Qo'shma Shtatlarda eng kam ish haqi - Minimum wage in the United States
Yuqori Bir xil Pastroq[a]
The Qo'shma Shtatlarda eng kam ish haqi tomonidan belgilanadi AQSh mehnat qonuni va bir qator davlat va mahalliy qonunlar.[2] Odatda ish beruvchilar ishchilarga eng yuqori oylik berishlari kerak eng kam ish haqi federal, shtat va mahalliy qonunlar tomonidan belgilangan. 2009 yil 24 iyuldan boshlab federal eng kam ish haqi soatiga 7,25 dollar.[3] 2020 yil yanvar holatiga ko'ra,[yangilash] eng kam ish haqi federal minimaldan yuqori bo'lgan 29 shtat va D.C. bor edi.[4] 2018 yildan 2019 yilgacha ettita shtat eng kam ish haqi miqdorini avtomatik sozlash orqali oshirdi, boshqa o'n oltita shtat va D.K.da o'sish referendum yoki qonunchilik harakati orqali sodir bo'ldi.[5]
Federal minimal ish haqi 7,25 dollar bo'lsa-da, aksariyat shtatlar[6]:1 va ko'plab shaharlarda eng kam ish haqi yuqori bo'lib, natijada AQShning eng kam ish haqi ishchilarining deyarli 90% 7,25 dollardan ko'proq maosh oladi.[6] Davlat miqyosida samarali eng kam ish haqi, o'rtacha ish haqi miqdori, 2019 yil may oyiga kelib o'rtacha ish haqi $ 11.80 ni tashkil etadi. Bu eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi eng kam ma'lumotga ega bo'lgan 1994 yildan beri eng yuqori ko'rsatkichdir.[6]:1
Federal minimal ish haqining sotib olish qobiliyati 1968 yilda eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarilib, 1,60 dollarni tashkil etdi (2019 dollar bilan 12,00 dollar).[7][8][9] Agar 1968 yilda eng kam ish haqi mehnat unumdorligi o'sishini ushlab turganda edi, bu 2017 yilda 19,33 dollarga yetgan bo'lar edi.[10] 2019 yilda Kongressning byudjet idorasi Federal minimal ish haqini soatiga 15 dollarga ko'tarish 17 million ishchiga foyda keltirishi, shuningdek, 1,3 million odamning ishsiz qolishiga olib kelishi haqida hisobot chiqardi.[11][12]
2016 yil Pyu So'rov natijalariga ko'ra, saylovchilarning 52% qora tanli 89%, latinoliklarning 71% va oq tanli saylovchilarning 44% foydasiga 15 AQSh dollari miqdoridagi federal eng kam ish haqini qo'llab-quvvatladilar.[13] 2018 yilda,[yangilash] federal minimal ish haqi miqdorida yoki undan past bo'lgan 1,7 million amerikalik.[14] Oq, osiyolik va latinolik ishchilarning taxminan 2% federal eng kam ish haqi yoki undan kam ish haqiga ega bo'lishdi. Qora ishchilar orasida bu ko'rsatkich taxminan 3% ni tashkil etdi.[14]
Tarix
Minimal ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlari paydo bo'ldi o'n to'qqizinchi asrning oxiri tugatish istagidan ter to'kkan mehnat da rivojlangan sanoatlashtirish uyg'onishi.[17] Terlar ko'p sonli ayollar va yosh ishchilarni ish bilan ta'minlab, ularga ko'rib chiqilgan narsalarni to'lab berishdi yashamaydigan ish haqi bu ishchilarga hayot ehtiyojlarini qondirishga imkon bermagan.[18] Ter to'kish me'yordan tashqari ish haqidan tashqari, uzoq ish vaqti va antisanitariya va xavfli ish sharoitlari bilan ham bog'liq edi.[19] 1890-yillardan 20-asrning 20-yillariga qadar Progressive Era Qo'shma Shtatlar bo'ylab ijtimoiy faollar va siyosiy islohotlar davri, ilg'or islohotchilar, xotin-qizlar tashkilotlari, diniy arboblar, akademiklar va siyosatchilarning barchasi Qo'shma Shtatlar bo'ylab eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonunlarni qabul qilishda muhim rol o'ynadi.[20]
Hayotiy bo'lmagan ish haqi muammosini yaxshilash uchun eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonunlardan foydalanish bo'yicha birinchi muvaffaqiyatli urinishlar sodir bo'ldi Avstraliyaning Viktoriya shtati 1896 yilda.[21][22] Zavod inspektori ter to'kkan mehnat sharoitlari to'g'risida hisobot va gazetalarda xabar beradi Melburn, Viktoriya 1895 yilda tashkil topishiga olib keldi Terlashga qarshi milliy liga bu hukumatni qonunchilikda me'yordan tashqari ish haqi muammosini hal qilishga agressiv ravishda majbur qildi.[23] Viktoriya tavsiyasiga binoan hukumat Bosh kotib Aleksandr tovus, mehnatga yaroqsiz ish haqidan aziyat chekkan mehnat savdosida eng kam ish haqini belgilash vazifasi yuklatilgan ish haqi kengashlari tashkil etildi. Xuddi shu davrda AQSh va Angliyada ter to'kishga qarshi kampaniyalar bo'lib o'tdi.[24]
Progressive Era
Avstraliyada bo'lgani kabi, fuqarolik tashvishi oxiriga qadar Qo'shma Shtatlarda rivojlangan terli mehnat uchun Oltin oltin. 1890 yilda Nyu-York shtatida mamlakatda terli mehnatning og'ir sharoitlaridan xavotirda bo'lgan bir guruh ayol islohotchilar Nyu-York shahrining iste'molchilar ligasini tuzdilar. Iste'molchilar guruhi ter sharoitida ishlab chiqarilgan va ular tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan "adolatli uy" standartlari kodeksiga mos kelmaydigan mahsulotlarni boykot qilish orqali ish sharoitlarini yaxshilashga intildi. Shunga o'xshab, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bo'ylab iste'molchilar ligalari tashkil topdi va 1899 yilda ular ostida birlashdilar Milliy iste'molchilar ligasi (NCL) bosh tashkilot.[25] Iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish, ter sanoatida o'zgaruvchan sharoitlarda juda sekin edi. 1908 yilda NCL rahbarlari xalqaro tashkilotga borganlarida terlashga qarshi konferentsiya Jeneva, Shveytsariya va tanishtirildi Avstraliyada eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonunchilik ter to'kkan mehnat bilan muvaffaqiyatli shug'ullangan, ular dindorlar uylariga kelib, eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonunchilikni o'zlarining milliy platformalarining bir qismiga aylantirdilar.[26]
1910 yilda boshchiligidagi targ'ibot ishlari bilan birgalikda Florens Kelli Milliy iste'molchilar ligasi, Ayollar kasaba uyushma ligasi Massachusets shtatining (WTLU) Elizabeth Evans boshchiligida eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlari Massachusets shtati. Keyingi ikki yil ichida Bostondagi ijtimoiy islohotlar guruhlari va mehnat himoyachilari koalitsiyasi shtatda eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonunchilikni qabul qildi.[27] 1912 yil 4-iyunda Massachusets shtati AQShda eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi birinchi qonunni qabul qildi, unda ayollar va bolalar uchun majburiy bo'lmagan minimal ish haqini tavsiya etish bo'yicha davlat komissiyasi tashkil etildi.[28][29] Qonun loyihasini qabul qilishda muhim yordam ko'rsatildi Lourens to'qimachilik ish tashlashi 1912 yil boshida o'n hafta davomida avj olgan. Ushbu ish tashlash milliy e'tiborni ish haqi past bo'lgan to'qimachilar ishchilarining ahvoliga qaratdi va ish tashlash kattaligidan qo'rqqan shtat qonun chiqaruvchilarini progressiv mehnat qonunchiligini qabul qilishga undadi.[30]
1923 yilga kelib, o'n besh AQSh shtatlari va Kolumbiya okrugi o'tgan edi eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonunlar, Milliy iste'molchilar ligasi tomonidan boshqa ayollarning ixtiyoriy birlashmalari va uyushgan mehnat bilan koalitsiyada shtat qonunchilik organlariga bosim o'tkazilishi bilan.[31][32] The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi ning Lochner davr (1897-1937), ammo mehnatni tartibga solish to'g'risidagi qonunlarni doimiy ravishda bekor qildi. Davlatning eng kam oylik ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonunlarini qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar, ushbu qonunlarning pretsedenti asosida qo'llab-quvvatlanishiga umid qilishdi Myuller va Oregon (1908), bu ayollar uchun erkaklar talab qilmaydigan maxsus himoyani talab qilishi sababli ayollar uchun maksimal ish vaqti to'g'risidagi qonunlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi.[32] Ammo Oliy sud ushbu printsipni eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonunlarga tatbiq qilmadi.[31]:518 Sud qaror qildi Adkins va bolalar kasalxonasi (1923) Kolumbiya okrugining eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonuni konstitutsiyaga zid edi, chunki qonun ish beruvchilarning qobiliyatiga to'sqinlik qildi ish haqi shartnomalari bo'yicha erkin muzokaralar olib borish xodimlar bilan. Sud, shuningdek, 1920 yilda qabul qilinganidan so'ng, ayollar qonun bilan boshqa maxsus himoyani talab qilmasligini ta'kidladi O'n to'qqizinchi o'zgartirish, bu ayollarga ovoz berish huquqini va teng huquqiy maqomni berdi.[33]
Yangi bitim
1933 yilda Ruzvelt ma'muriyati davomida Yangi bitim bilan eng kam ish haqi milliy polkini tashkil etishga birinchi urinish Milliy sanoatni tiklash to'g'risidagi qonun Bu sanoat va mintaqaviy asosda eng kam ish haqi va maksimal soatlarni belgilaydi. Oliy sud, ammo Schechter Poultry Corp. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlariga qarshi (1935) aktni konstitutsiyaga zid deb topdi va eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qoidalar bekor qilindi.[34] Ikki yil o'tgach, Prezident Ruzvelt g'olib bo'lganidan keyin 1936 yilda qayta saylanish va sud islohoti muhokamasi, Oliy sud yana mehnat qonunchiligi masalasini ko'rib chiqdi West Coast Hotel Co., Parrishga qarshi (1937) va qabul qilingan eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonunlarning konstitutsiyaga muvofiqligini qo'llab-quvvatladi Vashington davlatni ag'darib tashladi Adkins ni tugatgan qaror Lochner davr.[35] 1938 yilda eng kam ish haqi bo'yicha qayta tiklandi Adolatli mehnat standartlari to'g'risidagi qonun, bu safar soatiga 0,25 dollar (2019 yilda 4,54 dollarga teng) yagona stavkada. Oliy sud "Adolatli mehnat standartlari to'g'risida" gi qonunni qo'llab-quvvatladi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Darby Lumber Co. (1941), Kongress ostida hokimiyatga ega bo'lgan Savdo qoidalari ish sharoitlarini tartibga solish.[36]
1938 yildagi eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonun faqat "davlatlararo tijorat bilan shug'ullanadigan yoki davlatlararo tijorat uchun tovar ishlab chiqaradigan xodimlarga" taalluqli edi, ammo 1961 va 1966 yildagi tuzatishlarda federal eng kam ish haqi (chakana savdo stavkalari bo'yicha ishchilarga) biroz uzaytirildi va xizmat ko'rsatish korxonalari, mahalliy transport va qurilish, davlat va mahalliy hokimiyat xodimlari, shuningdek boshqa kichik kengayishlar; 1990 yildagi bobomizning bandi ko'pchilik xodimlarni federal eng kam ish haqi siyosatiga jalb qildi va keyinchalik ish haqini 3,80 AQSh dollari qilib belgilab qo'ydi.[37]
Qonunchilik
Qo'shma Shtatlardagi federal eng kam ish haqi 2009 yil iyul oyida soatiga 7,25 AQSh dollari miqdorida tiklandi.[37] AQShning ba'zi hududlari (masalan Amerika Samoasi ) ozod qilinadi. Ba'zi mehnat turlari ham ozod qilinadi: Ish beruvchilar to'lashi mumkin ishchi kuchi soatlik ish haqi plyus daromad kamida eng kam ish haqiga teng bo'lsa, soatiga kamida 2,13 dollar. 20 yoshga to'lmagan shaxslarga ishning dastlabki 90 kalendar kuni uchun (ba'zan yoshlik, o'spirinlik yoki mashg'ulot ish haqi deb ham nomlanadi) soatiga 4,25 AQSh dollari to'lashi mumkin, agar bundan yuqori davlat minimumi bo'lmasa.[38] 2009 yildagi o'sish bu uchta qadamning oxirgisi edi 2007 yilgi eng kam ish haqining adolatli qonuni sifatida imzolangan chavandoz uchun AQSh qo'shinlarining tayyorligi, faxriylarga g'amxo'rlik, Katrinani tiklash va Iroq uchun javobgarlikni to'lash to'g'risidagi qonun, 2007 y, shuningdek, kichik biznes uchun soliqlarni qisqartirishni deyarli 5 milliard dollarini o'z ichiga olgan qonun loyihasi.
Inflyatsiyani indeksatsiya qilish
Qo'shma Shtatlardagi ayrim siyosatchilar eng kam ish haqini ish haqi bilan bog'lashni yoqlaydilar iste'mol narxlari indeksi, shu bilan har yili iste'mol narxlari indeksiga ko'tarilish asosida ish haqini avtomatik ravishda oshirish. Minimal ish haqini iste'mol narxlari indeksiga bog'lash, eroziyaning oldini oladi sotib olish qobiliyati vaqt bilan eng kam ish haqining inflyatsiya. 1998 yilda Vashington shtat eng kam ish haqi uchun iste'mol narxlari indeksatsiyasini tasdiqlagan birinchi davlat bo'ldi.[39] 2003 yilda San-Fransisko, Kaliforniya va Santa Fe, Nyu-Meksiko eng kam ish haqi uchun iste'mol narxlari indeksatsiyasini tasdiqlagan birinchi shaharlar.[40][41][42] Oregon va Florida eng kam ish haqini iste'mol narxlari indeksiga bog'laydigan navbatdagi davlatlar edi.[39] Keyinchalik 2006 yilda oltita shtatdagi saylovchilar (Arizona, Kolorado, Missuri, Montana, Nevada va Ogayo shtati ) davlatning eng kam ish haqining shtat bo'ylab tasdiqlangan o'sishi. Ushbu o'sish miqdori soatiga $ 1 dan $ 1.70 gacha bo'lgan va barcha o'sishlar har yili inflyatsiyani indeksatsiya qilish uchun mo'ljallangan edi.[43] 2018 yilga kelib, 17 shtatda eng kam ish haqi inflyatsiya darajasiga indekslanadi.[5]
Aholining turmush darajasi noroziligi
| Shahar | Hayotiy ish haqi |
|---|---|
| Klivlend | $14.84[46] |
| Xyuston | $15.04[47] |
| Yangi Orlean | $15.28[48] |
| Atlanta | $15.57[49] |
| Tampa | $15.68[50] |
| Qo'shma Shtatlar | $16.14[51] |
| Filadelfiya | $16.60[52] |
| Chikago | $17.11[53] |
| Boston | $18.61[54] |
| Los Anjeles | $19.51[55] |
| Nyu-York shahri | $22.15[56] |
| San-Fransisko | $24.30[57] |
2012 yildan beri tobora kuchayib borayotgan norozilik va advokatlik harakati "15 dollar uchun kurash ", dastlab o'sib chiqadi tez ovqatlanish korxonasi ish tashlashi, eng kam ish haqining a ga ko'tarilishini targ'ib qildi yashash maoshi.[58] Ushbu norozilik namoyishlari boshlanganidan beri bir qator shtatlar va shaharlar eng kam ish haqini oshirdilar. 2014 yilda Konnektikut Masalan, 2017 yilga kelib eng kam ish haqini soatiga 8,70 dollardan 10,10 AQSh dollarigacha ko'tarish to'g'risidagi qonunlar qabul qilindi va shu bilan soatiga 10,00 AQSh dollaridan yuqori ko'rsatkichni maqsad qilib qo'ygan oltita shtatdan biri bo'ldi.[59] 2014 va 2015 yillarda bir nechta shaharlarda, jumladan San-Frantsisko, Sietl, Los-Anjeles va Vashingtonda eng kam ish haqini soatiga 15.00 AQSh dollarigacha oshiradigan farmonlar qabul qilindi.[60][61] 2016 yilda Nyu-York va Kaliforniya har bir shtatda soatiga 15 dollargacha eng kam ish haqini bosqichma-bosqich oshiradigan qonunchilikni qabul qilgan birinchi shtatlar bo'ldi,[62][63] undan keyin 2018 yilda Massachusets shtati.[64]
2014 yil aprel oyida AQSh Senati federal darajadagi eng kam ish haqini muhokama qildi Minimal ish haqi adolati to'g'risidagi qonun. Qonun loyihasida o'zgartirilgan bo'lar edi 1938 yildagi adolatli mehnat standartlari to'g'risidagi qonun (FLSA) ikki yillik davr mobaynida xodimlar uchun federal minimal ish haqini soatiga 10.10 AQSh dollarigacha oshirish.[65] Ushbu qonun loyihasi Prezident tomonidan qattiq qo'llab-quvvatlandi Barak Obama va ko'plab demokrat senatorlar, ammo Senat va Palatada respublikachilar qattiq qarshilik ko'rsatmoqdalar.[66][67][68] Keyinchalik 2014 yilda Respublikachilar nazorati ostidagi Alyaska, Arkanzas, Nebraska va Janubiy Dakota shtatlaridagi saylovchilar eng kam ish haqini soatiga 7,25 dollar miqdoridagi milliy stavkadan oshirish bo'yicha byulleten tashabbuslarini ko'rib chiqdilar va bu to'rt shtatda ham muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi. Natijalar eng kam ish haqining ko'tarilishi partiyalar qatorida qo'llab-quvvatlanishiga dalil bo'ldi.[69]
2017 yil aprel oyida senator Berni Sanders va senator Patty Myurrey Senatning 28 nafar demokratlari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, yangi federal qonunchilikni joriy etdi, bu 2024 yilga kelib eng kam ish haqini soatiga 15 dollarga ko'tarib, uni inflyatsiya darajasiga etkazadi.[70] 166 Demokratik kosporlar bilan bir vaqtning o'zida Vakillar palatasida kiritilgan 2017 yilgi ish haqini oshirish to'g'risidagi qonun eng kam ish haqini darhol soatiga 9,25 dollarga ko'taradi va keyin 2024 yilga borib uni soatiga 15 dollarga ko'taradi, shu bilan birga eng kam ish haqini oshiradi. ishchilar uchun ish haqi va uni bekor qilish.[71] Qonunchilik senator Berni Sandersga binoan har bir ishchining kamida kamtarin va munosib turmush darajasiga ega bo'lishiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun kiritilgan.[72]
Shtat qonunlari
Qo'shma Shtatlarda turli shtatlar federal hukumatdan mustaqil ravishda eng kam ish haqini belgilashga qodir. Shtat va federal minimal ish haqi farq qilganda, yuqori ish haqi ustunlik qiladi. 2018 yil yanvar holatiga ko'ra[yangilash] eng kam ish haqi federal minimaldan yuqori bo'lgan 29 ta shtat mavjud edi.[4] Vashington va Nyu-York shahri Kaliforniya va Vashington shtatdagi eng kam ish haqi soatiga 13.00 AQSh dollaridan, Massachusets shtati esa soatiga 12.75 dollardan eng yuqori ish haqiga ega, soatiga 15.00 dollar.[1] So'nggi yillarda bir qator shtatlar shtatlarning huquqlarini cheklaydigan va mahalliy ma'muriyatlarga o'zlarining eng kam ish haqi miqdorlarini belgilashga to'sqinlik qiladigan davlatlarni ozod qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlarni qabul qildilar.[73] 2017 yildan boshlab,[yangilash] 25 ta shtatda mahalliy minimal ish haqi uchun davlat imtiyozlari to'g'risidagi qonunlar qabul qilindi.[74]
Yaqinda bir nechta shtatlarda eng kam ish haqini sezilarli darajada oshiradigan qonunchilik qabul qilindi. Kaliforniya, Illinoys va Massachusets shtatlari 2023 yil 1 yanvargacha Kaliforniya va Massachusets shtatlari va 2025 yilgacha Illinoys shtatida eng kam oylik ish haqini soatiga 15,00 AQSh dollarigacha oshirmoqchi.[75][76] Kolorado minimal ish haqini soatiga 9,30 dollardan 2020 yil 1 yanvargacha soatiga 12 dollarga ko'tarib, yiliga 0,90 dollarga ko'tarildi.[77] Nyu-York, shuningdek, ma'lum okruglar va yirik kompaniyalar boshqalarga nisbatan tezroq jadvallarni o'rnatgan holda, vaqt o'tishi bilan eng kam ish haqini soatiga 15.00 AQSh dollarigacha oshirish uchun qonun qabul qildi.[78] Mamlakatning boshqa bir qator shaharlari va shtatlari ham kam ish haqi bilan ishlaydigan ishchilarning eng kam ish haqini yashashga yaroqli bo'lgan ish haqiga etkazish bo'yicha qonunlarni qabul qilishmoqda.[79]
Mahalliy farmonlar
Ba'zi davlat tashkilotlari, masalan, okruglar va shaharlar, umuman davlatdan yuqori bo'lgan eng kam ish haqiga rioya qiladilar. 2003 yilda San-Fransisko, Kaliforniya va Santa Fe, Nyu-Meksiko tanishtirgan birinchi ikki shahar edi mahalliy eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi farmoyishlar.[42] Mahalliy ish haqini oshirish uchun yana bir qurilma yashash maoshi odatda mahalliy hokimiyatning o'zi bilan tuzilgan shartnomalar asosida ishlaydigan korxonalarga nisbatan qo'llaniladigan farmoyishlar. 1994 yilda Baltimor, Merilend Qo'shma Shtatlarda birinchi bo'lib yashashga haq to'lash to'g'risidagi farmonni qabul qildi. Shahar pudratchilari uchun mo'ljallangan ish haqi to'g'risidagi ushbu maqsadli qarorlar keyingi yillarda barcha ishchilarga nisbatan qo'llaniladigan shahar bo'ylab mahalliy eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonunlarni qabul qildi.[80]
Minimal ish haqi qonunchiligining amaldagi to'lqinida, Sietl, Vashington 2014 yil 2 iyunda barcha ishchilar uchun eng kam ish haqini soatiga 15.00 AQSh dollarigacha oshirish to'g'risida mahalliy farmonni qabul qilgan birinchi shahar edi,[81] bu etti yildan ko'proq vaqtni tashkil etadi.[82] Ushbu farmon referendumdan keyin SeaTac, Vashington 2013 yil noyabr oyida transport va mehmonxona ishchilari uchun eng kam ish haqining cheklangan miqyosida $ 15,00 ga ko'tarildi.[83][84] O'shandan beri ko'plab boshqa shaharlar Sietldan o'rnak olishdi. San-Frantsisko AQShda 2018 yil 1-iyulda soatiga 15,00 dollarlik eng kam ish haqiga erishgan birinchi yirik shahar bo'ldi.[85] Nyu-York shahrining eng kam ish haqi 2018 yil oxiriga qadar soatiga 15,00 dollarni tashkil qiladi.[86] Los-Anjeles va Vashingtonda minimal ish haqi 2020 yilda soatiga 15,00 dollarni tashkil qiladi.[87][88] Xuddi shunday, eng kam ish haqi Minneapolis, Minnesota 2022 yilgacha soatiga 15,00 dollarni tashkil etadi.[89] Kaliforniyaning boshqa ko'plab shaharlarida eng kam ish haqini soatiga $ 15.00 yoki undan yuqori darajaga oshirish uchun mahalliy ish haqi to'g'risidagi qarorlar qabul qilindi, shu jumladan Berkli, El Cerrito, Emeryvil, Mountain View, Oklend, Richmond va San-Xose.[90]
Ittifoqdan ozod qilish
Ba'zi bir minimal ish haqi to'g'risidagi farmonlarda kasaba uyushma ishchilari uchun imtiyoz mavjud. Masalan, Los-Anjeles shahar kengashi 2014 yilda mehmonxona ishchilari uchun soatiga 15,37 dollar miqdorida eng kam ish haqini tasdiqladi, bunday imtiyozga ega.[91] Bu ba'zi holatlarda Sheraton Universal kabi birlashgan mehmonxonalarda uzoq vaqt ishlagan ishchilarni soatiga 10,00 dollar ishlab topishiga olib kelgan bo'lsa, 500 metrdan kam masofada joylashgan Xilton uyushmasidagi ishchilar kamida 15,37 AQSh dollarini tashkil qiladi. .[92] Shu kabi imtiyozlar boshqa shaharlarda ham qabul qilingan. 2014 yil dekabr oyidan boshlab kasaba uyushmalari eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi farmonlardan ozod qilindi Chikago, Illinoys, SeaTac, Vashington va Miluoki okrugi (Viskonsin), shuningdek, Kaliforniya shaharlari Los Anjeles, San-Fransisko, Long Beach, San-Xose, Richmond va Oklend.[93] 2016 yilda Kolumbiya okrugi okrugi kasaba uyushmalaridan voz kechishni o'z ichiga olgan eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi farmonni qabul qildi, ammo shahar hokimi Vinsent Grey unga veto qo'ydi. O'sha yil oxirida kengash kasaba uyushmalaridan voz kechmasdan o'sishni ma'qulladi.[94]
Tarixiy tendentsiya
Federal eng kam ish haqi 1938 yilda soatiga 0,25 dollar miqdorida (2019 yilda 4,54 dollarga teng) miqdorida joriy qilingan.[8] 1950 yilga kelib eng kam ish haqi soatiga 0,75 dollarga ko'tarildi.[96][8] Minimal ish haqi soatiga 1,60 dollar (2019 yilda 11,76 dollarga teng) bo'lgan 1968 yilda eng yuqori sotib olish qobiliyatiga ega edi.[96][97] Federal minimal ish haqining 2016 yildagi haqiqiy qiymati 1968 yildan beri uchdan bir qismga kamaydi. Eng kam ish haqi, agar uning haqiqiy qiymati 1968 yil darajasida qolsa, 2016 yilda 11 dollarni tashkil etadi.[98][99][100]; buning o'rniga u 1960 yilgi eng kam ish haqining umumiy miqdorini kuzatdi. 1981 yil yanvaridan 1990 yil apreligacha eng kam ish haqi soatiga 3,35 dollar darajasida muzlatib qo'yildi, so'ngra rekord darajadagi eng kam ish haqi muzlatildi. 1997 yil 1 sentyabrdan 2007 yil 23 iyulgacha federal eng kam ish haqi soatiga 5,15 dollar miqdorida o'zgarmas bo'lib, eski rekordni yangiladi. 2009 yilda eng kam ish haqi oxirgi o'n bir yil davomida saqlanib qolgan holda 7,25 dollarga o'rnatildi.[8]
The sotib olish qobiliyati federal minimal ish haqi o'zgarib turdi. 1984 yildan beri federal minimal ish haqining sotib olish qobiliyati pasaygan. 1984 dollardan foydalangan holda real qiymatda (inflyatsiya darajasiga qarab) aniqlangan eng kam ish haqi 1984 yilda 3,35 dollar, 1994 yilda 2,33 dollar, 2004 yilda 1,84 dollar va 2014 yilda 1,46 dollarni tashkil etdi.[96] Agar 2014 yilda eng kam ish haqi 10,10 dollarga ko'tarilgan bo'lsa, bu 1984 dollarda 4,40 dollarga teng bo'lar edi.[101][102] Bu shu davrda eng kam ish haqining nominal qiymati 216% ga oshganiga qaramay, sotib olish qobiliyatining 31% o'sishiga teng bo'lar edi.
Iqtisodiy ta'sir
— Genri Ford, 1926[103][104]
Minimal ish haqini oshirishning iqtisodiy samaralari aniq emas. Minimal ish haqini sozlash bandlikning amaldagi va kelajakdagi darajalariga, tovar va xizmatlar narxlariga, iqtisodiy o'sishga, daromadlar tengsizligiga va qashshoqlikka ta'sir qilishi mumkin. Narxlar darajasi, markaziy bank siyosati, ish haqi shartnomalari va umumiy yalpi talabning o'zaro bog'liqligi makroiqtisodiy tahlildan kelib chiqadigan xulosalarga tarjimonning asosidagi taxminlari katta ta'sir ko'rsatadigan vaziyatni yaratadi.[105]
Bandlik
Yilda neoklassik iqtisodiyot, talab qonuni barchasi teng bo'lsa-da, ma'lum bir tovar yoki xizmat narxini ko'tarish talab qilinadigan miqdorni kamaytiradi, deb ta'kidlaydi.[106] Shu sababli, neoklassik iqtisodchilarning fikriga ko'ra, eng kam ish haqining ko'tarilishi ish bilan ta'minlashga salbiy ta'sir qiladi. Kontseptsiya jihatidan, agar ish beruvchi ishchining eng kam ish haqiga teng yoki undan oshadigan qiymat hosil qilishiga ishonmasa, ular ushbu ishchini yollamaydilar yoki saqlamaydilar.[107]
Turli xil fikr maktablarining boshqa iqtisodchilarining ta'kidlashicha, eng kam ish haqining cheklangan o'sishi mavjud ish o'rinlari soniga ta'sir qilmaydi yoki ko'paymaydi. Masalan, iqtisodchi Devid Kuperning ta'kidlashicha, eng kam ish haqi miqdori Qo'shma Shtatlarda kamida 85000 yangi ish o'rinlari yaratilishini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[108] Fikrlarning bu xilma-xilligi 1990-yillarda neoklassik modelga qarshi chiqqan tezkor ovqat ishlab chiqaruvchilarga nisbatan empirik ishlardan boshlandi. 1994 yilda iqtisodchilar Devid Kard va Alan Krueger 1992 yil aprel oyida Nyu-Jersidagi eng kam ish haqi oshganidan keyin (4,25 dollardan 5,05 dollargacha) Nyu-Jersi va Pensilvaniyaning sharqiy qismidagi 410 restoran orasida ish bilan ta'minlash tendentsiyalarini o'rganib chiqdilar. Ular "eng kam ish haqining ko'tarilishi bandlikni kamaytirganiga ishora qilmadi".[109] Aksincha, dalillarni 1995 yilda tahlil qilish Devid Neumark Nyu-Jersi shtatidagi eng kam ish haqining o'sishi ish bilan bandlikning 4,6% pasayishiga olib kelganligini aniqladi. Neumarkning tadqiqotlari yirik fastfud restoranlari tarmog'idan olingan ish haqi yozuvlariga asoslanib, Card-Krueger tadqiqotlari biznes so'rovlariga asoslangan.[110]
A adabiyot manbalarini haqida umumiy ma'lumot; Adabiyot sharhi 2007 yilda Devid Neumark va Uilyam Voscherlar tomonidan o'tkazilgan (unda eng kam ish haqining bandlik ta'siri bilan bog'liq 101 ta tadqiqot o'tkazilgan) shuni aniqladiki, iqtisodiy tadqiqotlar qariyb uchdan ikki qismi eng kam ish haqining oshishi bilan ishsizlikning o'sishi o'rtasidagi ijobiy bog'liqlikni ko'rsatdi, ayniqsa yoshlar uchun. va malakasiz ishchilar. Neumarkning sharhida shuni ko'rsatdiki, faqat eng ishonchli tadqiqotlarni ko'rib chiqishda, 85% tadqiqotlar eng kam ish haqining oshishi va ishsizlikning ko'payishi o'rtasidagi ijobiy bog'liqlikni ko'rsatdi.[111]
Statistik meta-tahlil Tom Stanley tomonidan 2005 yilda o'tkazilgan, aksincha, dalillar mavjudligini aniqladi nashr tarafkashligi eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi adabiyotlarda va ushbu noto'g'ri tuzatish eng kam ish haqi va ishsizlik o'rtasidagi bog'liqlikni ko'rsatmaydi.[112] 2008 yilda Xristos Dukuliagos va Tom Stenli ishsizlik oqibatlari bo'yicha AQShning 64 ta tadqiqotini shu kabi meta-tahlilini o'tkazdilar va Kard va Kruegerning nashrni tanqid qilish haqidagi dastlabki da'volari to'g'ri bo'lgan degan xulosaga kelishdi. Bundan tashqari, ular shunday xulosaga kelishdi: "Ushbu nashr tanlovi tuzatilgandan so'ng, eng kam ish haqi va ish bilan bog'liqlikning salbiy aloqasi yo'qligi yoki umuman yo'qligi".[113]
The Kongressning byudjet idorasi (CBO) 2014 yilda ikki stsenariy bo'yicha federal minimal ish haqi o'sishining nazariy ta'sirini taxmin qildi: 9.00 dollargacha o'sish va 10.10 dollargacha o'sish. Hisobotga ko'ra, 9,00 dollar opsiyasi bo'yicha taxminan 100,000 ish joylari, 10,10 dollarlik variant bilan 500,000 ish o'rinlari yo'qolishi mumkin edi (mumkin bo'lgan natijalar keng doirasi bilan).[115] The Iqtisodiy va siyosiy tadqiqotlar markazi (CEPR) farqli o'laroq, 2013 yilda 2000 yildan beri o'tkazilgan ko'plab tadqiqotlar natijalariga ko'ra "eng kam ish haqining mo''tadil o'sishiga ish joyida javob kam yoki umuman yo'q".[116] CEPR keyingi tadqiqotlar natijasida Qo'shma Shtatlardagi ish joylarini yaratish eng kam ish haqini oshirgan shtatlarda tezroq ekanligini aniqladi.[117] 2014 yilda mamlakatdagi eng kam ish haqi eng yuqori bo'lgan Vashington shtati Qo'shma Shtatlardagi ish o'rinlarining o'sishi bo'yicha o'rtacha o'rtacha ko'rsatkichdan oshib ketdi.[118] Vashingtonda ish o'rinlarining o'sish sur'ati mamlakat bo'yicha o'rtacha ish o'sish sur'atlaridan 0,3% tezroq edi.[108]
CBO 2019 yilda federal stsenariylarning uch stsenariy bo'yicha o'sishining nazariy ta'sirini baholadi: 2025 yilga kelib soatiga 10 dollar, 12 dollar va 15 dollargacha. 15 dollarlik stsenariy bo'yicha 2025 yilda 27 milliongacha ishchilar o'rtacha haftalik ish haqi miqdorini oshirishi mumkin edi. 3,7 million ishchi ishdan mahrum bo'lishi mumkin. So'nggi statistik ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, CBO taxminiga ko'ra, ish haqi o'sishining har qanday stsenariysida vaqt o'tishi bilan o'sib boradi, chunki kapital ajratish ba'zi ishchilar o'rnini bosadi. Ish haqi oshishi, eng kam ish haqidan yuqori darajada ishlayotganlarga nisbatan (40%) kambag'allik chegarasidan yuqori bo'lgan o'qimishli ishchilarga beriladigan imtiyozlarning 80% dan ko'prog'iga ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin (5-jadval). Qashshoqlikda bo'lganlar soni 1,3 millionga kamayadi (agar daromadning ko'payishi soliqqa tortilmasa). CBO qashshoqlik darajasining o'zgarishini taxmin qilishda ushbu siyosatning inflyatsion ta'sirini hisobga olmasligini ta'kidlaydi, chunki bu taxminlar inflyatsiyani oshirishi bilan birga noaniq. Bundan tashqari, CBO nafaqalarning og'irligi tarixiy ish haqining oshishi darajasiga asosan qashshoqlik darajasidan past bo'lganlarga to'g'ri keladi deb taxmin qildi. Ularning ta'kidlashicha, eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar aksincha (bu qashshoqlik darajasidan yuqori bo'lganlarga foyda keltiradi), ammo bu ma'lumotlar ularning ishlarida taxmin qilish uchun etarli darajada aniq emas edi. CBO tadqiqotining ba'zi jihatlari quyidagi jadvalda keltirilgan.[119]
| Siyosat | $10 | $12 | $15 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ish haqi oshishi mumkin bo'lgan eng yangi ish haqidan past bo'lgan ishchilar (millionlab) | 1.5 | 5 | 17 |
| Ish haqi oshishi mumkin bo'lgan yangi ish haqidan yuqori bo'lgan ishchilar (million) | 2 | 6 | 10 |
| O'rtacha bir hafta ichida ish joyidagi o'zgarish (million) | -0.05 | -0.3 Median / 0 - -0.8 oralig'i | -1.3 Median / 0 - -3.7 oralig'i |
| Kambag'allik sonining o'zgarishi (million) | -0.05 | -0.4 | -1.3 |
| Haqiqiy yillik daromadning o'zgarishi: qashshoqlik chegarasidan past bo'lgan oilalar (milliard 2018 dollar) | 0.4 | 2.3 | 7.7 |
| Haqiqiy yillik daromadning o'zgarishi: qashshoqlik chegarasidan bir martadan uch baravargacha bo'lgan oilalar (2018 milliard dollar) | 0.3 | 2.3 | 14.2 |
| Haqiqiy yillik daromadning o'zgarishi: Qashshoqlik chegarasidan uch baravaridan olti baravargacha bo'lgan oilalar (2018 milliard dollar) | -0.05 | -0.3 | -2.1 |
| Haqiqiy yillik daromadning o'zgarishi: qashshoqlik chegarasidan olti martadan ko'p bo'lgan oilalar (2018 milliard dollar) | -0.6 | -5.1 | -28.4 |
| Haqiqiy yillik daromadning o'zgarishi: barcha oilalar (milliard 2018 dollar) | -0.1 | -0.8 | -8.7 |
Jozef Sabia boshchiligidagi 2012 yildagi tadqiqot natijalariga ko'ra 2004-6 yildagi Nyu-York shtatidagi eng kam ish haqining oshishi (5,15 dollardan 6,75 dollargacha) kam malakali, kam ma'lumotli ishchilar uchun ish bilan bandlikning 20,2% dan 21,8% gacha kamayishiga olib keldi.[120] Xuddi shunday, 2000 yilda Richard Burxauzer boshchiligidagi tadqiqotda eng kam ish haqining oshishi "mehnatga layoqatli aholining eng zaif guruhlari - o'rta ma'lumotga ega bo'lmagan yosh kattalar (20-24 yosh), qora tanli kattalar va o'spirinlar (16-24 yosh) va o'spirinlar (16-19 yosh). "[121]
Iqtisodchi 2013 yil dekabr oyida quyidagicha yozgan edi: "Minimal ish haqi, agar u juda yuqori darajada belgilanmasa, ish haqiga zarar etkazmasdan ish haqini oshirishi mumkin ... Ba'zi tadkikotlar federal yoki shtatdagi eng kam ish haqidan ish bilan zarar ko'rmaydi, boshqalari esa kichik, ammo hech kim jiddiy zarar ko'rmaydi ... Ammo eng kam ish haqi, ayniqsa, qattiq mehnat bozorlarida, ish bilan ta'minlanganga o'xshaydi .. Frantsiya dunyodagi eng yuqori ish haqi darajasiga ega, kattalar uchun o'rtacha 60% dan ortiq Va bu yoshlar uchun odatdagi ish haqining ancha katta qismi. Bu nima uchun Frantsiyada yoshlar orasida ishsizlik darajasi juda yuqori ekanligini tushuntirishga yordam beradi: 15 yoshdan 24 yoshgacha bo'lganlar uchun 26%. "[122]
A 2018 yil Vashington universiteti ta'sirini o'rgangan tadqiqot Sietl eng kam ish haqining oshishi (2015 yilda 9,50 dollardan 11 dollargacha, keyin esa 2016 yilda 13 dollarga) oshganligi, ikkinchi ish haqining oshishi soatlik ish haqining 3 foizga o'sishiga olib kelgan bo'lsa, ish beruvchilarning ish vaqtini 6 foizga qisqartirishiga olib keldi, o'rtacha ish haqi 2016 yilda bir ish uchun oyiga $ 74 tushishi.[123] Keyingi tadqiqotda tadqiqotchilar aniqladilarki, ish haqi oshgan paytda ishlagan va o'rtacha ish tajribasi yuqori bo'lgan ishchilarning ish haqi haftasiga o'rtacha $ 8- $ 12 ga oshgan (daromadning chorak qismi bilan) Sietldagi ishdan bo'shatilgan soatlarni shahar tashqarisidagi ish bilan to'ldiradigan tajribali ishchilarga tegishli bo'lgan daromadlar), kam tajribali ishchilarning daromadlari esa sezilarli o'zgarishlarni ko'rmadi. Bundan tashqari, tadqiqotlar eng kam ish haqining oshishi bilan xodimlar aylanmasining 8 foizga qisqarishi va yangi ishchilarning ishchi kuchiga qo'shilishining kamayishi bilan bog'liq edi.[124][125]
Narxlar
Kontseptsiya bo'yicha, eng kam ish haqini oshirish, ish haqini oshiradi, boshqa barcha narsalar tengdir. Shunday qilib, ish beruvchilar quyi foyda, yuqori narxlar yoki avtomatlashtirishning kombinatsiyasini qabul qilishlari mumkin. Agar narxlar oshsa, iste'molchilar kamroq miqdordagi mahsulotni talab qilishlari mumkin, boshqa mahsulotlarni almashtirish, yoki ta'siri tufayli import qilinadigan mahsulotlarga o'tish narxning talabga moslashuvchanligi. Marginal ishlab chiqaruvchilar (tirik qolish uchun deyarli daromad keltirmaydiganlar), agar ular ish kuchining yuqori narxini qoplash uchun narxlarini etarlicha ko'tarolmasa, ishdan chiqarilishi mumkin. Chikago Federal Rezerv Banki 2007 yildagi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, restoranlarning narxi eng kam ish haqining oshishiga javoban ko'tariladi.[126] Shu bilan birga, ish haqi oshishi sababli mahsulotlarga yuqori narxlar odatda dastlabki narxning atigi 0,4% gacha bo'lganligini ko'rsatadigan tadqiqotlar mavjud.[108]
O'z joniga qasd qilishning ta'siri
Tadqiqotchilar 2019 yilda "1990 yildan 2015 yilgacha har bir shtatda eng kam ish haqini 1 dollarga oshirish 27000 dan ortiq odamning hayotini saqlab qolishi mumkin edi", deb topdi. Epidemiologiya va jamoat salomatligi jurnali. Har bir shtatdagi eng kam ish haqining 2 dollarga ko'payishi 57 mingdan ortiq o'z joniga qasd qilishning oldini olishi mumkin edi. " [127] Tadqiqotchilarning ta'kidlashicha, "AQSh dollaridagi eng kam ish haqining o'sishining ta'siri kattalar o'rtasidagi o'z joniga qasd qilish darajasining 3,4% pasayishidan (95% CI 0,4 dan 6,4 gacha) 5,9% ga (95% CI 1,4 dan 10,2) gacha bo'lgan. O'rta maktab yoki undan kam ma'lumotga ega bo'lgan 18-64 yosh. Biz ishsizlik darajasi bo'yicha sezilarli darajada modifikatsiyani aniqladik, eng kam ish haqining o'z joniga qasd qilishni kamaytirishdagi eng katta ta'siri ishsizlik darajasida kuzatildi. "[128] Ular shunday xulosaga kelishdi: "Ish haqining minimal o'sishi o'rta maktab ma'lumotiga ega bo'lganlar orasida o'z joniga qasd qilishni kamaytiradi va ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy guruhlar o'rtasidagi tafovutlarni kamaytirishi mumkin. Ta'siri yuqori ishsizlik davrida eng katta ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda".[128]
Jinoyatchilikka ta'siri
Oq uyning 2016 yilgi hisobotida "konvertlarni hisoblash va adabiyotlarni ko'rib chiqish orqasiga" asoslangan bo'lib, soatlik ish haqining oshishi jinoyatchilikning kamayishiga olib keldi.[129] Tomonidan o'rganish Iqtisodiy maslahatchilar kengashi "eng kam ish haqini oshirish jinoyatchilikni 3-5 foizga kamaytiradi" deb hisoblagan. Ushbu raqamlarni olish uchun tadqiqot "eng kam ish haqining oshishi bandlikka ta'sir qilmaydi, ishning egiluvchanligi 0,1 bo'lgan taqdirda imtiyozlar biroz pastroq bo'ladi" deb taxmin qilgan.[129]
Masanori Xashimoto 1987 yildagi jurnal maqolasidan farqli o'laroq, eng kam ish haqining oshishi, eng kam ish haqi ko'payganidan keyin zarar ko'rgan hududlarda mulkiy jinoyatlar darajasining oshishiga olib kelishini ta'kidladi.[130] Maqolaga ko'ra, kambag'al jamoalarda ish bilan bandlikni kamaytirish orqali umumiy savdo va ishlab chiqarish cheklanadi. Hisobotda ta'kidlanishicha, ishlab chiqarish va iste'mol qilishning qonuniy yo'llarining pasayishini qoplash uchun kambag'al jamoalar tobora ko'proq noqonuniy savdo va faoliyatga o'tmoqdalar.[130]
Iqtisodiy o'sish
O'sish (YaIM, daromad va ishlab chiqarishning o'lchovi) o'sishi yoki kamayishi, daromad egalaridan ishchilarga o'tishiga, xarajatlarning umumiy yuqori darajasiga olib kelishiga bog'liq. Iste'molchining keyingi dollarlarini sarflash tendentsiyasi "deb nomlanadi iste'mol qilishga marginal moyillik yoki MPC. Daromadni yuqori daromad egalaridan (ko'proq tejashga moyil bo'lganlar, ya'ni past MPC degan ma'noni anglatadi) daromadlarini past daromadli ishchilarga o'tkazish (kamroq tejashga moyil bo'lganlar uchun, yuqori MPC bilan) aslida umumiy iste'molning o'sishiga va tovarlarga talabning oshishiga olib kelishi mumkin. , ish bilan bandlikni oshirishga olib keladi.[115] Yaqinda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, yuqori ish haqi yuqori mahsuldorlikka olib keladi.[131]
CBO 2014 yil fevral oyida eng kam ish haqi ko'tarilgandan keyin daromad (YaIM) umuman olganda ancha yuqori bo'lishini xabar qildi va bu o'sishning ozgina sof ijobiy o'sishini ko'rsatdi. Minimal ish haqini 10.10 dollargacha ko'tarish va uni inflyatsiya darajasiga indeksatsiya qilish 2016 yilning ikkinchi yarmida daromadning sof 2 milliard dollarga ko'payishiga olib keladi, shu bilan birga uni 9.00 dollarga ko'taradi va indeksatsiya qilmasdan daromadning 1 milliard dollarga ko'payishiga olib keladi.[115]
Bundan tashqari, 2019 yilda Overstreet tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar Arizonadagi eng kam ish haqiga qadar oshirilishini o'rganib chiqdi. 1976 yildan 2017 yilgacha bo'lgan ma'lumotlardan foydalangan holda, Overstrit eng kam ish haqining 1 foizga o'sishi Arizonadagi jon boshiga daromadning 1,13 foizga o'sishi bilan sezilarli darajada bog'liqligini aniqladi. Ushbu tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatishi mumkinki, eng kam ish haqining kichik o'sishi boshqa shaharlarda va shtatlarda bo'lgan katta o'sish kabi mehnat bozorini buzishi mumkin emas. Shunday qilib, Arizonada yuz bergan kichik o'sishlar, aslida iqtisodiy o'sishning biroz o'sishiga olib kelishi mumkin.[132]
Daromadlarning tengsizligi
Minimal ish haqining oshishi yuqori daromadli odamlardan (korxona egalari yoki "kapital") past daromadli kishilarga (ishchilar yoki "ishchilar") qayta taqsimlash shaklidir va shu sababli daromadlar tengsizligini kamaytirishi kerak. CBO 2014 yil fevral oyida eng yuqori ish haqining yuqorida tavsiflangan har qanday stsenariy bo'yicha ko'tarilishi daromadlar tengsizligini yaxshilaydi deb taxmin qildi. Daromadlari qashshoqlik chegarasidan 6 baravar ko'p bo'lgan oilalar daromadlarini pasayishiga olib keladi (qisman ularning ishbilarmonlik foydasi pasayib ketganligi sababli), daromadlari bu chegaradan past bo'lgan oilalar ko'payadi.[115] Yozish AtlantikaJurnalist Derek Tompson bir necha tadqiqotlarni sarhisob qildi, ular shuni ko'rsatadiki, har ikkala davlat darajasidagi eng kam ish haqining oshishi va mehnat bozorlarining zichligi 2018-2019 yillar davomida kam daromadli ishchilar uchun ish haqi yuqori daromadli ishchilarga nisbatan tezroq o'sishiga olib keldi.[134]
Qashshoqlik
Among hourly-paid workers in 2016, 701,000 earned the federal minimum wage and about 1.5 million earned wages below the minimum. Together, these 2.2 million workers represented 2.7% of all hourly-paid workers.[135]
The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage would reduce the number of persons below the poverty income threshold by 900,000 under the $10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9.00 option.[115] Xuddi shunday, Arindrajit Dube, professor of economics at University of Massachusetts Amherst, found in a 2017 study "robust evidence that higher minimum wages lead to increases in incomes among families at the bottom of the income distribution and that these wages reduce the poverty rate." According to the study "a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces the nonelderly poverty rate by about 5 percent."[136][137]
In contrast, research conducted by Devid Neumark and colleagues in 2004 found that minimum wages are associated with reductions in the hours and employment of low-wage workers.[138] A separate study by the same researchers found that minimum wages tend to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line.[139] Similarly, a 2002 study led by Richard Vedder, professor of economics at Ogayo universiteti, concluded that "The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed, the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty…"[140]
According to some economists, minimum wage increases result in a variety of negative effects for lower-skilled workers including reduced employment, reduced hours, reduced benefits, and less safe working conditions.[141][111]
Federal byudjet kamomadi
The CBO reported in February 2014 that "[T]he net effect on the federal budget of raising the minimum wage would probably be a small decrease in budget deficits for several years but a small increase in budget deficits thereafter. It is unclear whether the effect for the coming decade as a whole would be a small increase or a small decrease in budget deficits." On the cost side, the report cited higher wages paid by the government to some of its employees along with higher costs for certain procured goods and services. This might be offset by fewer government benefits paid, as some workers with higher incomes would receive fewer government transfer payments. On the revenue side, some would pay higher taxes and others less.[115]
Sharh
Iqtisodchilar
| Shahar | Samarali eng kam ish haqi |
|---|---|
| Sietl | $8.51 |
| Denver | $7.57 |
| Xyuston | $7.26 |
| Qo'shma Shtatlar | $7.25 |
| San-Fransisko | $7.03 |
| Chikago | $7.01 |
| Boston | $6.59 |
| Vashington, Kolumbiya | $6.53 |
| Los Anjeles | $6.38 |
| Filadelfiya | $6.08 |
| Nyu-York shahri | $3.86 |
According to a survey conducted by economist Greg Mankiw, 79% of economists agreed that "a minimum wage increases unemployment among young and unskilled workers."[144]
A 2015 survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center found that a majority of economists believes raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour would have negative effects on youth employment levels (83%), adult employment levels (52%), and the number of jobs available (76%). Additionally, 67% of economists surveyed believed that a $15 minimum wage would make it harder for small businesses with less than 50 employees to stay in business.[145]
A 2006 survey conducted by economist Robert Whaples of a sample of 210 Ph.D. economists randomly selected from the Amerika iqtisodiy assotsiatsiyasi, found that, regarding the U.S. minimum wage:[146]
- 46.8% favored eliminating it
- 1.3% favored decreasing it
- 14.3% favored keeping it the same
- 5.2% favored increasing it by about 50 cents per hour
- 15.6% favored increasing it by about $1 per hour
- 16.9% favored increasing it by more than $1 per hour
In 2014, over 600 economists signed a letter in support of increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 with research suggesting that a minimum wage increase could have a small stimulative effect on the economy as low-wage workers spend their additional earnings, raising demand and job growth.[147][148][149][150] Also, seven recipients of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences were among 75 economists endorsing an increase in the minimum wage for U.S. workers and said "the weight" of economic research shows higher pay doesn't lead to fewer jobs.[151][152]
According to a February 2013 survey of the University of Chicago IGM Forum, which includes approximately 40 economists:
- 34% agreed with the statement that "Raising the federal minimum wage to $9 per hour would make it noticeably harder for low-skilled workers to find employment", with 32% disagreeing and 24% uncertain
- 42% agreed that "...raising the minimum wage to $9 per hour and indexing it to inflation...would be a desirable policy", with 11% disagreeing or strongly disagreeing and 32% uncertain.[153]
According to a fall 2000 survey conducted by Fuller and Geide-Stevenson, 73.5% (27.9% of which agreed with provisos) of American economists surveyed[How many?] agreed that minimum wage laws increase ishsizlik among unskilled and young workers, while 26.5% disagreed with the statement.[154]
Iqtisodchi Pol Krugman advocated raising the minimum wage moderately in 2013, citing several reasons, including:
- The minimum wage was below its 1960s purchasing power, despite a near doubling of productivity;
- The great preponderance of the evidence indicates there is no negative impact on employment from moderate increases; va
- A high level of public support, specifically Democrats and Republican women.[155]
Asosiy siyosiy partiyalar
Democratic candidates, elected officials, and activists support an increase in the minimum wage.[157] Uning ichida Ittifoqning 2013 yildagi manzili, Prezident Barak Obama called for an increase in the federal minimum wage to $9 an hour; several months later, Democrats Tom Xarkin va Jorj Miller proposed legislation to increase the federal minimum wage to $10.10; and in 2015, congressional Democrats introduced a proposal to increase the federal minimum wage to $12 an hour.[158] These efforts did not succeed, but increases in city and state minimum wages prompted congressional Democrats to continue fighting for an increase on the federal level.[158] After much internal party debate,[159] the party's official platform adopted at the 2016 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya stated: "We should raise the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour over time and index it, give all Americans the ability to join a union regardless of where they work, and create new ways for workers to have power in the economy so every worker can earn at least $15 an hour."[160][161]
Most Republican elected officials oppose action to increase the minimum wage,[162][163] and have blocked Democratic efforts to increase the minimum wage.[164] Republican leadership such as Palata spikerlari Jon Beyner[162] va Pol Rayan have opposed minimum wage increases.[165] Some Republicans oppose having a minimum wage altogether, while a few, conversely, have supported minimum wage increases or indexing the minimum wage to inflation.[162]
So'rovnomalar
The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 73% of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10. By party, 53% of Republicans and 90% of Democrats favored this action.[166] Pew found a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage in 2017 with most blacks and Hispanics supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage, and 54% of whites opposing it.[13]
A Lake Research Partners poll in February 2012 found the following:
- Strong support overall for raising the minimum wage, with 73% of likely voters supporting an increase to $10 and indexing it to inflation during 2014, including 58% who strongly support the action;
- Support crosses party lines, with support from 91% of Democrats, 74% of Independents, and 50% of Republicans; va
- A majority (56%) believe that raising the minimum wage will help the economy, 16% believe it won't make a difference, and only 21% felt it would hurt the economy.[167]
List by jurisdiction
Bu ro'yxat eng kam ish haqi (per hour) in each state and territory of the United States, for jobs covered by federal minimum wage laws. If the job is not subject to the federal Adolatli mehnat standartlari to'g'risidagi qonun, then state, city, or other local laws may determine the minimum wage.[168] A common exemption to the federal minimum wage is a company having revenue of less than $500,000 per year while not engaging in any interstate commerce.
Under the federal law, workers who receive a portion of their salary from tips, such as waitstaff, are required only to have their total compensation, including tips, meet the minimum wage. Therefore, often, their hourly wage, before tips, is less than the minimum wage.[169] Seven states, and Guam, do not allow for a tip credit.[170] Additional exemptions to the minimum wage include many seasonal employees, student employees, and certain disabled employees as specified by the FLSA.[171] However, paying workers with disabilities less than the minimum wage was outlawed in New Hampshire in 2015, in Maryland in 2016, and in Alaska in 2018.[172]
In addition, some counties and cities within states may implement a higher minimum wage than the rest of their state. Sometimes this higher wage applies only to businesses that contract with the local government, while in other cases the higher minimum applies to all work.
Federal
| Turi | Min. wage ($/h) | Izohlar |
|---|---|---|
| Tipped | $2.13 | The Adolatli mehnat standartlari to'g'risidagi qonun of 1938 has been requiring a minimum wage of $2.13 for tipped workers with the expectation that wages plus tips total no less than $7.25 per hour since September 1, 1991.[173] The employer must pay the difference if total income does not add up to $7.25 per hour.[174] |
| Non-tipped | $7.25 | Per 2007 yilgi eng kam ish haqining adolatli qonuni (FMWA) since July 24, 2009.[175] |
| Youth (First 90 calendar days only) | $4.25 | The Fair Labor Standards Act has since August 20, 1996 allowed for persons under the age of 20 to be paid $4.25 for the first 90 calendar days of their employment.[176][177] |
Shtat
As of October 2016, there have been 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum. From 2014 to 2015, nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments, while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action.[97]Beginning in January 2019, Washington D.C has the highest minimum wages in the country, at $14.00 per hour.[178] New York City's minimum wage for companies with 11 or more employees became $15.00 per hour on December 31, 2018.[179] On the same day, NYC's hourly minimum wage for companies with 10 or fewer employees became $13.50.[179] Minimal ish haqi Illinoys will reach $15 per hour by 2025 with increases beginning in 2020.[180]
| Shtat | Min. ish haqi ($/h)[1][181] | Tipped ($/h)[182][a] | Youth/ trening ($/h)[b] | Automatic indexed adjustment | Izohlar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Yo'q[c] | Yo'q | Local laws (including a local $10.10 minimum wage law passed by the Birmingem shahri ) were preempted in 2016 with the enactment of the Alabama Uniform Minimum Wage and Right-to-Work Act.[183][184] The NAACP and two African-American Birmingham workers sued, arguing that the state's adoption of the preemption legislation violated the AQSh konstitutsiyasi va Ovoz berish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun on the grounds that its passage "was rooted in the davlat qonun chiqaruvchi organi 's racial bias against Birmingham's black-majority city council and citizens."[185] 2019 yilda AQShning Apellyatsiya sudi o'n birinchi davra bo'yicha held, in a closely divided 7–5 vote, that the plaintiffs lacked tik turib to pursue the case.[185] | ||
| Alyaska | $10.19 | $10.19 | Ha | Minimum wage increased to $10.19 on January 1, 2020.[186] Voters passed a ballot initiative in 2014, which requires the minimum wage to be adjusted annually for inflation. | |
| Arizona | $12.00 | $9.00 | Ha | Voters passed Proposition 206 in 2016 scheduling a series of wage increases which completed on January 1, 2020 when Arizona's minimum wage became $12.00. Starting on January 1, 2021 the minimum wage will be tied to inflation;[187] it will rise to $12.15 in 2021.[188] | |
| Arkanzas | $10.00 | $2.63 | Yo'q | Voters passed Issue 5 in 2018 to schedule a series of wage increases. Effective January 1, 2020 the minimum wage increased to $10.00 and will increase to $11.00 in 2021.[192] | |
| Kaliforniya | $13.00[193] | $13.00 | Ha | Minimum wage increased to $13.00 for business with 26 employees or more; $12.00 for business with 25 employees or fewer, effective on January 1, 2020[194] and increases to $15.00 by 2022.[195] At least 27 California cities had a minimum wage higher than the state minimum on January 1, 2020:[196]
| |
| Kolorado | $12.00[203] | $8.98 | Ha | On January 1, 2020, the minimum wage increased to $12.00. On January 1, 2021, it will be adjusted in line with the Consumer Price Index (CPI)[204] to $12.32 per hour.[205] The tipped wage is $3.02 less than the minimum wage.[206]
| |
| Konnektikut | $12.00 | $6.59 | Ha | In 2019, the CT government passed a law raising the minimum wage to $11.00 on October 1, 2019, with future increases in later years scheduled as follows:
And finally, starting on January 1, 2024, the minimum wage will be indexed to the Ish bilan ta'minlash narxlari indeksi.[208] | |
| Delaver | $9.25 | $2.23 | $8.75 | Yo'q | Minimum wage increased to $9.25 effective on October 1, 2019.[209] |
| Florida | $8.56 | $5.54 | Ha | Minimum wage is increased annually on September 30 (effective January 1 of the following calendar year) based upon a yashash narxi formula (the Iste'mol narxlari indeksi for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, not seasonally adjusted, for the South Region or a successor index as calculated by the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mehnat vazirligi, using the rate of inflation for the 12 months prior to September 1).[210] Florida's minimum wage increased to $8.56 and the tipped minimum wage to $5.54 on January 1, 2020.[211] Minimum wage will increase to $10.00 on September 30, 2021 (effective January 1, 2022), with subsequent increases as follows:[212]
| |
| Gruziya | $5.15[213][214] | $2.13 | Yo'q | Only applicable to employers of 6 or more employees. The state law excludes from coverage any employment that is subject to the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act when the federal rate is greater than the state rate.[215] | |
| Gavayi | $10.10 | $9.35 | Yo'q | Minimum wage increased to $10.10 on January 1, 2018. Tipped employees earn 75 cents less than the current state minimum wage.[216] | |
| Aydaho | $7.25[217] | $3.35 | Yo'q | ||
| Illinoys | $10.00[218] | $6.00 | $8.00 | Yo'q | The current Illinois minimum wage is $10.00. As of January 1, 2020, if a worker under 18 works more than 650 hours for the employer during any calendar year, they must be paid the regular (over 18 wage). Tipped employees earn 60% of the minimum wage (employers may claim credit for tips, up to 40% of wage) and there is a training wage for tipped employees. Certain employees must be paid overtime, at time and one-half of the regular rate, after 40 hours of work in a workweek.[218] In February 2019, Governor JB Pritsker approved a statewide minimum wage rising to $15 by 2025.[219] Increases began on January 1, 2020 to $9.25 and rose to $10 on July 1, 2020. The rate will increase $1 each year until 2025 reaching $15.
|
| Indiana | $7.25[223] | $2.13 | Yo'q | ||
| Ayova | $7.25[224] | $4.35 | Yo'q | Most small retail and service establishments grossing less than $300,000 annually are not required to pay the minimum wage.[224] A tipped employee who makes $30.00 per month or more in tips, can be paid 60% of the minimum wage, i.e. as little as $4.35 per hour.[224] Increased minimum wage laws in Jonson va Linn counties were nullified by the legislature.[225] While unenforceable by law, Johnson county continues to ask businesses to pledge to honor the minimum wage of $10.25 since January 1, 2019.[226] Other places that have symbolic minimum wages include Linn at $10.25, Polk shahri at $10.75, and Vapello at $10.10. | |
| Kanzas | $7.25[227] | $2.13 | Yo'q | Kansas had the lowest legislated, non-tipped worker minimum wage in the U.S., $2.65 per hour, until it was raised to $7.25, effective January 1, 2010.[228] | |
| Kentukki | $7.25[229] | $2.13 | Yo'q | Louisville: $8.10 from July 1, 2015 and increases to $9.00 by 2017.[230][231] Biroq, Kentukki Oliy sudi ruled that localities do not have authority to increase the minimum wage.[232] | |
| Luiziana | Yo'q[c] | Yo'q | |||
| Meyn | $12.00 | $6.00 | Ha | The minimum wage increased to $12.00 and tipped minimum wage to $6.00 on January 1, 2020.[233][234] In 2021 it will rise to $12.15 per hour, and the tipped wage will rise to $6.08 per hour.[235] The tipped rate is half of the current state minimum wage.[236]
| |
| Merilend | $11.00 | $3.63 | Yo'q | Minimum wage is $11.00 as of January 1, 2020.[238][239] The minimum wage increases[240][241] quyidagicha:
For employees working in Shahzoda Jorj okrugi, the minimum wage is $11.50 per hour, effective October 1, 2017.[238] For employees working in Montgomeri okrugi, the minimum wage is $13.00 per hour for businesses with 10 or fewer employees, $13.25 per hour for businesses with between 11 and 50 employees, and $14.00 per hour for businesses with 51 or more employees effective July 1, 2020.[242] County Council bill 12-16 was enacted on January 17, 2017 to adjust the minimum wage to $15 and base future adjustments on the Iste'mol narxlari indeksi, but was later vetoed by the County Executive.[243][244] | |
| Massachusets shtati | $12.75 | $4.95 | Yo'q | The minimum wage increased to $12.75 ($4.95 for tipped workers) on January 1, 2020. Massachusetts was the only state in the country that mandates bir yarim soat for retail workers working on Sunday. With state minimum wage at $12.75 an hour the effective minimum wage for a retail worker working on Sunday is $16.58 an hour.[245] As of 2017, Massachusetts has the largest gap between the hourly minimum wage for tipped workers ($4.35) and the general minimum wage ($12).[246] The "Grand Bargain" passed in 2018 raises wages on the following schedule, and phases out time-and-a-half while prohibiting employers from requiring work on Sundays and holidays against employee wishes.[247][248]
| |
| Michigan | $9.65[249] | $3.67 | $4.25 (training) $8.20 (youth) | Ha | Public Act 368 of 2018 schedules possible minimum wage increases. There will be no increase in the minimum wage if the unemployment rate rises to or above 8.5% in the previous year.[250] Tipped workers must earn at least the standard Michigan minimum wage once tips are included in their wages.[251][252]
|
| Minnesota | $10.00[213] | $10.00 | $8.04 (for small employers; training; youth; and employees in J-1 status working for hotels, motels, lodging establishments, or resorts)[253] | Ha | Beginning January 1, 2018, all minimum wage rates will increase annually by the national implicit price deflator or 2.5%, whichever is lower.[254] For large employers when the employer's annual gross revenues are $500,000 or more, the Minnesota minimum wage became $10.00 on January 1, 2020. For small employers when the employer's annual gross revenues are less than $500,000, the minimum wage became $8.15 on January 1, 2020. Overtime applies after 48 hours per week.[255]
|
| Missisipi | Yo'q[c] | Yo'q | |||
| Missuri | $9.45 | $4.73[257] | Ha | On November 6, 2018 Missouri passed Proposition B, which increased the minimum wage. Effective January 1, 2020, the minimum wage increased to $9.45; $10.30 January 1, 2021; $11.15 January 1, 2022; and $12.00 January 1, 2023. The minimum wage would afterwards be adjusted based on changes in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers.[258] A state law passed July 5, 2017 prevents Missouri cities and local governments from setting a higher minimum wage.[259]
| |
| Montana | $8.65 | $8.65 | Ha | Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index, and increased to $8.65 on January 1, 2020. Income from tips cannot offset an employee's pay rate. The state minimum wage for business with less than $110,000 in annual sales is $4.00.[1] It will increase to $8.75 on January 1, 2021.[261] | |
| Nebraska | $9.00[262] | $2.13 | Yo'q | Minimum wage increased to $9.00 January 1, 2016.[263] | |
| Nevada | $9.00 | $9.00 | Ha | The minimum wage has been $9.00 since July 1, 2020. Employers who offer health benefits can pay employees $8.00.[264] Assembly Bill 456, signed on June 12, 2019, raises the minimum wage in Nevada by 75 cents each year until it reaches $12 an hour. Employers who offer health benefits can continue to pay employees $1 per hour less at the Lower Tier rate.[265]
| |
| Nyu-Xempshir | $7.25[266] | $3.27 | Yo'q | ||
| Nyu-Jersi | $11.00 $10.30 (Agricultural)[267] | $3.13[267] | $9.90 | Ha | Minimum wage increased to $11 on January 1, 2020. On January 17, 2019, Governor Fil Merfi and state legislative leaders passed an agreement to raise the minimum wage to $15 by 2024, with a bill to raise the minimum wage passed and signed by the Governor.[268] There are four separate pay rates: regular employers, seasonal & small employers (6 & fewer employees), agricultural employers, and tipped workers. The general wage increase is TBD after 2024, TBD after 2026 for seasonal wages, and will stop at $5.13 for tipped workers in 2022, and is TBD in 2025.[267]
|
| Nyu-Meksiko | $9.00 | $2.35 | Yo'q | Upcoming New Mexico minimum wage increases:[269]
| |
| Nyu York | $11.80 | Turli xil | Ha | A 2016 law changed the minimum wage over the next six years. "Downstate" includes Nassau, Suffolk, and Westchester counties.[275]
As of December 31, 2019, the following is the minimum for exempt employees: NYC employees $1,125 per week; Downstate employees $975 per week; Upstate employees $885.[276] Hospitality Industry varies. As of December 31, 2019 they are the following:[277][278]
| |
| Shimoliy Karolina | $7.25[279] | $2.13 | Yo'q | The employer may take credit for tips earned by a tipped employee and may count them as wages up to the amount permitted in section 3(m) of the Adolatli mehnat standartlari to'g'risidagi qonun.[279] $15.00 minimum for full-time state employees, excluding temporary employees and public school and community college employees making below $15 (from July 1, 2018)[280]
| |
| Shimoliy Dakota | $7.25[286] | $4.86 | Yo'q | Tipped minimum is 67% of the minimum wage.[182] | |
| Ogayo shtati | $8.70 | $4.35 | $7.25 under 16 years old | Ha | The rate is $7.25 for employers grossing $314,000 or less.[287] The rate is adjusted annually on January 1 based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index.[288] Ohio's minimum wage increased to $8.70 ($4.35 for tipped employees) on January 1, 2020.[289] |
| Oklaxoma | $7.25[290] | $2.13 | Yo'q | Minimum wage for employers grossing under $100,000 and with fewer than 10 employees per location is $2.00.[291] (OK Statutes 40-197.5). | |
| Oregon | $11.50 (rural counties) $12.00 (non-rural counties) $13.25 (Portland metro)[292] | $11.50 (rural counties) $12.00 (non-rural counties) $13.25 (Portland metro) | Ha | On March 2, 2016, Senate Bill 1532 was signed into law, increasing minimum wage depending on the county. Beginning July 1, 2019 the minimum wage increased to $11.25 for non-rural counties and to $11.00 for rural counties, thereafter increasing each year by fixed amounts until June 30, 2022 when the minimum wage will be $14.75 for the Portland metro area, $13.50 for other non-rural counties, and $12.50 for rural counties. Thereafter, the minimum wage will be adjusted each year based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index.[293] Non-rural counties are defined as Benton, Clackamas, Klatsop, Kolumbiya, Choyshablar, Hood daryosi, Jekson, Jozefina, Ip, Linkoln, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Vasko, Vashington va Yamxill okruglar.[294] Rural counties are defined as Novvoy, Coos, Crook, Kori, Duglas, Gilliam, Grant, Xarni, Jefferson, Klamat, Ko'l, Malheur, Morrow, Sherman, Umatilla, Ittifoq, Vallowa, Wheeler okruglar.[294] The Portland Metro rate ($1.25 over the non-rural rate) applies to employers located within the shahar o'sishi chegarasi (UGB) of the Portland metropolitan service district.[292] | |
| Pensilvaniya | $7.25[295] | $2.83 | Yo'q | ||
| Rod-Aylend | $11.50 | $3.89[296] | Yo'q | On October 1, 2020 the minimum wage increased to $11.50 from $10.50.[297]
| |
| Janubiy Karolina | Yo'q[c] | Yo'q | |||
| Janubiy Dakota | $9.30[299] | $4.65 | Ha | The minimum wage increased to $9.30 on January 1, 2020, and is indexed to inflation.[300] | |
| Tennessi | Yo'q[c] | Yo'q | |||
| Texas | $7.25[301] | $2.13 | Yo'q | Applies to all workers in the state, excluding patients of the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation who have diminished production capacity and who work on behalf of the Department; their salary is calculated at the minimum wage times a percentage of their diminished capacity.
| |
| Yuta | $7.25 | $2.13 | Yo'q | ||
| Vermont | $10.98 | $5.48[303] | Ha | Effective January 1, 2020, the minimum wage increased to $10.98 and the tipped minimum wage increased to $5.48.[304] Vermont's minimum wage will have the following increases:[305]
| |
| Virjiniya | $7.25[306] | $2.13 | Yo'q | In early 2019, a bill to raise the minimum wage to $13.00 in 2020 and then $15.00 in 2021 was voted down by the state senate 21–19.[307] | |
| Vashington | $13.50[308] | $13.50[308] | $11.48[309] | Ha | The minimum wage increased to $13.50 in 2020. It will be increased annually by a voter-approved cost-of-living adjustment based on the federal Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). It will increase to $13.69 on January 1, 2021.[310]
|
| G'arbiy Virjiniya | $8.75[315] | $2.62 | Yo'q | Minimum wage increased to $8.75 on December 31, 2015.[316] The state minimum wage is applicable to employers of six or more employees at one location not involved in interstate commerce[1] and for tipped employees is 30% of the federal minimum wage.[182] | |
| Viskonsin | $7.25[317] | $2.33 | Yo'q | There is a special minimum wage for golf caddies: $5.90 per 9 holes and $10.50 per 18 holes. Another special minimum wage applies to camp counselors: $210 per week with board and lodging, $265 per week with board only, and $350 per week with no board or lodging provided.[318] Hokim Toni Evers has proposed legislation to increase the minimum wage for state employees to $15 by 2021, including employees at the Viskonsin-Medison universiteti.[319] | |
| Vayoming | $5.15[213] | $2.13 | Yo'q |
- ^ Generally applies to employees who make over $30 in tips per month, unless otherwise noted.[182]
- ^ Applies to persons under age 20, for the first 90 days of employment (per FMWA), unless otherwise noted.
- ^ a b v d e No state minimum wage law. Federal rates apply, although some small businesses exempt from FMWA may not be covered.
Federal okrug
| Federal okrug | Min. ish haqi ($/h) | Tipped ($/h) | Youth/ trening ($/h) | Izohlar |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kolumbiya okrugi | $15.00 | $5.00 | Yo'q | In accordance with a law signed on June 27, 2016,[320][321] the minimum wage increased to $14.00 per hour as of July 1, 2019; and $15.00 per hour as of July 1, 2020.[322] As of each successive July 1, the minimum wage will increase by the Iste'mol narxlari indeksi for All Urban Consumers in the Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area for the preceding twelve months.[322] The minimum wage for tipped-employees increased to $4.45 per hour as of July 1, 2019; and $5.00 per hour as of July 1, 2020.[322] 2018 yil 19-iyun kuni, 77. tashabbus passed, increasing the tipped minimum wage to match the standard minimum wage by the year 2026. However, this was repealed by the DC Kengashi before it could be enacted.[323] The minimum wage established by the federal government may be paid to newly hired individuals during their first 90 calendar days of employment, students employed by colleges and universities, and individuals under 18 years of age.[324] |
Hudud
| Hudud | Min. wage ($/h)[1] | Tipped ($/h)[182] | Izohlar |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amerika Samoasi | $4.98–$6.39 | $2.13 | Varies by industry.[325] On September 30, 2010, President Obama signed legislation that delays scheduled wage increases for 2010 and 2011. On July 26, 2012, President Obama signed S. 2009 into law, postponing the minimum wage increase for 2012, 2013, and 2014. Annual wage increases of $0.40 recommenced on September 30, 2015 and will continue every three years until all rates have reached the federal minimum.[326] |
| Guam | $8.25 | $8.25 | |
| Shimoliy Mariana orollari | $7.25 | $2.13 | Since September 30, 2016. Wages are to go up $0.50 annually until reaching the federal $7.25 rate by 2018.[327] Bill S. 256 to delay the planned increases to the full rate until 2018 passed in September 2013.[328] |
| Puerto-Riko | $7.25 | $2.13 | Keyingi 2007 yilgi eng kam ish haqining adolatli qonuni, Employers covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)[qaysi? ] are subject to the federal minimum wage and all applicable regulations. Employers not covered by the FLSA will be subject to a minimum wage that is at least 70 percent of the federal minimum wage or the applicable mandatory decree rate, whichever is higher. The Secretary of Labor and Human Resources may authorize a rate based on a lower percentage for any employer who can show that implementation of the 70 percent rate would substantially curtail employment in that business. Puerto Rico also has minimum wage rates that vary according to the industry. These rates range from a minimum of $5.08 to $7.25 per hour. |
| AQSh Virjiniya orollari | $10.50[329] | $4.20 | The Virgin Islands' minimum wage increased to $9.50 on June 1, 2017 for all employees, with the exception of tourist service and restaurant employees (or those businesses with gross annual receipts of less than $150,000 set at $4.30). It further increased to $10.50 on June 1, 2018.[330] |
Yirik korporatsiyalar
Some large employers in the traditionally low-paying retail sector have declared an internal minimum wage. 2020 yildan boshlab:
- Amazon.com - $15/hour[331]
- Amerika banki - $17/hour[332]
- Ben va Jerriniki - $16.92/hour[333]
- Charter Communications/Spectrum - $15/hour[334]
- Kostko - $15/hour[335]
- Facebook - $15–20/hour depending on location[333]
- Hantington Milliy banki - $16/hour[333]
- JPMorgan Chase - $15–18/hour depending on location[332]
- Maqsad - $13/hour [336] $15/hour starting July 5, 2020[337]
- Walmart - $11/hour[338]
- Uells Fargo - $15/hour[339]
Low-paying occupations: 2006 and 2009
Jobs that a minimum wage is most likely to directly affect are those that pay close to the minimum.
According to the May 2006 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, the four lowest-paid occupational sectors in May 2006 (when the federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour) were the following:[340]
| Sektor | Workers employed | O'rtacha ish haqi | Mean wage | O'rtacha yillik |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food preparation and serving related occupations | 11,029,280 | $7.90 | $8.86 | $18,430 |
| Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations | 450,040 | $8.63 | $10.49 | $21,810 |
| Personal care and service occupations | 3,249,760 | $9.17 | $11.02 | $22,920 |
| Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations | 4,396,250 | $9.75 | $10.86 | $22,580 |
Two years later, in May 2008, when the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour and was about to increase to $6.55 per hour in July, these same sectors were still the lowest-paying, but their situation (according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data)[341] edi:
| Sektor | Workers employed | O'rtacha ish haqi | Mean wage | O'rtacha yillik |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oziq-ovqat tayyorlash va tegishli kasblarga xizmat ko'rsatish | 11,438,550 | $8.59 | $9.72 | $20,220 |
| Dehqonchilik, baliq ovlash va o'rmonchilik kasblari | 438,490 | $9.34 | $11.32 | $23,560 |
| Shaxsiy parvarish va xizmat kasblari | 3,437,520 | $9.82 | $11.59 | $24,120 |
| Bino va maydonlarni tozalash va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish kasblari | 4,429,870 | $10.52 | $11.72 | $24,370 |
2006 yilda quyidagi 13 ta kasbning ishchilari soatiga o'rtacha 8,00 AQSh dollaridan kam o'rtacha ish haqi olishdi:[340]
| Kasb | Ishchilar ish bilan ta'minlangan | O'rtacha ish haqi | O'rtacha ish haqi | O'rtacha yillik |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O'yin sotuvchilari | 82,960 | $7.08 | $8.18 | $17,010 |
| Ofitsiantlar va ofitsiantlar | 2,312,930 | $3.14 | $4.27 | $11,190 |
| Birgalikda ovqat tayyorlash va tezkor ovqatni o'z ichiga olgan ishchilarga xizmat ko'rsatish | 2,461,890 | $7.24 | $7.66 | $15,930 |
| Ovqatlanish xonasi va bufet xizmatchilari va bufetchi yordamchilari | 401,790 | $7.36 | $7.84 | $16,320 |
| Oshpazlar, tez ovqat | 612,020 | $7.41 | $7.67 | $15,960 |
| Idish yuvish mashinalar | 502,770 | $7.57 | $7.78 | $16,190 |
| Foydalanuvchilar, lobbi xizmatchilari va chiptachilar | 101,530 | $7.64 | $8.41 | $17,500 |
| Qarshi xizmatchilar, kafeterya, oziq-ovqat imtiyozlari va qahvaxona | 524,410 | $7.76 | $8.15 | $16,950 |
| Xostlar va styuardessalar, restoran, dam olish xonasi va qahvaxona | 340,390 | $7.78 | $8.10 | $16,860 |
| Shampunlar | 15,580 | $7.78 | $8.20 | $17,050 |
| O'yin-kulgi va dam olish xizmatchilari | 235,670 | $7.83 | $8.43 | $17,530 |
| Barmenlar | 485,120 | $7.86 | $8.91 | $18,540 |
| Fermerlar va mardikorlar, ekinzorlar, pitomniklar va issiqxona | 230,780 | $7.95 | $8.48 | $17,630 |
2008 yilda ikkita kasb o'rtacha soatiga $ 8.00 dan kam ish haqi to'lagan:[341]
| Kasb | Ishchilar ish bilan ta'minlangan | O'rtacha ish haqi | O'rtacha ish haqi | O'rtacha yillik |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O'yin sotuvchilari | 91,130 | $7.84 | $9.56 | $19,890 |
| Birgalikda ovqat tayyorlash va tezkor ovqatni o'z ichiga olgan ishchilarga xizmat ko'rsatish | 2,708,840 | $7.90 | $8.36 | $17,400 |
2009 yil may oyidagi Milliy ish bilan bandlik va ish haqi ko'rsatkichlariga ko'ra[342] 2009 yil may oyida eng kam haq to'lanadigan kasb-hunar sohalari (federal minimal ish haqi soatiga 7,25 dollar bo'lganida) quyidagilar edi:
| Sektor | Ishchilar ish bilan ta'minlangan | O'rtacha ish haqi | O'rtacha ish haqi | O'rtacha yillik |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O'yin sotuvchilari | 86,900 | $8.19 | $9.76 | $20,290 |
| Birgalikda ovqat tayyorlash va tezkor ovqatni o'z ichiga olgan ishchilarga xizmat ko'rsatish | 2,695,740 | $8.28 | $8.71 | $18,120 |
| Ofitsiantlar va ofitsiantlar | 2,302,070 | $8.50 | $9.80 | $20,380 |
| Ovqatlanish xonasi va bufet xizmatchilari va bufetchi yordamchilari | 402,020 | $8.51 | $9.09 | $18,900 |
| Oshpazlar, tez ovqat | 539,520 | $8.52 | $8.76 | $18,230 |
Shuningdek qarang
- Ishchilarning o'rtacha ish haqi
- Adolatli mehnat standartlari to'g'risidagi qonun
- Qo'shma Shtatlardagi mehnat huquqi tarixi
- Qo'shma Shtatlardagi daromadlar tengsizligi
- Mamlakatlar bo'yicha eng kam ish haqining ro'yxati
- Hayotiy ish haqi
- Maksimal ish haqi
- Minimal ish haqini belgilash to'g'risidagi konventsiya, 1970 yil
- Minimal ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonun
- Narx / ish haqi spirali
- Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining mehnat qonuni
- Ish haqi qulligi
- Ish haqini o'g'irlash
- Kambag'al ishlaydi
Izohlar
Adabiyotlar
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- ^ Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mehnat vazirligi, https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/wages/minimumwage. 2017 yil 20-noyabrda olingan
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1968 yilga kelib, eng kam ish haqi soatiga 1,60 AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi (2016 yilda 11,08 dollar).
CS1 maint: boshqalar (havola) - ^ "2018 yilda 18 ta shtatda kam ish haqi olgan ishchilar ko'proq maosh olishadi - ammo federal minimal ish haqi iqtisodiyotga mos keladigan bo'lsa, ular ko'proq pul ishlashlari mumkin edi". Business Insider. Olingan 21 dekabr, 2017.
- ^ Selyux, Alina (2019 yil 8-iyul). "15 dollarlik eng kam ish haqi 17 million ishchini ko'paytiradi, 1,3 million ish joyini qisqartiradi, deyiladi CBO". Milliy radio. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2019 yil 1 avgustda. Olingan 4 oktyabr, 2019.
Kongress byudjet idorasining dushanba kuni o'tkazgan tadqiqotiga ko'ra, 2025 yilga borib federal minimal ish haqini soatiga 15 dollarga ko'tarish kamida 17 million odamning ish haqini ko'paytiradi, shuningdek 1,3 million amerikalikni ishsiz qoldiradi.
- ^ Bo'limiga qarang Bandlik ushbu tadqiqotdan olingan batafsil ma'lumot, shu jumladan ish haqini soatiga 10 yoki 12 dollarga ko'tarish bo'yicha ishlarni baholash uchun.
- ^ a b DeSilver, Drew (2017 yil 4-yanvar). "Eng kam ish haqi to'g'risida 5 ta fakt". Pew tadqiqot markazi.
Umuman olganda, odamlarning 52% federal minimal miqdorni soatiga 15 dollargacha oshirishni ma'qul ko'rishdi, ammo bu g'oyani Tramp tarafdorlarining atigi 21% qo'llab-quvvatladilar (Klinton tarafdorlarining 82 foiziga nisbatan). Qora tanli va ispanlarning aksariyat qismi federal eng kam ish haqining 15 dollar miqdorida bo'lishini qo'llab-quvvatlagan bo'lsa-da, oq tanlilarning 54 foizi bunga qarshi edi
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Shahar kengashi sentyabr oyida mehmonxonalar ishchilarining ish haqini soatiga 15,37 dollarga oshirishni ma'qulladi.
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Sheraton Universal mehmonxonasida ko'p yillik kasaba uyushma mulki, qo'ng'iroqchilar, ofitsiantlar va ziyofat serverlari Kaliforniyaning hozirgi minimal ish haqini oladi: soatiga 10 dollar. (Mehmonxonalar to'g'risidagi qaror birinchi marta kuchga kirganida, davlatning minimal qiymati 9 dollar edi.) 500 metrdan kam masofada joylashgan "Xilton" uyushmasida xuddi shu ish bilan shug'ullanadiganlar, shaharning mehmonxona haqi to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan kamida 15,37 dollar ishlab topishadi. Ikkala miqdor ham maslahatlarni o'z ichiga olmaydi.
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Ushbu maqolada eng kam ish haqini 9,47 AQSh dollaridan 2015 yilda 11 dollargacha va 2016 yilda 13 AQSh dollarigacha ko'targan Sietlning eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi farmonining birinchi va ikkinchi bosqichidagi ish haqi, ish joyi va soat natijalari baholanadi. barcha sohalarda ish haqini belgilangan soatlik ish haqi stavkasidan pastroq to'lashni tahlil qilishning turli usullari, shuni xulosa qilamizki, ikkinchi ish haqining 13 AQSh dollarigacha ko'tarilishi past ish haqi ishlarida ish soatlarini 6-7 foizga qisqartirgan, shu bilan birga bunday ish joylarida soatlik ish haqi oshgan 3 foiz. Binobarin, bunday ish o'rinlari uchun ish haqining umumiy miqdori kamaydi, demak, Farmonda kam ish haqi bo'lgan ishchilarga ish haqi miqdori 2016 yilda har bir ish uchun o'rtacha 74 dollarga kamaytirilgan.
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Vashington shtatidan ma'muriy bandlik ma'lumotlaridan foydalangan holda, biz Sietlning eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi farmoyishining ish haqi oshishidan oldin darhol kam ish haqi bilan ishlaydigan ishchilarga ta'sirini o'rganish uchun qisqa muddatli bo'ylama panellardan foydalanamiz. Biz yaqin atrofdagi qo'shni moslashtirish yordamida kontraktual kuzatuvlarni o'tkazamiz va "muomala qilingan" kogortani oldingi ma'lumotlardan olingan platsebo kogortaga taqqoslab, effektlarni baholaymiz. Biz soatiga ish haqining sezilarli darajada oshishi va soatlab pasaytirilishini siyosat bilan bog'laymiz. Tarmoqda eng kam ish haqi soatiga 9,47 dollardan 13 dollargacha ko'tarilishi daromadni o'rtacha haftasiga 8-12 dollargacha oshirdi. Ushbu yutuqlarning barchasi o'rtacha darajadan yuqori tajribaga ega bo'lgan ishchilarga to'g'ri keladi; kam tajribali ishchilar haftalik ish haqi bo'yicha sezilarli o'zgarishlarni ko'rmadilar. Daromadning taxminan to'rtdan bir qismi shahar tashqarisidagi ish bilan Sietldagi yo'qolgan soatlarni qoplagan tajribali ishchilarga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin. Biz eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi nizomni ish aylanmasi stavkalarining 8 foizga pasayishi, shuningdek, ishchi kuchiga yangi kirishlar stavkasining sezilarli pasayishi bilan bog'laymiz.
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Bu erda nima bo'layapti? ... Aksincha, qattiq mehnat bozori va shtatma-shtatdagi eng kam ish haqining oshishi eng kambag'al ishchilar uchun ish haqining o'sishiga turtki bo'ldi. Ish haqining umumiy o'sishining sustligi, mehnat bozori eng past darajada ish haqi uchun ajoyib ishlarni amalga oshirganligini yashirmoqda.
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Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Narx V. Fishback, Endryu Seltzer. 2020 yil. "Amerikadagi eng kam ish haqining ko'tarilishi, 1912-1968 ". NBER.
Tashqi havolalar
- Qo'shma Shtatlarda eng kam ish haqi da Curlie
- Federal Minimal Ish haqi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mehnat vazirligi ish haqi va soati bo'limi.
- Maslahatlangan xodimlar uchun eng kam ish haqi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mehnat vazirligi ish haqi va soati bo'limi.
- Inflyatsiya yil bo'yicha eng kam ish haqini to'g'irladi. Yil bo'yicha inflyatsiyaga qarab tuzatilgan eng kam ish haqini taqqoslaydi.
- Federal Minimal Ish haqining tarixi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mehnat vazirligi ish haqi va soati bo'limi.
- AQShning eng kam ish haqi tarixi. Oregon shtat universiteti - boylik va qashshoqlik (484-chi anth). Oxirgi marta 2012 yil 26 dekabrda yangilangan.
- Xaritalar va minimal ish haqi jadvallari, uy-joy xarajatlari - Kam daromadli uy-joylar milliy koalitsiyasi (targ'ibot guruhi).
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