ko'chirildi (bosh qarorgohi zamonaviy Chengdu, Sichuan ), yaqinda a Nanzhao 829 yilda bosqinchilik va uning himoyasida zaif deb aytilgan. Li Deyu Sichuanga kelganida, u Sichuanning ko'plab eski askarlari va ofitserlari bilan maslahatlashib, Nanzjao bilan jabhalar bilan tezda tanishdi va Tufan. Shuningdek, u Sichuanning kuchlari jiddiy ravishda zaiflashganiga ishora qilib, qo'shimcha kuchlar izladi. Uning so'rovlari qondirilgandan so'ng Li Deyu ham askarlarni o'qitdi, chegara qal'alarining mudofaasini qurdi va favqulodda oziq-ovqat zaxiralarini saqladi va ilgari boshqa Nanzhao bosqinidan qo'rqqan Sichuan aholisi tinchlantirildi, deyilgan.^[6]

831 yilda Li Deyu Nanzhaodan xabarchilar yuborib, Nanzhaodan 829 bosqini paytida Nanzhao tortib olgan ba'zi Sichuan xalqini qaytarishini so'radi va Nanzhao 4000 kishini qaytarib berdi.^[6]

831 yil oxirlarida Li Deyu Xidamou (悉 怛 謀), Tufan Vey prefekturasi uchun mas'ul (zh維, zamonaviy) Ngawa Tibet va Tsian avtonom prefekturasi, Sichuan ), Tufan o'n yillar oldin Tangdan tortib olgan Vey prefekturasini unga topshirdi. Li Deyu taslim bo'lishni qabul qilishni va Vey prefekturasidan Tufanga qarshi katta kampaniya uchun maydon sifatida foydalanishni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Niu qarshi chiqdi va bu Tang va Tufan o'rtasidagi tinchlik shartnomasining buzilishi ekanligini va agar urush boshlanganda Tufan kuchlari Chang'anga osonlikcha etib borishi mumkinligini ta'kidladilar. Imperator Venzong uning argumentini qabul qildi va Li Deyu Vey prefekturasini, shuningdek Xidamou va uning askarlarini Tufanga qaytarishni buyurdi. Tufan Xidamou va uning askarlarini qirg'in qildi. Qirg'in Niuga qarshi ko'plab mashhur kayfiyatlarni keltirib chiqardi va o'sha paytda odatda Niu / Li Zongmin va Li Deyu o'rtasidagi ziddiyatning natijasi deb qaraldi. Ushbu voqea Li Deyuning Niudan yanada ko'proq noroziligini keltirib chiqargani aytilgan.^[6]

832 yilda imperator Venzong Xidamou masalasidagi qaroridan pushaymon bo'lganligi sababli, Niu iste'foga chiqdi va Huainan tumanining (g, shtab-kvartirasi zamonaviy binoda) harbiy gubernatoriga aylandi. Yangzhou, Tszansu ). Li Deyu Chang'anga mudofaa vaziri sifatida chaqirildi (b, Bingbu Shangshu) va xalq kayfiyati bilan kansler bo'lishini kutgan edi. Bu Li Zongminni juda qo'rqitdi va u maslahatiga binoan Du Kong, dastlab Li Deyu bilan bosh imperator tsenzori bo'lishini tavsiya qilib, Li Deyu bilan tinchlik o'rnatishga harakat qilar edi (b, Yushi Daifu). Biroq, keyinchalik Li Zongmin boshqa sherik Yang Yuqing (楊 虞卿).^[6]

Kantslerlik

833 yilda Li Deyu kantsler etib tayinlandi amalda belgilash bilan Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同 中 書 門下 平章事). U Venzong imperatoriga minnatdorchilik bildirish uchun Imperator Wenzong bilan uchrashganida, imperator Wenzong u bilan imperiya hukumati tarkibidagi partiyalar masalasini muhokama qildi va Li Deyu imperator Venzong partizanlikni yoqtirmasligini ko'rib, imperator amaldorlarining uchdan bir qismi partiyaviylik bilan shug'ullanayotgani haqida fikr bildirdi - va keyin imperator Venzongning partiyaviylikni yoqtirmasligidan foydalanib, u hukumatga yoqmagan odamlarni, shu jumladan Yan Yuqing va Yangning sheriklari Chjan Yuanfu (張元夫) va Syao Xuan (蕭 澣). U tez orada Li Zongmin bilan bir qatorda Yangning lavozimidan tushirilishi va Li Zongminning Chjen Tan va Yin You iste'dodlarini kamsitishi (殷 侑). Keyinchalik, Li Zongmin Shannan G'arbiy tumanidagi harbiy gubernator sifatida xizmat qilish uchun poytaxtdan jo'natildi (山 南西 道).^[6]

Shuningdek, 833 yilda, Yang Yuanqing (楊元卿) Xuanwu tumanining harbiy gubernatori (shtab-kvartirasi zamonaviy Kaifeng, Xenan ) kasal edi va Yangning vorisi haqida munozara olib borildi, Li Deyu ko'chib o'tishni taklif qildi Lyu Kongjian Zhaoyi tumanining harbiy gubernatori (bosh qarorgohi zamonaviy Changji, Shanxi ), Xuanvuga - Lyu oilasi Lioning otasidan beri Chjaoyda mustahkamlanib qolgani kabi Liu Vu, yozuvlarni yo'q qilish. Liu Kongjian bilan to'qnashish vaqti hali kelmaganiga ishongan imperator Venzong Li Deyuning taklifiga amal qilmadi va o'rniga sobiq kansler lavozimini egalladi. Li Cheng Syuanvuning harbiy gubernatori. Ayni paytda, Li Deyu taklifiga binoan imperator Venzong o'z o'g'lini yaratish bilan bir qatorda farmon chiqardi Li Yong valiahd shahzoda, shuningdek imperator knyazlariga (qadimgi davrlardan beri saroy majmuasi ichida yashash bilan cheklangan bo'lgan) buyruq berdi Imperator Xuanzong ) saroydan tashqarida yashashga ruxsat berildi va ularga mahalliy amaldor sifatida komissiyalar berildi; qizlari tezkor turmushga chiqishi; va imperatorlik imtihonlari endi she'riyatni sinamaydi. (Ammo imperator knyazlarining saroy majmuasidan chiqib ketishi, ular qanday komissiya olishlari to'g'risida tortishuv tufayli amalga oshirilmadi).^[6]

Biroq, 834 yildan boshlab Li Deyu imperator Venzongning yaqin hamkori uchun qarama-qarshi komissiyalar tomonidan imperator Venzongning noroziligiga tusha boshladi. Li Zhongyan bu ham imperator Venzongning boshqa sherigini xafa qildi, Zheng Zhu, shuningdek, evronik kabi Vang Shoucheng, Zheng va Li Zhongyanni imperator Venzongga tavsiya qilgan. Vang, Zheng va Li Zhongyan Li Deyuga qarshi kurashish uchun Li Zongminni Shannan G'arbiydan yana kansler lavozimiga chaqirishgan. Ko'p o'tmay, Li Deyu o'zi Shannan G'arbiy harbiy gubernatori etib tayinlandi va uni olib borishda davom etdi Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi faxriy unvon sifatida unvon. Keyin Li Deyu imperator Venzong bilan uchrashdi va Chang'anda qolishni iltimos qildi. Dastlab, imperator Venzong bunga rozi bo'lib, unga Chang'anda mudofaa vaziri sifatida ishlashga ruxsat berdi. Biroq, Li Zongmin bu Li Deyu qaror qilishi kerak emas, deb e'tiroz bildirgandan so'ng, imperator Venzong Li Deyuni Zhenghai Circuit (ya'ni Zhexi) ga harbiy gubernator sifatida xizmatga yuborish uchun yubordi va bundan keyin uni saqlab qolishga imkon bermadi. Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi sarlavha.^[7]

Kantslerlikdan keyin

Biroq, Chjen Chju Li Deyuga hujum qilishni davom ettirdi. 835 yilda Zhengning sheriklari Van Fan (王 璠) va Li Xan (李漢Li Deyu Du Zhongyang bilan aloqada bo'lganlikda aybladi (杜仲陽) ho'l hamshira Imperator Wenzongning akasining Li Cou, ilgari Chjan shahzodasi (u shu vaqtga qadar Chao okrugining gersogi lavozimiga tushirilgan edi), Li Tsueni imperator Venzongga qarshi qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun. Imperator Venzong g'azablanib, kantslerlar Chjen, Vang va Li Xan bilan uchrashuv chaqirdi. Li Deyuning hamkasbi kantsler sifatida, Lu Suy, o'zining mudofaasida gapirdi, shuning uchun dastlab Li Deyu azob chekkan yagona oqibat shu edi Taizi Binke (太子 賓客), Li Yong shtatining a'zosi - lekin uning ofisini sharqiy poytaxtda bo'lish uchun yuborgan Luoyang, unvonni to'liq sharafli qilish. Keyinchalik, Lu o'zini kantsler unvonidan mahrum qildi va Li Deyyu himoya qilganligi sababli Zhengay harbiy gubernatoriga aylantirdi. Lu lavozimidan tushirilgandan so'ng Li Deyu yana Yuan prefekturasining bosh kotibi lavozimiga tushirildi (袁州, zamonaviy ma'noda) Yichun, Tszansi ), Venzong imperatori kasal bo'lganida u imperator Venzongga tashrif buyurmaganligi va uning Sichuandagi soliq yig'imi odamlarga muammo tug'dirganlikda ayblanib. Keyinchalik, Li Zongmin ham imperator Venzongning g'azabiga duchor bo'lganida va u ham surgun qilinganida, Zheng va Li Zhongyan (ularning ismi shu payt Li Xun deb o'zgartirilgan), ular o'zlariga yoqmagan har qanday imperator amaldorini ayblash uchun fursatdan foydalana oldilar. Li Zongmin yoki Li Deyu sheriklari va ayblanuvchilar ko'pincha surgun qilingan yoki lavozimidan tushirilgan.^[7]

835-yil oxirlarida imperator Venzong, Chjen va Li Syunning qudratli evnuchlarni (keyinchalik " Ganlu hodisasi ) muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi, bu evroniklarning imperator amaldorlarini, shu jumladan Zheng, Li Syun (u shu vaqtga qadar kantsler etib tayinlangan) va Li Syunning hamkasblarini o'ldirishiga olib keldi. Vang Ya, Jia Su va Shu Yuanyu. Uchastka muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganidan so'ng, 836 yil bahorida Li Deyu biroz ko'tarilib, Chu prefekturasining prefekti (滁 洲, zamonaviy) Chjjou, Anxuiy ), va ilgari Li Zongmin yoki Li Deyu sheriklari bo'lganligi sababli surgun qilingan yoki lavozimidan tushirilgan mansabdor shaxslar ham ko'tarila boshlaganlar.^[7] Ko'p o'tmay, Li Deyuning o'zi yana Tszxi hokimi etib tayinlandi.^[3]

837 yilda Li Deyu Xuaynan harbiy gubernatorining o'rinbosari etib, Niu Sengruning o'rniga harbiy gubernator vazifasini bajaradi. Li Deyu uning o'rnini egallashi haqida eshitgan Niu, bu ishni o'rinbosari Chjan Luga topshirdi (張 鷺) va darhol o'chirib qo'ydi. Li Deyu kelganida, u tuman xazinasida Niu aytganidan faqat yarim baravar ko'pligi va Chjan boylikning yarmini Niu yo'qligida sarf qilganligi to'g'risida hisobot taqdim etdi. Niu o'zini va Zhangni himoya qilgan iltimosnoma bilan murojaat qildi va Li Deyuga xazina zaxiralarini qayta sanashni buyurishini so'radi. Qayta sanab chiqilgandan so'ng, Niu hisoboti to'g'ri deb topildi. Li Deyu kechirim so'rab, Xuaynanga birinchi bor kelganida kasal bo'lganligi va qo'l ostidagi xodimlar tomonidan aldanib, jazolashni so'ragan. Imperator Venzong Li Deyuga jazo bermadi.^[3]

Xuaynanda bo'lganida, davrning uy boshqaruvchisi Yang Qinyi (楊欽 義), Chang'anga eslatildi va u saroy aloqalarining direktorlaridan biri bo'lishiga umidvor edi - evronik uchun eng yuqori lavozimlardan biri. Li Deyu, Yangga bo'lgan hurmatini namoyish qilmasa ham, Yangni ziyofatga taklif qildi va unga sovg'a sifatida juda ko'p xazina berdi. Ammo, Yang Byan prefekturasiga ((, zamonaviy Kayfengda) etib kelganida, imperator Venzong tartibini o'zgartirib, Xuaynanga qaytarishga majbur qildi. Yang Huaynanga qaytib kelgach, u qiynalib, sovg'alarni Li Deyuga qaytarib berdi, ammo Li Deyu: "Bular unchalik arzimaydi", deb javob berdi va Yang sovg'alarni saqlab qo'ydi, shu bilan Yang bilan mustahkam aloqalar o'rnatdi.^[8]

Imperator Vuzong davrida

Huigu kampaniyasidan oldin

840 yilda imperator Venzong vafot etdi va uning o'rniga ukasi, Imperator Vuzong - kim imperator Venzongning tanlovi bo'lmagan (ularning jiyanini xohlagan) Li Chengmey uning o'rnini egallash uchun) yoki kantslerlar Yang Sifu (keyinchalik imperator Vuzong uni boshqa birodarini qo'llab-quvvatlaganiga ishongan, Li Rong An shahzodasi) va Li Jyu (keyinchalik imperator Vuzong Li Chengmeyni qo'llab-quvvatlaganiga ishongan),^[8] ikkalasi ham keyingi tarixchilar tomonidan Niu fraktsiyasi rahbarlari hisoblangan^[9] - lekin kuchli evroniklar tomonidan tanlangan Qiu Shiliang va Yu Hongzhi (魚 弘志).^[8] Imperator Vuzong Yangga yoki Li Tsyuga ishonmaganligi sababli ularni ularni kansler lavozimidan olib tashladi va Yang Qinyi Li Deyuga tavsiya qilgani kabi, Li Deyuni Xuaynandan kansler lavozimiga chaqirishga qaror qildi.^[8]

Li Deyu Chang'anga kelganida, imperator Vuzong uni qildi Menxia Shilang (門下 侍郎), imtihon byurosi rahbarining o'rinbosari va yana kantsler Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi. Unga minnatdorchilik bildirish uchun imperator Vuzong bilan uchrashganda, Li Deyu kantslerlarga davlat ishlarini ishonib topshirish muhimligini, shuningdek, imperator va uning amaldorlari o'rtasidagi ochiqlikni ta'kidladi.^[8]

Li Deyu yana kansler bo'lganidan ko'p o'tmay, rasmiylar Yan Sifuning sheriklari, masalan Pei Yizhi (裴 夷 直) va Li Zhonmin (李中敏) imperator hukumatidan chiqarildi. Shunga qaramay, 841 yilda, imperator Vuzong, Yang va Li Jyu uni qanday qo'llab-quvvatlamaganidan hanuzgacha norozi bo'lganida, Yang va Li Jyuga o'z joniga qasd qilishni buyurish uchun xizmatkorlarni yubordi, Du Kong esa Li Deyuga imperator Vuzongni rag'batlantirmasligi kerakligini ko'rsatdi. Li Deyu va boshqa kanslerlar bilan birga rasmiylarni o'ldirish rejimida bo'ling Cui Gong, Cui Dan va Chen Yixing, Yang va Li Jyu nomidan shafoat qildilar va ulardan ko'p iltimos qilganlaridan so'ng, Yang, Li Jyu va shuningdek, Pei yanada lavozimidan tushirildi, ammo hayotlaridan omon qolishdi.^[8]

Huigu kampaniyasi

Ayni paytda, 840 yilda Tang ittifoqchisi Huigu xon Yaoluoge Hesa (藥 羅葛 闔 馺) va uning bosh vaziri Jueluowu (掘 羅 勿) mayorda o'ldirilgan Szatsiasi, va qolgan Huigu kuchlari chalkashlik holatiga tashlandi. Chalkashlikda Huigu zodagonlarining bir guruhi qo'llab-quvvatladi Yaoluoge Wuxi (藥 羅葛烏希) yangi xon sifatida (Vuji Xon singari), Yaoluoge Xesaning ukasi esa Vamosi Huigu zodagonlarining yana bir guruhini Tiande (天 德, zamonaviy) bilan chegaradosh shaharga olib bordi Bayan Nur, Ichki Mo'g'uliston ) va Tangga bo'ysunishni taklif qildi. 841 yilda Tiande qo'mondoni Tian Mou (田 牟) va eunuch monitor Wei Zhongping (韋仲平) g'alaba qozonganiga ishonishni istab, taslim bo'lishni qabul qilmaslikni taklif qildi - Vamosi Vuji Xonga nisbatan xoin ekanligini ta'kidlab, hujum qilishni taklif qildi. Li Deyu Vamosining xoin emasligini ta'kidladi, chunki u Vuji Xon xonlik unvoniga da'vogarlik qilguniga qadar taqdim etishni taklif qilgan - va avvalgi Tang-Xuyu ittifoqiga asoslanib, Xamu odamlari, masalan, Vamosi buyrug'idagi odamlar qabul qilinishi kerak edi. . Imperator Vuzong rozi bo'ldi va Vamosining taklifini qabul qildi.^[8]

Keyinchalik Vamosi Huigu aholisi uchun favqulodda oziq-ovqat yordamini so'radi va Li Deyu imperator Vuzongni qabul qilishni taklif qildi. Imperator Venzong tomonidan chaqirilgan keyingi yig'ilishda Chen Yixing qat'iyan qarshi chiqdi va bu aslida dushmanga yordam berishini ta'kidladi. Li Deyu ta'kidlashicha, Vamosi itoatkor bo'lib qolishidan qat'i nazar, uning xalqini boqish kerak edi - yoki aks holda, Tang kuchlari o'sha paytda jangga tayyor emasligi sababli, Tiande hujum ostida qoladi. Chen boshqa qarshilik ko'rsatishga jur'at etmadi va imperator Vuzong Vamosining odamlariga favqulodda oziq-ovqat zaxiralarini yuborishni ma'qulladi. Shuningdek, Li Deyu maslahati bilan imperator Vuzong Vamosiga farmon chiqarib, imperator Syanszongning qizini (va shu tariqa, imperator Vuzongning xolasini) qidirib topishni va qaytarib berishni so'ragan. Malika Taihe Imperator Muzong avvalgi xonga uylangan, Chonde Xon, a qismi sifatida heqin (nikoh alyansi), Syuziasi kuchlari Huigu kuchlariga qarshi qilgan mag'lubiyatdan beri imperator Vuzong sudi aloqani uzgan. (Imperator Vuzong (va Li Deyu) noma'lum bo'lgan paytda, malika Tixe dastlab Syadzasi xoni Ar tomonidan qo'lga olingan edi (阿 熱), Tangning imperatorlik Li klani bilan uzoq aloqada ekanliklarini da'vo qilgan va unga hurmat bilan qarashgan. Uni Tang hududiga qaytarib yuborish uchun karvon yuborildi, ammo karvon Vuji Xon tomonidan ushlanib yo'q qilindi, keyinchalik Malika Tixeni garovga oldi.)^[8]

Shu bilan birga, Huigu chegarasidagi sxemalardan biri - Lulong davri (shtab-kvartirasi zamonaviy Pekin ) uzoq vaqtdan beri faqat noma'lum ravishda imperiya nazorati ostida bo'lgan - o'z ichki tartibsizliklarini boshdan kechirayotgan edi, 841 yil boshlarida harbiy gubernatorni o'ldirgan isyon bo'lgan edi Shi Yuanzhong. Askarlar dastlab ofitser Chen Xingtayni qo'llab-quvvatladilar (陳行泰) sxemani egallab olish. Imperator Vuzong Li Deyu maslahati bilan Chenning harbiy gubernatori bo'lishi uchun Chen nomidan yuborilgan arizalar bo'yicha zudlik bilan choralar ko'rishni rad etdi. Ko'p o'tmay Chenning o'zi o'ldirildi va askarlar boshqa zobit Chjan Tszyanni qo'llab-quvvatladilar (張 絳) ularning etakchisi bo'lish. Imperator Vuzong xuddi shunday Chjan nomidan qilingan arizalarni ko'rib chiqishni rad etdi. Keyinchalik, Lulong ofitseri Chjan Zhonvu, u o'sha paytda Xiongwu Base (雄武 雄武) komandiri bo'lgan Chengde, Xebey ), imperator Vuzong Chjan Tszyanga yana Li Deyuning maslahati bilan hujum qilish uchun imperatorlik komissiyasidan va ruxsat so'rab, rozi bo'ldi va Chjan Zhonvu tez orada Lulongning poytaxti Sen prefekturasini egallab oldi (幽州) va sxemani egallab oldi.^[8]

Shuningdek, 841 yilda toshqin Syan prefekturasiga zarar etkazganda (襄州), O'shanda Niu Sengru harbiy gubernatori bo'lgan Shannan Sharqiy tumanining poytaxti Li Deyu imkoniyatdan foydalanib, halokatni Niuga aybladi va uni o'z hokimiyatidan mahrum qildi. 842 yil bahorida yana bir voqea sodir bo'ldi Song Dynasty tarixchi Xu Sanxing Li Deyuning partizan tomonini ko'rsatdi.^[10] Rasmiy Lyu Gongquan Li Deyu bilan do'stona munosabatda bo'lgan, ammo Cui Gong Lyuga Tsixian institutiga rahbarlik qilish uchun imperatorlik olimi bo'lishni tavsiya qilganida (集賢 院), Li Deyu norozi edi, chunki bu tavsiya u tomonidan qilinmagan. Shuning uchun u Liu uchun bahona topdi Taizi Zhanshi (太子 詹事) - hech qanday vakolatsiz to'liq faxriy lavozim.^[8]

Shuningdek, 842 yilda Li Deyu maslahatiga binoan imperator Vuzong Tianga Huigu qoidabuzarliklari bilan shug'ullanishni to'xtatishni buyurdi, aksincha ularni oziq-ovqat bilan ta'minlab, ularni shtab-kvartirasi zamonaviy bo'lgan Hedong ko'chasiga yuboring. Taiyuan, Shanxi ) (ular Tiandda qolmasliklari va buzilishlari uchun). Shuningdek, Li Deyu tavsiyasi bilan general Shi Xiong Tiandega Huigu reydlaridan himoyalanishda Tianga yordam berish uchun yuborilgan.^[8]

Bu orada, Tsyu Li Deyuning hokimiyatni ushlab turishiga ham juda hasad qilgandi. Imperator Vuzong umumiy afv etishni rejalashtirganida, Tsyuga mish-mishlar tarqaldi, farmonning bir qismi sifatida kantslerlar va moliya direktori Shence armiyasining kiyim-kechagi va oziq-ovqat stendlarini kamaytirishni rejalashtirmoqda, Tsyu ochiqchasiga: "Agar bu sodir bo'lsa, kechirim e'lon qilingach, askarlar Danfeng minorasi [(丹鳳 樓, imperatorlar afv qilgan minora)] oldida to'planib namoyish qiladilar! " Imperator Vuzong bu gaplardan g'azablanib, Tsyu va boshqa Shence armiyasining zobitlarini mish-mish tarqatgani uchun tanbeh berish uchun xizmatkorlarni yubordi va Tsyu kechirim so'radi.^[8]

842 yil yoziga kelib Vuji Xon Tang chegara hududlariga ochiqchasiga hujum qildi. Imperator Vuzong Li Deyuni Vuji Xon va uning maslahatchilariga qarshi turli xil tanbehlar tayyorlashga mas'ul etib, ularni hujumlarini qayta ko'rib chiqishga undaydi. Shuningdek, Vuji Xan malika Tixeni Huiguga Tiandeni operatsiya bazasi sifatida qarz olishiga ruxsat berish to'g'risidagi talablarni yuborishga majbur qilganligi sababli, imperator Vuzong Li Deyu unga javob qaytarib yozib qo'ydi:^[8]

Ilgari, imperiya sevimli qizini Huigu bilan turmush qurish uchun qo'yib yuborishga tayyor edi. Bu imperiya uchun tinchlikni izlash edi va Huigu bizga chegaralarni tinchlantirishda va chet el hujumlaridan himoya qilishda yordam beradi deb ishonishgan. Ammo so'nggi Huigu harakatlari mutlaqo asossiz edi va uning otlari ko'pincha janubga qarab yurishgan. Siz xola, ruhlar g'azablanishidan qo'rqmaysizmi? Imperator Gaozu va Taizong imperatori bo'lardi? Imperiya chegaralariga kirib, bezovta qilar ekansiz, Buyuk Imperatrisa Dovagarning (ya'ni imperator Vuzongning buvisi va malika Tixening onasi) mehribonligi va sevgisi haqida o'ylamaysizmi? Grand Empress Dowager Guo )]? Siz, xola, Xuigudagi davlatning onasisiz va buyruq chiqarish uchun etarli kuchga ega bo'lishingiz kerak. Agar Xon sizning buyruqlaringizni qabul qilmasa, demak u ikki davlat o'rtasidagi munosabatlarga nuqta qo'yadi. Shundan so'ng, u endi sizni xola, o'z himoyasi sifatida ishlata olmaydi.

Li Deyu maslahatiga binoan, keyinchalik imperator Vuzong Vamosini (shu paytgacha Tang imperatori Li Sizhong nomini olgan) va general Li Chjunshunni (李忠順) Vuji Xonga qarshi kurashish uchun chegaraga.^[8] Shu bilan birga, kutilmaganda qilingan hujumda, 843 yil bahorda Shi Vujie Xonning kuchlariga katta talafot etkazdi va malika Tixeni qutqardi, shundan so'ng Vuji Xon qochib ketdi va endi Tang uchun xavf tug'dirmaydi. Keyinchalik, Imperator Vuzong Sziasidan Anxi (安西, ilgari bosh qarorgohi zamonaviy Aksu prefekturasi, Shinjon ) va Beiting (北 庭, ilgari bosh qarorgohi zamonaviy Changji Xui avtonom prefekturasi, Shinjon ) Ilgari Tang nazorati ostida bo'lgan, ammo o'nlab yillar davomida yo'qolgan sxemalar - Li Deyu qarshi chiqdi va Anxi va Beyttingga garnizonlarni joylashtirib, ularni etkazib berish mantiqiy tush bo'lishini ta'kidladi. Imperator Vuzong rozi bo'ldi.^[11]

Huigu kampaniyasi tugagandan so'ng, Li Deyu 12 yil oldin sodir bo'lgan Xidamou voqeasini qayta ko'rib chiqishga intildi - Niuni o'ziga hasad qilgani va katta adolatsizlikka sabab bo'lgan deb yozgan va Vey prefekturasi hujumchi sifatida xizmat qilgan bo'lar edi. Tufanga qarshi hujum nuqtasi. Li Deyuning taklifiga binoan imperator Vuzong vafotidan keyin Xidamuni general sifatida sharafladi.^[11] (Bunga zamonaviy tarixchi Chju Guy ishongan (朱桂) Li Deyu Xidamou voqeasini qayta ko'rib chiqishni Niu va Li Zongmindan qasos olish uchun ishlatmoqchi edi, ammo keyingi voqealar - Chjaoy kampaniyasi Li Deyuga yanada ko'proq o'q-dorilar berdi.)^[12]

Zhaoyi kampaniyasi

843 yil voqealari

843 yil yozida Lyu Kongjian kasal bo'lib, asrab olgan o'g'li va biologik jiyanini xohladi Lyu Zhen undan keyin Zhaoyi harbiy gubernatori lavozimiga tayinlandi. Lyu Kongjian tez orada vafot etdi, ammo Lyu Chjen vafot etganligi to'g'risida e'lon qilmadi va Lyu Zjenni harbiy gubernator etib tayinlashni iltimos qilib Lyu Kongjian nomiga yozib berdi. Kantslerlar asosan Zhaoyiga qarshi kampaniya o'tkazish qiyin bo'lishiga ishonishgan va shu sababli so'rovni qondirishni taklif qilishgan. Li Deyu, ammo Chhaoyi, Lulong va shimoldagi boshqa ikkita sxemadan farqli o'laroq, deb ta'kidladi Sariq daryo - Weibo (魏博, bosh qarorgohi zamonaviy Xandan, Xebey ) va Chengde (成 德, bosh qarorgohi zamonaviy Shijiazhuang, Xebey ) - imperatorlik hukumatiga qarshi chiqish an'analariga ega emas edi va shuning uchun Lyu Kongjianning iltimosnomasini rad etishni taklif qildi, chunki Lyu oilasining Zhaoyini ushlab turishini davom ettirish boshqa harbiy gubernatorlar ham shunga ergashishni istashlariga sabab bo'ladi. U shuningdek, Vayboning harbiy gubernatoriga ishonch hosil qilish uchun buni taklif qildi U Hongjing va Chengde harbiy gubernatori Vang Yuankuy Liu Zhenga yordam bermaydi, Xe Xyonjin va Vangga ularning sxemalariga xalaqit bermaslik to'g'risida aniq va'dalar berishadi va ular Zhaoyi shahrining sharqidagi beshta prefekturadan uchtasini qo'lga olish uchun javobgar bo'lishadi. Taihang tog'lari Shunday qilib, imperatorlik kuchlari Weibo yoki Chengde yaqinida harakat qilmasligiga ishonch hosil qilish. Imperator Vuzong rozi bo'ldi va imperator xabarchilari Vaybo va Chengdega yuborildi; U Xongjing va Vang imperator buyrug'larini bajarishga kelishib oldilar. (Shu bilan birga, Li Deyu Li Zongminga qarshi zarba berish imkoniyatidan foydalangan - Li Zongminni Lyu Kongjianning sherigi bo'lganlikda ayblab - va Li Zongminni Luoyangdan Xu prefekturasining prefekti qilib yuborgan (湖州, zamonaviy ma'noda) Xuzhou, Chjetszyan ).^[11]

Liu Zhen nihoyat Lyu Kongjianning o'limi haqida e'lon qilgandan so'ng, imperator Vuzong Lyu Kongjianni o'limidan keyin xalq oldida ulug'ladi, ammo Lyu Zhenga Lyu Kongjianning kassasini Luoyangga kuzatib borishni buyurdi va Lyu Zhenning biologik otasi Lyu Congsu bilan uchrashdi (劉 從 素), unga buyurtmani qabul qilishga Lyu Zhenni ishontirishini aytdi. Lyu Chjen rad etdi va imperator Vuzong Zhaoyiga qarshi umumiy kampaniyani buyurdi. Li Deyu taklifiga binoan, harbiy gubernatorlarga Zhaoyi hududini egallash uchun aniq maqsadlarga ega bo'lishga buyruq berildi (kichik janglarni o'tkazib, so'ngra haqiqatan ham Chhaoyi kuchlarini jalb qilmasdan old tomonda o'tirishlarini oldini olish uchun) - Vang Xing prefekturasini nishonga olgan holda (邢州, zamonaviy ma'noda) Xingtai, Xebey ), He Hongjing Ming prefekturasini nishonga oladi (H, zamonaviy Xandan), Vang Maoyuan (王茂 元) Xeyang tumanining harbiy gubernatori (shtab-kvartirasi zamonaviy Jiaozuo, Xenan ) Ze prefekturasini nishonga olish (澤州, zamonaviy tilda) Jincheng, Shanxi ) va LI Yanzuo (李彥 佐Wuning tumanining harbiy gubernatori va Lyu Mian (劉 沔) Chhaoyi poytaxti Lu prefekturasini nishonga olgan Hedong tumanining harbiy gubernatori (潞州). Li Yanzuo keyinchalik frontga yo'lni kechiktirganda, Li Deyu maslahatiga binoan, imperator Vuzong uni davom ettirishga undash uchun qattiq so'zlar bilan farmonlar chiqardi va shuningdek, Shi Xiongni o'rinbosariga aylantirib, oxir-oqibat Li Shi Li Yanzuoning qo'shinlarini qabul qilib oldi. Tez orada Shi Li Yanzuoning qo'shinlarini qabul qilib oldi va darhol Chjaoyga qarshi hujumlarni boshladi.^[11]

Shu bilan birga, Vang Yuankuey va Xa Tszinning sharqiy jabhasida Xe Xitzing bilan o'zaro kelishmovchiliklar yuz berayotgan edi, Vang yashirincha Xey Tszinni Chjaoyga qarshi hujumlarni kechiktirayotganlikda aybladi. Li Deyu taklifiga binoan imperator Vuzong shunday qildi Vang Zay Zhongwu tumanining harbiy gubernatori (shtab-kvartirasi zamonaviy Xuchang, Xenan ) Chhaoyi sharqiy prefekturalariga hujum qilish uchun qo'shimcha qo'shinlarni boshqaring - bu Tszhonvu qo'shinlarini Vaybo orqali olib borishi kerak. Bu Xa Tszinni ajablantirdi, u Zhaoyiga hujum qilish uchun bosim o'tkazganini sezdi va u nihoyat o'z qo'shinlarini boshladi. As soon as He Hongjing launched his troops, Wang Zai's orders were then changed to aid Heyang Circuit, which Liu Zhen was attacking in an effort to force the imperial government into a truce and which Wang Maoyuan could not protect due to his own illness. After Wang Maoyuan died thereafter, at Li Deyu's suggestion, Emperor Wuzong put the Heyang troops under Wang Zai's command as well, but did not make him the military governor of Heyang.^[11]

While the campaign was going on, there was a Dangxiang uprising, which attacked Yan Prefecture (鹽州, in modern Yulin, Shensi ). Li Deyu pointed out that the nomadic Dangxiang were roving pillagers who were not taken seriously by border officials because the border officials wanted to acquire camels and horses from them, and suggested that a command structure be imposed over the six circuits where the Dangxiang resided, with an imperial prince in nominal command. Emperor Wuzong agreed and nominally made his son Li Qi (李岐) the Prince of Yan be the supreme commander of the six circuits and chief comforter of the Dangxiang, and made the official Li Xuy Li Qi's deputy, in actual supervision of the Dangxiang situation.^[11]

With Wang Zai getting victories over Zhaoyi forces (but unable to capture Ze Prefecture immediately), Liu Zhen had a letter from Li Tian (李恬) the prefect of Ming Prefecture, a cousin to Li Shi, a former chancellor who was by this point the military governor of Hedong, sent to Li Shi, suggesting that Liu was willing to surrender. Li Deyu suggested, and Emperor Wuzong agreed, that no action be taken on the offer immediately, and ordered Li Shi reply in a harsh manner, indicating that surrender would only be accepted if Liu and his family members had themselves bound and taken to the border between Zhaoyi and Hedong; only then would Li Shi agree to escort them to Chang'an.^[11]

Events of 844

Meanwhile, the Hedong forces, under the command of the officer Wang Feng (王逢), were stationed at Yushe (榆社, in modern Jinzhong, Shanxi ), and Wang sought reinforcements. Hedong headquarters, however, were out of troops, so Li Shi summoned 1,500 soldiers from the northern front, that Liu Mian had previously placed at Hengshui Fence (橫水柵, in modern Datong, Shanxi ) during the Huige campaign, under the command of the officer Yang Bian (楊弁), back to Taiyuan, so that he could send them to reinforce Wang. Uch kun oldin Xitoy Yangi Yili, the Hengshui Fence soldiers arrived, but as the circuit treasury was empty, Li Shi could not give them the silk rewards that the soldiers being sent on a campaign were accustomed to receive; rather, he had to take silk out of his own personal wealth, but was only able to pay half as much. Further, the eunuch monitor Lü Yizhong (呂義忠), then with Wang, was sending messages forcing the soldiers to get underway without staying at Taiyuan for New Year. The soldiers were angry and distressed, and Yang took this opportunity to start an uprising. He had the soldiers pillage the city and take control of the city of Taiyuan. Li Shi was forced to flee to Fen Prefecture (汾州, in modern Linfen, Shanxi ). Yang subsequently entered into an alliance with Liu Zhen^[11]

In light of Yang's uprising, there were immediate calls among the imperial officials to stop the campaign against Zhaoyi, and even Wang Zai was calling for accepting Liu's surrender. Li Deyu opposed, and again reiterated that Liu's surrender should only be accepted if he and his family bound themselves. Under further advice by Li Deyu, who argued that Yang's uprising could not be tolerated, Emperor Wuzong ordered that the focus of the campaign be shifted, to concentrate on Yang first. To those ends, he ordered Li Shi and Lü to gather troops from nearby prefectures and try to recapture Taiyuan, while ordering Wang Feng to leave Hedong troops at Yushe and instead take troops previously sent by Yiwu (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Xebey ), Xuanwu, and Yanhai (兗海, headquartered in modern Jining, Shandun ) Circuits to head toward Taiyuan. He also ordered Wang Yuankui to divert troops toward Taiyuan as well. This set a panic into the Hedong soldiers at Yushe, who were fearful that the soldiers from other circuits would slaughter their families if Taiyuan fell, so they volunteered to attack Yang with Lü as their commander. In less than a month after Yang took over Taiyuan, the Hedong troops under Lü recaptured the city and arrested Yang, who was subsequently delivered to Chang'an and executed.^[11]

Meanwhile, Li Deyu came to believe that, and he informed Emperor Wuzong that, Wang Zai was not putting more pressure on Ze Prefecture for two reasons — because Shi Xiong had been falsely accused by Wang Zai's father Wang Zhixing previously and therefore there was an enmity between the two men (and therefore, Wang Zai was concerned that attacking Ze Prefecture harder would allow Shi to take the chance to capture Lu Prefecture); and that Wang Zai's biological son Wang Yanshi (王晏實), whom Wang Zhixing had adopted as a son and therefore was legally Wang Zai's brother, was the prefect of one of the Zhaoyi prefectures, Ci Prefecture (磁州, in modern Handan) and had been detained by Liu. Emperor Wuzong thus sent Wang Zai an edict in which he again ordered him to advance, and further pressured Wang Zai by moving Liu Mian, who was then the military governor of Yiwu, to Heyang.^[11]

Around the same time, Emperor Wuzong had begun to favor a Daosist monk, Zhao Guizhen (趙歸真), despite the advisory officials' advice against it. Emperor Wuzong had to assure Li Deyu that he would not be affected in his policy decisions by Zhao.^[11] Meanwhile, Li Deyu was also gaining intelligence information from Zhaoyi officers who surrendered, and was directing Wang Zai, Wang Feng, and He Hongjing in their tactics.^[13]

By this point, the Zhaoyi soldiers at Xing, Ming, and Ci Prefectures had been tired out by the war and enraged with Liu Zhen's trusted officer Liu Xi (劉溪), who was collecting taxes even from the soldiers' family members, against the pleas by Liu Congjian's brother-in-law Pei Wen (裴問), whom Liu Zhen had put in charge of the three prefectures. Pei, also angered by Liu Xi and believing the situation to be hopeless, surrendered along with Wang Zhao (王釗) to Wang Yuankui and He Hongjing. At Li Deyu's urging, Emperor Wuzong quickly sent the imperially-commissioned military governor Lu Jun (盧均) to take over the three prefectures, before Wang Yuankui and He Hongjing could consider asking that the three prefectures be annexed to their circuits.^[13]

Upon the news of the three prefectures' surrender's arrival in Lu Prefecture, the people of Lu Prefecture became fearful. A group of officers, led by Liu Zhen's trusted officer Guo Yi (郭 誼), persuaded Liu that the only way that the Liu clan could be saved was for him to allow them to kill him, present his head to the imperial government, and surrender. Liu thus allowed them to kill him without a fight — and Guo and his followers then nevertheless slaughtered the Liu clan and surrendered to the imperial government.^[13]

After the Zhaoyi campaign

Emperor Wuzong immediately inquired of Li Deyu what his opinion was as to how to deal with Guo Yi. Li Deyu argued that Guo was untrustworthy — having been a major advocate of Liu Zhen's resistance of the imperial regime and then eventually betraying Liu — and Emperor Wuzong agreed, despite misgivings by Du Cong, then also chancellor. Emperor Wuzong thus ordered Shi Xiong to enter Lu Prefecture and, under guise that he was going to distribute commissions to Guo and the other officers involved in Liu's death at a feast, had them rounded up and arrested. Guo and the other officers were subsequently delivered to Chang'an and executed. Also under Emperor Wuzong's orders, Shi exhumed Liu Congjian's body and had it publicly displayed then cut into pieces. For Li Deyu's contributions, Emperor Wuzong created him the Duke of Zhao and gave him the honorary title of Tayvey (太尉, ulardan biri Uchta zukko ).^[13] (Subsequently, Li Deyu requested a different creation because Li Jifu also carried the title of Duke of Zhao, and he was not Li Jifu's oldest son, suggesting that he would prefer the title of Duke of Wei. Emperor Wuzong agreed and change his title accordingly.)^[14]

After the Zhaoyi campaign, Li Deyu was becoming even more powerful in Emperor Wuzong's government, but he was also drawing resentment for his harshness. For example, after the end of the campaign, he had Emperor Wuzong issue an edict announcing that the family members of Li Xun, Wang Ya, and Jia Su, who had previously been sheltered by Liu Congjian and Liu Zhen after fleeing to Zhaoyi but whom Guo then executed, had been executed, referring to them as the family members of traitors. He further had the Zhaoyi officers who had previously surrendered list Liu Zhen's collaborators and were slaughtering them in large numbers, even though Lu Jun was arguing that too many people were being innocently killed. He further carried out reprisals against Li Zongmin and Niu Sengru, accusing them of having been in communications with Liu Congjian and Liu Zhen despite the lack of evidence — going as far as having Liu Congjian's secretary Zheng Qing (鄭慶) claim that whenever Liu Congjian received letters from Li Zongmin or Niu, he would read them and burn them. Emperor Wuzong, believing Li Deyu's accusations, had Li Zongmin and Niu demoted and exiled several times, eventually with Niu being made the secretary general of Xun Prefecture (循州, in modern Huizhou, Guandun ), and Li Zongmin stripped of all offices and exiled to Feng Prefecture (封州, in modern Zhaoqing, Guandun ).^[13]

In 845, Li Shen, then the military governor of Huainan, accused one of his subordinates, the magistrate of Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou), Wu Xiang (吳湘), whose uncle Wu Wuling (吳武陵) had long had an adversarial relationship with Li Deyu, of embezzlement and forcibly marrying the daughter of a commoner, Yan Yue (顏悅). Many advisory officials pointed out that the evidence against Wu Xiang was weak, and Emperor Wuzong sent the censors Cui Yuanzao (崔元藻) and Li Chou (李稠) to review the case. Cui and Li Chou reported that Wu Xiang did embezzle funds, but that his father-in-law Yan was not a commoner, nor was the marriage forced. Li Deyu, despite Cui's and Li Chou's report, nevertheless had Wu Xiang executed, and further, retaliating against Cui and Li Chou for their contrary reports, had them demoted and exiled.^[13]

Also in 845, apparently with Li Deyu's support, Emperor Wuzong ordered a general reduction in Buddaviy and other temples, including those of Zardushtiylik, only leaving two temples each at Chang'an and Luoyang, while each circuit and five large prefectures were allowed to retain one temple each. All other temples were destroyed, and the monks and nuns ordered to return to civilian life. The temples' lands were confiscated, while the building material used for the buildings, statues, and bells were seized to build governmental properties and mint money.^[13] (This was the third of the Vuning uchta ofati — major persecutions against Buddhism in Chinese history.)^[15]

Later in 845, at Li Deyu's suggestion, Emperor Wuzong established a special treasury for the purpose of border defense, setting aside funds for that purpose. Also, when Emperor Wuzong wanted to create his favorite kanizak Consort Wang empress, Li Deyu opposed on the grounds that Consort Wang was of low birth and was sonless, so Emperor Wuzong did not do so. It was said that by this point, as Du Cong and Cui Xuan were no longer chancellors, Li Deyu wielded all the chancellor powers, such that even the eunuchs and Emperor Wuzong were becoming displeased with him. When the imperial attendant Wei Hongzhi (韋弘質) suggested that Li Deyu, as chancellor, should not further be in control of the imperial treasury, Li Deyu submitted a defense of himself and had Wei demoted, further angering other officials.^[13]

In spring 846, Emperor Wuzong, suffering from the effects of alchemists' pills designing to lead to o'lmaslik, became seriously ill, and the eunuchs decided on having Emperor Wuzong's uncle (Emperor Muzong's younger brother) Li Yi the Prince of Guang, who had been considered to be unintelligent, succeed Emperor Wuzong, and thus issued an edict in Emperor Wuzong's name creating Li Yi crown prince and changing Li Yi's name to Li Chen. When Emperor Wuzong thereafter died, Li Chen became emperor (as Emperor Xuānzong), and during the period of mourning, Li Deyu served as regent.^[13]

Imperator Syuanzong davrida

Emperor Xuānzong, however, was far from unintelligent, and had long resented Li Deyu's hold on power. On the day of his enthronement, Li Deyu served as the ceremonial presenter of the congratulatory notes from the imperial officials. After the ceremony was complete, Emperor Xuānzong stated to his attendants: "Was the person approaching me the Tayvey? Whenever he looked at me, my hairs were raised." The day after the mourning period was over, Emperor Xuānzong sent Li Deyu out of the capital to serve as the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Xubey ), continuing to carry the Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi faxriy unvon sifatida unvon. It was said that given how long Li Deyu had been in power, it came as a complete shock to all involved that he would be sent out of the capital. Emperor Xuānzong subsequently also had a number of Li Deyu's associates sent out of the capital. Later in the year, the five former chancellors that Emperor Wuzong had exiled — Niu Sengru, Li Zongmin, Cui Gong, Yang Sifu, and Li Jue — were gradually moved closer to Chang'an (although Li Zongmin died before he could be moved). Li Deyu was subsequently made the defender of Luoyang, and no longer carried the honorary title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi. In 847, under the further accusations by Li Deyu's successor as chancellor, Bai Minzhong, Li Deyu was made a senior advisor to the crown prince — an entirely honorary title since there was no crown prince at the time — and ordered to have his office at Luoyang.^[13]

In fall 847, Wu Xiang's brother Wu Runa (吳汝納) submitted a petition arguing that Wu Xiang was improperly executed and accusing Li Shen and Li Deyu of causing the improper execution. Emperor Xuānzong recalled Cui Yuanzao from exile and had him give an account of the case to the Office of the Imperial Censors, which subsequently submitted a report agreeing that Wu Xiang was improperly executed. As a result, Li Deyu was further demoted and exiled to be the military advisor to the prefect of Chao Prefecture (潮州, in modern Chaozhou, Guandun ). In fall 848, Li Deyu was further demoted to be the census officer at Yai Prefecture (崖州, in modern Xaykou, Xaynan ), where Li Deyu died around the new year 850.^[13] It was said that his casket was allowed to be returned to be Chang'an and buried there only after intercession by the chancellor Lingxu Tao — who had dreamed of Li Deyu's pleading with him to do so.^[14] However, Li Deyu's titles were only posthumously restored in 860, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong's son Imperator Yizong, at the urging of the official Liu Ye.^[16]

Posthumous perception

The lead editor of the Tangning eski kitobi, Keyinchalik Jin kantsler Lyu Syu, had this to say about Li Deyu:^[3]

When I, your subject, was young, I had often heard of the old people talking about the stories of the Duke of Wei. At that time, the Son of Heaven was bright and valiant, quick in decision, and the Duke personally engaged himself to pay the emperor back for his trust. The emperor listened to his advice, and much was accomplished. The relationship between emperor and subject was one that was not often seen for a thousand years. As I read about his advice within the palace and reports in the halls, he anticipated the enemies' moves and came with tactics that led to victories, by his own mind, just like how the famed bowman Yang Youji [(養由基)] would not miss with any of his arrows; he was indeed a rarely seen talent. As far as his literary abilities were concerned, Yan An [(嚴安)] and Sima Sianru [(both famed writers from the Xan sulolasi )] could only serve as his scribes. As far as his governing abilities are concerned, not even Syao Xe va Cao Can would deserve to sit at the same table as he. It is too harsh to accuse him of power-grabbing. However, what can most be criticized about him is this: he could not forget grudges, could not repay resentment with grace, and could not let disagreements go, but instead gathered opponents around himself. He was therefore effectively fighting commoners with swords and pick-axes, and as a result finally died at the humid sea, and this can be lamented. An old proverb talks about a man who robbed gold at the busy market in the capital because he could not see the passersby. While he was certainly talented, he did not know the proper way to act.

On the island of Hainan, Li Deyu has been commemorated in the Temple of Five Lords davridan beri Min sulolasi.

Badiiy adabiyotda

O'ynagan Lau Dan, a fictionalized version of Li Deyu was portrayed in 2009 Hong Kong's TVB teleseriallar, Vijdon doirasidan tashqarida.

Izohlar va ma'lumotnomalar

• Tangning eski kitobi, jild 174.
• Tangning yangi kitobi, jild 180.
• Tszhi Tongjian, vol. 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248.