Robert Morris (moliyachi) - Robert Morris (financier)

Robert Morris
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatori dan Pensilvaniya
Ofisda 1789 yil 4 mart - 1795 yil 4 mart
Oldingi	O'rindiq o'rnatilgan
Muvaffaqiyatli	Uilyam Bingem
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz agenti
Ofisda 1781 yil 29-avgust - 1784 yil 1-noyabr
Oldingi	Aleksandr Makdugal (Dengiz kotibi)
Muvaffaqiyatli	Benjamin Stodert (Dengiz floti kotibi)
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari moliya noziri
Ofisda 1781 yil 27-iyun - 1784 yil 1-noyabr
Oldingi	Lavozim belgilandi
Muvaffaqiyatli	Aleksandr Xemilton (G'aznachilik kotibi )
Delegatsiya Ikkinchi qit'a Kongressi dan Pensilvaniya
Ofisda 1775–1778
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	(1734-01-31)1734 yil 31-yanvar "Liverpul", Angliya
O'ldi	1806 yil 8-may(1806-05-08) (72 yosh) Forked River, Ocean Co., Nyu-Jersi, AQSh
Siyosiy partiya	Federalist
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Tarkib Dunham
Bolalar	7, shu jumladan Tomas
Imzo

Robert Morris, kichik (1734 yil 20 yanvar - 1806 yil 8 may) an Ingliz tili - tug'ilgan savdogar va a Asoschi Ota ning Qo'shma Shtatlar. U a'zosi sifatida xizmat qilgan Pensilvaniya qonun chiqaruvchi organ Ikkinchi qit'a Kongressi, va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati va u imzo chekkan edi Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi, Konfederatsiya moddalari, va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasi. 1781 yildan 1784 yilgacha u Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari moliya boshlig'i, "inqilob moliyachisi" nomi bilan tanilgan. Bilan birga Aleksandr Xemilton va Albert Gallatin, u AQSh moliya tizimining asoschilaridan biri sifatida keng tan olingan.

Tug'ilgan "Liverpul", Morris o'smirligida AQShga ko'chib o'tdi va tezda muvaffaqiyatli yuk tashish firmasining sherigiga aylandi Filadelfiya. Keyinchalik Frantsiya va Hindiston urushi, Morris boshqa savdogarlar bilan birgalikda 1765 yilgi Angliya soliq siyosatiga qarshi chiqdi Damgalar to'g'risidagi qonun. Epidemiyasi keyin Amerika inqilobiy urushi, u inqilobiy ish uchun qurol-yarog 'va o'q-dorilarni sotib olishga yordam berdi va 1775 yil oxirida u ikkinchi qit'a Kongressiga delegat etib saylandi. Kongress a'zosi sifatida u Savdo maxfiy qo'mitasida ishlagan, u materiallarni sotib olish bilan shug'ullanadigan Xatlar qo'mitasi Tashqi aloqalar bilan shug'ullanadigan va Dengiz qo'mitasi boshqargan Kontinental dengiz floti. Morris 1778 yilda iste'foga chiqqunga qadar Kongressning etakchi a'zosi edi. Ishdan tashqarida Morris o'zining savdo karerasiga e'tibor qaratdi va saylovlarda g'olib bo'ldi Pensilvaniya assambleyasi, u erda o'zgartirishni istagan "respublikachilar" fraktsiyasining etakchisiga aylandi Pensilvaniya Konstitutsiyasi.

Davom etayotgan inqilobiy urushda og'ir moliyaviy vaziyatga duch kelib, 1781 yilda Kongress moliyaviy masalalarni nazorat qilish uchun moliya noziri lavozimini o'rnatdi. Morris moliya boshlig'i lavozimiga tayinlashni qabul qildi va shu bilan birga xizmat qildi Dengiz agenti u kontinental dengiz flotini boshqargan. U materiallarni etkazib berishda yordam berdi Qit'a armiyasi general ostida Jorj Vashington, Vashingtonning g'alaba qozonishiga imkon beradi Yorktown jangi. Morris, shuningdek, hukumat shartnomalarini isloh qildi va tashkil etdi Shimoliy Amerika banki, birinchi Kongress nizomi milliy bank Qo'shma Shtatlarda ishlash uchun. Morris milliy hukumat soliqlarni yig'ish huquqisiz va moliyaviy barqarorlikka erisha olmaydi, deb hisoblar edi tariflar, lekin u o'n uchta davlatni Konfederatsiya Maqolalariga tuzatish kiritishga rozi bo'lishga ishontira olmadi. 1783 yil may oyida yoshlar Jon Braun moliya noziri va AQSh hukumatining tashqi aloqalar maxfiy qo'mitasi prezidenti Robert Morrisning tashrifi bilan topshirilgan. Luis de Unzaga "le Conciliateur", u Le Couteulx bankirlari tomonidan o'tkazilgan veksellar tufayli AQSh bilan savdoni ozod qilish bo'yicha maxfiy topshirig'ida unga vositachi sifatida xizmat qilgan; aslida Braunning maxfiy missiyasi muvaffaqiyatli bo'lgan va shu tariqa yangi paydo bo'lgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Angliya bilan tinchligiga xavf soladigan isyonlardan qochib, qit'a armiyasini to'lash mumkin edi.^[1].Milliy hukumatning zaifligidan g'azablanib, Morris 1784 yilda moliya boshlig'i lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi. 1782 va 1785 yillarda AQSh hukumatining tashqi aloqalar bo'yicha maxfiy qo'mitasi raisi sifatida moliya boshlig'i sifatida iste'foga chiqdi. Luis de Unzaga va Amézaga, AQSh uchun tug'ilish uchun asosiy yordam ^[2].

1787 yilda Morris .ga delegat sifatida tanlangan Filadelfiya konvensiyasi, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari uchun yangi konstitutsiyani yozgan va taklif qilgan. Morris anjuman paytida kamdan-kam gapirgan, ammo konventsiya tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan konstitutsiyada uning ko'plab g'oyalari aks etgan. Morris va uning ittifoqchilari Pensilvaniyaning yangi konstitutsiyani tasdiqlashiga yordam berishdi va hujjat 1788 yil oxiriga qadar kerakli miqdordagi shtatlar tomonidan ratifikatsiya qilindi. Keyinchalik Pensilvaniya qonun chiqaruvchi organi Morrisni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Senatidagi ochilish marosimidagi ikki vakilidan biri etib sayladi. Morris Vashingtonning xalqning birinchi bo'lib xizmat qilish taklifini rad etdi Moliya kotibi, o'rniga taklif qilish Aleksandr Xemilton lavozim uchun. Senatda Morris Hamiltonning iqtisodiy dasturini qo'llab-quvvatladi va unga mos keldi Federalistlar partiyasi. Senatda ishlagan paytida va undan keyin Morris erga olib boriladigan erlarda chayqovchilik qarziga botdi 1796-97 yillardagi vahima. Kreditorlariga pul to'lay olmaganligi sababli, Prune ko'chasida qamaldi qarzdorlarning kvartirasi qo'shni Yong'oq ko'chasidagi qamoqxona 1798 yildan 1801 yilgacha. Qamoqdan chiqqandan so'ng, u 1806 yilda vafotigacha Filadelfiyadagi kamtarona uyda tinch, shaxsiy hayotda yashadi.^[3]

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Yoshlik

Morris tug'ilgan "Liverpul", Angliya, 1734 yil 20-yanvarda.^[4] Uning ota-onasi Robert Morris edi, kichik, an agent transport firmasi va Elizabeth Murphet uchun; biograf Charlz Rappleye Morris, ehtimol tug'ilgan deb xulosa qiladi nikohsiz. O'n uch yoshga to'lguniga qadar Morris Angliyada onasining onasi tomonidan tarbiyalangan. 1747 yilda Morris ko'chib keldi Oksford, Merilend, qaerda uning otasi gullab-yashnagan tamaki savdo. Ikki yil o'tgach, Morrisning otasi uni yubordi Filadelfiya, keyin aholisi eng ko'p bo'lgan shahar Britaniya Shimoliy Amerika, Morris otasining do'sti Charlz Grinvayning qaramog'ida yashagan.^[5]

Savdo karerasi

Ole Erekson tomonidan o'yma, v. 1876, Robert Morris

Grinvay Morrisni Filadelfiya savdogarining yuk tashish va bank firmasida shogird bo'lishiga tayyorladi Charlz Villing. 1750 yilda Robert Morris, Sr yuqumli jarohatdan vafot etdi va uning mol-mulkining katta qismini o'g'liga qoldirdi.^[6] Morris Villingni hayratda qoldirdi va o'spirin tarbiyalanuvchisidan Willing firmasining asosiy agentiga aylandi. Morris sayohat qildi Karib dengizi firma faoliyatini kengaytirish uchun portlar va u savdo va tovar almashish uchun ishlatiladigan turli xil valyutalar to'g'risida bilimlarga ega bo'ldi. U ham do'stlashdi Tomas Villing, Morrisdan ikki yosh katta bo'lgan va Morris singari o'z hayotini Angliya va Britaniyaning Shimoliy Amerikasi o'rtasida bo'lishgan Charlz Uillinning eng katta o'g'li. Charlz Uilling 1754 yilda vafot etdi va 1757 yilda Tomas Morrisni yangi nomlangan Willing Morris & Company firmasining to'liq sherigiga aylantirdi.^[7]

Morrisning yuk tashish firmasi Filadelfiyada faoliyat yuritadigan ko'plab kompaniyalardan biri edi, ammo Willing Morris & Company bir nechta innovatsion strategiyalarni amalga oshirdi. Firma boshqa yuk tashish firmalari bilan birlashdi sug'urta qilish kemalar, agressiv ravishda kengaytirilgan savdo Hindiston, va davlat loyihalarini obligatsiyalar va veksellar orqali yozgan.^[8] Firma kemalari Hindiston bilan savdo qilgan Levant, G'arbiy Hindiston, Ispancha Kuba, Ispaniya va Italiya. Firmaning import, eksport va umumiy agentligi uni Pensilvaniya shtatidagi eng obod bizneslaridan biriga aylantirdi. 1784 yilda Morris boshqa investorlar bilan birga kema safarini o'tkazdi Xitoy imperatori, Xitoy materikiga tashrif buyurgan birinchi Amerika kemasi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Qullik

Morrisning Willing bilan sherikligi faqat boshlangandan so'ng o'rnatildi Etti yillik urush Bu koloniyaga odatdagidek yangi xizmat ko'rsatuvchi xizmatchilarni jalb qilishga to'sqinlik qildi.^{[9][sahifa kerak ]} Potentsial immigrantlar Angliyada Evropada jang qilish uchun chaqirilgan va Amerikadagi koloniyalarda bo'lganlar uchun shartnomalar tugagan.^{[10][sahifa kerak ]} G'azablangan xizmatchilar frantsuzlar va ularning hindistonlik ittifoqchilariga qarshi kurashish uchun ingliz qo'shinlariga qo'shilish to'g'risidagi shartnomalarini qonuniy ravishda buzishi mumkin edi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Shu bilan birga, Britaniya toji ushbu marosimni rag'batlantirmoqchi edi qul savdosi bu Qirolning siyosiy ittifoqchilari uchun foydali bo'lgan Afrika savdogarlar kompaniyasi. Morris kichik sherik bo'lib, Villing siyosiy martaba bilan shug'ullanayotganda, Willing kompaniyasi Morris & Co bilan birgalikda Pensilvaniya shtatining import qilingan qullarga bojini bekor qilishni talab qilgan petitsiyaga imzo chekdi. (Savdo avjiga chiqqan 1762 yilda Filadelfiyaga 200 ga yaqin qullar olib kelingan; aksariyati Rod-Aylenders D'Volf tomonidan olib kelingan, Aaron Lopes va Jeykob Rivera.^[11])

Willing, Morris & Co o'zining qul savdosi safarini moliyalashtirdi. Kema foyda keltirishi uchun yetarlicha yuk tashimagan va ikkinchi safari davomida frantsuzlar tomonidan qo'lga olingan xususiy shaxslar. Firma boshqa importchilar uchun ikkita qul auktsionini o'tkazdi va jami 23 ta qulni taklif qildi.^[12] 1762 yilda firma Delaver shtatidagi Uilmington shahrida 100 dan ortiq Gold Coast qullari uchun agentlik savdosini e'lon qildi. Kema tarifdan qochish uchun Uilmingtonda to'xtagan edi.^[13] 1765 yilda qullik bilan bog'liq so'nggi xabar qilingan agentlik bitimida (jami sakkiztadan) firma Afrikadan kemada olib kelingan 17 ta qulni reklama qildi Markiz de Granbi.^[14] Filadelfiyada qullar sotilmadi, chunki egasi kemani va barcha qullarni Yamaykaga olib bordi.^{[15][sahifa kerak ]}

Shaxsiy va oilaviy hayot

Meri Morris, Robert Morrisning xotin portreti Charlz Uilson Pial

Robert Morris portreti Charlz Uilson Peal tomonidan

Robert Morris kichik 1769-1805

Mariya Morris va uning singlisi Xester (xonim Jeyms Markxem Marshall ), portret tomonidan Gilbert Styuart

1769 yil boshida, Morris 35 yoshida, boy va obro'li advokat va er egasining qizi 20 yoshli Meri Uaytga uylandi. Meri 1769 yil dekabr oyida er-xotinning ettita farzandidan birinchisini dunyoga keltirdi. Morris va uning oilasi yashashdi Old ko'cha Filadelfiyada va "Tepaliklar" deb nomlanuvchi ikkinchi uyni saqlab qoldi Schuylkill daryosi shaharning shimoli-g'arbida. Keyinchalik u boshqa qishloq manorini sotib oldi, uni o'zi nomladi Morrisvill, bu bo'ylab joylashgan Delaver daryosi dan Trenton, Nyu-Jersi. Morrislar ibodat qilishdi Anglikan Masih cherkovi, shuningdek, ishtirok etdi Benjamin Franklin, Tomas Uilling va Filadelfiyaning boshqa etakchi fuqarolari.^[16] Morris uyi bir nechta uy ishchilarini ish bilan ta'minlagan va bir nechta qullarni saqlab qolgan.^[17]

Meri Uayt bilan birga bo'lgan bolalardan tashqari, Morris 1763 yil atrofida nikohsiz tug'ilgan Polli ismli qiz tug'di. Morris Pollini moddiy jihatdan qo'llab-quvvatladi va uning kattalar hayoti davomida u bilan aloqada bo'lib turdi. Morris, shuningdek, Morrisning otasi o'z o'limidan bir oz oldin nikohdan chiqqan singlisi Tomasni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Tomas oxir-oqibat Morrisning yuk tashish firmasining sherigiga aylandi.^[18] Maryamning ukasi, Uilyam Uayt, sifatida tayinlangan Episkopal ruhoniy va sifatida xizmat qilgan Senat ruhoniysi.^[19]

Morris nomi bilan tanilgan narsalarga egalik qildi Prezident uyi Filadelfiyada

1781 yilda Morris uy sotib oldi Bozor ko'chasi bu shimoldan ikki blokda edi Mustaqillik zali, keyin Ikkinchi qit'a Kongressining o'rni. U 1785 yilda ko'chmas mulkka aniq huquqni qo'lga kiritdi va uni o'zining asosiy yashash joyiga aylantirdi.^[20] 1790 yilda Prezident Jorj Vashington uyni asosiy yashash joyiga aylantirish haqidagi Morrisning taklifini qabul qildi; Keyinchalik Morris va uning oilasi kichikroq, qo'shni mulkka ko'chib ketishdi.^[21] 1790-yillarga kelib, Morris Vashington bilan yaqin do'st bo'lib qoldi va u va uning rafiqasi prezident tashlagan davlat tadbirlarida muntazam ishtirok etishdi.^[22] The Prezident uyi, ma'lum bo'lganidek, 1800 yilgacha, prezident bo'lgan paytgacha prezident qarorgohi bo'lib xizmat qilgan Jon Adams ga ko'chib o'tdi oq uy yilda Vashington, Kolumbiya^[23]

Amerika inqilobi

Britaniya bilan ziddiyatlarning kuchayishi

1765 yilda Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti majburiy Damgalar to'g'risidagi qonun, Britaniyaning Shimoliy Amerikasida juda mashhur bo'lmagan qog'oz bilan bog'liq operatsiyalar uchun soliq. Birinchi yirik siyosiy harakatlaridan birida Morris boshqa bir qancha savdogarlar bilan qo'shilib, Britaniya agentiga bosim o'tkazdi Jon Xyuz yangi soliqni yig'ishdan bosh tortish.^[24] Mustamlakachilik qarshiliklariga duch kelgan parlament soliqni bekor qildi, ammo keyinchalik koloniyalardan soliq tushumini ishlab chiqarishga qaratilgan boshqa siyosatni amalga oshirdi. Pochta markasi to'g'risidagi qonun chiqarilgandan keyingi o'n yil ichida Morris boshqa savdogarlar bilan tez-tez parlamentning ko'plab soliq siyosatiga norozilik bildirar edi.^[25] Do'stiga Britaniyaning soliq siyosatiga qarshi bo'lgan e'tirozlari to'g'risida xat yozgan Morris, "Men Angliyaning fuqarosiman, ammo bu tortishuvda printsipial jihatdan amerikalikman", deb ta'kidlagan.^[26] Uning sherigi Tomas Uilling turli xil davlat lavozimlarida ishlagan bo'lsa, Morris port boshqaruvchisidan tashqari boshqa davlat idoralarida ishlashdan bosh tortdi (u olti kishi bilan bo'lishgan lavozim) va u odatda Uilning jamoat yuzi sifatida harakat qilishiga yo'l qo'ydi. qat'iy.^[27]

1774 yil boshida, ga javoban Chidab bo'lmaydigan harakatlar, Britaniyaning Shimoliy Amerikadagi ko'plab mustamlakachilari ingliz tovarlarini boykot qilishga chaqira boshladilar. Filadelfiyada, Villing, Charlz Tomson va Jon Dikkinson Buyuk Britaniyaning soliq siyosatiga javobni muvofiqlashtirish uchun barcha koloniyalarning kongressini chaqirishga rahbarlik qildi.^[26] Morris saylanmagan Birinchi qit'a Kongressi 1774 yil avgustda Filadelfiyada yig'ilgan, ammo u tez-tez kongress delegatlari bilan uchrashgan va Jorj Vashington va boshqa mustamlakachilar bilan do'stlashgan. Jon Jey. Morris odatda Britaniya siyosatini isloh qilishni ma'qullagan, ammo Angliya bilan to'liq aloqani uzishni istamagan delegatlar pozitsiyasiga hamdard edi. 1774 yil sentyabrda Birinchi Qit'a Kongressi ovoz berish uchun ovoz berdi Kontinental assotsiatsiya, dekabr oyidan boshlab ingliz tovarlariga qarshi boykotni kuchaytirish to'g'risidagi kelishuv; shuningdek, har bir koloniyaga boykotni amalga oshirish uchun qo'mitalar tuzishni maslahat berdi. Morris boykotni amalga oshirishda aybdor bo'lgan Filadelfiya qo'mitasiga saylandi.^[28]

Kontinental Kongress

Dastlabki urush, 1775 yildan 1776 yil avgustgacha

1775 yil aprelda Amerika inqilobiy urushi quyidagidan keyin paydo bo'ldi Leksington va Konkord janglari. Ko'p o'tmay, Ikkinchi qit'a Kongressi Filadelfiyada yig'ilish boshlandi va Kongress Vashingtonni qo'mondonlikka tayinladi Qit'a armiyasi. The Pensilvaniya viloyati assambleyasi yigirma besh a'zoni tashkil etdi Xavfsizlik qo'mitasi mudofaani nazorat qilish uchun Morris qo'mitaga tayinlandi. Morris qo'mitani boshqargan asosiy a'zolarning bir qismiga aylandi va qachon qo'mita raisi bo'lib ishladi Benjamin Franklin yo'q edi. Olinganligi uchun haq olinadi porox, Morris koloniyalarga qurol va o'q-dorilar olib kelinishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun mo'ljallangan Britaniya qonunlaridan qochish uchun keng ko'lamli kontrabanda operatsiyasini uyushtirdi. Pensilvaniya uchun poroxni noqonuniy olib o'tishda muvaffaqiyati tufayli Morris shuningdek, Continental Armiya uchun porox etkazib beruvchisi bo'ldi.^[29] Morris biznesga emas, balki siyosiy ishlarga tobora ko'proq e'tibor qaratdi va 1775 yil oktyabrda u Pensilvaniya provinsiyasi assambleyasida saylandi. Yilning oxirida viloyat assambleyasi Morrisni Kongressga delegat etib sayladi.^[30]

Kongressda Morris Angliya siyosatiga norozilik bildirgan, ammo Angliya bilan yarashishni ma'qul ko'rgan delegatlarning unchalik radikal fraktsiyasi bilan birlashdi. U qurol va o'q-dorilarni sotib olishni nazorat qiluvchi Savdo maxfiy qo'mitasiga tayinlangan.^[31] Inqilobiy hukumatda ijro etuvchi hokimiyat yoki davlat xizmati yo'qligi sababli, Kongress qo'mitalari barcha hukumat ishlarini boshqargan.^[32] Biograf Charlz Rappleyning yozishicha, qo'mita "o'z klubi bilan tuzilgan shartnomalarni, ko'pincha qarindoshlar bilan munosabatda bo'lgan", chunki bu siyosiy aloqada bo'lgan savdogarlar, shu jumladan Morrisga nohaq foyda keltirishi mumkin. Shu bilan birga, Rappleye, kontrabanda tovarlarini olish uchun mas'ul bo'lgan qo'mitaning xavfli va maxfiyligi, qo'mitaning raqobatbardoshligini o'rnatishni qiyinlashtirganligini ta'kidlaydi. taklif qilish sotib olish shartnomalari uchun protseduralar.^[33] Savdo maxfiy qo'mitasidagi xizmatidan tashqari, Morris ham dengiz qo'mitasiga tayinlangan bo'lib, u nazoratni olib borgan Kontinental dengiz floti,^[a] va Yashirin yozishmalar qo'mitasi chet el kuchlari bilan aloqalarni o'rnatish harakatlarini nazorat qilgan.^[35] Ikkinchi qo'mitadagi lavozimidan boshlab, Morris tayinlanishiga yordam berdi Sila Din Kongressning Frantsiyadagi vakili sifatida; Dinga materiallar sotib olish va Frantsiya bilan rasmiy ittifoq tuzish ayblovi qo'yildi.^[36]

1776 yil davomida Morris Dengiz qo'mitasining asosiy vakili sifatida paydo bo'ladi; Rappleye uni Kontinental dengiz flotining "amaldagi qo'mondoni" deb ta'riflaydi. Morris Britaniyaning son jihatidan ustun bo'lgan flotini ajratish maqsadida Britaniyaning "himoyasiz joylariga" hujum qilish bo'yicha dengiz strategiyasini ma'qul ko'rdi.^[37] Franklin, Dikkinson va. Bilan birga Jon Adams, Morris loyihani tayyorlashda yordam berdi Model shartnomasi, bu xorijiy mamlakatlar bilan aloqalar uchun shablon sifatida xizmat qilish uchun ishlab chiqilgan. Britaniyadan farqli o'laroq merkantil savdo siyosati, Model shartnomasi muhimligini ta'kidladi erkin savdo. 1776 yil mart oyida, vafotidan keyin Samuel Uord, Morris Savdo maxfiy qo'mitasi raisi etib tayinlandi.^[38] U har ikkala koloniyada va turli xil xorijiy portlarda joylashgan, kontinental urush harakatlari uchun materiallar sotib olish majburiyatini olgan agentlar tarmog'ini yaratdi.^[39]

1776 yil fevral oyi oxirida amerikaliklar Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti tomonidan qabul qilinganligini bilib oldilar Taqiqlash to'g'risidagi qonun Amerikaning barcha kemalari Britaniya kemalari tomonidan musodara qilinishi kerakligini e'lon qildi. Kongressning ko'plab boshqa rahbarlaridan farqli o'laroq, Morris Buyuk Britaniya bilan yarashishga umid qilishda davom etdi, chunki u hali ham urush hali ham amerikaliklarning aksariyat qismi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmaydi va moddiy jihatdan vayronaga aylanadi.^[40] 1776 yil iyun oyida, asosan, Morrisni o'z ichiga olgan Pensilvaniya etakchilarining mo''tadil fraktsiyasidan xafagarchilik tufayli, Pensilvaniya bo'ylab delegatlar konventsiyasi loyihani tayyorlash uchun yig'ilishni boshladi. yangi konstitutsiya va yangi davlat hukumatini tashkil etish. Shu bilan birga, Kongress Britaniyadan mustaqilligini rasman e'lon qilish to'g'risida bahslashayotgan edi. 1776 yil iyul oyining boshlarida Pensilvaniya delegatsiyasi mustaqillikni e'lon qilishga qarshi bo'lgan yolg'iz kongress delegatsiyasi edi. Morris mustaqillik uchun ovoz berishni rad etdi, ammo u va boshqa bir Pensilvaniya vakili mustaqillik to'g'risidagi ovoz berishdan o'zini oqlashga rozi bo'lishdi va shu bilan mustaqillikni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi harakatga Pensilvaniya delegatsiyasida ko'pchilikni berishdi. Morris yo'qligi sababli, Kongressning barcha delegatsiyalari "a" ni qabul qilishga ovoz berishdi qaror 2 iyulda mustaqilligini e'lon qildi va Qo'shma Shtatlar 1776 yil 4 iyulda rasmiy ravishda mustaqilligini e'lon qildi.^[41]

Mustaqillikka qarshi bo'lganiga va Morrisni ajablantirganiga qaramay, Pensilvaniya konstitutsiyaviy konvensiyasi Morrisni Kongressda qoldirish uchun ovoz berdi; u o'z mavqeini saqlab qolish uchun Pensilvaniya shtatidan mustaqillikka qarshi yolg'iz vakil edi. Avgust oyida Morris imzoladi Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi betaraf qolganiga qaramay^[42] O'zining qarorini tushuntirishda u: "Men o'z rejalarim qabul qilinmasa, men sinov o'tkazadigan siyosatchilardan emasman. Menimcha, yaxshi fuqaroning vazifasi, u rahbarlik qila olmasa, unga ergashish kerak". U shuningdek, "men o'z yurtdoshlarimni jang maydonida o'lishini va ularning zulmda yashashlarini xohlamayman" deb ta'kidladi.^[43]

Davomiy urush, 1776–1778 yil avgust

Dan sahna Vashington apoteozi Morrisdan bir qop oltin olayotganini ko'rsatadi Merkuriy, Inqilobiy urush paytida uning moliyaviy xizmatlarini eslab

Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi chiqarilgandan so'ng, Morris qurol-yarog 'va o'q-dorilarni xavfsizligini ta'minlash hamda Amerika mollarini eksport qilish bo'yicha harakatlarni nazorat qilishni va muvofiqlashtirishni davom ettirdi. Uning strategiyasi Janubiy shtatlardan Evropaga va Karib dengizidagi orollarga tamaki va boshqa tovarlarni eksport qilish uchun Yangi Angliyadan kemalardan foydalanishga, so'ngra ushbu eksportdan olingan kapitalni Evropadan harbiy materiallar sotib olishga sarfladi. Britaniyalik ayg'oqchilar va harbiy kemalar ko'pincha uning rejalarini puchga chiqardi va ko'plab Amerika kemalari savdo operatsiyalari paytida qo'lga olindi.^[44] Bunga javoban Morris Amerikaning Evropadagi vakillariga komissiya topshirdi xususiy shaxslar Britaniya yuk tashishlariga hujum qilish uchun va u agentni tashkil qildi, Uilyam Bingem, Frantsiya orolidagi amerikalik xususiy mulkdorlarni ta'mirlash uchun to'lash uchun Martinika. Xususiy biznesning daromadli xususiyati tufayli Morris ham o'z shaxsiy xodimlarini kiyintira boshladi.^[45] Morrisning yana bir agenti, uning o'gay ukasi Tomas Morris Evropada amerikalik xususiy uy egalarini boshqarish uchun halokatli tanlovni isbotladi, chunki Tomas ichkilikbozlik bilan shug'ullangan va mablag'larni noto'g'ri ishlatgan.^[46] 1776 yil oktyabrda Morris va Benjamin Franklinning da'vati bilan Kongress Frantsiya bilan rasmiy ittifoq shartnomasini imzolashga mas'ul bo'lgan ikki elchini tayinlashga ruxsat berdi; oxir-oqibat, Benjamin Franklin va Artur Li o'sha elchilar etib tayinlandi.^[47] Silas Dean bilan bir qatorda Franklin Frantsiyadan qurol etkazib berishni kengaytirishga yordam beradi va Ispaniya, lekin Li qo'llab-quvvatlashga intilishida mutlaqo qobiliyatsizligini isbotladi Prussiya va Xabsburg monarxiyasi.^[48]

1776 yil dekabr oyining boshlarida Vashington armiyasi chegara bo'ylab chekinishga majbur bo'ldi Delaver daryosi va Pensilvaniya shtatida va Kongressning aksariyat a'zolari vaqtincha Filadelfiyani tark etishdi. Morris shaharda qolgan oz sonli delegatlardan biri edi va Kongress Morris va yana ikki delegatni u yo'qligida "kontinental biznesni olib borishga" tayinladi.^[49] Morris Vashington bilan tez-tez yozishib turardi va u qit'ada g'alaba qozonishiga yordam beradigan materiallar etkazib berardi Trenton jangi.^[50] Qit'a armiyasi 1777 yil sentyabrda mag'lub bo'lgandan keyin Brandywine jangi, Kongress Filadelfiyadan g'arbga qochib ketdi; Morris va uning oilasi yaqinda sotib olgan mulkda yashash uchun ketishdi Manxaym, Pensilvaniya.^[51] Morris 1777 yil oxirida ta'tilga chiqdi, ammo u ko'p vaqtini qullik tarafdorlari tomonidan undirilgan noto'g'ri boshqaruv va moliyaviy nochorliklar bilan bog'liq soxta hujumlardan himoya qilishga sarfladi. Genri Laurens, qit'a Kongressining prezidenti.^[52] Ishdan bo'shatilganligi sababli, Morris loyihani tayyorlashda katta rol o'ynamadi Konfederatsiya moddalari, bu Qo'shma Shtatlarning birinchi konstitutsiyasi bo'lar edi, ammo u hujjatni 1778 yil mart oyida imzoladi. Ba'zi shtatlar ushbu Maqolalarga e'tiroz bildirganidek, u 1781 yilgacha kuchga kirmaydi.^[53]

Morris 1778 yil may oyida Kongressga qaytib kelib, kontinental armiya ofitserlarini pensiya bilan ta'minlash chora-tadbiriga ovoz berdi. U bilan yaqin ish munosabatlarini shakllantirdi Gouverneur Morris (hech qanday aloqasi yo'q), Nyu-Yorkdagi yosh kongressmen, Robert Morrisning ko'plab fikrlari bilan o'rtoqlashdi.^[53] Keyingi oy Morris Kongress bilan birga inglizlar evakuatsiya qilgan Filadelfiyaga qaytdi.^[54] Morris Kongressdagi keng ko'lamli vazifalarini davom ettirmadi, buning o'rniga u biznesga e'tibor qaratish uchun o'z loyihalarini bekor qilishni xohladi.^[55] 1778 yil oxirida Morris shtat yig'ilishida Pensilvaniya konstitutsiyasini isloh qilishni yoqlagan nomzodlar ro'yxatida g'olib bo'ldi; u o'z o'rnini egallash uchun Kongressdan iste'foga chiqdi.^[56] Morris Kongressni tark etgach, qul savdogari Genri Laurens, Tomas Peyn va Kongressning boshqa ba'zi a'zolari Kongressdagi mavqeidan o'zining moliyaviy foydasi uchun foydalanganligi uchun unga qarshi soxta hujumlarini davom ettirdilar, ammo 1779 yil boshlarida Kongress qo'mitasi Morrisni barcha ayblovlardan ozod qildi.^[57]

Kongressdan tashqarida, 1779–1781 yillarda

USS Alfred, kemasi Kontinental dengiz floti ilgari Morrisga tegishli bo'lgan

Yangi shtat konstitutsiyaviy konvensiyasini chaqirish rejalari bilan umidsizlik Jozef Rid va boshqalar, Morris va Jeyms Uilson respublika jamiyatini, yangi davlat konstitutsiyasini amalga oshirishga bag'ishlangan siyosiy klubni tashkil etdi. Respublika jamiyati ikki palatali qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatni qo'llab-quvvatladi veto hokimiyat, mustaqil sud hokimiyati va davlat hukumatiga sodiqlik qasamlarini tugatish. Boshqa taniqli pensilvaniyaliklar, shu jumladan Uilson, Benjamin Rush, Tomas Mifflin va Charlz Tomson Respublikachilar Jamiyatining maqsadlarini qo'llab-quvvatladilar, ammo Morris respublikachilar deb tanilgan fraktsiyaning amaldagi etakchisiga aylandi. Ayni paytda, davlat konstitutsiyasini saqlashni ma'qul ko'rganlar konstitutsionistlar sifatida tanilgan.^[58] Ko'tarilish tufayli inflyatsiya, 1779 yil o'rtalarida Konstitutsiyachilar amalga oshirish uchun qo'mita tuzdilar narxlarni boshqarish; ko'plab Filadelfiya savdogarlari qo'mitaning buyrug'ini buzganlikda ayblanib hibsga olingan, ammo Morris qamoqdan qochgan va qo'mitaning etakchi raqibi sifatida paydo bo'lgan.^[59] Narxlarni nazorat qilish qo'mitasi samarasiz bo'lib chiqdi va sentyabr oyida tarqatib yuborildi, ammo keyingi oyda olomon isyon ko'tarib, respublikachilarning bir nechta rahbarlarini qo'lga oldi. Morris va boshqa respublikachilar Jeyms Uilsonning uyida boshpana berishdi, u erda ularni Rid va Kontinental armiya otryadi qutqardi.^[60] Uilson g'alayondan keyin shaharni tark etdi va savdogarlarga bo'lgan mashhur g'azab Morrisning shtat qonun chiqaruvchi organiga qayta saylanish kampaniyasida mag'lub bo'lishiga olib keldi.^[61]

Amerika inqilobi boshlanganidan buyon birinchi marta davlat lavozimidan tashqarida bo'lgan Morris o'zining yuk tashish biznesini kengaytirishga e'tibor qaratdi. U shtatdan tashqaridagi bir nechta ishbilarmonlar bilan hamkorlik qildi, jumladan Merilend shtatidan Jonathan Hudson va Karter Braxton va Benjamin Xarrison Virjiniya shtatidan, biograf Charlz Rappley "birinchi milliy" deb ataydigan narsani shakllantirish uchun konglomerat. "Ushbu savdo korxonalarida Morris ko'pincha mablag 'va nazoratni ta'minlagan, ammo tafsilotlarni sheriklariga topshirgan.^[62] Milliy moliya buzilgan holda, Morris savdogarlar guruhini yaratishda boshchilik qildi Pensilvaniya banki, bu kontinental armiya tomonidan materiallarni sotib olish uchun mablag 'ajratdi. Bank zamonaviy bank faoliyatining to'liq spektri bilan shug'ullanmagan, ammo depozitlarni qabul qilgan va milliy darajadagi pul islohotlarining potentsial modelini taqdim etgan.^[63] Bankning muvaffaqiyati Morrisning mashhurligini oshirdi va 1780 yil oktyabr oyida u shtat qonun chiqaruvchi organiga saylandi.^[64]

Moliya boshlig'i

Birinchi oylar

Gouverneur Morris va Robert Morrisning rasmlari

Amerika inqilobiy urushi davrida AQSh hukumati moliya qashshoq davlatga tushib qoldi, chunki Kongress daromad yig'ish uchun kuchga ega emas edi va shtatlar mablag 'etkazib berishdan bosh tortdi. Daromadni oshirish mexanizmisiz Kongress bir necha bor chiqargan qog'oz pul, kuchli inflyatsiyaga olib keladi.^[65] 1781 yilga kelib, AQSh tinimsiz moliyaviy inqirozga duch keldi, bu 1781 yil yanvarida ta'kidlandi Pensilvaniya shtatidagi isyon, unda o'nta yaxshi ovqatlanmagan, to'lanmagan kontinental armiya polklari Kongressdan yaxshi sharoitlarni talab qildilar. G'alayon ko'tarilgan bo'lsa-da, Kongressni harbiy, dengiz, moliya va tashqi ishlar bo'limlarini yaratadigan islohotlarni amalga oshirishga ishontirdi, ularning har birini idoraviy ijro etuvchi boshqaradi. Yagona ovoz bilan Kongress Morrisni tanladi Moliya boshlig'i.^[66] Morris 1781 yil may oyida Moliya boshlig'i lavozimiga tayinlashni qabul qildi va u Governur Morrisni uning o'rinbosari etib tayinladi.^[67]

Tez orada Morris mamlakatdagi asosiy iqtisodiy amaldor sifatida paydo bo'ldi va kuchliroq milliy hukumatni qo'llab-quvvatlagan Amerika rahbarlarining norasmiy guruhi bo'lgan Milliyatchi fraksiya etakchisiga aylandi.^[68] Shuningdek, u tashqi ishlar ustidan samarali nazorat o'rnatgan Robert R. Livingston sifatida tayinlandi Tashqi ishlar kotibi yil oxirida.^[69] 1781 yil sentyabrda Morris istaksiz ravishda xizmat qilishga rozi bo'ldi Dengiz agenti unga kontinental dengiz flotining fuqarolik rahbarligini berish.^[70] Kongress ijro etuvchi lavozimlarning oxirgi qismini noyabrda to'ldirdi, qachon Benjamin Linkoln sifatida tayinlashni qabul qildi Urush kotibi. General Vashington va Kontinental Kongress kotibi Charlz Tomson bilan bir qatorda, uchta rahbar AQSh tarixidagi amalda birinchi milliy ijro etuvchi hokimiyat rahbarlari bo'lib xizmat qilishdi; Morris norasmiy rolni etakchi bo'lim kotibi sifatida oldi.^[71] Vashington singari har uch rahbar ham millatchi fraksiya bilan birlashdilar va ularning barchasi milliy hukumat kuchini oshirish uchun hamkorlik qildilar.^[72] 1782 yil o'rtalarida Kongress ijro etuvchi bo'limlarni nazorat qilish uchun doimiy komissiyalar tashkil etdi; Morris Kongressni qayta tashkil etishni qo'llab-quvvatladi, ammo uning xafagarchiliklariga ko'ra, uzoq yillik dushmani Artur Li moliya bo'limini nazorat qiluvchi qo'mitaning raisi bo'ldi.^[73]

Morris iqtisodiyotni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan qator islohotlarni amalga oshirdi; ko'plab islohotlar ilhomlantirildi laissez-faire iqtisodiy g'oyalari Adam Smit.^[74] Ishga kirishganidan ko'p o'tmay, u Kongressni tashkil etishga ishontirdi Shimoliy Amerika banki, Qo'shma Shtatlarda faoliyat yuritgan birinchi bank. Bunday bank Morris tayinlanishidan bir necha oy oldin muhokama qilingan edi, ammo bankning o'zi Robert Morris va Gouverneur Morris tomonidan belgilangan yo'nalishlar bo'yicha tashkil qilingan edi. U sarmoyadorlar tomonidan boshqariladigan xususiy muassasa sifatida tashkil etilgan, ammo moliya noziri tomonidan tekshirilishi kerak edi. Bank milliy hukumat depozitlarini olib, Kongressga kreditlar berib, emissiyalarni taqdim etadi banknotalar. Morris bank urushni moliyalashtirishda, milliy valyutani barqarorlashtirishda va mamlakatni yagona pul-kredit siyosati ostida birlashtirishga yordam beradi deb umid qildi.^[75] Bankning ish boshlashi uchun biroz vaqt ketishi kerakligi sababli, 1781 yilda Morris Morrisning o'z mablag'lari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan "Morris notalari" deb nomlangan yangi pul birligini chiqarishga rahbarlik qildi.^[76] Morris, shuningdek, Kongressga unga qit'a armiyasi uchun barcha materiallarni sotib olishga ruxsat berishga ishontirdi va Kongress davlatlardan un yoki go'sht kabi mollarni etkazib berishdan ko'ra mablag 'bilan ta'minlashni talab qildi.^[77]

1781 yilga kelib, Inqilobiy urush Buyuk Britaniya va AQSh o'rtasida to'xtab qolishga aylandi. Inglizlar o'zlarining harbiy harakatlarini Janubiy teatr garnizonlangan katta kuchni tark etib, urush paytida Nyu-York shahri. 1781 yil avgustda Morris general Vashington va comte de Rochambeau Britaniya kuchlariga qarshi Franko-Amerika qo'shma operatsiyasini rejalashtirgan.^[78] Morris Vashingtonning Virjiniya shtatidagi ingliz qo'shinlariga qarshi yurishi uchun materiallar sotib olish uchun hukumat mablag'larini yo'naltirdi va u shtat hukumatlari va Frantsiya hukumatidan qo'shimcha mablag 'so'radi.^[79] 1781 yil oktyabrda Yorktown jangi, Vashington general qo'mondonligi ostida ingliz armiyasini taslim etishga majbur qildi Kornuollis.^[80] Yorktown jangidan keyin Angliya asosan quruqlikdagi kampaniyasidan voz kechdi, ammo Angliya Qo'shma Shtatlarni savdo manbalaridan uzib qo'yishga harakat qilganda dengiz urushi davom etdi.^[81]

Yorktowndan keyin

Yorktaun urushidan bir necha oy o'tgach, Morris "Davlat krediti to'g'risida hisobot" ni e'lon qildi, bu mamlakatning urush qarzini yangi daromad choralari orqali to'liq to'lashni talab qiladigan ulkan iqtisodiy rejadir.^[82] Unga turli shtatlarda qullardan olinadigan bosh solig'i kiritildi, lekin, avvalambor, u federal bo'lishga intildi tarif barcha import qilinadigan tovarlarning besh foizidan, bu yaqinda tasdiqlangan Konfederatsiya moddalariga o'zgartirish kiritishni talab qiladi. Bunday tuzatish milliy hukumatning qudratini sezilarli darajada kuchaytirishi mumkin edi, ammo tuzatish jarayoni har bir davlatning roziligini talab qildi va ko'plab davlatlar davlatlar va milliy hukumat o'rtasidagi kuchlar muvozanatini o'zgartirishni xohlamadilar.^[83] Maqolalar Kongressga tashqi siyosatni olib borishda yagona vakolatni berdi, ammo shtatlar moliyalashtirish bo'yicha barcha hokimiyatni saqlab qolishdi; Kongress mablag 'yig'ish uchun mustaqil kuchga ega emas edi va davlatlarni Kongressga qarzdorlik bilan ta'minlashga majbur qilish uchun hech qanday mexanizm yo'q edi.^[84] Shtat gubernatorlariga maktub yozib, Morris "o'zimizni avvalgi sharmandalikdan qutqarish va milliy kreditni qutqarish va tiklash vaqti keldi. Buni faqat qattiq daromad hisobiga amalga oshirish mumkin", deb ta'kidladi.^[85] 1782 yil oxiriga kelib, barcha shtatlar, ammo Rod-Aylend tarifga ruxsat beruvchi tuzatishni qo'llab-quvvatlashga rozi bo'lishdi, ammo bu tuzatishning oldini olish uchun etarli edi.^[86]

U tariflar kurashidan ko'ngli qolgan bo'lsa ham, Morris boshqa iqtisodiy islohotlarni amalga oshirishni va taklif qilishni davom ettirdi. 1782 yil yanvarda, o'z nizomini Kongressdan olgandan so'ng, Shimoliy Amerika Banki o'z faoliyatini boshladi va tez orada bankning valyutasi keng muomalaga chiqdi. Morris milliy asos solishga intildi yalpiz Qo'shma Shtatlar bo'ylab bitta tanga pulini taqdim etish va birinchi o'nlik valyutasini taklif qildi, ammo Kongress ushbu loyihani qo'llab-quvvatlamoqchi emas edi.^[87] U bir nechta qabul qiluvchilarni tayinladi, shu jumladan Aleksandr Xemilton, Qo'shma Shtatlar bo'ylab banknotalarni muomalada bo'lishiga, tovarlarning narxi to'g'risida hisobot berishga va boshqa funktsiyalarni bajarishga yordam berish.^[88] Shuningdek, u materiallarni saqlash va tashish majburiyatini davlat pudratchilariga yuklash orqali pulni tejash bilan ta'minotni davlat xaridlarini isloh qildi.^[89]

Bir necha moliyaviy islohotlarni amalga oshirgandan so'ng ham, Morris qit'a armiyasining askarlariga maosh to'lay olmadi.^[90] Shtatlarning Konfederatsiya Maqolalariga o'zgartirishlar kiritishni istamasligidan tashqari, asosiy masala, davlatlarning etarli miqdorda mablag 'etkazib berishni istamasligi edi; ko'plab davlatlar hech qanday mablag 'ajratishdan bosh tortdilar. Shimoliy Amerika Banki ba'zi kreditlarni taqdim etdi, ammo oxir-oqibat avvalgi kreditlar to'lanmaguncha ko'proq mablag 'etkazib berishdan bosh tortdi. Morrisning sa'y-harakatlari Frantsiyaning ko'proq kreditlar berishni istamasligi, shuningdek qisman Britaniyaning dengiz floti operatsiyalari tufayli kelib chiqqan Amerika savdosining pasayishi bilan yanada murakkablashdi.^[91] 1782 yil dekabrda, milliy hukumatga tariflarni olish imkoniyatini beradigan taklif qilingan tuzatish aniq mag'lub bo'lganidan ko'p o'tmay, General Aleksandr Makdugal kontinental armiyasi nomidan zudlik bilan to'lash to'g'risida iltimosnoma taqdim etgan delegatsiyani boshqargan.^[92] Morris askarlarga bir oylik maosh taklif qilib, inqirozni vaqtincha bartaraf etishga yordam bergan bo'lsa-da, iltimosnoma qit'a armiyasida doimiy ravishda ish haqi etishmasligidan norozilikni aks ettiradi.^[93] Guvverneur Morrisni ham o'z ichiga olgan ba'zi millatchilar, faqat armiyaning noroziligi Kongressga tariflarni belgilash huquqini beradigan tuzatishni qabul qilishga majbur qilishi mumkin deb o'ylashdi.^[94] Mart oyida polkovnik Uolter Styuart "Nyuburgh manzili" ni e'lon qildi, unda u qit'a armiyasi a'zolarini Kongressga qarshi ko'tarilishga va to'lovni talab qilishga chaqirdi. Vashington askarlarga oxir-oqibat pul to'lashiga ishontirib, isyonni oldini oldi. Yaqinda bo'lgan isyondan so'ng, Morris qo'zg'olonni qo'zg'ashda hech qanday rol o'ynaganligini rad etdi.^[95] Shunga qaramay, ba'zi bir adashgan tarixchilar Morrisni "Nyuburg fitnasi."^{[96][sahifa kerak ]} Faktlar, ammo materialni mayor Jon Armstrong tomonidan yozilganligini aniqlaydi,^[97] Nyu-Yorkdan qaytib kelganida Pensilvaniya shtatidagi Ijroiya Kengashi kotibi lavozimi bilan taqdirlangan.

Tarif kurashidagi mag'lubiyatidan va davlatlarning etarli mablag'ni ta'minlay olmaganidan hafsalasi pir bo'lgan Morris, davlatlar to'lamoqchi bo'lmagan qarzlarini berishga majbur bo'layapti deb o'ylardi. U "adolatsizlik vaziri" bo'lmasligini yozgan holda, 1783 yil boshida iste'foga chiqishga ariza topshirgan, ammo Xemilton va boshqa millatchilar uni o'z lavozimida qolishga ishontirishgan.^[98]
1783 yil 1 yanvar holatiga ko'ra davlat qarzi 42 million dollarni tashkil qildi, shundan 18,77 foizi tashqi qarzga, 81,23 foizi o'z uyiga tegishli edi.^[99]
In a report to the President of Congress Morris wrote:

The United States following the signing of the Parij shartnomasi

• Domestic Debt...$35,327,769

ulardan

• Loan Certificates...$11,463,802 [with two years interest loan due $877,828]
• Army Debt...$635,618.00^[100]

The rest being unliquidated debts, etc., interest.^[99]At roughly the same time, Morris and others in Philadelphia learned that the United States and Britain had signed a preliminary peace agreement, bringing an unofficial end to the Revolutionary War. Congress approved a furlough of the Continental Army soldiers, subject to recall in case hostilities broke out once again. Morris distributed "Morris notes" to the remaining soldiers, but many soldiers departed for their homes rather than waiting for the notes.^[101] Keyin mutiny over pay broke out in Pennsylvania, Congress voted to leave Philadelphia and establish a provincial capital in Prinston, Nyu-Jersi; the mutiny dissipated shortly thereafter. Nationalists were devastated by this turn of events, and Hamilton resigned from Congress in mid-1783 after his proposal for convention to revise the Articles of Confederation was ignored.^[102] In November 1784, Morris resigned from his government positions. Rather than finding a successor for Morris, Congress established the three-member Board of Treasury, consisting of Arthur Lee, Uilyam Livingston va Samuel Osgood.^[103] In 1778–1779 Morris had attempted to strengthen out the accounts of the old Commercial Committee but had to give it up; he stated in answer to Paine "..the accounts of Willing and Morris with the committee had been partially settled, but were still partially open, because the transactions could not be closed up."^[104] The Treasury Board elected in 1794-1795 those old accounts were brought to a settlement—a June 1796 entry in the Treasury debt against Morris for $9,312.63. Morris would explain in 1800 in debtors' prison that in fact the debt was due not just to himself but also his partners John Ross and Tomas Villing.^[105]

Keyinchalik siyosiy martaba

Konstitutsiyaviy konventsiya

Foundation of Government, tomonidan Hintermeister.^[106] Robert Morris is far left, before Franklin. Gouverneur Morris signs the Constitution before George Washington.

After leaving office, Morris once again devoted himself to business, but state and federal politics remained a factor in his life.^[107] After the Pennsylvania legislature stripped the Bank of North America of its charter, Morris won election to the state legislature and helped restore the bank's charter.^[108] Meanwhile, the United States suffered a sustained recession after the end of the Revolutionary War, caused by the lingering debt burden and new restrictions on trade imposed by the European powers. Some members of Congress, including those on the Board of Treasury, continued to favor amendments to the Articles of Confederation, but the states still refused to authorize major changes to the Articles.^[109]

In 1786, Morris was one of five Pennsylvania delegates selected to attend the Annapolis konvensiyasi, where delegates discussed ways to reform the Articles of Confederation. Though Morris ultimately declined to attend the convention, the delegates convinced Congress to authorize a convention in Philadelphia in May 1787 to amend the Articles. The Pennsylvania state legislature sent a delegation consisting of Morris, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris, Jorj Klymer, Tomas Mifflin, Jared Ingersoll, and Ben Franklin to the Filadelfiya konvensiyasi. With the exception of Franklin (who avoided aligning with either political faction in Pennsylvania), all of the Pennsylvania delegates were closely aligned with Morris's Republican faction, a reflection of Republican strength in the state legislature. Many of Morris's Nationalist allies from other states, including Hamilton, Jeyms Medison, John Dickinson, and Washington, would also attend the convention.^[110]

With Franklin ill, Morris opened the proceedings of the Philadelphia Convention on May 25. His motion to nominate Washington as chairman of the convention was backed by a unanimous vote. Morris consistently attended the meeting of the convention, but rarely spoke after the first day, instead allowing lawyers and others more experienced with the law to debate various issues. His primary goals, including a provision ensuring the federal government had the power to lay tariffs and taxes, were shared by the vast majority of delegates at the convention.^[111] On September 17, Morris signed the final document produced by the convention which, rather than amending the Articles, was intended to supplant the Articles as the new Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasi.^[112] Morris was one of just six individuals to sign both the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution.^[b]

Rather than seeking to block the new constitution, Congress simply forwarded it to each state to debate ratification. Morris's Republican faction, along with Federalist groups in other states, sought the ratification of the new federal Constitution. The Constitutionalists, who saw the new federal constitution as a threat to state sovereignty, joined with Anti-federalistlar in other states in seeking to prevent the ratification of the Constitution. In elections held in October and November 1787, Morris's Federalist allies retained control of the state legislature and won a majority of the elections held to select delegates for the anjuman held to debate ratification of the Constitution.^[115] Due to a dispute with a business partner, Morris did not attend the ratification convention, which voted to ratify the Constitution in December 1787.^[116] By the end of 1788, the Constitution had been ratified by enough states to take effect. In September 1788, the Pennsylvania legislature saylangan Robert Morris va Uilyam Makley, both of whom were aligned with the Federalists, as the state's first representatives in the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati.^[117][c]

AQSh senatori

Morris recommended Aleksandr Xemilton pozitsiyasi uchun G'aznachilik kotibi.

Mamlakatda birinchi prezident saylovi, Washington was elected as the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti. Washington offered the position of G'aznachilik kotibi to Morris, but Morris declined the offer, instead suggesting Alexander Hamilton for the position.^[119] In the Senate, Morris pressed for the many of the same policies he had sought as Superintendent of Finance: a federal tariff, a national bank, a federal mint, and the funding of the national debt.^[120] Congress agreed to implement the 1789-yilgi tarif, which created a uniform impost on goods carried by foreign ships into American ports,^[121] but many other issues lingered into 1790. Among those issues were the site of the national capital and the fate of state debts. Morris sought the return of the nation's capital to Philadelphia^[d] and the federal assumption of state debts.^[123] Morris defeated Maclay's proposal to establish the capital in Pennsylvania at a site on the Susquehanna daryosi located several miles west of Philadelphia, but James Madison defeated Morris's attempt to establish the capital just outside of Philadelphia.^[124]

Morris's 1781 "Report On Public Credit" supplied the basis for Hamilton's Davlat krediti to'g'risida birinchi hisobot, which Hamilton submitted in 1790.^[125] Hamilton proposed to fully fund all federal debts and assume all state debts, and to pay for those debts by issuing new federal bonds. Hamilton argued that these measures would restore confidence in public credit and help to revitalize the economy, but opponents attacked his proposals as unfairly beneficial to the speculators who had purchased many of the government's debt certificates.^[126] Morris supported Hamilton's economic proposals, but the two differed on the site of the federal capital, as Hamilton wanted to keep it in New York. In June 1790, Secretary of State Tomas Jefferson convinced Morris, Hamilton, and Madison to agree to a compromise in which the federal government assumed state debts, while a new federal capital would be established on the Potomak daryosi; until construction of that capital was completed, Philadelphia would serve as the nation's temporary capital. With the backing of all four leaders, the 1790 yilgi murosaga kelish, as it became known, was approved by Congress.^[127] That same year, Morris and Maclay helped secure Pennsylvania's control of the Eri uchburchagi, which provided the state with access to the Buyuk ko'llar.^[128]

In the early 1790s, the country became increasingly polarized between the Demokratik-respublika partiyasi, led by Jefferson and Madison, and the Federalistlar partiyasi, led by Hamilton. Though Morris was less focused on politics after the Compromise of 1790, he supported most of Hamilton's policies and aligned with the Federalist Party.^[129] Morris especially supported Hamilton's proposal for the establishment of a milliy bank. Despite the opposition of Madison and other Southern leaders, Congress approved the establishment of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi banki 1791 yilda.^[130] While Morris served in Congress, a new political elite emerged in Philadelphia. These new leaders generally respected Morris, but most did not look to him for leadership. With Morris playing little active role, they called a convention that revised the state constitution that included many of the alterations that Morris had long favored, including a bicameral legislature, a state governor with the power to veto bills, and a judiciary with life tenure.^[131]

Keyinchalik biznes karerasi

Xaritasi Felps va Gorhamni sotib olish

An engraving of the L'Enfant-designed mansion that became known as "Morris's folly"

Morris refocused on his trading concerns after leaving office as Superintendent of Finance, seeking especially to expand his role in the tobacco trade.^[132] He began suffering from financial problems in the late 1780s after a business partner mistakenly refused to honor bills issued by Morris, causing him to default on a loan.^[133] In 1784 Morris was part of a syndicate that backed the sailing of the Xitoy imperatori (1783) for the China trade. As part of the effort to repay France for loans that financed the war, Morris contracted to supply 20,000 hogsheads of tobacco annually to France beginning in 1785. Shortly after these contracts were signed, Ambassador Thomas Jefferson took it upon himself to interfere with these arrangements and that brought about the collapse of the tobacco market. This not only harmed Morris, but it forced the French Crown to look elsewhere for tax revenue, and that was the genesis for the French revolution.^[134]

Share of the North American Land Company, issued March 16, 1795, signed by Robert Morris

Check of August 10, 1795 by Robert Morris

In 1787, Morris was sued in Virginia by Karter Braxton for £28,257; the lawsuit continued for eight years before commissioners were appointed, then Morris appealed. Finally Virginia's Court of Appeals led by Edmund Pendleton decided mostly in favor of Braxton before Morris was forced into bankruptcy by his own continued land speculations (although Morris as late as 1800 believed he should have won £20,000). Morris became increasingly fixated on land speculation, reaching his first major real estate deal in 1790 when he acquired much of the Felps va Gorhamni sotib olish g'arbiy Nyu-Yorkda.^[135] He realized a substantial profit the following year when he sold the land to Pulteni assotsiatsiyasi, a group of British land speculators led by Sir William Johnstone Pulteney. Morris used the money from this sale to purchase the remainder of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase, then turned around and sold much of that land to the Holland Land kompaniyasi, a group of Dutch land speculators. These early successes encouraged Morris to pursue greater profits through increasingly large and risky land acquisitions.^[136] On March 7, 1791, Morris obtained title to a lot from Jon Dikkinson and wife;^[137] on March 9, 1793, the site was surveyed; it wasn't until 1794 he began construction of a mansion on Chestnut Street in Philadelphia designed by Pyer Charlz L'Enfant; it was to occupy an entire block between Kashtan ko'chasi va Yong'oq ko'chasi on the western edge of Philadelphia.^[138] The structure was of red brick and marble lining.Besides Land Speculation, Morris founded several canal companies: [Similar to the Potomak kompaniyasi ], two Pennsylvania canal companies were set up to try to link the produce of the western lands with the eastern markets; ular edi Schuylkill va Susquehanna navigatsiya kompaniyasi chartered September 29, 1791 and the Delaware and Schuylkill Canal Company chartered April 10, 1792, Morris was president of both companies;^[139] he was also involved with a steam engine company, and launched a havo pufagi from his garden on Market Street. He had the first iron rolling mill in America. His icehouse was the model for one Washington installed at Mount Vernon. He backed the new Chestnut Street Theater, and had a greenhouse where his staff cultivated lemon trees. In early 1793, Morris purchased shares in a land company led by John Nicholson, the comptroller general of Pennsylvania, beginning a deep business partnership between Nicholson and Morris.^[140] That same year, Morris, Nicholson, and Jeyms Grinlaf jointly purchased thousands of lots in the recently established Kolumbiya okrugi. They subsequently purchased millions of acres in Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas; in each case, they went into debt to make the purchases, with the intent of quickly reselling the land to realize a profit.^[141] Morris and his partners struggled to re-sell their lands, and Greenleaf dropped out from the partnership in 1795. Morris realized a profit by selling his lots in the District of Columbia in 1796, but he and Nicholson still owed their creditors approximately $12 million (about $181 million in 2019).^[142] By Morris's own admission the beginning of his bankruptcy began with the failure of John Warder & Co. of Dublin and Donald and Burton of London in the spring of 1793.^[143] Morris was deeply involved in land speculation, especially after the Revolutionary War;(See Felps va Gorhamni sotib olish of 1791 above); on April 22, 1794 Morris entered into an association called the Asylum Company with Jon Nikolson, [who had served as Comptroller-General of the state of Pennsylvania from 1782 to 1794] to purchase 1,000,000 acres of Pennsylvania land besides land they already had title to in Luzern okrugi; Northumberland County va Northempton okrugi.^[144] [This was not the first partnership Morris and Nicholson were involved in; in 1792, Nicholson had negotiated the purchase from the federal government of the 202,000-acre (820 km²) tract known as the Eri uchburchagi. Along with an agent of the Holland Land Company, Aaron Burr, Robert Morris, and other individual and institutional investors, he formed the Pennsylvania Population Company. Bu oldingi tashkilot purchased all 390 parcels of land in the Erie Triangle. Nicholson was impichment qilingan in 1794 for his role in the company.^[145]]^[146] However, Morris severely overextended himself financially. He had borrowed to speculate in real estate in the new national capital, Kolumbiya okrugi,^[147] but signed a contract with a syndicate of Philadelphia investors to take over his obligations there. After that, he took the options to purchase over 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²) in the rural south. Unfortunately for Morris, that syndicate reneged on their commitment, leaving him once again liable, but this time with more exposure.^[148] In 1795, Morris and two of his partners, Greenleaf and Nicholson, pooled their land and formed a land company called the North American Land Company. The purpose of this company was to raise money by selling stock secured by the real estate [i.e. to finance their land speculation business].^[149][150] According to one historian of American land speculation, the NALC was "largest land trust ever known in America".^[151] The three partners turned over to the company land throughout the United States totaling more than 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²), most of it valued at about 50 cents an acre.^[152] In addition to land in the District of Columbia, there were 2,314,796 acres (9,367.65 km²) in Georgia,^[153] 431,043 acres (1,744.37 km²) in Kentucky, 717,249 acres (2,902.60 km²) in North Carolina, 647,076 acres (2,618.62 km²) in Pennsylvania, 957,238 acres (3,873.80 km²) in South Carolina, and 932,621 acres (3,774.18 km²) in Virginia.^[154] NALC was authorized to issue 30,000 shares, each worth $100.^[152]To encourage investors to purchase shares, the three partners guaranteed that a 6 percent dividend would be paid every year. To ensure that there was enough money to pay this divided, each partner agreed to put 3,000 of their own NALC shares in pul yoki mulkni saqlashga topshirish.^[155][156] Greenleaf, Morris, and Nicholson were entitled to receive a 2.5 percent commission on any land the company sold. Greenleaf was named secretary of the new company.^[155] Other land speculations that Morris was involved in was the Illinoys-Vabash kompaniyasi and the Georgia Yazoo Land Company^[157]

1796 lack of capital and Panic of 1797 and bankruptcy

The Washington DC Lots were not the only land problems for Morris; he began losing everything for nonpayment on interest on loans and taxes: In May 1796, Jon Barker cherkovi accepted a mortgage on another 100,000 acres of the Morris Reserve in present-day Allegany County va Genesee okrugi, against a debt owed to him by Morris.^[158] After Morris failed to pay the mortgage, Church foreclosed, and Church's son Philip Schuyler Church acquired the land in May 1800.^[158] Philip began the settlement of Allegany and Genesee counties by founding the village of Anjelika, Nyu-York.^[159] In a letter of September 1797 to his partner Nicholson, Morris begged to be able to find $500.00 to pay two years wages to his servant Mr. Richard; in a subsequent letter October 25, 1797 to Nicholson, Morris moaned that 200,000 acres of North Carolina land which had cost him $27,000.00 had been sold for one year's taxes.^[160] In regard to Morris Philadelphia mansion L'Enfant was paid $9,037.13 between December 1795 and January 1799. Despite the spent amount of £6138 5s 10d it was never completed.^[137] The bank of Pennsylvania brought suit against him and a judgement made against him for $20,997.40; an execution against his unfinished Chestnut Street "Morris Folly" mansion was issued in September 1797 to Philadelphia Sherriff Baker; Sherriff Penrose on December 11, 1797 made deed-poll to William Sansom for the building and the lot sold for $25,600 subject to a £7,000 in specie mortgage payable to Messrs Willink of Amsterdam.^[161] the last credit for the house was July 2, 1801 and the last charge for it was made July 9, 1801.The unfinished mansion became known as "Morris's folly",^[162] and the land eventually became Sansom Street. Marble from this house was purchased by Latrobe; he used it to adorn buildings and monuments from Rod-Aylend ga Charlstaun, Janubiy Karolina.

The two canal companies had also failed as well: for example after its incorporation the Schuylkill and Susquehanna was subscribed for 40,000 shares—but only 1000 shares were sold; the Delaware and Schuylkill company was to have been 2000 shares at $200.00 a share. Operations were suspended because "..Either on account of errors in plans adopted, failure to procure the necessary means, financial convulsions, or a combination of all these difficulties, they were compelled to suspend their operations after an outlay of $440,000, which was an immense sum in those days..".^[139][163] When England and the Dutch declared war on Revolutionary France, an expected loan from Holland never materialized.

Keyingi Napoleon urushlari ruined the market for American land and Morris's highly leveraged company collapsed. Lastly, the financial markets of England, the United States, and the Caribbean suffered from deflation related with the 1797 yilgi vahima. Morris was left "land rich and cash poor". U egalik qiladi more land than any other American at any time, but didn't have enough liquid capital uning kreditorlariga to'lash.^[164] Among his creditors was his son-in-law James Marshall for £20,000 sterling; likewise his brother-in-law Bishop White was also a creditor to Morris for $3,000.^[165]Gouvenor Morris was owned $24,000 "..exclusive of what he paid in Europe on my account, the amount of which I do not know."; Genri Li III was a creditor for protested bills for $39,446 plus damages and interest; Morris's wife Mary had a sum of credit of $15,860.16 from the sale of two farms left to her by her father;his daugther Esther Morris had a credit of a few hundred pounds left to her by her grandmother received by Morris; as Morris had given her on her marriage nothing but clothes and old wine he assigned to her two quarter chests of tea which he sent to Alexandria, Virginia for sale although he feared this would not amount to principal and interest; his son Robert Morris Jr was a debtor for sums spent in Europe without his father's knowledge; his son Charles while under age had contracted bills without his father's knowledge for $144.94 for a tailor and $24.50 for a shoemaker. ^[166]The NALC encountered financial difficulty almost immediately. Only 4,479,317 acres (18,127.15 km²) of land was turned over to the NALC, which meant it could issue only 22,365 shares. This meant only 7,455 shares were put into escrow (instead of the required 9,000). Rather than paying creditors with cash, the NALC paid them with shares (8,477 shares in 1795 and 1796).^[167] On May 15, 1795, the D.C. commissioners demanded their first payment from Greenleaf, Morris, and Nicholson, for the 6,000 lots purchased in 1793. But Greenleaf had misappropriated some of the company's income to pay his own debts. Without the Dutch mortgage income and missing funds, there was no money to make the payment to the commissioners. Furthermore, Greenleaf had co-signed for loans taken out by Morris and Nicholson. When these men defaulted, creditors sought out Greenleaf to make good on the debts—which he could not.^[168]

Moris and his partners had failed to both pay the instalments on the Washington D.C. building lots and finished building twenty houses (they had contracted ten houses annually for seven years on said lots);^[169] On July 10, 1795, Morris and Nicholson bought out Greenleaf's interest in the December 24, 1793, agreement.^[170] The commissioners began legal proceedings to regain title to the 6,000 lots owned by NALC and the 1,115.25^[171] lots owned by Greenleaf personally. The worsening financial problems of Greenleaf, Morris, and Nicholson led to increasingly poor personal relations among the three men.^[172] Nicholson, particularly bitter, began making public accusations against Greenleaf in print.^[172] Morris attempted to mediate between the two men, but his efforts failed.^[152] In an attempt to resolve his financial problems, Greenleaf sold his shares in the NALC to Nicholson and Morris on May 28, 1796, for $1.5 million.^[173] Unfortunately, Morris and Nicholson funded their purchase by giving Greenleaf shaxsiy yozuvlar.^[155] Furthermore, they endorsed one another's notes.^[172] Morris and Nicholson, themselves nearly bankrupt,^[174] agreed to pay one-quarter of the purchase price every year for the next four years. Greenleaf's shares were not to be transferred to Morris and Nicholson until the fourth payment was received.^[175] On September 30, 1796, James Greenleaf put 7,455 of his NALC shares in a trust (known as the "391 trust" because it was recorded on page 391 of the firm's accounting book). The "391 trust" was created to generate income (from the 6 percent dividend) to pay a loan given to Greenleaf by Edward Fox. A trustee was assigned to hold on to the shares. The same day, Greenleaf put 2,545 shares into another trust (the "381 trust"), as a guarantee against nonpayment of the dividend by Morris and Nicholson.^[176] Morris and Nicholson's made the first payment to Greenleaf for the one-third interest in the NALC by turning over title to several hundred lots in Washington, D.C. On March 8, 1797, Greenleaf executed the 381 trust.^[177]

When the NALC did not issue its 6 percent dividend, Greenleaf transferred one-third of the shares in the "391 trust" to the trustees.^[178] The total number of shares transferred to the "381 trust" trustees was now 6,119.^[179] On June 24, 1797 Morris, Greenleaf and Nicholson had conveyed their Washington D.C. Lots in trust to Henry Pratt and others in payments of their debts.^[180]Poor business practices were now dragging down NALC. For years, Morris and Nicholson had acted as personal guarantors for one another's notes. Now many of these notes were coming due, and neither man could pay them. Creditors began selling the notes publicly, often at heavy discounts.^[181] By 1798, Morris and Nicholson's $10 million in personal notes were trading at one-eighth their face value.^[182] NALC also discovered that some of titles to the 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²) of land it owned were not clear, and thus the land could not be used for security. In other cases, NALC found it had been swindled, and the rich land it thought it owned turned out to be barren and worthless.^[181]

Morris and Nicholson honestly believed that, if their cash flow problems were fixed, they could make payments on the property they owned and their shares would be returned to them. This proved incorrect. On October 23, 1807, all stock in the company was sold at 7 cents on the dollar to the accountants managing the Aggregate Fund. In 1856, the Trustees of the North American Land Company held $92,071.87. Morris and Nicholson's heirs sued to recover the stock and gain access to the income. The North American Land Company stayed in existence until 1872.^[179] An 1880 auditors report called the litigation "phenomenal ... the counsel for Morris and Nickerson pursued the fund for twenty-five years, seeking to obtain it from the trustees of the North American Company and the trusts which had been created from it, and also defending the money from the State in an attempt to sequestrate it. After all counsel fees and expenses, the amount available for division to the Morris interest was $9,692.49."^[183][184]In 1797 Morris conveyed his household furniture to Thomas Fitzsimmons which was sold at public auction. What was left was lent to Mrs. Morris by Fitzsimmons and Morris son-in-law Marshall; all Morris had left in his house was some bedding,clothing, part of a quarter cask of wine; part of a barrel of flour, some coffee, a little sugar and some bottled wine which was the remainder from a cask he had given to his daugther Maria ^[185]Morris attempted to avoid creditors by staying outside the city at his country estate "The Hills", located on the Schuylkill daryosi, but his creditors literally pursued him to his gate. Morris was sued by a former partner, Jeyms Grinlaf, who had been imprisoned for fraud and was serving time in qarzdorlarning qamoqxonasi. Unable to dodge his creditors and their lawyers, Morris was finally arrested. He was imprisoned for debt in Prune Street prison in Philadelphia from February 1798 to August 1801.^[186] Morris property Summerseat (Morrisville, Pensilvaniya) would be sold in a Sherriff's sale on June 9,1798 to Jorj Klymer and Thomas Fitzsimmons for $41,000.00^[187]. In January 1799 Morris lamented to Nicholson of how a London firm had refused to accept his bill of lading £389 sterling "..because the money in the hands of the party upon whom the bill was drawn had been attached by the owner of a bond given for payment of some lands in Georgia..".^[188] 43 of the 100 acres of Morris estate "The Hills" was purchased in March 1799 by Genri Pratt for $14,654.00 for his country house Limon tepaligi after the tearing down of Morris's old mansion;^[189] in turn the "Lemon Hill" estate became part of the foundation for Fairmount Park Filadelfiya; one part of Morris property which had also been purchased in 1799 by William Cannard became part of the Sedjli mansion-which in turn ironically became part of Fairmont Park. Of his partners Geenleaf was released after being declared bankrupt in 1798;^[190] Nicholson died in prison in 1800.^[191][192]

Yakuniy yillar

Morris was unable to pay his debts, and he remained in qarzdorlarning qamoqxonasi uch yarim yil davomida. Morris was released from prison in August 1801 after Congress passed its first bankruptcy legislation, the Bankruptcy Act of 1800 in part to get Morris out of prison.^[193] At the time of his release, three commissioners found that he had debts of $2,948,711.11; the proceedings were certified October 15, 1801 after 2/3 of his creditors agreed to the discharge of Morris; on December 4, 1801 a certificate of bankruptcy was confirmed.^[194] but he remained financially destitute. Gouverneur Morris, who served as Robert Morris's representative to the Holland Land Company, was able to attach a provision to the sale of some land that gave Mary Morris a $1,500 (equivalent to $23,000 in 2019) per year annuity; this annuity allowed Mary to rent a small house in Philadelphia far away from the city's center.^[195]Ironically one of the few assets Morris had left to him was his father's old worn out gold watch which he had inherited at the start of his career; Morris managed to leave this timepiece in his Will to his son Robert Jr.^[196] Morris died on May 8, 1806 in Philadelphia. No public ceremonies marked his death.^[197] He was buried in the churchyard of Christ Church.^[198]

Meros

Haykali Robert Morris yilda Mustaqillik milliy tarixiy bog'i

Tarixiy obro'-e'tibor

Biographer Charles Rappleye writes that Morris "was too rich to be a folk hero, and the ultimate failure of his personal fortune robbed him of any Midas -like mystique." Some historians have largely ignored Morris's role in founding the United States, while others regard him as the leader of a conservative, anti-democratic faction of the Ta'sis otalari.^[199] Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen describe Morris as a "fallen angel" who "almost single-handedly financed the final years" of the American Revolution before falling into "ignominy" for defaulting on his debts.^[200] Historian William Hogeland writes "given his seminal performance to victory in the Revolution, as well as to forming the nation, Robert Morris isn't as well known by Americans as he ought to be."^[201]

Yodgorliklar

Morris's portrait appeared on US$1,000 notes from 1862 to 1863 and on the $10 kumush sertifikat 1878 yildan 1880 yilgacha.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Institutions named in honor of Morris include Robert Morris universiteti va Robert Morris universiteti Illinoys. Morris tog'i, Nyu-York, the location of a large flood control dam on the Genesee daryosi, uning sharafiga nomlangan. A number of ships in the AQSh dengiz kuchlari va AQSh sohil xavfsizligi nomlangan USS Morris yoki USRC Morris uning uchun. Morrisvill, Pensilvaniya, uning sharafiga nomlangan. The Morris-Taney-class cutter was named for Morris and Rojer Teni. A statue of Morris stands at Mustaqillik milliy tarixiy bog'i va a yodgorlik to Morris, Washington, and Xeym Salomon stands at Heald Square in Chikago, Illinoys.

Yozgi dengiz, Morris's former estate in Morrisville, is listed as a Milliy tarixiy yo'nalish. Limon tepaligi, a Federal uslub estate listed on the Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri, is located on a parcel of land formerly owned by Morris. Qismi Ozodlik Bell Center is on land that was formerly part of the estate known as the President's House.^[202] Robert Morris holds the curious distinction as the only Founding Father whose house is a national memorial, but his life is not interpreted at the site.

Shuningdek qarang

• Tarixdagi eng boy amerikaliklarning ro'yxati
• Qo'shma Shtatlar tashqarisida tug'ilgan AQSh senatorlari ro'yxati

Izohlar

Kabi tuzilmalar shu erda., lok. keltirish. va idem bor tushkunlikka tushgan Vikipediyaning uslubiy qo'llanmasi izohlar uchun, chunki ular osongina sindirilgan. Iltimos ushbu maqolani yaxshilang ularni almashtirish bilan nomlangan ma'lumotnomalar (tezkor qo'llanma) yoki qisqartirilgan sarlavha. (Noyabr 2019) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• Bordevich, Fergus M. (2016). Birinchi kongress. Nyu-York: Simon va Shuster. ISBN  978-1-45169193-1.
• Hogeland, Uilyam (2012). Moliyaviy asos: Qanday qilib qarz, spekulyatsiya, hibsga olish, norozilik namoyishlari va qirib tashlashlar bizni millat qildi. Texas universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  9780292745759.
• Fergyuson, E. Jeyms. Inqilobda biznes, hukumat va Kongress tekshiruvi, (1959), orqali Jstor
• Fergyuson, E. Jeyms. Hamyonning kuchi: Amerika davlat moliyasining tarixi, 1776–1790 (1961)
• Kichik Lawler, Edvard (2002). "Filadelfiyadagi Prezident uyi: Yo'qotilgan yodgorlikning qayta kashf etilishi". Pensilvaniya tarixi va biografiyasi jurnali. 126 (1): 5–95. JSTOR  20093505.
• McGraw, Tomas K. (2012). Ta'sischilar va moliya. Garvard universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  9780674071353.
• Middlekauff, Robert (2007) [1982]. Shonli sabab: Amerika inqilobi, 1763-1789 (Ikkinchi nashr). Oksford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  9780199740925.
• Perkins, Edvin J. Amerika davlat moliya va moliyaviy xizmatlari, 1700–1815 (1994). Inqilob to'g'risida 85-105 betlar, Urushdan keyingi davrda 106-36 betlar. To'liq matnli satr bepul
• Rappleye, Charlz (2010). Robert Morris: Amerika inqilobining moliyachisi. Simon va Shuster. ISBN  978-1-4165-7091-2.
• Smit, Rayan K. Robert Morrisning ahmoqligi: Amerikalik asoschining me'moriy va moliyaviy muvaffaqiyatsizliklari. Nyu-Xeyven, KT: Yel universiteti matbuoti, 2014 yil.
• Ver Stig, Klarens L. Robert Morris, inqilobiy moliyachi. Filadelfiya: Pensilvaniya universiteti matbuoti, 1954 yil.
• Ver Stig, Klarens L. "Morris, Robert" Amerika milliy tarjimai holi onlayn 2000.
• Vud, Gordon S. (2009). Ozodlik imperiyasi: Dastlabki respublika tarixi, 1789-1815. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  9780199741090.
• Rayt, Robert E.; Koven, Devid J. (2006). Moliyaviy asoschilar: Amerikani boyitgan erkaklar. Chikago universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  9780226910680.

Birlamchi manbalar

• Fergyuson, E. Jeyms (muharrir): Robert Morrisning hujjatlari 1781–1784 (9 jild): Pitsburg universiteti, 1978 yil; (1995 yilda qayta nashr etilgan: ISBN  0-8229-3886-3).

Tashqi havolalar

• Vahiy Charlz A.Gudrichning biografiyasi, 1856 yil
• Prezident uyi

• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi. "Robert Morris (id: M000985)". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressining biografik ma'lumotnomasi.