Marshalsea - Marshalsea

Marshalsea
o'yma
Birinchi marshalsi qamoqxonasi, 18-asr
ManzilQamoqxona ikkita joyni egallab olgan Southwark hozirda Borough High Street, birinchi 1373-1811, ikkinchisi 1811-1842.
Koordinatalar51 ° 30′06 ″ N 0 ° 05′32 ″ V / 51.5018 ° N 0.0921 ° Vt / 51.5018; -0.0921Koordinatalar: 51 ° 30′06 ″ N 0 ° 05′32 ″ V / 51.5018 ° N 0.0921 ° Vt / 51.5018; -0.0921
AholisiQarzdorlar, qaroqchilar, kontrabandachilar, fitnada ayblanganlar
Tomonidan boshqariladiThe Ritsar Marshal qirol xonadonidan
Taniqli mahbuslar
Edmund Bonner, Jon Dikkens, Ser Jon Eliot, John Baptist Grano, Ben Jonson, Tomas Malori, Jon Selden, Jorj Uiter

The Marshalsea (1373–1842) taniqli qamoqxona bo'lgan Southwark, ning janubida Temza daryosi. Garchi u erda turli xil mahbuslar, shu jumladan dengizdagi jinoyatlarda ayblanayotgan erkaklar va ayblanayotgan siyosiy arboblar bo'lgan fitna, xususan, Londonning eng qashshoq qarzdorlarini qamoqqa olgani uchun ma'lum bo'ldi.[1] 18-asrda Angliya qamoqxonalari aholisining yarmidan ko'pi qarzdorlik sababli qamoqda bo'lgan.[2]

19-asrga qadar barcha ingliz qamoqxonalari singari foyda olish uchun shaxsiy ish yuritishingiz mumkin edi, Marshalsea an-ga o'xshardi Oksbridge kollej va tovlamachilik raketasi sifatida ishlagan.[3] 18-asrda qamoqxona to'lovlarini to'lashga qodir bo'lgan qarzdorlar bar, do'kon va restoranga kirish huquqiga ega edilar va kun davomida tashqariga chiqarilish imtiyozini saqlab qolishdi, bu ularga kreditorlari uchun pul topish imkoniyatini berdi. Qolganlarning hammasi o'nlab boshqalar bilan to'qqizta kichkina xonalardan biriga, ehtimol qamoqxonadagi to'lanmagan to'lovlar ortib borgan sari eng kam miqdordagi qarzlari uchun tiqilib qolishgan.[4] Eng qashshoqlar ocharchilikka duch kelishdi va agar ular qamoqxonadan o'tib ketishsa, bosh suyaklari bilan qiynoqqa solinglar va vintlardek. Parlament qo'mitasi 1729 yilda 300 mahbus uch oy ichida ochlikdan o'lganini va iliq ob-havo sharoitida har 24 soatda sakkizdan o'ntagacha o'layotganini xabar qildi.[a]

Ushbu qamoqxona XIX asrda ingliz yozuvchisi yozuvi orqali butun dunyoga tanilgan Charlz Dikkens, uning otasi 1824 yilda, Dikken 12 yoshida, novvoy oldidagi qarzi uchun u erga yuborilgan. Natijada maktabni tark etib, fabrikada ishlashga majbur bo'lgan Dikkens o'zining bir necha obrazlarini tajribasiga asoslanib, eng muhimi Emi Dorrit, uning otasi Marshalsea-da qarzdorligi uchun juda murakkab, uni qanday qilib olib chiqishni hech kim tushunolmaydi.[6][b]

20-asrga qadar qamoqning katta qismi 1870-yillarda buzib tashlangan, garchi uning qismlari do'kon va xonalar sifatida ishlatilgan. Hozir saytda mahalliy kutubxona joylashgan. Marshalsiyadan faqat uning janubiy chegarasini belgilab qo'ygan uzun g'ishtli devor, Dikkensning "ko'p baxtsiz yillarning gavjum arvohlari" deb ataganlari, faqat mahalliy kengashning lavhasida eslatilgan. "Men endi yo'q bo'lib ketdim, - deb yozadi u, - u holda dunyo yomonroq emas."[8]

Fon

Etimologiya, Marshalsea sudi

chizish yoki o'yma
Marshalsea sudi ichida, 1800, qamoqning bir qismi

Marshalsea yoki marshallik a idorasiga murojaat qildi marshal, dan olingan Ingliz-frantsuz marshalcie. Marshal dastlab nazarda tutilgan uzoqroq, qadimgi german tilidan marh (ot) va scalc (xizmatchi), keyinchalik sudlarga raislik qiluvchilarga berilgan unvon O'rta asr Evropa.[9]

Marshalsea dastlab nomi edi Marshalsea sudi. Qamoqxona o'sha sudga keltirilganlarni saqlash uchun qurilgan Qirol skameykasining mahkamasi, bunga Marshalsea qarorlari ustidan shikoyat qilish mumkin edi. Marshalsea sudi Buyuk Britaniya sudi va Angliya Qirollari maishiy xizmatining Marshalsi sudi deb ham atalgan. qirol oilasi. Taxminan 1290 yildan boshlab, u qiroldan 19 milya (19 km) uzoqlikda joylashgan "chegarada" yashagan uy xo'jaliklari a'zolarini boshqargan. 1530 yildan 1698 yilgacha bu chegara odatda 12 mil atrofida bo'lgan Whitehall saroyi, qirol oilasining asosiy qarorgohi, ammo Marshalsea shoh bilan mamlakat bo'ylab harakat qilgan, qonunbuzarlik, nafrat va qarzlar bilan shug'ullanadigan ambulator sud edi. Borgan sari u qirol xonadoniga aloqasi bo'lmagan odamlar tomonidan ishlatila boshlandi.[10]

Southwark

Tomonidan o'rnatildi Rimliklarga Milodiy 43 yil atrofida, Southwark janubiy Angliyadan Londonga kirish nuqtasi bo'lib xizmat qilgan, xususan Watling ko'chasi, Rim yo'li Kanterberidan. Bu hozirgi Sautuorknikiga to'g'ri keldi Borough High Street va u erdan shimolga eski London ko'prigi.[11] Hudud sayohatchilari va mehmonxonalari, shu jumladan mashhur bo'lgan Jefri Chauser "s Tabard Inn. Sayohat qiluvchi aholi qashshoqlikni, fohishalarni, ayiqni o'ldirish, teatrlar (shu jumladan Shekspir "s Globus ) va qamoqxonalar. 1796 yilda Sautuorkda beshta qamoqxona bo'lgan.Clink, King's skameykasi, Borough Compter, Oq sher va Marshalsea - umuman Londonda 18 ta.[12]

Angliyadagi qamoqxonalar

fotosurat
Ko'prikda qolganiga e'tibor bering Sturminster Nyuton, Dorset, unga zarar etkazadigan har qanday kishiga tegishli bo'lishi mumkinligi haqida ogohlantirmoqda jarima transporti

XIX asrga qadar Angliyada qamoq jazo sifatida ko'rib chiqilmadi, faqat beparvolik kabi kichik huquqbuzarliklar bundan mustasno; qamoqxonalar odamlarni kreditorlari to'languniga qadar yoki ularning taqdiri sudyalar tomonidan hal qilinmaguncha ushlab turishadi. Tanlovlar kiritilgan ijro (1964 yil tugagan), qamchilash (1961), aktsiyalar (1872), pillory (1830), o'rdak najasi (1817), harbiy xizmatga qo'shilish yoki jarima transporti Amerika yoki Avstraliyaga (1867).[13] 1774 yilda Buyuk Britaniyada to'rt mingdan oshiqroq mahbus bor edi, ularning olti million aholisining yarmi qarzdor edi.[14] (2010 yilda Angliya va Uelsda 56 million aholidan 85000 dan ortiq mahbus bor edi).[15][c]

O'n sakkizinchi asrning qamoqxonalari samarali ravishda uylar edi. Yaxshi saqlanmagan va ko'pincha iflos, ular qabrlarga bir necha xonadan iborat bo'lishi mumkin. Oldin Gaols qonuni 1823, keyin Qamoqxonalar to'g'risidagi qonun 1835 va Qamoqxona to'g'risidagi qonun 1877, ularni qirol xonadoni, zodagonlar va yepiskoplar boshqarar edilar va ulardan pul ishlash va boshqarish huquqini sotib olgan xususiy shaxslar foyda olish uchun ish yuritdilar.[19]

Mening kiyimlarim birinchi sayohatlarimda shunchalik haqoratli ediki, post chayizda men chizilgan derazalarga dosh berolmadim va shuning uchun ko'pincha otda sayohat qilishga majbur bo'ldim, deb ishontirganimda, o'quvchim uning zararli ekanligiga (qamoqxona ichidagi hidga) baho beradi. . Yodgorlik daftarimning barglari shu qadar bulg'angan ediki, men uni olovdan bir-ikki soat oldin yoygandan keyin ishlata olmadim: hatto mening antidotim, sirka flakoni ham bir necha qamoqxonada ishlatilgandan keyin toqat qilib bo'lmaydigan darajada kelishmovchilik.

—Jon Xovard, qamoqxona islohotchisi, 1777 yil[20]

Mahbuslar ijara haqini to'lashi, ovqatlanishi va kiyinishi va katta qamoqxonalarda o'z xonalarini jihozlashi kerak edi. 1669 yilda sudda aybsiz deb topilgan bir kishi sudgacha qamoqdan tushganligi sababli qamoq to'lovlari uchun qarzdor bo'lgani uchun ozod qilinmadi, sudya tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi, Metyu Xeyl.[21] Qamoqchilar oziq-ovqat sotishdi yoki boshqalarga do'kon ochish uchun joy ajratishdi; Marshalsea-da bir nechta do'kon va kichik restoranlar mavjud edi.[22] Pul va tashqi yordamga ega bo'lmagan mahbuslar ocharchilikka duch kelishdi. Agar qamoqxona to'lamaydigan mahbuslarni oziq-ovqat bilan ta'minlagan bo'lsa, u xayriya mablag'lari bilan sotib olingan - ba'zida qamoqxonachilar tomonidan o'tkaziladigan xayr-ehsonlar - odatda oz miqdordagi go'sht bilan non va suv yoki odam iste'mol qilishga yaroqsiz narsa sifatida musodara qilingan narsalar.[22] Qamoqchilar mahbuslarni yuklaydi kishanlar va boshqa temir, keyin ularni olib tashlash uchun to'lov, "dazmollar servisi" (yoki "dazmollarni tanlash") deb nomlanadi; bu "zanjirlar savdosi" nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi.[23]

Qamoqxonada islohotchi Jon Xovard 1770 yillarda qamoqxonalarni ko'zdan kechirib, mamlakat bo'ylab sayohat qilgan va o'z tadqiqotlarini taqdim etgan Angliya va Uelsdagi qamoqxonalar davlati (1777).[24] Ga tegishli bo'lgan qamoqxonada Ely episkopi, Xovardning yozishicha, mahbuslarni o'n yil oldin polga zanjirband qilib, bo'yinlarini tirnoqli yoqalari va oyoqlariga temir panjara bilan bog'lab qo'yishgan. The Portlend gersogi Chesterfildda to'rtta mahbus joylashgan bir xonali qabrlarga ega edi, u erda bir necha oydan beri tozalanmagan somon va issiqlik yo'q edi. Lord Arundel Penzance shahridagi qamoqxonaga egalik qildi, u erda Xovard kichik va derazasi balandligi 11 fut × 11 fut va balandligi 6 fut bo'lgan xonada qarzdor topdi. To'rt hafta davomida xonaning eshigi ochilmagan edi.[25]

Angliyadagi qarz

rasm chizish
Rassomning taassuroti Charlz Dikkens, otasi Marshalsea-ga yuborilganda fabrikada ishlashga majbur bo'ldi
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Qarzdorlarning qamoqxonasi va Ishxona

Oldin Bankrotlik to'g'risidagi qonun 1869, Angliyada qarzdorlar muntazam ravishda kreditorlarning roziligi bilan qamoqqa tashlangan. 1641 yilda Angliya va Uelsda taxminan 10 000 kishi qarzdorlik uchun qamoqxonada bo'lgan, ko'pincha kichik miqdordagi.[26] XVIII asrda qarzdorlar qamoqxona aholisining yarmidan ko'pini tashkil qilgan:[27] 1779 yilda Londonning 1500 mahbusidan 945 nafari qarzdor bo'lgan.[28] Ga binoan Jon Veyd, 1829 yilda yozgan, 1826–1827 yillarda Londonda 753 kishi 5 funt sterlinggacha bo'lgan qarzlari uchun 20 dan 100 kungacha qamoqqa olingan. O'sha yili Sautuarkda 1893 mahbusning qarzlari jami 16 442 funt sterlingni tashkil qildi (2014 yilda 1 million funtdan ortiq).[29] Boshqa Evropa mamlakatlarida qarzdorlik uchun qamoqni bir yilgacha cheklash to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlari mavjud edi, ammo Angliyadagi qarzdorlar kreditorlari qoniqtirilguniga qadar qamoqqa tashlandilar.[30] Qachon Filo qamoqxonasi 1842 yilda yopilgan, ikkita qarzdor 30 yil davomida u erda bo'lganligi aniqlandi.[31]

Mahbuslar ko'pincha oilalarini o'zlari bilan olib ketar edilar, ya'ni qarzdorlar qamoqxonalarida butun jamoalar paydo bo'lgan. Jamiyat o'z iqtisodiyotini yaratdi, qamoqxonalar xonalari, ovqatlari, ichimliklari va mebellari uchun to'lovlarni olishdi yoki boshqalarga imtiyozlarni sotishdi va advokatlar qarzdorlarni olib chiqish uchun samarasiz harakatlarida to'lovlarni olishdi. Mahbuslarning oilalari, shu jumladan bolalar, ko'pincha qamoq xarajatlarini qoplash uchun ish topishlari kerak edi.[32]

Qonunchilik 1649 yildan boshlab muammoni hal qilishni boshladi, ammo farqni sekinlashtirdi. Xelen Kichik yozadi, ostida Jorj III (1760–1820 yillarda hukmronlik qilgan), yangi qonunchilik qamoqqa olib boradigan 40 shillinggacha bo'lgan qarzlarning oldini oldi (2014 yilda 305 funt),[33] ammo eng kichik qarz ham advokatlar to'lovlari qo'shilgandan keyin oshib ketadi. Ostida To'lovga qodir bo'lmagan qarzdorlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1813, qarzdorlar 14 kundan keyin mol-mulki 20 funtdan oshmasligiga qasamyod qilib, ozod qilishni talab qilishlari mumkin edi, ammo agar kreditor e'tiroz bildirsa, ular uyda bo'lishlari kerak edi. Bir necha yil qamoqdan keyin ham qarzni to'lash kerak edi.[34]

Birinchi marshalsi (1373–1811)

Umumiy ma'lumot, manbalar

rasm chizish
Birinchi marshalning shimoliy tomonining janubiy jabhasi, 1773 yil. Ustunli bino sud binosini o'z ichiga olgan. Qamoqxona kanalizatsiyasi yonida mahbuslar ushlab turilgan taniqli kuchli xonaning eshigi eng o'ng tomonda joylashgan.

Marshalsea Sautuorkning bir ko'chasida joylashgan ikkita binoni egallab oldi. Birinchisi, XIV asrga tegishli bo'lib, hozirda King Street va Mermaid Court o'rtasida joylashgan Borough High Street 161 bo'ladi.[6] XVI asr oxiriga kelib bino "qulab tushdi".[35] 1799 yilda hukumat hozirgi 211-sonli Boro High Street ko'chasida 130 metr (120 m) janubda qayta qurilishi haqida xabar berdi.[6]

Taxminan 150 dan 50 futgacha (46 dan 15 metrgacha) o'lchash minorali oldingi lojal, birinchi Marshalsea Borough High Street-dan bir oz orqaga o'rnatildi.[36] Qachon qurilganligi haqida hech qanday ma'lumot yo'q. Tarixchi Jerri Uayt 1300 yilgacha bo'lgan, ammo 1955 yilgi muharrir Ida Darlingtonning so'zlariga ko'ra London so'rovi "Suthwerk shahrining yaxshi odamlariga" 1373 yilda Sautuarkning Yuqori ko'chasida qirol xonadonining Marshalsi oldida paydo bo'lgan mahbuslarni ushlab turish uchun uy qurish uchun litsenziya berilganligi haqida gap bor. Darlingtonning yozishicha, ilgari Marshalsea qamoqxonasi haqida zikr etilganlar boshqa qamoqxonalarga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin Ritsar Marshal Yorkda, ikkinchisi esa Kanterberida.[d] Sautuorkdagi Marshalsi qamoqxonasi tomonidan 1381 yilda o't qo'yilishi haqida ma'lumot bor Uot Tayler davomida Dehqonlar qo'zg'oloni.[37] John Cope, esquire, 1412 yilda marshalsea hospice marshal sifatida tasvirlangan;[39] Uilyam Bredvardin 1421 yilda marshal deb ta'riflangan.[40]

Birinchi Marshalsiyaning aksariyati, ikkinchisida bo'lgani kabi, qarzdorlar tomonidan qabul qilingan; 1773 yilda Vestminsterdan 12 mil uzoqlikda bo'lgan qarzdorlar u erda 40 qarz uchun qamoqqa tashlanishi mumkin edi shiling.[41] Jerri Uayt Londonning eng qashshoq qarzdorlari Marshalsiyada joylashganligini yozadi. Boyroq qarzdorlar o'zlarining Marshalsea-dan chiqarilishini yozuvlar bilan ta'minladilar habeas corpus ga ko'chirishni tashkil qildi Filo yoki King's skameykasi, ikkalasi ham qulayroq edi.[42] Qamoqxonada sudlanayotgan oz sonli erkaklar ham bor edi Qari Beyli dengizdagi jinoyatlar uchun.[43]

Marshalsea texnik jihatdan ritsar-marshalning nazorati ostida bo'lgan, ammo uni foyda olish uchun boshqargan boshqalarga berib yuborilgan. Masalan, 1727 yilda ritsar-marshal, Filipp Meadows, printer Darbonni qamoq gubernatori sifatida yollagan, u o'z navbatida uni qassob Uilyam Actonga ijaraga bergan (keyinchalik u uchta mahbusni o'ldirgani uchun sud qilingan). Acton ilgari qamoqxonaning kalitlaridan biri sifatida ishlagan. U Darbiga etti yillik ijara uchun yiliga 140 funt sterling (taxminan 20,977 funt) to'lab, unga doimiy nazoratchi va bosh kalit sifatida xizmat qilish huquqini va xonalardan ijara haqini yig'ish va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini sotish huquqi uchun qo'shimcha 260 funt to'lagan. va iching.[44]

Birinchi Marshalsea haqidagi ma'lumotlarning aksariyati 18-asr boshidagi qamoqxona haqida, uchta manbadan olingan ma'lumot. John Baptist Grano (1692 - c. 1748), ulardan biri Jorj Frederik Xandel Londondagi opera teatridagi karnaychilar Haymarket, u erda 99 funt (bugun 13000 funt) qarzdorligi uchun qamoqqa tashlangan va batafsil kundaligini yuritgan, Marshalsea ichidagi hayotim jurnali, 1728 yil 30 maydan 1729 yil 23 sentyabrgacha bo'lgan 458 kunlik qamoqda.[45] Qolgan ikkita muhim manba 1729 yildagi parlament qo'mitasining hisoboti Jeyms Oglethorp Deputat, Filo va Marshalsiyaning holati to'g'risida,[46] va keyingi o'sha yili qotillik sudi Marshalsea bosh qamoqxonasi vakili Uilyam Acton.

Magistr tomoni

rasm
Jon Xovard, qamoqxona islohotchisi, 1774 yil 16 martda Marshalsea-ga tashrif buyurdi.

XVIII asrga kelib, qamoqxonada ikki turdagi mahbuslar uchun alohida joylar mavjud edi: xo'jayin tomoni, taxminan 50 ta xonani ijaraga olgan va oddiy yoki kambag'al tomon, to'qqizta kichik xonadan yoki palatalardan iborat bo'lib, ularga 300 kishi kirgan. shomdan to tonggacha cheklangan. Xo'jayinning xona ijarasi 1728 yilda haftasiga o'n tiling edi, aksariyat mahbuslar baham ko'rishga majbur bo'ldilar. John Baptist Grano to'langan 2s 6d (ikki shiling va olti tiyin ) usta tomonida ikkita karavotli xona uchun, yana uchta mahbus bilan bo'lishgan: Daniel Blunt, 9 funt qarzdor bo'lgan tikuvchi, Benjamin Sandford, engilroq dan Bermondsi 55 funt qarzdor bo'lgan va janob Blundell, zargar.[43] To'lovlarni to'lashga qodir bo'lgan mahbus ayollar eman deb nomlanuvchi ayollar kvartirasiga joylashtirildi. Erkak mahbuslarning xotinlari, qizlari va sevgililari, agar kimdir ularning pulini to'layotgan bo'lsa, ular bilan birga yashashga ruxsat berildi.[47]

Mahbuslar tomonidan qal'a sifatida tanilgan qamoqxonaning kirish qismida minorali turar joy bor edi, u erda funt deb nomlangan yon xona bor edi, u erda yangi mahbuslar ular uchun xona topilguncha kutib turishardi. Old turar joy park deb ataladigan hovliga olib bordi. Bu uzun tor devor bilan ikkiga bo'lingan edi, shuning uchun oddiy tarafdagi mahbuslarni xo'jayin tarafida ko'rmasliklari mumkin edi, ular qashshoq qashshoqlikni ko'rishdan xafa bo'lmaslikni afzal ko'rdilar, ayniqsa o'zlarini o'ldirishlari mumkin edi. har qanday vaqtda unga.[36]

U erda hokimning rafiqasi boshqaradigan bar bor edi va chandler 1728 yilda sham, sovun va ozgina ovqat sotadigan mahbuslar bo'lgan janob va xonim Kari tomonidan boshqariladigan do'kon.[36] 1729 yilda uzoq muddatli mahbus Sara Bredshu tomonidan ishlaydigan kofe do'koni va boshqa mahbus Richard McDonnell va uning rafiqasi boshqaradigan Titty Doll nomli steyk uyi bor edi. Shuningdek, tikuvchi va sartarosh ham bor edi va xo'jayin tarafidan mahbuslar o'zlarining xizmatkorlari sifatida umumiy tomondan mahbuslarni yollashlari mumkin edi.[47]

Qamoqxonada islohotchi Jon Xovard 1774 yil 16 martda Marshalsea-ga tashrif buyurdi. U kasalxonasi yo'qligini va "garnitur "yangi mahbuslar kelganda katta mahbuslarga pul berib yuborish uchun bezorilik qilishgan.[48] Xo'jayinning yonidagi beshta xonani mahbus bo'lmagan odamga berishar edi; U ulardan birida chandler do'koni tashkil etgan, yana ikkitasida oilasi bilan yashagan va ikkitasini mahbuslarga topshirgan. Xovardning tashrifi paytida kran xonasi yoki pivo xonasi "ichida" yashagan mahbusga qo'yib yuborilgan. Qirol Bench qamoqxonasining "yoki" erkinligi doirasida "qoidalari; bu uning qamoqxonaning ma'lum bir radiusida tashqarida yashashiga haq to'lagan qirol skameykasining mahbusi ekanligini anglatardi. Garchi qonunchilik qamoqxonachilarga o'zlarining qamoqxonalarida spirtli ichimliklarni sotishda moddiy manfaatdor bo'lishini taqiqlagan bo'lsa-da, bu butunlay e'tiborsiz qoldirilgan qoida edi. Xovardning aytishicha, 1775 yilning yozida bir yakshanba kuni a dan Marshalsea-ga 600 ta idish pivo olib kelingan jamoat uyi, chunki mahbuslar kran xonasida pivoni yoqtirishmagan.[49]

Umumiy tomon

Besh xil metall buyumlarning rasmlari, harflar va ismlar bilan etiketlangan. Ulardan biri
Mahbuslarga qo'llanilgan qiynoq asboblari, Gaols qo'mitasining 1729 yilgi hisobotidan

Xo'jayin tarafidagi mahbuslar kamdan-kam hollarda umumiy tomonga intilishgan. Yahyo cho'mdiruvchi Grano u erga bor-yo'g'i bir marta, 1728 yil 5-avgustda, kundaligiga yozib qo'ydi: "Men o'ldirgan bo'lardim". Buni boshqa mahbuslarga ko'rishga hojat yo'q edi, deb yozadi Jon Ginger. Ularning ijaraga beriladigan pullari, yuridik to'lovlari va boshqa sovg'alarni o'z oilalaridan, boshqa joylarda ularni hashamatli davrada yashashini ko'rgan to'lovlarni ushlab turish, ammo bu marshalsiyada shunchaki to'xtashga ishonsa bo'ladi, deb bilish etarli edi. kasallik va ochlikdan.[50]

Barcha hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, umumiy hayot sharoitlari dahshatli edi. 1639 nafar mahbuslar shikoyat qilishganki, 23 xonim yotish uchun joysiz bir xonada ushlab turilib, qo'zg'olonga olib borgan, mahbuslar to'siqlarni qulatib, qo'riqchilarga tosh bilan hujum qilishgan. Mahbuslar muntazam ravishda "buqa pizzali" (a dan yasalgan qamchi) bilan kaltaklangan buqaning jinsiy olatni ), yoki bilan qiynoqqa solingan vintlardek va dubulg'a, a vitse 12 funt (5,4 kg) bo'lgan bosh uchun.[51]

Ularni tez-tez tugatgan narsa kuchli xonada, asosiy kanalizatsiya yonidagi derazasiz shiyponda, uyumlar yonida yotishga majbur bo'lgan. tungi tuproq va kadavrlar dafn marosimini kutmoqdalar.[51] Dikkens buni "hatto dahshatsiz avtoulovchilar ham qo'rqishadi va faqat qurbaqalar va kalamushlarga bardoshli" deb ta'riflagan.[52] Guvohning so'zlariga ko'ra, kuchli xonada vafot etgan diabetik armiya zobitlaridan biri - mahbuslar uning siydigi hididan shikoyat qilgani sababli uni umumiy tomondan chiqarib yuborishgan.[53]

1720-yillarda Uilyam Acton qamoqxonani boshqarganida, oddiy tarafdagi mahbuslar uchun oziq-ovqat sotib olish uchun yig'ilgan xayriya tashkilotlarining daromadi, aksincha, Acton nomidan qamoqxonani politsiya qilgan ishonchli mahbuslar guruhiga yo'naltirildi. Shu guruh qasamyod qildi Actonning sud jarayoni 1729 yilda qotillik uchun kuchli xona uydagi eng yaxshi xona bo'lgan.[54] Zanjabilning yozishicha, lojali yaqinidagi farovon kvartirada yashagan Eton va uning rafiqasi kukun idishida o'tirganlarini bilishgan: «Har kuni ertalab yangi pishirilgan non hidi to'lganida ... hovli ... faqat shafqatsiz bostirish mumkin edi. Umumiy tomonning otilishining oldini olish. "[43]

1729 Gaols qo'mitasi

rasm
Jamoalar palatasining Gaols qo'mitasi (c. 1729) tomonidan Uilyam Xogart. Jeyms Oglethorp Deputat (o'ta chap tomonda o'tirgan) savollar Tomas Bembrij, Filo nazoratchi (chap tomonda turib).[e]
Horace Walpole 1749 yilda yozgan edi: "Sahna qo'mita. Stolda qiynoqqa solinadigan qurollar bor. Ularning oldida yarim ochlikdagi lattali kiyimdagi mahbus paydo bo'ladi. Kambag'al odamning yuzi yaxshi, bu esa foizlarni qo'shib qo'yadi. Boshqa tomondan qo'l - bu g'ayriinsoniy o'lchov vositasi, aynan shu narsa Najot beruvchi Roza uchun chizilgan bo'lar edi Iago aniqlanganda. "[56]

Oddiy tomon 1728 yilda me'mor va qarzdor Robert Kastell paydo bo'lganidan keyin paydo bo'ldi Filo qamoqxonasi Qoidalar doirasida qamoqxonadan tashqarida turar joylarda yashagan, "uy "Filoning taniqli boshlig'iga yuqori qamoq to'lovini to'lashdan bosh tortgandan so'ng, Tomas Bembrij. Sponging uylari - bu mahbuslarni qamoqqa olishdan oldin qamoqqa olingan shaxsiy turar joy; ular bu nomni qo'lga olishdi, chunki ular mahbusning oxirgi pulini undan tortib olishdi. 14-noyabr kuni Kastell ko'pikli uyga kelganida, u o'layotgan odam bilan bo'sh joyni bo'lishishga majbur bo'ldi chechak, natijada u yuqtirildi va bir oydan kam vaqt o'tmay vafot etdi.[57]

Kastellning do'sti bor edi, Jeyms Oglethorp, bir necha yil o'tgach Amerika mustamlakasini tashkil etgan Tori deputati Gruziya. Oglethorpe qarzdor mahbuslarga munosabat to'g'risida savollar berishni boshladi va qarzdorlar guruhi, ehtimol Oglethorpning tashabbusi bilan, London Lord-meri va uning aldermenlari bilan muomalasi to'g'risida shikoyat qilishdi, ular 1728 yil 21-dekabrda Filo boshqaruvchisidan intervyu oldilar.[58]

1729 yil fevralda Jamoalar palatasi flot va Marshalsiyadagi sharoitlarni o'rganish uchun Oglethorp boshchiligidagi Gaols qo'mitasi parlament qo'mitasini tayinladi.[59] Qo'mita 27-fevral kuni flotga va 25-mart kuni "Marshalsi" ga tashrif buyurdi.[60] Uilyam Xogart qo'mitani Filoga tashrif buyurganida, eskizini tuzib, keyin yog'ga bo'yashda hamrohlik qildi (chapda). Rasm Sir buyurtmasi asosida tayyorlangan Archibald Grant, O'ng tomondan uchinchi bo'lib turgan Aberdinshir uchun MP. Taxminlarga ko'ra dazmollangan odam portugaliyalik mahbus Yakob Mendez Solasdir.[55]

Qo'mita mahbuslarning yashash sharoitlaridan hayratda qoldi. Filotda ular ser Uilyam Richni, a baronet, dazmollarda. Qamoqxona to'lovini to'lay olmaganligi sababli, u qo'riqchini poyabzal pichog'i bilan yarador qilgani uchun qizg'ish poker bilan kuydirilgan, tayoq bilan urilgan va o'n kun zindonda saqlangan.[61] Marshalsiyada ular oddiy tarafdagi mahbuslar muntazam ravishda ochlikdan o'layotganligini aniqladilar:

Bunday bechora bechoralarning hayotini ta'minlashi kerak bo'lgan narsa - bu o'z ismini yashirgan bir janob tomonidan haftada bir marta beriladigan tasodifiy Pease nafaqasi va sudya va ofitserlarning ixtiyoriy hissasi bilan taqdim etilgan o'ttiz funt mol go'shti. Marshalsea, dushanba, chorshanba va juma kunlari; bir yarim gramm bo'lgan juda kichik qismlarga bo'linib, yarim tinli nonning to'rtdan bir qismi bilan tarqatiladi ...

Baxtsiz bechora Do'stlarining xayr-ehsonini tugatib, o'zining plashlari va ko'rpa-to'shaklariga jalb qilgan pulni iste'mol qilganda va oxirgi ta'minot nafaqasini yeb qo'yganida, u odatda bir necha kun ichida muhtojlik uchun zaiflashadi. Gritik isitma alomatlari bilan oziq-ovqat; va agar u endi turolmasa, agar u qamoqning oddiy hamshirasi uchun to'lovni to'lash uchun 3dni oshirsa, u Ozodlikni kasal palatasiga olib borish huquqini oladi va taxminan bir-ikki oy davom etadi. yuqorida aytib o'tilgan qamoq ta'minotining yordami va keyin vafot etadi.[62]

Uilyam Acton ustidan sud jarayoni

Katta xonaning chizmasi, ikkala tomoni hamakli shiftli murvatlarga va ularning ostiga yog'och maydonchalarga bog'langan. Erkaklar ikkalasida ham, yalang'och polda platformalar ostida ham yotishadi.
Gaols qo'mitasi, 1729 yil Marshalsiyadagi erkaklar kasalxonasi: "Chunki bu palataning devorlari yonida oshxonada kiyinuvchi kabi estakadalar ustiga taxtalar yotar edi; va ularning ostiga, o'sha estakadalar orasiga, shu trestlar oralig'ida yotar edi. Zamin, kasal odamlarning bitta shinasi, shkafning ustidagi boshqa shinalar va ularning ustiga uchinchi ham shinani hamaklarga ilib qo'ygan. "[63]

Gaols qo'mitasining so'rovlari natijasida qamoqxonalardagi bir necha muhim shaxslar 1729 yil avgustda qotillik uchun sud qilingan, shu jumladan flotdan Tomas Bembridj va marshalsiyalik Uilyam Acton. Gaols qo'mitasining qat'iy ma'ruzasini hisobga olgan holda, sud jarayonlari yirik ommaviy tadbirlar edi. Zanjabil buni qachon yozadi Uels shahzodasi O'sha yilning oxirida kitob sotuvchisi o'z qonun loyihasini taqdim etdi, undagi 41 jilddan ikkitasi Uilyam Actonning sud jarayoni haqidagi hisobotlar edi.[64]

Tomas Blisning ishi

Janob Baron Karterdan oldin Actonga qarshi birinchi ish 1726 yilda duradgor va qarzdor Tomas Blissning qotilligi uchun edi. Qamoqxona to'lovlarini to'lay olmayotgan Blissga ozgina ovqat qolganligi sababli, u arqonni devorga tashlab qochishga uringan edi, ammo ta'qibchilar uni uzib tashladilar va u qamoqning hovlisiga 20 metr yiqildi. Arqonni kim etkazib berganini bilmoqchi bo'lgan Acton uni buqaning pizzali bilan urib, qorniga muhr bosdi, uni teshikka (zinapoya ostidagi nam joyga), so'ngra kuchli xonaga joylashtirdi.[65]

Dastlab qaroqchilarni saqlash uchun qurilgan kuchli xona qamoqxona kanalizatsiyasidan bir necha metr narida joylashgan. U hech qachon tozalanmagan, drenajsiz, quyosh nuri va toza havo bo'lmagan - hidi "shovqinli" deb ta'riflangan - va kalamushlarga, ba'zan esa "bir nechta qo'rg'oshin go'ngi bilan to'lgan".[66] Bir nechta mahbuslar sudda bu erda to'shak yo'qligini, shuning uchun mahbuslar nam polda, ehtimol dafn qilishni kutayotgan jasadlarning yonida yotishlari kerakligini aytishdi. Ammo bir qator yaxshi mahbuslar Acton politsiyaga pulni to'lashgan, qamoqxona sud majlisida haqiqatan ham yotoq borligini aytgan. Ulardan biri tez-tez u erda yotishni tanlaganini aytdi, chunki kuchli xona juda toza edi; "qamoqxonaning umumiy tomonidagi eng yaxshi xona", dedi boshqasi. Bu sud mahbuslarning birining chap tomoni ho'l polda yotganidan o'lik bo'lganini va kalamush boshqasining burnini, qulog'ini, yonog'ini va chap ko'zini yeb qo'yganini eshitganiga qaramay.[67]

Baxt kuchli xonada uch hafta davomida dubulg'a kiyib olgan (boshning og'ir pritsipi), bosh barmoq vintlari, temir yoqa, oyoq dazmollari va shaffof deb nomlangan oyoq Bilagi zo'r dazmollar. Guvohlardan birining ta'kidlashicha, oyoqlaridagi shish shunchalik og'ir ediki, endi bir tomonidagi dazmollar toshib ketgan go'sht uchun ko'rinmas edi. Uni eshikning kichkina teshigidan ko'ra olgan rafiqasi uning og'zidan va bosh barmoqlaridan qon ketayotganiga guvohlik berdi. Unga oz miqdordagi ovqat berildi, ammo bosh suyagi uni chaynashiga to'sqinlik qildi; u boshqa mahbus Susanna Dodddan go'shtini o'zi uchun chaynashini so'rashi kerak edi. Oxir-oqibat u qamoqdan ozod qilindi, ammo sog'lig'i yomonlashdi va Sent-Tomas kasalxonasida vafot etdi.[67]

Boshqa ishlar, oqlash

Sudga yana uchta ish to'g'risida xabar berildi. Kapitan Jon Bromfild, Robert Nyuton va Jeyms Tompsonlar hammasi Actondan shu kabi davolanishdan so'ng vafot etdilar: kaltaklanish, keyin teshik yoki kuchli xonada vaqt, kasallar bo'limiga ko'chirilishidan oldin, ular oyoq dazmollarida erga yotishdi. .[68]

Ekton obro'sidan juda xavotirga tushib, ayblov xulosalarini lotin tilida o'qib chiqishni iltimos qildi, ammo uning tashvishlari noo'rin edi. Hukumat, ritsar-marshal, ser, yaxshi nomini himoya qilish uchun oqlanishni xohladi Filipp Meadows Jon Darbini qamoq gubernatori sifatida yollagan va u o'z navbatida qamoqxonani Actonga ijaraga bergan. Ektonning ma'qul bo'lgan mahbuslari uning nomidan sud jarayonining sudyasi hakamlar hay'ati ta'kidlagan qarama-qarshi dalillarni keltirib, guvohlik berishdi. Guvohlar oqimi uning yaxshi fe'l-atvori, jumladan sudya, deputat, uning qassoblari, pivo ishlab chiqaruvchisi, qandolatchi va advokat haqida gapirishdi - ko'mir savdogari Actonni "juda katta rahm-shafqat tufayli bu lavozimga yaroqsiz" deb o'ylardi va u topildi. barcha ayblovlar bo'yicha aybdor emas.[69] Gaols qo'mitasi Angliya mahbuslarining ahvoliga e'tibor qaratishga muvaffaq bo'lgan edi, ammo islohot ularni chetlab o'tdi.[70]

Taniqli mahbuslar

portret
Ben Jonson o'yinlari uchun 1597 yilda Marshalsea-ga yuborilgan Itlar oroli.

Marshalsea mahbuslarining aksariyati qarzdor bo'lishiga qaramay, qamoqxona ahamiyati jihatidan ikkinchi o'rinda turardi London minorasi. XIV asrdan boshlab u erda minorada emas, asosan, kichik siyosiy arboblar ushlangan fitna. Uilyam Xepvort Dikson 1885 yilda "shoirlar, qaroqchilar, parsonslar, fitna uyushtiruvchilar; tanga pulchilar, qaroqchilar, defoltchilar, jezuitlar; hokimiyatdagi odamlarning ruhini bezovta qilgan har bir sinfning sarson-sargardonlari ..." bilan to'lganligini yozgan.[71] Davomida Elizabet davri, u asosiy qamoqxonaga aylandi Rim katoliklari fitnada gumon qilingan. Yepiskop Bonner Londonning so'nggi Rim-katolik yepiskopi, 1559 yilda, go'yoki o'z xavfsizligi uchun, 10 yil o'tib o'limigacha u erda qamoqqa tashlangan. Uilyam Herle uchun josus Lord Borgli, Yelizaveta I 1570 va 1571 yillarda u erda bosh maslahatchi bo'lgan. Tarixchi Robin Adamsning so'zlariga ko'ra, qamoqxona jismoniy va metaforik tarzda sizib chiqqan; a-ga aloqadorlikda gumon qilingan Marshalsea mahbuslari to'g'risida yozishmalar 1571 yil qirolichani o'ldirish uchun fitna, Herle qamoq ichidagi ma'lumotlarni noqonuniy ravishda olib o'tadigan tarmoq haqida yozgan, bu esa boshqalarning ko'tarilishi uchun qulab tushayotgan g'isht ishlarida teshiklarda xatlarni yashirishni o'z ichiga olgan.[72]

Intellektuallar muntazam ravishda Marshalsea-da o'zlarini topdilar. Dramaturg Ben Jonson, do'sti Shekspir, 1597 yilda o'yin uchun qamoqqa tashlangan Itlar oroli, zudlik bilan bostirilgan, mavjud nusxalari bo'lmagan; o'sha yilning 28 iyulida Maxfiy kengash Bu "playey uylaridan birida playda qilingan buzuq play" deb aytilgan Bancke tomoni, juda g'azabli va g'ayrioddiy materiyaga qarshi kurash ".[73] Shoir Kristofer Bruk 1601 yilda 17 yoshli Ann Morning turmushga chiqishiga yordam bergani uchun qamoqqa tashlangan Jon Donne otasining roziligisiz.[74] Jorj Uiter, siyosiy satirik, 1614 yilda Marshalsea-da o'zining "Cho'ponlar ovi" she'rini yozgan; unga nisbatan tuhmat uchun to'rt oy hibsda ushlab turilgan Stript va whiptni suiiste'mol qilish (1613), qasos, shuhratparastlik va shahvatni tanqid qiluvchi 20 satira, ulardan biri Lord Kantsler.[75]

Nikolas Udal, Braintree vikari va direktori Eton kolleji uchun 1541 yilda yuborilgan mahsulot va o'g'irlikda gumon qilingan; 1555 yilda direktor lavozimiga tayinlangan Vestminster maktabi epizod uning nomiga hech qanday zarar etkazmaganligini taxmin qiladi.[76] Tomas Drury 1591 yil 15-iyulda Marshalsea-ga jo'natildi, unga "dierser great and fonde" ayblovi qo'yildi;[77] Drury 1593 yilda dramaturgga qarshi ateizm ayblovi bilan qatnashgan Kristofer Marlou.[78] 1629 yilda huquqshunos Jon Selden loyihasini tuzishda qatnashgani uchun u erda qamoqqa tashlangan Huquq to'g'risidagi ariza, Qirolning harakatlarini cheklovchi hujjat, parlament tomonidan qabul qilingan bo'lsa-da, fitna sifatida qabul qilingan.[79] Qachon Ser Jon Eliot Devon vitse-admirali, 1632 yilda London minorasidan qirolning huquqini so'roq qilish uchun Marshalsea-ga ko'chirilgan. soliq importi va eksporti, u buni Londondagi saroyidan chiqib, Sautuorkdagi dala uyiga ketayotgani bilan izohladi.[74] Polkovnik Tomas Kalpeper 1685 yoki 1687 yillarda Marshalsea-da Dyuk Devonshirga zarba bergani uchun tugadi, Uilyam Kavendish, quloqqa.[79]

Ikkinchi marshalsi (1811-1842)

Umumiy nuqtai

kitob muqovasi
Ning asl sarlavha sahifasi Charlz Dikkens "s Kichkina Dorrit Emi Marshalsiyadan ketayotganini namoyish etadi.

Qachon qamoqxonada islohotchi Jeyms Nild 1802 yil dekabrida birinchi Marshalsiyaga tashrif buyurgan, u erda faqat 34 qarzdor, sakkizta xotin va etti bola yashagan. Nildning yozishicha, bu "eng xarob va xavfli vaziyatda, qarzdorlarning yashash joylari esa juda yomon".[80] 1749 va 1768 yillarda qamoqxonada tartibsizliklar bo'lgan.[81] Hukumat 1799 yilda tanazzulga yuz tutganini tan oldi va uni 130 metr janubda (119 m), 150 High Street (hozirgi Borough High Street deb nomlangan) da, Oq Arslon o'rnida tiklash to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi. Borough Gaol nomi bilan ham tanilgan qamoqxona.[82][f] Bu Anxel Kort va Anxel Alleyning janubiy tomonida, endi mavjud bo'lmagan ikkita tor ko'chada edi.[g] Yakuniga 8000 funt sterling (2013 yilda 584 761 funt),[33] yangi qamoqxona 1811 yilda Oq sher tarkibiga kirgan umumiy cherkov bilan ikkita qismdan iborat bo'lib, biri Admirallik mahbuslari uchun, ikkinchisi qarzdorlar uchun.

Manbalar

Jeyms Nild 1812 yilda yangi bino mavjud bo'lgan birinchi yilda Marshalsea-ga yana bir bor tashrif buyurib, uning ta'rifini e'lon qildi. 1815 yildan 1850 yilgacha chop etilgan London va boshqa joylarda qamoqxonalar holati va boshqaruvi to'g'risidagi qo'mitalar va komissarlar ma'ruzalari bilan to'ldirildi. 1818. Qo'shimcha materiallar risolada mavjud, Saroy yoki Marshalsi sudi amaliyotining fosh etilishi, 1833 yilda anonim guvoh tomonidan yozilgan.[85]

Garchi birinchi Marshalsea 500 yil, ikkinchisi esa atigi 38 yil davomida omon qolgan bo'lsa-da, ikkinchisi keng tarqalganligi tufayli mashhur bo'ldi. Charlz Dikkens, kimning otasi, Jon Dikkens, 1824 yil 20 fevralda "To'lovga qodir bo'lmagan qarzdorning qonuni" ga binoan jo'natildi. U novvoy Jeyms Kerrdan 40 funt va 10 shilling, 2020 yilda 3590 funt sterlingga teng qarzdor edi.[86] O'sha paytda o'n ikki yoshda bo'lgan Dikkens xonimga Ellen Roylans xonim bilan Little College Street-da yashash uchun yuborilgan, Kamden Taun, u har kuni 8 milya yurib, Uorrenning onasining qarindoshiga qarashli 30 ta Hungerford zinapoyasida joylashgan qora zavodga borgan. U kuniga 10 soat sarflab, ish haqini to'lash uchun haftasiga olti shilingga poyabzal bo'yoqlari butilkalarini o'rashga sarfladi.[6]

Uning onasi Elizabet Barrou va uning kenja uch farzandi 1824 yil aprelida Marshalsea-da eriga qo'shilishgan. Dikkens har yakshanba Lant ko'chasida, qamoqxonaga yaqin joyda, vestriyaga tegishli uyning chodirida turar joy topguncha ularga tashrif buyurardi. Sent-Jorj cherkovining xodimi. Bu shuni anglatadiki, u Marshalsiyadagi oilasi bilan nonushta qilar va ishdan keyin ular bilan birga ovqatlanar edi.[6] Uning otasi uch oydan so'ng, 1824 yil 28-mayda ozod qilindi.[86] Ammo oilaning moddiy ahvoli yomonligicha qoldi va Dikkens fabrikada ishlashni davom ettirishi kerak edi, chunki u buni hech qachon onasini kechirmagan. Yillar o'tib u Marshalsea va boshqa qarzdorlarning qamoqxonalari haqida yozgan Pikvik hujjatlari (1836–1837), Devid Kopperfild (1849–1850), va eng keng ko'lamli Kichkina Dorrit (1855–1857), uning asosiy qahramoni Emi Marshalsiyada tug'ilgan. Trey Filpottsning yozishicha, Marshalsea haqidagi barcha tafsilotlar Kichkina Dorrit 1820-yillarning haqiqiy qamoqxonasini aks ettiradi. Filpottsning fikriga ko'ra, Dikkens kamdan-kam hollarda xatolarga yo'l qo'ygan va mubolag'a qilmagan; agar biror narsa bo'lsa, u himoya qilish uchun, ehtimol Marshalsea hayotining litsenziyasiga ahamiyat bermadi Viktoriya davri sezgirlik.[87][h]

Qarzdorlar

reja
Ikkinchi Marshalsea-ning ushbu rejasi 1842 yilda yopilganda tuzilgan; qarang bosiladigan versiya.

Birinchi Marshalsea singari, ikkinchisi ham tor edi.[89] 1827 yilda 630 qarzdorning 414 nafari 20 funt sterlinggacha bo'lgan qarzlar uchun bor edi; O'sha yili Sautuarkda 1890 kishi jami 16442 funt sterling qarz evaziga qamalgan.[90] Qarzdorlar bo'limi g'isht barakidan, 177 fut × 56 fut (54 m × 17 m) o'lchamdagi hovlidan iborat edi.[91] qarzdorlar xohlagancha pivo ichishlari mumkin bo'lgan oshxona, jamoat xonasi va kran xonasi yoki snuggery, 1815 yilda besh pensli idishda.[92][men] Philpotts reports that, by the early 19th century, most debtors spent only months in the prison; on 19 April 1826 it held 105 debtors, 99 of whom had been there for less than six months and the other six for less than a year.[94]

The barracks was less than 10 yards wide and 33 yards long (9 m × 30 m) and was divided into eight houses, each with three floors, containing 56 rooms in all.[89] Each floor had seven rooms facing the front and seven in the back.[91] There were no internal hallways. The rooms were accessed directly from the outside via eight narrow wooden staircases, a fire hazard given that the stairs provided the sole exit and the houses were separated only by thin lathe and plaster partitions.[89]

We are quiet here; we don't get badgered here; there's no knocker, sir, to be hammered at by creditors and bring a man's heart into his mouth. Nobody comes here to ask if a man's at home, and to say he'll stand on the door mat till he is. Nobody writes threatening letters about money to this place. It's freedom, sir, it's freedom! ... we have got to the bottom, we can't fall, and what have we found? Tinchlik.

- doktor. Haggage in Kichkina Dorrit[95]

Women debtors were housed in rooms over the tap room. The rooms in the barracks (the men's rooms) were 10 ft 10 in (3.30 m) square and 8–9 ft (2.4–2.7 m) high, with a window, wooden floors and a fireplace. Each housed two or three prisoners, and as the rooms were too small for two beds, prisoners had to share.[89] Apart from the bed, prisoners were expected to provide their own furniture.[96] The anonymous witness complained in 1833:

"170 persons have been confined at one time within these walls, making an average of more than four persons in each room—which are not ten feet square!!! I will leave the reader to imagine what the situation of men, thus confined, particularly in the summer months, must be."[97]

Much of the prison business was run by a debtors' committee of nine prisoners and a chair (a position held by Dickens' father). Appointed on the last Wednesday of each month, and meeting every Monday at 11 am, the committee was responsible for imposing fines for rules violations, an obligation they met with enthusiasm. Debtors could be fined for theft; throwing water or filth out of windows or into someone else's room; making noise after midnight; cursing, fighting or singing obscene songs; smoking in the beer room from 8–10 am and 12–2 pm; defacing the staircase; dirtying the privy seats; stealing newspapers or utensils from the snuggery; urinating in the yard; drawing water before it had boiled; and criticizing the committee.[98]

As dreadful as the Marshalsea was, it kept the creditors away. Debtors could even arrange to have themselves arrested by a business partner to enter the jail when it suited them. Historian Margot Finn writes that discharge was therefore used as a punishment; one debtor was thrown out in May 1801 for "making a Noise and disturbance in the prison".[99]

Garnish and chummage

fotosurat
Prison courtyard, c. 1897, when the buildings were being let as rooms and shops.[j]

Upon arrival, new prisoners were expected to pay garnish, a donation to the prisoners' committee. When the commissioners reported to parliament between 1815 and 1818, male prisoners were paying five shillings and sixpence, increased to eight shillings and sixpence by the time the anonymous witness was writing in 1833. Women were asked for a smaller sum. The fee allowed prisoners to use the snuggery, where water could be boiled and meals cooked, and candles and newspapers obtained.[92] Prisoners failing to pay were declared defaulters by the prison crier, had their names written up in the kitchen, and were Koventriga yuborilgan.[101]

After paying garnish, prisoners were given a "chum ticket", which told them which room was theirs and which prisoners they would be chumming with. They would often spend the first night in the infirmary until a room could be made ready, and sometimes three or four nights walking around the yard before a chum could be found, although they were already being charged for the room they did not have.[102][96]

According to Dickens specialist Trey Philpotts, the newest arrival was usually placed with the youngest prisoner who was living alone. A wealthier prisoner could pay his roommate to go away—"buy out the chum"—for half-a-crown a week in 1818, while the outcast chum would sleep in the tap room or find another room to rent in the prison.[96] The only prisoners not expected to pay chummage were debtors who had declared themselves insolvent by swearing an oath that they had assets worth less than 40 shillings. If their creditors agreed, they could be released after 14 days, but if anyone objected, they remained confined to the poor side of the building, near the women's side, receiving a small weekly allowance from the county and money from charity.[103]

Admiralty prisoners

The Admiralty division housed a few prisoners under naval harbiy sudlar for mutiny, desertion, piracy, and what the deputy marshal preferred in 1815 to call "unnatural crimes", a euphemism for sex between men. Unlike other parts of the prison that had been built from scratch in 1811, the Admiralty division—as well as the northern boundary wall, the dayroom and the chapel—had been part of the old Borough gaol and were considerably run down. The cells were so rotten they were barely able to confine the prisoners; in 1817 one actually broke through his cell walls. The low boundary wall meant that Admiralty prisoners were often chained to bolts fixed to the floor in the infirmary.[104]

They were supposed to have a separate yard to exercise in, so that criminals were not mixing with debtors, but in fact the prisoners mixed often and happily, according to Dickens.[105] The parliamentary committee deplored this practice, arguing that Admiralty prisoners were characterized by an "entire absence of all control", and were bound to have a bad effect on the debtors.[106] The two groups would retreat to their own sections during inspections, Dickens wrote:

[T]he smugglers habitually consorted with the debtors ... except at certain constitutional moments when somebody came from some Office, to go through some form of overlooking something, which neither he nor anybody else knew anything about. On those truly British occasions, the smugglers, if any, made a feint of walking into the strong cells and the blind alley, while this somebody pretended to do his something; and made a reality of walking out again as soon as he hadn't done it—neatly epitomizing the administration of most of the public affairs, in our right little, tight little island.[107][k]

Ayollar

rasm
Painting of the Marshalsea in the early 1900s, after it had closed, by American artist Frensis Xopkinson Smit. It was probably created when the artist visited London in 1913.

According to the anonymous eyewitness, women in the Marshalsea were in constant moral danger: "How often has female virtue been assailed in poverty? Alas how often has it fallen, in consequence of a husband or a father having been a prisoner for debt?"[109] The prison doctor would visit every other day to attend to prisoners, and sometimes their children—to "protect his reputation", according to a doctor testifying in 1815 to a parliamentary commission—but would not attend to their wives. This left women to give birth alone or with the help of other prisoners. The doctor told the commission he had helped just once with a birth, and then only as a matter of courtesy, because it was not included in his salary.[110]

The presence of wives, lovers and daughters was taken for granted. Visitors could come and go freely, and even live with the prisoners, without being asked who they were. Female prisoners were allowed to mix with the men. Some of the rooms were let to prostitutes.[110][102] The prison gates were closed from ten at night until eight the next morning, with a bell warning visitors half an hour before closing time, and an officer walking around the prison calling, "Strangers, women and children all out!"[92]

Closure and abolition

The Marshalsea was closed by an Act of Parliament in 1842, and on 19 November that year the inmates were relocated to the Bethlem kasalxonasi if they were mentally ill, or to the King's Bench qamoqxonasi, at that point renamed the Queen's Prison.[92] On 31 December 1849 the Court of the Marshalsea of the Household of the Kings of England was abolished, and its power transferred to Her Majesty's Court of Common Pleas at Westminster.[111]

The buildings and land were auctioned off in July 1843 and purchased for £5,100 by W. G. Hicks, an ironmonger. The property consisted of the keeper's house, the canteen (known as a suttling house), the Admiralty section, the chapel, a three-storey brick building and eight brick houses, all closed off from Borough High Street by iron gates. Imprisonment for debt was finally outlawed in England in 1869, except in cases of fraud or refusal to pay, and in the 1870s the Home Office demolished most of the prison buildings, though in 1955 parts of it were still in use by George Harding & Sons, hardware merchants.[112]

Dickens visited what was left of the Marshalsea in May 1857, just before he finished Kichkina Dorrit. U muqaddimada shunday yozgan:

Some of my readers may have an interest in being informed whether or no any portions of the Marshalsea Prison are yet standing. I did not know, myself, until the sixth of this present month, when I went to look. I found the outer front courtyard, often mentioned in this story, metamorphosed into a butter shop; and then I almost gave up every brick of the jail for lost. Wandering, however, down a certain adjacent "Angel Court, leading to Bermondsey", I came to "Marshalsea Place": the houses in which I recognised, not only as the great block of the former prison, but as preserving the rooms that arose in my mind's eye when I became Little Dorrit's biographer ...

A little further on, I found the older and smaller wall, which used to enclose the pent-up inner prison where nobody was put, except for ceremony. But, whosoever goes into Marshalsea Place, turning out of Angel Court, leading to Bermondsey, will find his feet on the very paving-stones of the extinct Marshalsea jail; will see its narrow yard to the right and to the left, very little altered if at all, except that the walls were lowered when the place got free; will look upon the rooms in which the debtors lived; and will stand among the crowding ghosts of many miserable years.[113]

Location of prison remains

fotosurat
Remaining wall of the Marshalsea, 2007. The wall marked the prison's southern boundary.

The building on the site of the prison houses Southwark Council's Jon Garvard kutubxonasi and Local Studies Library, at 211 Borough High Street, bilan bog'lanishning shimolida Tabard ko'chasi. All that remains of the Marshalsea is the brick wall that marked the southern boundary of the prison, separating it from St George's churchyard, now a small garden.[l] It can be reached by underground on the Northern line to Borough metro stantsiyasi, or by train to London ko'prigi stantsiyasi.

The surviving wall runs along an alleyway that was part of the prison, now called Angel Place. The name Angel Place has led to confusion because there were two alleyways on the north side of the Marshalsea (Angel Court and Angel Alley), the first of which Dickens refers to when giving directions to the prison remains in 1857. See Richard Horwood's 18th-century map, which shows Angel Court/Angel Alley near the Borough Goal [sic ], marked by the number 2.

The wall is marked on the garden side, on what would have been the external wall of the prison, by a plaque from the local council. There is also a paving stone with information about Dickens's father. The Cuming muzeyi has one of the prison's pumps and the Dickens House Museum one of its windows.[83]

  • First Marshalsea, published 1803

  • Court of the first Marshalsea, 1800

  • Second Marshalsea courtyard in 2007, then known as Angel Place; building on the left is a public library

  • Remaining wall, 2007

  • Remaining wall

  • Plaque on the remaining wall

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ Gaols Committee, 14 May 1729: "[A] Day seldom passed without a Death, and upon the advancing of the Spring, not less than Eight or Ten usually died every 24 Hours."[5]
  2. ^ Dickens, Kichkina Dorrit: "The affairs of this debtor were perplexed by a partnership, of which he knew no more than that he had invested money in it; by legal matters of assignment and settlement, conveyance here and conveyance there, suspicion of unlawful preference of creditors in this direction, and of mysterious spiriting away of property in that; and as nobody on the face of the earth could be more incapable of explaining any single item in the heap of confusion than the debtor himself, nothing comprehensible could be made of his case. To question him in detail, and endeavor to reconcile his answers; to closet him with accountants and sharp practitioners, learned in the wiles of insolvency and bankruptcy; was only to put the case out at compound interest of incomprehensibility. The irresolute fingers fluttered more and more ineffectually about the trembling lip on every such occasion, and the sharpest practitioners gave him up as a hopeless job."[7]
  3. ^ Oldin Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi in 1776, Britain transported 30,000 convicts to the Amerika mustamlakalari between 1719 and 1772.[16] Thereafter prisoners were held in disused ships called hulks, moored in the Thames and at Plymouth and Portsmouth.[17] In 1787 penal transportation Avstraliyaga began, which saw 164,000 men and women transported on 806 ships between then and 1867.[16] Several prisons built by central government during that period held convicts awaiting transportation, most notably Millbank (built in 1816), and also Parkxerst (1838), Pentonvill (1842), Portland (1848), Portsmouth (1850) and Chatham (1856).[18]
  4. ^ According to White (2009), the prison existed by 1300,[37] but Darlington (1955), citing the Close and Patent rulonlari, writes: "The term Marshalsea Prison occurs from 1294 onward, but throughout the mediaeval period it was often used indiscriminately for the prison of the Ritsar Marshal and for the prison kept by the Marshal of the Court of King's Bench, e.g., in 1324 there is a reference to John de Castello, a rebel, who was in the prison of the Marshalsea at York; and in 1339 John Gerard, 'chaplain', was pardoned for robberies and for escaping from the Marshalsea prison of the King's Bench at Canterbury. There are several references on the Close and Patent Rolls to a royal prison in Southwark in the 13th century, but no indication that there was a definite house allocated for the purpose until 1373, when 'the good men of the town of Suthwerk' were given a licence 'to build in the high street leading from the church of St. Margaret towards the south, a house, 40 feet long and 30 feet wide, in which to hold the pleas of the Marshalsea of the king's household and to keep the prisoners of the Marshalsea while in the said town, and to hold all other the king's courts.'"[38]
  5. ^ The painting was commissioned by Sir Archibald Grant, MP for Aberdeenshire, believed to be standing third from the right in the foreground. Sir John Perceval, first earl of Egmont, sits two chairs to the right of Oglethorpe. He later became president of the Georgia Trustees.[55]
  6. ^ London Footprints: "[The White Lion] had been an inn prior to 1535 and became the Sheriff's Prison in 1540. The Surrey County, started in 1513, moved to the site in 1580 and a Bridewell of 1601 in 1654. The Bridewell, or House of Correction, had a chapel of 1661 which was later rebuilt in 1723. It closed in 1666 when prisoners were moved to the (Old) Marshalsea. The Surrey County was transferred to Horsemonger Lane in 1799."[83]
  7. ^ This has led to confusion because there is an alley called Angel Place to the north of what remains of the southern prison wall. The current Angel Place was part of the site of the Marshalsea prison.[84] Qarang Richard Horwood's 18th-century map, which shows Angel Court/Angel Alley near the Borough Goal [sic ], marked by the number 2.
  8. ^ Philpotts writes that the only discrepancies are that William Dorrit would have had to move in 1811 from the first to the second Marshalsea, and that Dickens locates the chandler's shop in the tap room, whereas a floor plan locates it in the female debtors' house.[88]
  9. ^ Neild wrote that the tap room consisted of two rooms, not one as Dickens wrote.[93]
  10. ^ Janob Uolter Besant: "I think it was in the year 1877 or 1878 or thereabouts that I walked over to see the Marshalsea before it was pulled down. I found a long narrow terrace of mean houses—they are still standing: there was a narrow courtyard in front for exercise and air: a high wall separated the prison from the Churchyard: the rooms in the terrace were filled with deep cupboards on either side of the fireplace: these cupboards contained the coals, the cooking utensils, the stores, and the clothes of the occupants. My guide ... pointed to certain marks on the floor as, he said, the place where they fastened the staples when they tied down the poor prisoners."[100]
  11. ^ The words "right little, tight little island" come from an 1841 song, "The Snug Little Island", by Charlz Dibdin:
    Daddy Neptune one day to Freedom did say,
    "If ever I lived upon dry land.
    The spot I should hit on would be little Britain!"
    Says Freedom "Why that's my own little island!"
    Oh, it's a snug little island,
    A right little, tight little island,
    Search the globe round, none can be found
    So happy as this little island.[108]
  12. ^ English Heritage: "SOUTHWARK TQ3279 BOROUGH HIGH STREET 636-1/5/104 (East side) 30 September 1977 Wall forming north boundary of public gardens, formerly St George's Churchyard (Formerly Listed as: BOROUGH HIGH STREET (East side) Wall to north of Public Gardens formerly St George's Churchyard) II Churchyard wall, now boundary wall to public gardens. C18 with early C19 and later alterations. Dull red brick, the top 9 courses in London Stocks, with flat stone coping, part missing. Brick tayanch tayanchlari to north. Runs east–west, forming northern boundary to public gardens, formerly churchyard. Approx 4m high. Curved rebate about half way along. To east of this a pair of later segment-headed openings contain C20 wrought-iron gates. Some small openings, blocked; much patching and reinforcing with tie rods. Enamel plaque over entrances inscribed: 'This site was originally the MARSHALSEA PRISON made famous by the late Charles Dickens in his work Little Dorrit'. The wall formed the southern boundary of the Marshalsea Prison, where Dickens's father was imprisoned."[114]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ For the poorest of debtors, White 2009, p. 71; White 2012, p.449.
  2. ^ Tambling 2009, p. 56; also see White 2012, p.447: In 1779, 945 of London's 1,500 prisoners were in jail for debt.
  3. ^ Ginger 1998, pp. 41, 217.
  4. ^ Ginger 1998, pp. 41–46.
  5. ^ Gaols Committee 1729, p.5; also see White 2009, p. 69.
  6. ^ a b v d e Philpotts 2003, p. 91.
  7. ^ Dickens, Kichkina Dorrit, p.66.
  8. ^ Dickens, Kichkina Dorrit, pp.vii, 41.
  9. ^ "Marshal", "Marshalcy" and "Marshalsea", Oksford ingliz lug'ati, 1989; "Marshalcy", Palatalar, 1983.
  10. ^ Jones 1970, pp. 7–8; McIntosh 1979, pp. 728, 733.
  11. ^ Thornbury 1872, p. 17; Philpotts 2003, p. 90.
  12. ^ Philpotts 2003, p. 90.
  13. ^ McGowen 1995, p. 72; West 2011, p. 164.
  14. ^ West 2011, p. 164.
  15. ^ Alan Travis (23 April 2010). "Prison population hits record 85,000 after end of early releases", Guardian.

    Lizzy Davis and Simon Rogers (16 July 2012). "England and Wales population rises 3.7m in 10 years", Guardian.

  16. ^ a b McConville 1995, p. 121 2.
  17. ^ McGowen 1995, p. 76; Philpotts 1991.
  18. ^ For Pentonville, McConville 1995, p. 122; for the rest, Philpotts 1991 and McGowen 1995, p. 93.
  19. ^ McGowen 1995, pp. 71–73.
  20. ^ Howard 1777, p. 13.
  21. ^ McGowen 1997, p. 74.
  22. ^ a b McGowen 1995, pp. 73–74; Philpotts 1991; Hughes 1998, p. 37.
  23. ^ Griffiths 1884, pp. 211, 429–431; Hughes 1988, p.37.
  24. ^ West 2011, p. 169ff.
  25. ^ For Ely, Howard 1777, pp. 252–253 (footnote), and Griffiths 1884, p. 429. For Penzance, p.385, and for Chesterfield, p. 286.
  26. ^ Barty-King 1991, p. 38.
  27. ^ Tambling 2009, p. 56
  28. ^ White 2012, p. 447.
  29. ^ Wade 1829, p. 124.
  30. ^ Brown 1996, p. 108.
  31. ^ Ashton 1888, p. 321.
  32. ^ For the way debts increased, White 2009, p. 74.
  33. ^ a b Buyuk Britaniya Chakana narxlar indeksi inflyatsiya ko'rsatkichlari ma'lumotlarga asoslanadi Klark, Gregori (2017). "1209 yilgacha Buyuk Britaniyaning yillik RPI va o'rtacha daromadi (yangi seriya)". Qiymat. Olingan 2 fevral 2020.
  34. ^ Kichik 2003 yil, p. 909.
  35. ^ Adams 2009, p. 221.
  36. ^ a b v Ginger 1998, p. 41.
  37. ^ a b Oq 2009, p. 71.
  38. ^ Darlington 1955, ch. 2018-04-02 121 2.
  39. ^ http://aalt.law.uh.edu/H4/CP40no605/bCP40ono605dorses/IMG_1472.htm ; 5th entry from bottom
  40. ^ second entry; http://aalt.law.uh.edu/H5/CP40no641/bCP40no641dorses/IMG_1201.htm
  41. ^ Northouck 1773, pp. 678–690.
  42. ^ White 2012, p. 449.
  43. ^ a b v Ginger 1998, p. 45.
  44. ^ Ginger 1998, p. 45; Oq 2009, p. 79.
  45. ^ House of Lords Records Office, "An Account of the Prisoners in the Marshalsea, February 1729", cited in Ginger 1998, p. 25, n. 99; Oq 2009, p. 84.
  46. ^ Gaols Committee 1729.
  47. ^ a b Ginger 1998, p. 44.
  48. ^ Dixon 1856, p. 166.
  49. ^ Howard 1777, p. 206; Field 1850, p. 120.
  50. ^ Ginger 1998, pp. 46, 67.
  51. ^ a b Ginger 1998, p. 296; Oq 2009, p. 83.
  52. ^ Dickens, Yil davomida, volume 18, p. 252.
  53. ^ Cobbett 1813, p. 526ff; Hostettler 2009, p. 152.
  54. ^ Ginger 1998, p. 296.
  55. ^ a b The Gaols Committee of the House of Commons, Milliy portret galereyasi.
  56. ^ Walpole 1849, p. 724.
  57. ^ Cobbett 1813, p. 383ff; Oq 2009, p. 76.
  58. ^ Bain 1989, p. 73.
  59. ^ White 2009, pp. 76–77.
  60. ^ Ginger 1998, p. 215.
  61. ^ Gaols Committee 1729, p.20–21.
  62. ^ Gaols Committee 1729, p.4; Ginger 1998, p. 218.
  63. ^ Gaols Committee 1729, p.4; Ginger 1998, pp. 218–219.
  64. ^ Ginger 1998, p. 295.
  65. ^ Gaols Committee 1729, p.9; Cobbett 1813, pp. 477, 482; White 2009, pp. 90–91.
  66. ^ Corbett 1813, p. 550.
  67. ^ a b Cobbett 1813, p. 482ff; White 2009, pp. 90–91.
  68. ^ Cobbett 1813, pp. 512ff, 526ff; White 2009, pp. 90–91.
  69. ^ Ginger 1998, pp. 296, 299; White 2009, pp. 91–92.
  70. ^ Pitofsky 2000, p. 88; White 2009, pp. 92–93.
  71. ^ Morris and Rothman 1995, p. 351; Dixon 1885, p.128.
  72. ^ Adams 2009, pp. 220–221.
  73. ^ Vickers 2004, p. 25.
  74. ^ a b Wheatley and Cunningham 1891, p. 477.
  75. ^ Pritchard 1963, pp. 337 339.
  76. ^ Carney 2001, p. 355.
  77. ^ Kendall 2003, p. 244.
  78. ^ Riggs 2004, pp. 37–38.
  79. ^ a b Walford 1878.
  80. ^ Neild 1802, p. 207; shuningdek qarang Edvard g'ori, writing as "Sylvanus Urban", the letters editor of Janoblar jurnali, replying to a reader's letter about the Marshalsea in 1803.
  81. ^ White 2012, p. 454.
  82. ^ Philpotts 2003, p. 91; Knight 1841, p. 325.
  83. ^ a b "Marshalsea", London oyoq izlari.
  84. ^ Wikimapia-ga kirish;51 ° 30′06 ″ N 0 ° 05′32 ″ V / 51.50178°N 0.09212°W / 51.50178; -0.09212
  85. ^ An Eye-Witness 1833.
  86. ^ a b Allingham 2004.
  87. ^ Philpotts 2003, p. 8.
  88. ^ Philpotts 2003, pp. 8, 115–116.
  89. ^ a b v d Philpotts 2003, p. 92.
  90. ^ Wade 1829, p. 124.
  91. ^ a b Neild 1812, cited in Small 2004, p. 908.
  92. ^ a b v d Philpotts 1991.
  93. ^ Neild 1812, cited in Small 2004, p. 909.
  94. ^ Philpotts 2003, p. 102.
  95. ^ Dickens, Kichkina Dorrit, pp.69–70.
  96. ^ a b v Philpotts 2003, p. 98.
  97. ^ An Eye-Witness 1833, p. 6.
  98. ^ Philpotts 1991; Philpotts 2003, p. 107.
  99. ^ Finn 2007, p. 149.
  100. ^ Besant 1912, p. 280.
  101. ^ An Eye-Witness 1833, 7-8 betlar; Philpotts 1991; Finn 2007, p. 143.
  102. ^ a b An Eye-Witness 1833, p. 8.
  103. ^ Dickens, Pikvik klubining o'limdan keyingi hujjatlari, p. 628.
  104. ^ Philpotts 2003, pp. 92–94; Philpotts 1991.
  105. ^ Dickens, Kichkina Dorrit, p. 61.
  106. ^ Philpotts 2003, p. 95.
  107. ^ Dickens, Kichkina Dorrit, p.64.
  108. ^ Philpotts 2003, p. 96.
  109. ^ An Eye-Witness 1833, p. 9.
  110. ^ a b Philpotts 2003, p. 100.
  111. ^ Yurist, 3(2), 1850, p. 359.
  112. ^ Darlington 1955.
  113. ^ Dickens, Kichkina Dorrit, pp.vi – vii.
  114. ^ Remaining wall of the Marshalsea, English Heritage National Monuments Record.

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