Lao qirollik havo kuchlari - Royal Lao Air Force

Lao qirollik havo kuchlari
Aviation royale laotiènne
Faol1955 yil 28 yanvar - 1975 yil 2 may
MamlakatLaos Laos Qirolligi
SadoqatLao qirolligi hukumati
FilialHavo kuchlari
RolHavodagi urush
Hajmi2300 xodim (balandlikda)
180 samolyot (balandlikda)
QismiLao qirollik qurolli kuchlari
Bosh ofisVattay aviabazasi, Vientiane
Seno aviabazasi, Savannaxet
Taxallus (lar)RLAF (frantsuz tilida AVRL)
RanglarMoviy-kulrang
Yubileylar28 yanvar (RLAF kuni)
NishonlarLaosdagi fuqarolar urushi
Qo'mondonlar
E'tiborli
qo'mondonlar		Thao Ma
Sourith Don Sasorith
Bouathong Phothivongsa
Belgilar
Roundel
Roundel of Royal Lao Air Force.svg
Fin Flash
Laos bayrog'i (1952-1975) .svg
Samolyot uchib ketdi
HujumT-6, T-28, AC-47
Elektron
urush		EC-47D
RazvedkaMS 500 kriket, O-1 qush iti, U-6 (L-20), U-17
MurabbiyT-6, T-28, T-41
TransportAero qo'mondoni 560, De Havilland kaptari, Lisunov Li-2, FZR 47, C-123K, Alouette II, Alouette III, H-19, H-34, UH-1, Mil Mi-4

The Lao qirollik havo kuchlari (Frantsuz: Aviation Royale Laotiènne - AVRL), amerikaliklarga inglizcha qisqartmasi bilan eng yaxshi ma'lum RLAF, ning havo kuchlari tarkibiy qismi edi Lao qirollik qurolli kuchlari (FAR), rasmiy harbiy Lao qirolligi hukumati va Laos Qirolligi davomida Laosdagi fuqarolar urushi 1960 yildan 1975 yilgacha.

Laos harbiy aviatsiyasining asl tashkiloti "Laos aviatsiyasi' (Frantsuz: Aviatsiya laotiènne), 1955 yil 28-yanvarda frantsuzlar tomonidan o'sha paytdagi kichik havo kuzatuvi va transport qo'li sifatida tashkil etilgan Milliy Laos armiyasi (ANL). Frantsuzlar Hindchinodan chiqib ketganda, Lao Aviation Amerika yordami bilan qo'llab-quvvatlandi. Hujum qobiliyatining qo'shilishi bilan u Lao Qirollik havo kuchlariga (RLAF) aylandi.

RLAF o'z ichki bo'linishlarini hal qilish bilan bir qatorda, uchuvchilar va samolyot yo'qotishlariga qarshi kurashda dushmanlari oldida kurash olib bordi. 1960-yilgi poydevoridan kengayib, 1960-yillarda Lao Qirollik armiyasining jangovar kuchi pasayib, buzilganligi sababli, RLAF Vetnam kommunistik bosqinchilariga va mahalliy aholiga qarshi jang og'irligini ko'tarishga kirishdi. Pathet Lao isyonchilar. Har doim uchuvchi va samolyot yo'qotishlarini doimiy ravishda to'kib tashlaganiga qaramay, RLAF 1970 yildan 1972 yilgacha dushmanlariga qarshi har yili 30 ming jangovar parvozlarni amalga oshirib, muhim logistika vazifalarini bajaradigan darajada o'sdi.

RLAF o'z faoliyatini aloqa, logistika va transport bo'limi sifatida boshladi. Uning dastlabki zaxiralari, avvalgi aviatsiya Laotiennega meros bo'lib o'tgan, frantsuz va amerikaliklar tomonidan taqdim etilgan rotatsion va sobit qanotli samolyotlardan iborat edi. 1961 yil 9-yanvarda yangi RLAF oltitasi bilan ta'minlandi AT-6 Texanslari birinchi zarba beradigan samolyot sifatida. Garchi bular tezda yo'qolib ketgan bo'lsa ham, ularning o'rnini beshta egalladi T-28 troyanlari. Davomiy yo'qotishlarga qaramay, 1973 yilda T-28 inventarizatsiyasi bortida 75 ta troyanga Amerika homiyligida burgeon bo'lar edi. AC-47 bir muncha vaqt qurol qurollari. Shishib ketadigan flot uchun uchuvchi xaridorlar har doim ham muammoli bo'lib, Lao ro'yxati etarli emas va Xmong uchuvchilar Tailand yollanma uchuvchilari va bir nechta amerikaliklar bilan to'ldirilmoqda Air America. 1973 yilda Amerika yordami tortib olinib, kuchga zo'r berib, RLAF jami 180 samolyotni, ham qanotni, ham vertolyotni tashkil qiladi.

Tuzilishi

RLAF, shu bilan birga Lao qirollik floti, va Lao qirollik armiyasi, Vientiane shahrida Mudofaa vazirligi nazorati ostiga olindi. RLAF yillar davomida Frantsiya, AQSh va Tailanddan yordam oldi. Dastlab transport tashkiloti. Bilan ishlashni boshlaydi Morane-Saulnier MS.500 Kriket va keyin FZR 47, Shimoliy Amerika bilan engil zarba berish qobiliyatini qo'lga kiritdi T-6 Texan va keyinroq T-28 troyan.[1]

Laosdagi fuqarolar urushi davrida AQShning Laosdagi elchilari ro'yxati

1961 yil 29 mayda Prezident Jon F. Kennedi ga direktiv xati chiqarildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Laosdagi elchisi Leonard S. Unger Ungerga "... ning barcha funktsiyalarini boshqarish uchun vakolat berish Harbiy yordam bo'yicha maslahat guruhi...".[2]Xizmat qilayotgan elchi shu tariqa Laos Fuqarolik urushi davrida Qirollik Laos Havo Kuchlarining qo'mondoni bo'ldi; u 1962 yildan 1975 yilgacha faqat U. S. ko'magida mavjud edi.[3]

Laotienne va RLAF qo'mondonlari ro'yxati

Tarix

Asosiy maqola: Laosdagi fuqarolar urushi harbiy harakatlari ro'yxati

RLAFning frantsuzcha boshlanishi

Uchun havo qanotini yaratish rejalari Laos milliy armiyasi (ANL) birinchi bo'lib frantsuzlar tomonidan 1954 yil may oyida qurilgan. Taklif qilinadigan uskunalar frantsuz MS.500 Criquets, DHC dan iborat edi. L-20 Qunduzlar va vertolyotlar, shuningdek C-47 samolyotlari.[5] 1954 yil 6-avgustda, Laos mustaqil bo'lganligi sababli, ketayotgan frantsuz harbiylari artilleriyani kuzatish uchun ANLga Criquets-ni qarz berishdi.[6] Mustaqillik shartnomasi Frantsiyaga Laosda harbiy tayyorgarlik vazifasini bajarish huquqini berdi. 1955 yil 28-yanvardan boshlab harbiy missiya polkovnik boshchiligidagi instruktorlar shtabini 200 ta Laos harbiy xizmatchilarini havo operatsiyalarida o'qitish uchun ta'minladi; o'sha kuni Laos aviatsiyasi (Frantsuz: Laotiénne aviatsiyasi) rasmiy ravishda tashkil etilgan Vattay aerodromi, Vientiane yaqinida. Uning boshlang'ich bo'limi 1-chi kuzatuv va aloqalar otryadidir, bu ikki tomonlama maqsadga xizmat qilgan, chunki uning kriketlari Laos uchuvchilarini tayyorlashda hamda doimiy harbiy vazifalarni bajarishda ishlatilgan.[5] 1955 yil fevralga kelib, frantsuzlar tomonidan etkazib beriladigan o'nta kriket bilan jihozlangan.[6]

Vattaydan tashqari, mamlakatda mavjud bo'lgan qo'nish chiziqlari qo'pol uchish-qo'nish yo'lagidan iborat edi Xieng Xuang, Luang Prabang, Pakse, va Plain des Jarres. The Frantsiya havo kuchlari to'rtta C-47 samolyotlarini RLAFga frantsuz ekipajlari bilan vasiyat qildi; uchtasi RLAF belgilarida qayta bo'yalgan. Qarz sharti shundaki, samolyot mamlakat ichida qolishi kerak edi.[7]

Laos armiyasining 30000 xodimidan 6500 ga yaqini qurshovga olingan Shimoliy Vetnam va Pathet Lao kuchlar. Laos deyarli mavjud bo'lmagan yo'l tarmog'iga ega mamlakat bo'lganligi sababli, RLAFning birinchi vazifasi bu qamalda bo'lgan qo'shinlarni havodan to'ldirish edi. Laosliklar o'qitilayotgan paytda frantsuz aviatsiya ekipajlari transport vositalarini boshqargan.[7] Yangi havo kuchlarining birinchi tajovuzkor harakati 1955 yil boshlarida Royalist qo'shinlarning Plain de Jarresga havo harakatlari bo'ldi. Plain de Jarresdagi Royalistlarning quruqlikdagi qo'shinlari havo ko'prigini to'ldirish harakatining bir qismiga aylandi.[7] 1955 yil oxirida 22 nafar laoslik talabalar aviatsiya ta'limi uchun Frantsiya va Marokashga jo'nab ketishdi.[8] Ushbu kursantlardan biri edi Thao Ma, keyinchalik qirol Lao havo kuchlarini boshqarishga ko'tarilgan sobiq parashyutchi.[9]

Ushbu operatsiya uchun frantsuz ekipaji bo'lgan C-47 samolyotlari ishlatilgan FZR 46 Buyruqlar ijaraga olingan Fuqaro havo transporti. "Sivil" C-47 samolyotlari Shet Xoangdagi Patial Lao viloyatiga kengayishiga qarshi turish uchun Royalist paratroop batalyonini tashlab yuborishda foydalanilgan. Ushbu tadbir doirasida Laos uchuvchilari o'quv mashg'ulotlarida krivetlarda razvedka missiyalarini amalga oshirdilar. To'rt Sikorskiy H-19 kabi vazifalar uchun yangi havo kuchlarining vertolyotlari etarli emas edi medevacing kasallar va yaradorlar, shuning uchun ikkita qo'shimcha H-19 samolyotlari Tailand qirollik havo kuchlari 1955 yil oktyabrda. So'nggi ko'chirgichlar markasiz etkazib berildi va rasmiy ravishda Thai Airways hunarmandchilik.[7]

Bunga qo'chimcha, Frantsiya harbiy razvedkasi shimoliy Laos bo'ylab Shimoliy Vetnam chegarasigacha va undan yuqori qismida antikommunist partizan bo'linmalarini tashkil qilgan edi. Biroq, qarz beruvchining transport vositalaridan Shimoliy Vetnamdagi bo'linmalarni moddiy-texnik jihatdan qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun foydalanilmadi, chunki ular xalqaro miqyosda uchib ketishlari mumkin emas edi. Buning o'rniga "maxsus topshiriqlar" Laos harbiy-Laos Air Lines va Lao Air Transport kompaniyalari bilan shartnoma asosida parvoz qiluvchi ikkita xususiy charter aviakompaniyalariga topshirildi.[10]

1956 yil oxirida C-47 transport vositalari yangi o'qitilgan Lao tomonidan boshqarildi. 1957 yilda so'nggi 85 frantsuz ustozi Laosni tark etdi. Chiqish vaqtida Laos samolyotlarining aksariyati texnik xizmat ko'rsatilmaganligi sababli to'xtatilgan.[11]

Amerikaliklar voqea joyiga kirishadi

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari frantsuzlar jo'nab ketayotganda bo'shashishni boshladilar Dasturlarni baholash idorasi 1954 yil yanvar oyida sub rosa harbiy missiyasi sifatida. U ketayotgan frantsuz ustozlarini almashtirish uchun 100 ta o'qituvchi etkazib berdi. Shuningdek, u oltita C-47, ikkita DHC L-20 va ikkitasini etkazib berdi L-19 qush itlari. Shuningdek, ular butun mamlakat bo'ylab aerodrom qurishni boshladilar.[11]

1956 yil yanvar oyida PEO to'rtta C-47 samolyotlarini Laosga topshirdi, bu esa yangi paydo bo'lgan havo kuchlarining birinchi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri U. S. yordami. PEO ning Aviatsiya Laotienne uch yillik rivojlanish rejasida sakkizta C-47 samolyotlari, 12 ta L-19 qush itlaridan iborat kuzatuv otryadini va to'rtta Sikorsky H-19 va to'rttasini o'z ichiga olgan aloqa otryadini chaqirish kerak edi. DHC L-20 Beavers. O'n ikki kishining engil zarba kuchi AT-6 Texanslari ham nazarda tutilgan edi. Birinchi oltita Qush Itlari 1956 yil mart oyida, hatto oxirgi Kriketlar bekor qilinganida ham kelgan.[12]

Yana bir necha DHC L-20 1957 yilda etkazib berildi; uning qisqa parvoz va qo'nish qobiliyatlari unga Laos havo yo'llarining ibtidoiy sharoitlariga mos edi. Ushbu L-20lardan bir yoki bir nechtasi .50 kalibrli pulemyot hanuzgacha o'rnatilgan holda kelgan; Bunday qurolli hunarmandchilik uchun tabiiy foydalanish zamin nishonlarini qurish uchun qurol sifatida ishlatilgan.[12] 1957 yilda Saurith Don Sasorith birinchi Laos qo'mondoni Aviatsiya Laotienne-ga rahbar etib tayinlandi.[13]

1958 yil iyulda to'ntarish yuz berdi Fumi Nosavan Laosda hokimiyatni egallash; keyinchalik u Qo'shma Shtatlardan qo'shimcha yordam so'radi. Keyingi yilga kelib PEO Laos havo kuchlarini oltitasi bilan mustahkamlashni rejalashtirgan Shimoliy Amerika T-28 troyanlari. Shuningdek, qirollik hukumatining kommunistlarga qarshi urushi uchun aviatsiya yordami etarli emasligi, hattoki Air America shartnomalari asosida parvozlarni kuchaytirganda ham aniq bo'ldi. The AQSh havo kuchlari 315-havo bo'limi bir oy ichida fuqarolik kiyimini kiyib olgan otryadni yubordi vaqtinchalik vazifa ishlash C-119G uchadigan qutilar, C-123 provayderlari va C-130 Gerkules qirolliklarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi transportlar. Ular 72 ta parvozni amalga oshirgandan so'ng, 1959 yil 27 aprelda xalqaro siyosiy bosim tufayli olib qo'yilgan.[14]

Ikki frantsuz Alouette 1960 yilda Laos havo kuchlari uchun vertolyotlar sotib olingan. Avgust oyida Kong Le Neytralist desantchilar Nosavanni yutish uchun to'ntarish uyushtirishdi; kuchga ega bo'lgandan so'ng, u yordam so'radi Shimoliy Vetnam va Sovet Ittifoqi. Uch oy o'tgach, Nosavan o'z bazasidan Amerika tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan qarshi kupani boshladi Savannaxet, Вьентьянda neytralistlarga muvaffaqiyatli hujum qildi. Nosavan nafaqat tanazzulga uchragan Laos havo kuchlaridan, balki Tailand qirollik H-19 samolyotlari va to'rtta Air American tomonidan ham moddiy-texnik yordam ko'rsatdi. H-34, shuningdek Qush va o'g'il FZR 46. Ushbu qo'l san'atining moddiy-texnik yordamidan tashqari, Bird va Son parantronchilarni C-46 dan Вьентьянga tushirishdi.[14]

1960 yil avgustda Aviatsiya Laotienne rasmiy ravishda Lao Qirollik havo kuchlariga aylandi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Sovet Ittifoqining havo ko'prigi

Sovet Ittifoqi RLAF rivojlanishiga bevosita hissa qo'shmagan bo'lsa ham, uning 1960–1961 yillardagi harakatlari RLAF rivojlanishiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Kong Le yordam so'rab qilgan murojaatiga javoban Sovet Ittifoqi betaraf kuchlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun 44 ta transport samolyotini ajratdi. 1960 yil dekabridan boshlab Sovetlar akkumulyatoridan boshlab harbiy materiallar bilan uchishdi 105 mm gubitsa. Ruslar 1961 yil mart oyigacha neytralistlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun taxminan 1000 marotaba parvoz qildilar, hatto ular Plain des Jarresga shimol tomon chekinishgan. Sovet harakati Kong Le parashyutchilaridan bir nechta tomchilarni, shuningdek, uchtasini ta'minlashni o'z ichiga olgan Lisunov Li-2s uning havo kuchlariga. Xuddi shu vaqt oralig'ida Vetnam xalq havo kuchlari 919-transport polki shimoliy Vetnamdan 184 ta zaxira qilish uchun uchib ketdi Sem Neua. Kommunistik harakatlar Amerikaning RLAFni kuchaytirishga qaratilgan harakatlariga sabab bo'ldi.[15]

Kong Le Vyantyandan orqaga chekingach, o'zi bilan foydalanishga yaroqli ikkita C-47 va ikkita L-20 Beavers-ni Aviation Laotienne-dan olib, neytralist Laos havo kuchlarini tashkil etdi.[16] Nosavanning hujumi Kong Le kuchlarini ta'qib qilib Plain des Jarresgacha etib bordi.[15]

Sovet havo ko'prigi 1962 yil may oyida, 10-ning sulhiga binoan tugadi. 1962 yil oxirida neytralist kursantlarning kontingenti Sovet Ittifoqiga bir yillik aviatsiya ta'limi uchun bordi. Sovetlar Laosdan ketishidan oldin, 1962 yil noyabr va dekabr oylarida Sovetlar uchta neytralistlarga Li-2, uchta Li-2 va uchta Antonov An-2 Pathet Lao havo qo'liga biplanlar. Bundan tashqari, uchta Li-2 va a Mil Mi-4 RLAFga vertolyot. Biroq, ehtiyot qismlarning etishmasligi tez orada ushbu samolyotlarni erga tushirishni boshladi.[17]

Sovetlarga Amerika javobi

Sovet havo ko'prigiga javoban U. S. Prezidenti Duayt D. Eyzenxauer 1961 yil 9 yanvarda Tailandni RLAFga oltita AT-6 Texansini engil zarba berish qobiliyati sifatida etkazib berishni taklif qildi. Buning evaziga tailandliklar amerikaliklar tomonidan beshta samolyot bilan qoplandi. Cessna T-37 tvitlari. Tao Ma bilan birga AT-6 lar uchun uchta Laos uchuvchisi allaqachon mavjud edi. Yangi engil zarbalar 15 yanvar kuni birinchi muvaffaqiyatli parvozlarini amalga oshirdi. T-6-lardan biri 1961 yil 17-yanvarda urib tushirilgan. RLAF uchuvchilar safini Tailand qirolligi harbiy-havo kuchlarining 63-otryadining to'rt nafar ko'ngilli tayland uchuvchilari bilan ko'paytirdi, ular fevral oyining o'rtalariga kelib o'z vazifalarini bajarishni boshladilar. Qolgan T-6 samolyotlarining aksariyati mart oyida qurbonlarga aylandi, ikkitasi havoda to'qnashdi, biri yerdagi olovga qulab tushdi, ikkinchisi o'quv reysida yutqazdi. RLAF vaqtincha deyarli yo'q qilindi.[18]

1961 yil mart va aprel oylarida RLAF o'q otishni kuchini kuchaytirishga qaratilgan abort urinishida 18 AQSh havo kuchlari zabitlari zaryadsizlantirish va kirish uchun ixtiyoriy ravishda harakat qilishdi. Millpond operatsiyasi.[19] Ushbu uchuvchilar edi foydalanishga topshirildi RLAFga[20] shuning uchun ular uchishlari mumkin edi Duglas A-26 Invader Laosdagi bombardimonchilar.[21] Ularni Air America kompaniyasining to'rtta uchuvchisi ko'paytirdi. Biroq, siyosiy qarashlar Cho'chqalar ko'rfazasi bosqini bosqinchilarni taqiqlangan foydalanish.[22]

Qo'shma Shtatlar 1961 yil aprelida ham o'zining havo ko'prigini boshladi fotografik razvedka harakatlar. RLAF transport quvvati 13 ta C-47 samolyotiga ko'paytirildi va ular RLAF qirollik laos qo'shinlarining uchta batalyonlarini Sam Neuaga olib borishda RLAFning birinchi muhim havo kemasi uchun ishlatilgan. Shuningdek, AQSh Tailand havo kuchlari vositasida RLAFga quruqlikdagi hujum vazifalarini bajarish uchun yana o'nta AT-6 etkazib berdi. Luang Prabang aerodromidan AT-6 samolyotlari bilan to'rtta samolyot parvozi paytida[23] 1961 yil aprel oyida RLAF leytenanti Xampanh Sovetni qulatdi Ilyushin Il-4 Buning uchun boshqariluvchi raketalardan foydalangan holda havo ko'prigi parki. Bu RLAFning "havodan-havoga" yagona g'alabasi edi.[24] Biroq, eskirgan AT-6larning kamchiliklari U. S. va T-28 samolyotlari tomonidan iste'foga chiqqanlarida ayon bo'ldi. Vetnam Respublikasi havo kuchlari RLAF uchun mo'ljallangan, ammo sulh tufayli etkazib berilmagan.[23]

1961 yil 2 mayda kommunistlar aerodromni bosib olishdi Moung Sing; ertasi kuni ular RLAF C-47 ni qo'lga olishdi, chunki uning ekipaji kommunistik boshqaruvdan xabardor emas edi.[25]

Plain-de-Jarresdagi piyoda askarlarning to'qnashuvi AQSh prezidentining ko'rsatmasi edi Jon F. Kennedi 1961 yil may oyida AQShning Laosdagi elchisi sifatida xizmat qiladi amalda Laosdagi harbiy qo'mondon. Mamlakatdagi barcha havo hujumlari uchun uning roziligi zarur edi. The Havo attaşesi uning vakolatxonasi Laosda havo kuchlarini ish bilan ta'minlash bo'yicha uning xodimi bo'lib xizmat qilgan.[26][27]

10-may 1962 yil sulh RLAF operatsiyalarini chekladi, T-6lar ishlamay qoldi, garchi Laos aviatsiya kursantlari Lopburi, 1962 yil iyun oyida T-28 mashg'ulotlari uchun Tailand. Ammo, sulh paytida, Vang Pao undan foydalangan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi qo'llab-quvvatlanadi Xmong vertolyotlar va STOL samolyotlari tomonidan o'z qo'shinlarini moddiy-texnik jihatdan qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun foydalaniladigan tepaliklar qo'shini.[23] Ushbu kichik ibtidoiy havo chiziqlari Laos bo'ylab tarqalib, qirollik urushining asosiy tarkibiy qismiga aylandi; oxir-oqibat ular taxminan 200 ta deb ataladi Lima saytlari. Ular zahiralarni etkazib berish, qo'shinlarni tezkor havo harakati va qochqinlarga yordam berish operatsiyalari uchun juda muhimdir.[28][29]

The Laosning betarafligi to'g'risida xalqaro kelishuv 1962 yil 23 iyulda imzolangan va oktyabr oyida kuchga kirgan.[30] 1962 yil 6 oktyabrda amerikaliklarning oxirgi Harbiy maslahat guruhi Shartnomaga muvofiq Laosni tark etdi. Ertasi kuni Laosda bo'lganligi ma'lum bo'lgan 7000 kishidan 40 nafar Vetnam kommunistlari vataniga qaytarilgan bo'lib, Shimoliy Vetnamliklar Shartnomani hurmat qilganlarini e'lon qilishdi.[31] Shartnomani kuzatish uchun lab bo'yi xizmati Amerikaning RLAFni tashkil etish va boshqarish bo'yicha barcha sa'y-harakatlarini shakllantirishi kerak edi, barcha amerikalik texniklar va maslahatchilar harbiy attashelar sifatida diplomatik qopqoq ostida akkreditatsiyadan o'tgan.[30] Garchi Amerika o'z Laos mijozlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashni davom ettirsa-da, 1962 yilgi kelishuvga rioya qilish jabhasini saqlab qoladi.[32]

RLAFning roli kengaydi

RLAF T-28D Nomad qurolli murabbiyi soliqlar Uzoq Tieng aerodrom, 1972 yil sentyabr

Laosda yana janglar boshlanguniga qadar RLAF beshta T-28 uchuvchisida mashq qilgan Moody Air Force Base, Gruziya[33][34] 1963 yil iyul va avgust oylarida etkazib berilgan T-28 samolyotlarini Vyantyan tashqarisidagi Vattey aerodromiga uchirish. Qo'shma Shtatlar RLAFni bomba va raketalar bilan ta'minladi, garchi nazorat qilish vositasi sifatida sigortaları vaqtincha ushlab turdi.[35]

Tez orada "yangi" T-28 samolyotlaridan biri muvaffaqiyatsiz to'ntarish tufayli Вьентьянda qulab tushdi. RTAFdan RLAF tomon yo'l olgan leytenant Chert Saybori 1963 yil sentyabr oyida yana bir bor samolyotga qochib ketganida, yana bir T-28 inventarizatsiyadan g'oyib bo'ldi. U T-28 bilan Shimoliy Vetnamga uchib, u erda qamoqqa tashlandi.[35] Shunga qaramay, 1963 yil 26 oktyabrda AQSh Davlat departamenti Elchi Ungerni Shimoliy Vetnamning Pathet Laoga etkazib berish reyslarini to'xtatish uchun T-28lardan foydalanishga ruxsat berdi.[33] Unger RLAFga etkazib beriladigan Amerika havo aktivlarini nazorat qilgan uchta elchidan birinchisi edi; boshqalar uning vorislari edi, Uilyam X. Sallivan va G. McMurtrie Godley.[4]

Suv nasosini ishlatish 1964 yil mart oyida ko'proq Laos uchuvchilarini tayyorlash uchun Tailandda tashkil etilgan. Uning tarkibida 38 ta havo qo'mondonligi va to'rtta T-28D murabbiyi bor edi. Udorn Tailand qirollik aviabazasi.[36] Shuningdek, 1964 yil mart oyida Elchi Unger o'zining Davlat departamentini RLAF uchun kengaytirilgan rol uchun lobbichilik qildi.[37] RLAF 1964 yil 17 mayda Plain-de-Jarresdagi kommunistlarga qaratilgan birinchi T-28 zarba topshiriqlarini amalga oshirdi. Unger elchixonaning qurol-yarog 'inventarizatsiyasini o'sha kuni RLAFga topshirdi. Waterpump ekspluatatsiyasi o'zining to'rtta T-28 samolyotlarini RLAFga etkazib berdi. Ikki kundan so'ng, Janubiy Vetnamdan o'nta ortiqcha T-28 samolyotlari keldi; to'rttasi Waterpump-da saqlanib qoldi, shuning uchun u mashg'ulotlarni qayta boshlashi mumkin, qolgan oltitasi RLAF-ga topshirildi. Waterpump Laos uchuvchilarini tugatguniga qadar uchuvchilar etishmovchiligini bartaraf etish uchun Amerika dasturlarini baholash idorasi yashirin ravishda Air America-dan beshta ko'ngilli uchuvchilarni jalb qilib, ularga "A Team" deb nom berdi. Ular birinchi ish tashlashni 1964 yil 25 mayda amalga oshirdilar; T-28 samolyotlaridan ikkitasi nishonga etib bormay, zenit otishidan zarar ko'rgan. Agar amerikalik uchuvchi dushman qo'liga tushib qolsa, siyosiy falokat yuz berishi mumkinligi sababli, PEO Project Firefly deb nomlanuvchi maxfiy operatsiyada olti oylik xizmat safarlarida RTAF 223-otryadidan Tailand uchuvchilarini olib keldi. Ushbu yollangan yollanma askarlar "B jamoasi" nomi bilan tanilgan va 1964 yil 1 iyundan boshlab zarba berish vazifalarini bajarishni boshlashgan. Jamoa tarkibini bajarish uchun Laos uchuvchilari "S jamoasi" etib tayinlangan.[33][38] A va B guruhlari Elchi Unger nazorati ostida edi.[39]

1964 yil iyun oyiga kelib, 7 va 13 avtomagistrallarning strategik yo'l birikmasi kommunistik kuchlar tomonidan tahdid qilinganida, RLAF 20 ta T-28 va 13 ta Laos uchuvchilarini harakatga tayyor qildi. Yana o'nta Lao uchuvchi kursantlari mashg'ulotlarini yakunlash arafasida edilar va ular 1964 yil 9 avgustda bo'lishlari kerak edi. Shuningdek, o'nta Tailand va oltita amerikalik uchuvchilar RLAFda zudlik bilan navbatchilik qilishlari mumkin edi. Udorn-da to'rtta qo'shimcha T-28 mavjud edi. Qayta jihozlangan Vetnam Respublikasi harbiy-havo kuchlaridan o'n beshta qo'shimcha T-28 mavjud edi A-1 Skyraiders.[40]

Shuningdek, 1964 yil iyun oyida T-28 samolyotlarining parvozi Kong Le neytralistlar shtab-kvartirasini bombardimon qildi Xang Xay uni o'z ittifoqini Pathet Laodan qirolliklar tomoniga o'tishiga majbur qilish uchun muvaffaqiyatli urinishlarda. Buning ortidan, A jamoasi Plain-de-Jarresdagi Xitoy madaniyat markaziga ham hujum qildi; Markaz taniqli Xitoy Laos kommunistik qo'shinlari uchun o'quv lageriga aylandi.[33]

1964 yil iyul oyi davomida amerikalik oldinga havo boshqaruvi ikkala RLAF va USAF havo hujumlariga rahbarlik qilish bo'yicha harakatlar bir guruhni ajratishdan boshlandi jangovar nazoratchilar operatsiya uchun vaqtincha yashirin ravishda olib kirilgan Air America samolyotlariga o'rnatilgan.[41]

Shimoliy Vetnam zenitlarining tahdidi Laos shimolida barqaror ravishda kuchayib bordi. Bu tajribali B jamoasi Tailand uchuvchilarining Laos shimolidagi missiyalarga tayinlanishiga olib keldi, kam tajribali Laos uchuvchilari o'zlarining zarba topshiriqlarini janubiy Laosga uchirishdi. RLAF endi Pakse va Savannaxetdan, shuningdek Luang Prabang va Vientianedan faoliyat yuritardi.[33]

Rasmiy U. S.ning Vetnam urushiga kirishi

Amerika rasmiy ravishda kirdi Vetnam urushi natijasida Tonkin ko'rfazidagi voqea 1964 yil 4-avgustda. RLAF faoliyatining zudlik bilan kuchayishi va natijada yo'qotishlar yuz berdi. Elchi Unger RLAFni Plaines de Jarres va Kommunistik kuchlarga zarba berishni talab qildi Xoshimin izi Royalist hukumatiga RLAF urishini xohlagan maqsadlar ro'yxatini taqdim etish orqali.[42] Yo'qotishlar ko'payib ketdi. T-28 samolyoti vetnamliklar tomonidan urib tushirilgan 37 mm 14 avgust kuni zenit qurollari. 1964 yil 18 avgustda RTAF 223-otryad komandiri podpolkovnik Viripong ruxsatsiz topshiriq bilan ketayotganda Plain-de-Jarresda RLAF T-28 samolyotiga tushib ketdi,[43] Shimoliy Vetnamda yana bir T-28 yo'qolgan.[42]

Bu vaqt ichida yashirin Amerikaning havo faoliyati kengayib, U. S. oldinga havo boshqarish uchuvchilarini o'z ichiga oldi Stiv Kanyon dasturi, havo hujumlarini kim boshqargan.[42] 30 sentyabr kuni amerikalik Birlashgan shtab boshliqlari AQSh havo kuchlari tomonidan taklif qilingan sharqiy Laosdagi maqsadlar ro'yxatini tasdiqladi. Laos Bosh vaziri Souvanna Fuma kelishilgan. 1964 yil 14 oktyabrda Tao Ma Savannaxetdan uchta RLAF T-28 samolyotini boshqargan. Mụ Giạ Pass, Xoshimin yo'lining shimoliy uchi.[44]

1965 yil yanvar oyida Wattay Airbase-da o'q otish natijasida sakkiz RLAF T-28 va C-47 samolyotlari yo'qolib qoldi. Yo'qotishlar Tailand B Team uchuvchilarining may oyigacha bo'lgan ishlarini sezilarli darajada kamaytirdi. O'sha oyda RLAF tanklar ustidan birinchi g'alabasini qo'lga kiritdi, beshta yuk mashinasi bilan birga ikkitasini yo'q qildi.[42] Aynan shu davrda elchi Sallivan tez rivojlanib borayotgan bombardimon qilish harakatlarini tartibga solish zarurligini ko'rdi. Oldingi siyosatni bekor qilib, u havo hujumlarini ma'qullash uchun havodagi amerikalik oldinga havo boshqaruvchilarini, Tailandning old havo yo'riqchilarini va Laos kuzatuvchilarini havoga boshqarish tizimini yaratdi. Nazoratning kuchayishi RLAF B guruhi tomonidan quruqlikdagi qo'shinlarni havodan qo'llab-quvvatlashga imkon berdi; Amerikalik qiruvchi bombardimonchilar T-28 zarbasi bilan boshqarilishi kerak edi. Biroq, taqiqlarni taqsimlash uchun Sallivan so'nggi avtoulov edi, bundan tashqari, imkoniyatlarning tezkor maqsadlariga urilgan yo'llarni qidirish missiyalari bundan mustasno edi.[45]

1965 yil yozida RLAF saflarida ichki kelishmovchiliklar boshlandi. RLAFning xarizmatik tajovuzkor qo'mondoni general Tao Ma boshqa qirollik generallarining rashkini keltirib chiqardi. 1965 yil 3-iyulda Thao Ma-ga qarshi suiqasd uyushtirildi.[46]

1965 yil o'rtalarida qirollik hukumatiga yashirincha etkazib beriladigan amerikalik "fuqarolik" aviatsiya mutaxassislari Havo Operatsiyalari Markazlari tarkibiga kirdilar. Laosning beshta harbiy mintaqasida havo operatsiyasi markazi tashkil etildi,[42] AQSh harbiy havo kuchlari orqali qabul qilinadigan xodimlar bilan Saroy iti dastur. 1965 yil 1 va 2 avgustda RLAF B jamoasi T-28 Shimoliy Vetnamga zarba berdi; 18-kuni xuddi shunday reydda T-28 urib tushirildi va RLAF tomonidan chegara bo'ylab hujumlar to'xtatildi.

1965 yil avgustga kelib RLAF navbati darajasi keskin oshdi, chunki hujum samolyotlari inventarizatsiyasi 24 ta T-28 samolyotini yaratdi, ular 3 ta RT-28 va bir nechta C-47lar tomonidan ko'paytirildi. Ikkinchisi 0,50 kalibrli pulemyot bilan qurollangan va parvoz paytida 250 funtlik bomba yuk eshigidan chiqib ketish uchun rollarda tizim bilan jihozlangan qurol-yarog '/ bombardimonchi sifatida ishlatilgan. Ushbu muvaffaqiyatli maydon, oxir-oqibat bekor qilindi, chunki u Lao qirolligi qo'mondonligi tomonidan afyun kontrabandasi faoliyatiga xalaqit berdi.[42]

1965 yil oktyabrda Shimoliy Vetnamdagi kommunistik qurol-yarog 'omborlariga qarshi chegara reydlari qisqa muddatgacha qayta tiklanib, doimiy ravishda tugatildi. 1965 yil noyabrda RLAFni boshqaradigan Raven Forward Air Controllers tomonidan foydalanish uchun beshta AQSh armiyasining O1-E qush itlari kelgan.[42] 1965 yil oxirida RLAF tomonidan yana uchta C-47 sotib olindi. Laos armiyasining ikki sarkardasi ularga da'vo qilmoqchi bo'ldilar, ammo Thao Ma ularni himoya qildi; u samolyotlar harbiy transport o'rniga kontrabanda uchun ishlatilishiga ishongan. Generallar RLAF tarkibidagi lavozimlarni cheklash bilan qasos olishdi va shu bilan Thao Ma-ga putur etkazishdi.[47]

1966 yil bahoriga kelib RLAF 40 ta T-28 ga o'sdi. Tailand B guruhi uchuvchilari RLAF operatsiyasi uchun muhim ahamiyat kasb etdilar. 1966 yil boshida 23 kishi Laosga etib keldi. Shuningdek, T-28 uchuvchilar havzasini ko'paytirish maqsadida Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Tailandda bir necha o'nlab Hmong pilot nomzodlarini o'qitishni boshladi. Ularning ettitasi T-28 uchuvchisi sifatida bitiradi; boshqalar transport yoki aloqa uchuvchisi bo'lishadi; bir nechtasi vertolyot uchuvchisi bo'ladi. Dasturdan olingan yuvish havodagi kuzatuvchilar sifatida qayta tiklandi, ko'pincha Raven FACs bilan uchishdi.[42]

RLAF shtabi boshlig'i Thao Ma-ga qarshi qo'zg'olonga rahbarlik qilgani uchun pora olgan. Qasos sifatida 1966 yil 4-iyun kuni Tao Ma muvaffaqiyatsiz qo'zg'olonni boshladi. Ushbu muvaffaqiyatsiz qo'zg'olondan so'ng, Harbiy transport qo'mondonligi tashkil etilib, brigada generaliga bo'ysundirildi Sourith Don Sasorith, garchi Thao Ma T-28larga qo'mondonlik qilishni davom ettirdi.[42]Ushbu muvaffaqiyatsiz to'ntarishdan keyin general Tao Ma shtab-kvartirasini Savannaxetdan Luang Prabangga ko'chirdi. U Vientianeda yangi tashkil etilgan ish stoliga tushirilishi kerak edi. U Luang Prabangdan 1966 yil 22 oktyabrgacha jangovar vazifalarni bajarib, yana bir marta to'ntarishga uringan. U sakkizta T-28 samolyotini Vyantyandagi qarama-qarshi bo'lgan bir necha qirollik generallarining uyiga, shuningdek, Bosh shtab-kvartiraga va ikkita o'q-dorilar omboriga qarshi reydda uchirdi. Havo zarbalari tufayli 36 kishi halok bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, to'ntarish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. To'ntarishni to'xtatish uchun Amerika elchisi aralashdi. Thao Ma va uning o'n nafar uchuvchisi T-28 samolyotlarini Tailandga surgun qilishdi. Bir necha o'nlab RLAF texniklari ham C-47 samolyotidan qochib ketishdi. Thao Ma ketishi bilan general Sourith butun RLAF qo'mondonligiga ko'tarildi.[48]

1966 yil 9-noyabrga qadar Waterpump operatsiyasi 42 ta yangi Lao T-28 uchuvchisini tugatdi. Biroq, kamchiliklar va qurbonlar tufayli RLAF ro'yxatida faqat 24 kishi qoldi. Kelajakda RLAF ehtiyojlarini loyihalashtirish uchun elchi Uilyam X.Sallivan, ehtimol, etti nafar Laos uchuvchisi Tailanddan tiklanishi mumkinligini va yana olti nafar Laos uchuvchi kursantlari o'qishni tamomlamoqchi ekanligini taxmin qilishdi. Sallivan 44 dan 48 gacha T-28 samolyotlariga 55 dan 60 gacha bo'lgan Laos uchuvchilariga ehtiyoj sezdi. U T-28 uchuvchilarining Laos quruqlik qo'shinlari bilan umumiy tilda bo'lishining muhimligini ta'kidladi, ular uchun RLAF yaqin havo yordami bilan uchib ketdi. Laos uchuvchilarining etarlicha soni tayyorlanmaguncha, tili Laosga o'xshash bo'lgan Tailand uchuvchilari yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlash rolini to'ldirib, AQSh havo kuchlari samolyotlarini to'siq maqsadlariga zarba berish uchun erkin qoldirishdi.[49] 1966 yil oxiriga kelib, jangovar turlarning yarmidan ko'pi B Team uchuvchilari tomonidan amalga oshirildi.[42] B guruhi uchuvchilari foydalanishni boshladilar Muang Soui Plain des Jarres yaqinidagi rivojlangan baza sifatida, ularning vaqtini qisqartirish va ularning turlarini oshirish.[50]

General Sourith boshchiligidagi RLAF

Shimoliy Amerika T-28 troyan trenajyor samolyoti, sobiq qirollik Laos havo kuchlari.

1967 yil boshida Shimoliy Vetnamliklar sapyorlar Luang Prabang aerodromiga ikki marta zarba berib, 17 RLAF T-28 samolyotini yo'q qildi.[51]

1967 yil 20-dan 27-maygacha RLAF 110-marshrutga qarshi havo hujumlarining ikkinchi seriyasida AQSh havo kuchlariga qo'shildi. Sianuk izi janubiy Laosda. RLAF ushbu harakatga 41 marotaba o'z hissasini qo'shdi.[52]

Ma-dan farqli o'laroq, General Sourith RLAF transport vositalaridan foydalangan holda oltin va afyun kontrabandasini qarshi oldi. Biroq, 1967 yil 30-iyul kuni tushdan boshlab, Sorith G'arbga kirib kelgan 16 tonna afyunni olib yurgan 300 ta xachirdan iborat kontrabandachilar karvoniga RLAF T-28 havo hujumlarini ikki kun davomida amalga oshirdi. Ban Xvanda Birmadan Laos.[53]

1967 yil oxirida, etti RLAF T-28 samolyotlari bilan shug'ullanadigan qirollik qo'shinlarini qo'llab-quvvatladilar Nam Bac jangi; afsuski, havodagi koordinatsiyaning etishmasligi havo hujumlarini samarasiz qildi. RLAF vertolyot orqali quruqlikdagi qo'shinlarni moddiy-texnik jihatdan ta'minlash ham etarli emasligini isbotladi.[54]1968 yil boshida Nam Bacdagi halokatli mag'lubiyatdan so'ng, Qirollik Laos armiyasi samarasiz bo'lib, RLAF-ning jangovar yukini oshirdi. Havo qo'li 45 dan 50 tagacha T-28 ga ko'paytirildi, 25 dan 30 tagacha qo'shimcha Tailandda saqlandi. RLAF ham to'qqizta kuchga ega edi UH-34 vertolyotlar va 16 ta C-47 samolyotlari.[55]

1968 yil fevral oyida RLAF jiddiy zarar ko'rdi, yomon havo sharoitida uchta T-28 samolyotining yaqin havo kemasini qo'llab-quvvatlash missiyasida parvozi harbiy qismning 2-qismidagi tog 'tizmasiga uchib ketdi. Boshqa bir ruhiy tushkunlik hodisasida, 1968 yil 21 martda RLAF C-47 ekipaji hibsga olingan Tan Son Nxut aviabazasi, Vetnam oltin va afyun kontrabandasi uchun. Keyinchalik elchi Sallivan RLAFga yana beshta C-47 samolyotlarini kontrabanda uchun ishlatilishi mumkinligi sababli etkazib berishdan bosh tortdi.[56]

1968 yil iyuniga kelib, T-28 yo'qotishlari, uchuvchilarning yo'qolishi va natijada past ruhiy holat tufayli RLAF taktik havosi to'rt yil ichida eng past darajadagi parvoz darajasiga ko'tarildi. USAFdan etkazib beriladigan "fuqarolik" aviatsiya bo'yicha mutaxassislar qisqa muddatli samaradorlikni ta'minlash uchun barcha T-28 qo'llab-quvvatlash funktsiyalarini o'z zimmalariga olib, Havo Operatsiyalari Markazida o'ntaga ko'paytirildi. Natijada, dekabr oyidagi RLAF ish tashlashlari yanvar oyidagi ko'rsatkichdan uch baravar oshib, 1522 ta missiyani tashkil etdi.[57] Yil oxiriga qadar RLAF T-28 samolyotlari taxminan 10 mingta jangovar parvozlarni amalga oshirdi.[58] Aksincha, RLAF transport vositasi C-47 samolyotlari afyun va oltin kontrabandasi uchun hanuzgacha shafqatsiz tarzda ishlatilgan va fuqaro aviatsiyasi sifatida chiqarilgan.[59]

1969 yilda RLAF maslahatchilari T-28 uchuvchilarining ruhiyatini ko'tarishga qaratilgan bir nechta dasturlarni boshladilar. Eng zudlik bilan har bir zarba berish uchun to'lanadigan jangovar mukofot bo'ldi. Shuningdek, qochish va qochish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar o'tkazildi Xua Xin, Tailand; u dengiz qirg'og'ida ham ikki baravar ko'paydi Ar-ge. Biroq, hech qanday to'xtab qolmasdan, operatsiyalar davom etdi. 1969 yil 27-iyun kuni Muang Souidagi rivojlangan RLAF bazasi Shimoliy Vetnamlik sapyorlar va piyoda askarlar tomonidan bosib olindi. 1969 yil 11-iyulda Hmong uchuvchilarining eng mashhuri kapitan Li Lyu, 18 oydan kam vaqt ichida 1000 dan ortiq jangovar parvozlardan so'ng, urib tushirilgan va o'ldirilgan. 1969 yil aprel va sentyabr oylari oralig'ida Laosning dastlabki ikkita old havo boshqaruvchisi tayyorlandi. 1969 yil oxirida, erdagi Hmong yollanma askarlari RLAF va U. S. aviazarbalari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, Plain des Jarresning katta qismini qaytarib olishdi. Birinchi uchta AC-47 Spooky qurollari AQSh va Vetnam harbiy-havo kuchlaridan qabul qilindi va birinchi topshiriqlar 5 sentyabrda uchib ketdi. Tish chiqarish bilan bog'liq muammolar mavjud edi - havo ekipajlari kunduzi C-47, kechasi esa AC-47 samolyotlarini uchishlari kerak edi; qurolchilar qurollarni yoqib yuborishdi; o'q-dorilar faqat guruchni qayta sotish uchun otilgan; Vang Pao dastlab do'stona yo'qotishlardan qo'rqib, ularni ishga qabul qilishni istamadi. Uchuvchilarning tajribasi yordam berdi; Masalan, kapitan Xamfan (havodan-g'alabadan) 7000 soat davomida parvoz qildi. Shunga qaramay, uchta Spoki ko'p o'tmay o'zlarining qadr-qimmatini isbotladilar va oyiga o'rtacha 50 tungi jangovar navbati boshladilar.[60]

1970 yil yanvariga kelib Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi janubdan magistral yo'l qurish uchun oldindan tuzilgan shartnomadan foydalangan Yunnan viloyati g'arbiy Laos orqali Tailand / Laos chegarasiga qarab. Xitoyliklar yuk mashinalari karvonini o'sha yo'lga janub tomon yo'naltirdilar. Yaqinlashayotganda Pak Beng, RLAFning ikkita B Team T-28 samolyoti tomonidan hujumga uchradi va 15 ta yuk mashinasi yo'q qilindi.[61] Ushbu yo'ldagi boshqa havo hujumlari to'xtatildi, ammo uning uzunligi bo'ylab turli kalibrli 400 ta zenit qurollari joylashtirildi.[62]

1970 yil mart oyida Shimoliy Vetnamliklar yana Plain des Jarresga hujum qilishdi. Bir necha kundan so'ng, 18 mart kuni, RLAF ning rivojlangan aviabazasi Sem Tong toshib ketgan edi. Jarres tekisligidagi jangda RLAF uchta T-28D, shuningdek ikkita O-1 va bittasini yo'qotdi U-17 engil samolyotlar. Havo energiyasiga bo'lgan ehtiyoj shu qadar ayanchli bo'lib qoldiki, Air America C-7 karibous vaqtincha bombardimonchilar sifatida ishlatilgan, bosqinchi vetnamliklarga napalm bochkalarini tashlagan.[63] Kommunistik kuchlar Muang Soui va joylashgan RLAF bazalariga etarlicha yaqinlashdi Uzoq Tieng jangovar jangovar vaqt yetarlicha kamayib, bitta Hmong T-28 uchuvchisi bir kunda 31 ta missiyani amalga oshirdi.[64]

Ning ta'siri Vetnamlashtirish 1970 yilgi sa'y-harakatlar Laosga o'tkazildi. Lao T-28 uchuvchilari uchun kengaytirilgan o'quv dasturi boshlandi.[55] B jamoasi dasturi 1970 yil 4 sentyabrda nihoyasiga yetdi, chunki Laos uchuvchilarining ta'minoti nihoyat talabga javob berdi, Tailandliklar RLAFga o'nta uchuvchilarni etkazib berishdi.[65] Polkovnik Bouathong Phontivongsa boshchiligidagi Birlashgan operatsiyalar markazi Armiya Bosh shtabi bilan havo harakatlarini muvofiqlashtirdi. RLAF T-28 samolyotlari o'z missiyalarining katta qismini Forward Air Control ostida uchishdi. Biroq, RLAF ba'zi katta muammolarga duch keldi. Uchuvchilarning o'limi bitta edi, T-28 uchuvchilari jangda o'rtacha 20 oygina omon qolishdi. Shuningdek, 1970 yil avgustgacha kontrabanda 70 tonnagacha rivojlanib bordi M16 qurollari va boshqa qurollar bilan almashtirildi Millatchi xitoy afyun uchun Ban Houayxay. Hech qachon hal qilinmagan yana bir zaif tomon, Laosning texnik va logistika bo'yicha malakali xodimlarining etishmasligi edi. An attempt to solve the shortage was made when all the RLAF T-28s were released from U. S. control to the RLAF, with an expanded training program being run,[55] however middle management plus command and control skills were weak in the RLAF. Nevertheless, T-28 combat missions had reached the 30,000 sortie level by year's end.[66] A Rand korporatsiyasi study characterized RLAF performance as outstanding, noting that some RLAF pilots had flown over 1,000 combat sorties to date.[67]

In May 1971, the RLAF base at Pakse was threatened by communist troops, so its T-28s were moved back into Thailand to Ubon Tailand qirollik aviabazasi. However, on 11 June, the eight available T-28s flew 88 destructive sorties against attacking Vietnamese communists, with one pilot notching up 14 missions.[68]

In July 1971, the RLAF AC-47 squadron had been brought up to its authorized strength of 10 planes. However, the squadron soon suffered a serious loss when its commanding officer, Colonel Thao Ly, was shot down in flames.[55]

By December 1971, the RLAF faced a fresh threat. North Vietnamese attacks into the Plaine des Jarres were supported by an air cover of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 fighters, forcing a temporary withdrawal of the RLAF. However, RLAF T-28s and AC-47s soon returned to action, flying from Long Tieng. Although operating off an airstrip menaced by intruding tanks and under occasional 130mm shell fire, the RLAF continued to strike the enemy. Many of the T-28 bombing sorties flown were only minutes in duration, because the enemy was so close.[62] Combat sorties for the year amounted to about 30,000.[69]

In late 1972, General Vang Pao launched his final offensive, trying once again to retake the Plaine des Jarres. RLAF tactical air had by now gone beyond the close air support mission to serve as flying artillery; for example, it was tasked with flying up to 80 daily sorties in advance of Vang Pao's Task Force Delta advance, beginning 24 August. The shortcomings of this approach became apparent on 9 September, when a bad drop by a T-28 inflicted 80 casualties on friendly ground troops and smashed their advance on the enemy.[70]RLAF and Air America UH-34 copters joined USAF CH-53lar and eight Air America C-47s in a huge offensive airlift of Vang Pao's troops. After a month, the offensive stalled in a welter of miscoordination among the three air fleets. Also, by the end of 1972, the American drawdown of the Vietnam War effort began to affect the RLAF.[62] However, the yearly combat sortie total remained at about 30,000.[69]

The RLAF under General Bouathong's command

General Bouathong moved from command of the Combined Operations Center to overall command of the RLAF in 1973. By early 1973, the RLAF's strength reached its zenith, with 2,150 personnel and 180 aircraft. The aircraft inventory included 75 AT-28s and eight AC-47s for combat use. Transport and light aircraft encompassed 15 O-1 Birddogs and 18 C-47s. The Americans decided to hand over some excess aircraft at the last moment, to augment the RLAF. The RLAF helicopter inventory was augmented by 24 UH-34s from the Vietnamese Air Force, bringing the total to 43, in an attempt to replace Air America's lift capacity as it departed Laos. Air America gave the RLAF ten Cessna T-41 Meskalero trainers and ten C-123K transports. General Bouathong plead in vain for newer and more sufficient aircraft, but was refused by the Americans. In that same month, January 1973, the RLAF flew 4,482 sorties before an armistice was signed on the 22nd.[71]

In April 1973, the armistice was breached, and the RLAF resumed combat operations.[62] However, it was a force in decline, as its available T-28s dwindled to 40 and its monthly sortie rate declined to about 2,000. Two of the eight Spooky gunships were removed from action; the remainder were then disarmed and reverted to transports.[72]

On 20 August 1973, General Thao Ma led a convoy of 60 truckloads of troops back into Laos and conquered Wattay Air Base. He and six other Lao pilots launched in T-28s and reprised an attempt at an aerial coup by bombing the government headquarters. However, a Royal Lao Army counter-attack recaptured Wattay, and Ma was shot down while landing. Although he survived the crashlanding, he was promptly executed.[73]

By mid-1974, Air America wrapped up its operations in Laos. The American supply line was nearly closed. Starved of fuel, spares, and munitions, the RLAF rapidly wasted away. The Combined Operations Center was closed. Out country training of personnel ceased. Soon, the RLAF pilots were flying a mere two hours per month.[74]

On 14 April 1975, the RLAF flew its final combat sortie. At Vang Pao's command, nine T-28s struck a column of Pathet Lao trucks moving south into Vientiane, causing heavy casualties.[75] The following month, as Communist agitators fomented mass demonstrations against the Royal Lao Government, many RLAF pilots defected to Thailand. Sixteen T-28s that they took were later handed on to the Filippin havo kuchlari.[62]

Natijada

The Laos Xalq ozodlik armiyasi havo kuchlari found itself short of trained personnel to operate its expanded inventory of aircraft against the continuing Hmong insurgency.[62] Ex-RLAF T-28s were used to bomb Hmong villages.[76] Imprisoned RLAF pilots were released to fly for their new masters. Between 1975 and 1977, there were nine defections by them into Thailand. The LPLAAF thus lost two of its 29 T-28s; four UH-34 copters, a C-47, a T-41, and an Antonov AN-2 also made the trip south, with the latter being returned.[62]

Major timeline

  • 28 January 1955: Aviation Laotienne established
  • 1960: Pathet Lao begins to operate aircraft
  • August 1960: Aviation Laotienne renamed Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF)
  • Spring 1963: dissident Kong Le air arm re-integrated into RLAF
  • Early 1976: Royal Lao Air Force renamed Laos Xalq ozodlik armiyasi havo kuchlari (LPLAAF)

RLAF uniforms and insignia

The Royal Laotian Air Force owed its origin and traditions to the French Far East Airforces (Frantsuz: Forces Aériennes en Extrême-Orient – FAEO) of the Birinchi Hindiston urushi, and even after the United States took the role as the main foreign sponsor for the Royal Laotian Armed Forces at the beginning of the 1960s, French military influence was still perceptible in their uniforms and insignia.

Xizmat kiyimi formasi

Upon its formation at the mid-1950s, Laotian Aviation personnel received the Frantsiya armiyasi 's M1945 tropical working and service dress (Frantsuz: Tenue de toile kaki clair Mle 1945 yil), standard issue in the ANL, consisting of a light khaki cotton shirt and pants. Modelled after the WWII AQSh armiyasi tropical "Chino" working dress, the shirt had two patch breast pockets closed by clip-cornered straight flaps and shoulder straps whilst the trousers featured two pleats at the front hips, side slashed pockets and an internal pocket at the back, on the right side. In alternative, the short-sleeved M1946 (Frantsuz: Chemisette kaki clair Mle 1946 yil) – which had two pleated patch breast pockets closed by pointed flaps – and the "Chino"-style M1949 (Frantsuz: Chemisette kaki clair Mle 1949 yil) khaki shirts could be worn with the matching M1946 khaki shorts (Frantsuz: Culotte courte kaki clair Mle 1946 yil) in hot weather. Laotian Aviation ground personnel in the field often wore the standard ANL French all-arms M1947 drab green fatigues (Frantsuz: Treillis de jang Mle 1947 yil).[77]

Laotian Aviation officers wore the standard ANL summer service dress uniform in light khaki cotton, which was patterned after the Frantsiya armiyasi M1946 / 56 xaki liboslari formasi (Frantsuz: Vareuse d'officier Mle 1946/56 va Pantalon drole Mle 1946/56); for formal occasions, a light summer version in white cotton was also issued. Yoqilgan pidjakda ikkita plyonkali ko'krak cho'ntaklari uchli qopqoq bilan yopilgan, ikkitasi yon tomonida tekis plyonkalar bilan yopilgan, yenglari yolg'on burilishlarda bo'lgan; old chivin va cho'ntak qopqoqlari zarhal tugmalar bilan ta'minlangan. The uniform was worn with a matching Khaki shirt and black tie on service dress whereas the white version was worn with a white shirt and a black tie instead.

Reflecting the increasing American influence, a new set of distinctive uniforms was introduced for the RLAF in 1964. Officers received a ko'k-kulrang overseas dress uniform, consisting of a tunic and slacks whose cut was modelled after the AQSh havo kuchlari M1947 service dress. The American-style open-collar, four-buttoned tunic had two pleated breast pockets closed by scalloped flaps and two built-in pockets at the side closed by straight flaps. The front fly and pocket flaps were secured by silver buttons bearing the standard FAR wreathed trident emblem. On active service, the blue-grey dress uniform was worn with a light blue shirt and blue-grey tie, replaced on formal occasions by a white shirt and black tie; a short-sleeved light blue shirt was worn on hot weather.[78] Light blue and blue-grey work uniforms were also issued to RLAF ground and flight personnel, which consisted of a light cotton shirt and pants. The former was based on the Frantsiya armiyasi 's M1948 shirt (Frantsuz: Chemise de toile Mle 1948) which featured a six-buttoned front and two pleated breast pockets closed by pointed flaps, was provided with shoulder straps (Frantsuz: Epolatlar) and had long sleeves with buttoned cuffs. It was worn with matching trousers similar to the French M1945/52 pattern (Frantsuz: Pantalon de toile Mle 1945/52), which had two pleats at the front hips, side slashed pockets and an internal pocket at the back, on the right side.[79]

Despite occasional attempts at standardization, a great deal of latitude was noted in flight clothing; on combat missions RLAF aircrews relied on an inconsistent American-run supply system supplemented by items purchased during training in Thailand. Although US Olive Green (OG) flight suits were provided, Laotian pilots often wore commercial black and camouflage flight suits or standard issue Lao qirollik armiyasi (RLA) OG and camouflage combat jungle fatigues in lieu, usually with a US Air Force survival mesh vest.[80] RLAF ground personnel adopted in the 1960s US Army OG-107 utilities, followed in 1971 by the M1967 Jungle Utility Uniform. Zaytun yashil AQSh M-1951 dala ko'ylagi were also issued to all-ranks.

Bosh kiyim

Laotian Aviation officers received the ANL service peaked cap in both light khaki and white-topped versions, which was copied after the French M1927 pattern (Frantsuz: Casquette d'officier Mle 1927 yil) to wear with either the light khaki or white service dress uniforms. Tepalik qalpoqchalari gulchambarga qo'yilgan standart ANL qopqoqli uskuna bilan taqilgan Airavata Laos qirollik qurollari ko'tarilgan tepalik - uch boshli oq fil standing on a pedestal and surmounted by a pointed parasol – set on a black teardrop-shaped background patch.Ground and flight personnel generally wore the standard ANL and CEFEO headgear of the period, which consisted of French M1946 and M1957 light khaki yonboshlar (Frantsuz: Bonnet de Police de toile kaki clair Mle 1946 yil va Bonnet de Police de toile kaki clair Mle 1957 yil), M1946 "Gourka" tropical berets (Frantsuz: Bérét de toile kaki clair Mle 1946 yil), M1949 bush hats (Frantsuz: Chapeau de brousse Mle 1949 yil) and light khaki cotton baseball cap-style field caps.[77]

In 1964, the RLAF adopted a new blue-grey service peaked cap with crown of "Germanic" shape – very similar to that worn by the Lao qirollik armiyasi (RLA) or Vetnam Respublikasi havo kuchlari (VNAF) officers –, with a gold cord chinstrap and plain black leather peak for flag officers whereas the general officers' version had gold embroidered flame decoration on both the black cap band and peak and a gold braid chinstrap. It was initially worn with the standard gilt metal FAR wreathed trident cap device set on a black background, replaced after 1967 by a distinctive RLAF silver cap badge.[81] A blue-grey overseas flight cap (with silver cord piping in the flap for officers), styled after the French M1957 sidecap, was also adopted. Besides regulation headgear, unofficial Olive Green and camouflage cloth berets, beysbol keplari and US "Boonie hats" found their way into the RLAF from the United States, Tailand va Janubiy Vetnam, to which were soon added Laotian-made copies; a red embroidered baseball cap was given to graduate pilots of the T-28 fighter-bomber course held at the RLAF Flying School in Seno Airbase, yaqin Savannaxet.[82]

Oyoq kiyimlari

White and brown low laced leather shoes were prescribed to wear with either the earlier ANL khaki service/work uniform or the white summer dress for all-ranks and, after 1964 black ones were required for RLAF officers wearing the new blue-grey officers' dress uniform on formal occasions.Laotian Aviation personnel in the field initially wore a mixture of American and French regulation footwear, including brown leather US M-1943 jangovar xizmatining botinkalari, Frantsuzcha M1917 jigarrang charmdan ishlangan oyoq Bilagi zo'r botiqlar (Frantsuz: Brodequins modasi 1917 yil), Frantsuz M1953 jigarrang charm "Reynjers" (Frantsuz: Rangers modéle 1953) va frantsuz tuvali va kauchuk Pataugas tropical boots,[77] replaced by sandals while in garrison. Black leather combat boots began to be provided to the RLAF in the 1960s by the Americans, who issued both the early US Army M-1962 "McNamara" model and the M-1967 model with "ripple" pattern rubbler sole. A few Laotian pilots and senior officers managed to acquire the US Army O'rmonda yuklash, a highly prized item not issued to the RLAF whilst local copies of the Janubiy Vetnam Bata tropical boot were worn by some ground personnel.[83][84]

Havo kuchlari

Initially, the Laotian Aviation wore the same rank insignia as their French and ANL counterparts, whose sequence followed closely the Frantsiya havo kuchlari bilan belgilangan naqsh 1956 yilgi qoidalar.[85] Kichik ofitserlar (Frantsuz: Officiers supérieurs et officiers subalternes) ranks were worn on black removable shoulder boards (Frantsuz: pattes d'épaule) or shoulder strap slides (Frantsuz: passants d'épaule) similar to the Army pattern, with the addition of a pair of stylized wings on the inner end. Nodavlat tashkilotlar (Frantsuz: Sous-officiers et aviateurs) and airmen (Frantsuz: Hommes de truppasi) wore metal or cloth chevrons on both upper sleeves or pinned to the chest.

1959 yilda Lao qirollik armiyasi adopted a new distinctively Laotian-designed system of military ranks, which became in September 1961 the standard rank chart for all branches of service of the newly created Lao qirollik qurolli kuchlari. Under the new regulations, RLAF officers were now entitled to wear on their service or dress uniforms stiffened shoulder boards edged with gold braid identical to the standard RLA pattern, except that the colour was blue-grey instead of red.[86] Junior officers added an appropriate number of five-pointed gold stars to their boards whilst NCOs wore chevrons on the upper sleeve. Airmen wore no insignia. However, these regulations were slowly implemented, and for a time AQSh havo kuchlari rank insignia were worn by RLAF personnel as an interim measure.[81]

On active service, Laotian Aviation officers had their shoulder boards initially replaced by either shoulder strap slides or a single chest tab (Frantsuz: patte de poitrine) buttoned or pinned to the shirt's front fly following Frantsiya armiyasi mashq qilish.[87] By the late 1960s the RLAF adopted the same American-style system as their RLA counterparts, in which metal pin-on or embroidered cloth rank insignia – either in yellow-on-green full-colour or black-on-green subdued form – were worn on the right collar of flight suits and jungle fatigues.[86]

  • Sip – Airman basic (belgi yo'q)
  • Sip Trii – Ongli (bitta oq chevron ko'rsatdi)
  • Sip Thó – Serjant (ikkita oq chevron ko'rsatdi)
  • Sip Êek – Xodimlar serjanti (uchta oq chevron ko'rsatdi)
  • Cãã Trii – 1-darajali serjant (one gold chevron edged blue-grey pointed down)
  • Cã Thó – Magistr serjant (two gold chevrons edged blue-grey pointed down)
  • Cã cek – Katta serjant (three gold chevrons edged blue-grey pointed down)
  • Wáa Trii Hua Trii – Kafolat xodimi (bitta gorizontal oltin bar)
  • Roitrïäkäd – 2-leytenant (bitta besh qirrali oltin yulduz)
  • Roithöäkäd – 1-leytenant (ikkita besh qirrali oltin yulduz)
  • Roiëkäkäd – Kapitan (uchta besh qirrali oltin yulduz)
  • Phantrïäkäd – Mayor (oltin diskka bitta beshta yulduzcha qo'yilgan)
  • Phanthöäkäd – Podpolkovnik (ikkita beshta yulduz, biri oltin diskka qo'yilgan)
  • Phanëkäkäd – Polkovnik (uchta beshta yulduz, biri oltin diskka qo'yilgan)
  • Phonchatääkäd – Brigada generali (ikkita beshta kumush yulduz)

Belgilar

A metal pilot's qualification badge was created in the mid-1960s, in two classes. It was identical to the US Air Force wings, except for the letters "RLAF" stamped across the top of the central crest. The badge was worn over the left breast pocket on service dress and working uniforms, whilst an embroidered white version on a blue cloth background was worn on flight suits. Blue and subdued nametapes were occasionally worn above the right shirt or jacket pocket on field dress and flight suits; blue plastic nameplates were worn with the working and dress uniforms. Full-colour embroidered, woven or printed squadron insignia went over the right breast; RLAF service insignia – a winged lotus leaf rosette – went on the right collar.[88] RLAF pilots sent for training in Thailand wore on the right shoulder a Laotian national emblem with "Laos" tab.[89]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ Havo ixlosmandlari #74, March/April 1998 article by Conboy, Ken, Wings Over the Land of a Million Elephants – Military Aviation in Laos 1949–1975, 64-70-betlar.
  2. ^ Vetnam soyasida urush paytida, 54-55 betlar.
  3. ^ Vetnam soyasida urush paytida, 1-2 bet.
  4. ^ a b Vetnam urushi ensiklopediyasi, p. 96.
  5. ^ a b http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_347.shtml Qabul qilingan 13 dekabr 2010 yil.
  6. ^ a b Shadow War, p. 15.
  7. ^ a b v d Qabul qilingan 13 dekabr 2010 yil.
  8. ^ Shadow War, page 27 (note 24).
  9. ^ http://www.utdallas.edu/library/collections/speccoll/Leeker/history/Laos3.pdf, pp. 13, 17. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  10. ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_347.shtml Qabul qilingan 13 dekabr 2010 yil. Izoh 1: Known equipment for these two charter lines consisted of eight DC-3s, three Dragon Rapides, two Bristol Freighter 170s, and Boeing 307. There were also some Nooruduyns and Beaver L-20s on hand. Izoh 2: Civilian Air Transport (which later became Air America) had 2 C-47s and 4 C-46s in Laos. http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_347.shtml Qabul qilingan 13 dekabr 2010 yil.
  11. ^ a b Qabul qilingan 14 dekabr 2010 yil.
  12. ^ a b http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_347.shtml Qabul qilingan 14 dekabr 2010 yil.
  13. ^ Shadow War, p. 27 (note 24).
  14. ^ a b Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  15. ^ a b http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_347.shtml Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  16. ^ Shadow War, p. 96.
  17. ^ Shadow War, p. 102 (2, 9-eslatmalar).
  18. ^ Shadow War, pp. 44, 46 (Note 52), 48–51.
  19. ^ Shadow War, 51-52 betlar.
  20. ^ http://www.utdallas.edu/library/collections/speccoll/Leeker/history/Laos3.pdf pp. 2–5 Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  21. ^ Vetnam soyasida urush paytida, p. 35.
  22. ^ Shadow War, p. 52.
  23. ^ a b v http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_347.shtml Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  24. ^ Shadow War, 71-72-betlar.
  25. ^ Shadow War, p. 72.
  26. ^ http://ehistory.osu.edu/vietnam/pdf/usaflaos.pdf, p. 10. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  27. ^ https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/2006/R919.pdf, pp. 5661. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  28. ^ http://ehistory.osu.edu/vietnam/pdf/usaflaos.pdf, p. 34. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  29. ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_347.shtml Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  30. ^ a b https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/2006/R919.pdf, 46-47 betlar. Qabul qilingan 28 aprel 2012 yil.
  31. ^ Vetnam soyasida urush paytida, p. 50.
  32. ^ Shadow War, p. 107.
  33. ^ a b v d e http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_347.shtml Qabul qilingan 16 aprel 2012 yil.
  34. ^ http://www.utdallas.edu/library/collections/speccoll/Leeker/history/Laos3.pdf, p. 13. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  35. ^ a b Shadow War, p. 103 (Note 38).
  36. ^ Shadow War, p. 108.
  37. ^ http://www.utdallas.edu/library/collections/speccoll/Leeker/history/Laos3.pdf, 14-15 betlar. Qabul qilingan 21 aprel 2012 yil.
  38. ^ Shadow War, pp. 109–110, 114 (Notes 18–19).
  39. ^ http://www.utdallas.edu/library/collections/speccoll/Leeker/history/Laos3.pdf, p. 23. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  40. ^ Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Davlat departamenti Qabul qilingan 21 aprel 2012 yil.
  41. ^ http://www.utdallas.edu/library/collections/speccoll/Leeker/history/Laos3.pdf Qabul qilingan 21 aprel 2012 yil.
  42. ^ a b v d e f g h men j http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_348.shtml Qabul qilingan 17 aprel 2012 yil.
  43. ^ Shadow War, 112–113-betlar.
  44. ^ Shadow War, p. 121 2.
  45. ^ Shadow War, p. 129.
  46. ^ Shadow War, p. 156.
  47. ^ Shadow War, p. 157.
  48. ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_348.shtml Qabul qilingan 17 aprel 2012 yil. Eslatma: This source states 12 pilots defected with Thao Ma, but is obviously incorrect, as Ambassador Sullivan mentioned ten defectors in an embassy telegram to the State Department.
  49. ^ https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v28/d268 Qabul qilingan 21 aprel 2012 yil.
  50. ^ Shadow War, p. 207.
  51. ^ Shadow War, p. 183.
  52. ^ Spymaster, page unknown.
  53. ^ Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda geroin siyosati, pp. 324–327.
  54. ^ Shadow War, 184–185 betlar.
  55. ^ a b v d http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_348.shtml Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  56. ^ Shadow War, pp. 196, 365.
  57. ^ Shadow War, pp. 196, 199, 365.
  58. ^ http://ehistory.osu.edu/vietnam/pdf/usaflaos.pdf, p. 29. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  59. ^ Shadow War, pp. 196, 199.
  60. ^ Shadow War, pp. 212–214, 366, 368, 374 (Notes 12, 15, 16, 24, 26).
  61. ^ Shadow War, p. 315.
  62. ^ a b v d e f g http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_349.shtml Qabul qilingan 20 aprel 2012 yil.
  63. ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_349.shtml Qabul qilingan 19 aprel 2012 yil.
  64. ^ Shadow War, p. 256.
  65. ^ Shadow War, pp. 264, 279 (Note 12).
  66. ^ http://ehistory.osu.edu/vietnam/pdf/usaflaos.pdf pp. 33, 29. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  67. ^ https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/2006/R919.pdf, p. 81. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  68. ^ Shadow War, p. 287.
  69. ^ a b http://ehistory.osu.edu/vietnam/pdf/usaflaos.pdf Qabul qilingan 23 aprel 2012 yil.
  70. ^ Shadow War, 347-348 betlar.
  71. ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_349.shtml Qabul qilingan 20 aprel 2012 yil. Eslatma: There is a slight discrepancy, as enumerated aircraft total 179. King Sisavong's personal Aero Commander 550 may be the "missing" plane.
  72. ^ Shadow War, pp. 409, 412.
  73. ^ Shadow War, 406-407 betlar.
  74. ^ Shadow War, p. 414.
  75. ^ Shadow War, p. 415.
  76. ^ Shadow War, p. 21.
  77. ^ a b v Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 6.
  78. ^ Konboy va Makkueyg, Laosdagi urush 1960–75 yillarda (1989), pp. 11; 16.
  79. ^ Konboy va Makkueyg, Laosdagi urush 1960–75 yillarda (1989), pp. 14; 16.
  80. ^ Konboy va Makkueyg, Laosdagi urush 1960–75 yillarda (1989), pp. 16–17; 35; 44.
  81. ^ a b Konboy va Makkueyg, Laosdagi urush 1960–75 yillarda (1989), p. 16.
  82. ^ Konboy va Makkueyg, Laosdagi urush 1960–75 yillarda (1989), p. 47.
  83. ^ Konboy va Makkueyg, Laosdagi urush 1960–75 yillarda (1989), p. 19.
  84. ^ Conboy and Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975 (1994), p. 12.
  85. ^ Gaujac, Officiers et soldats de l'armée française d'après le TTA 148 (1943–1956) (2011), pp. 38–45.
  86. ^ a b Konboy va Makkueyg, Laosdagi urush 1960–75 yillarda (1989), p. 17.
  87. ^ Lassus, Les marques de grade de l'armée française, 1945–1990 (1er partie-introduction) (1998), pp. 12–15.
  88. ^ Konboy va Makkueyg, Laosdagi urush 1960–75 yillarda (1989), 16-17 betlar.
  89. ^ Konboy va Makkueyg, Laosdagi urush 1960–75 yillarda (1989), pp. 35; 44.

Adabiyotlar

  • Bernard C. Nalty, Jacob Neufeld, and George M. Watson, Vetnam ustidan havo urushi uchun tasvirlangan qo'llanma, Salamander Books Ltd, London 1982 yil. ISBN  978-0-668-05346-4
  • Bernard S Nalti, War against Trucks: Aerial Interdiction in Southern Laos, 1968–1972, Air Force Museums and History Program, Washington D.C. 2005. ISBN  0-16-072493-7, 9780160724930.
  • Brig. Gen. Soutchay Vongsavanh, RLG Military Operations and Activities in the Laotian Panhandle, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining harbiy tarix markazi, Washington D.C. 1981. ISBN  0-923135-05-7, 9780923135058 for 1989 reprint.
  • Jacob Van Staaveren, Janubiy Laosdagi taqiq, 1960-1968, Center for Air Force History, Washington D.C. 1993. ISBN  0-912799-80-3, 9780912799803.
  • Kennet Konboy va Don Greer, War in Laos 1954–1975, Carrollton, TX: Squadron / Signal Publications, 1994 y. ISBN  0-89747-315-9
  • Kennet Konboy va Saymon Makkueyg, Laosdagi urush 1960–75 yillarda, Qurol-yarog 'seriyasi 217, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1989 y. ISBN  978-0-85045-938-8
  • Kennet Konboy va Saymon Makkueyg, Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo maxsus kuchlari, Elita seriyali 33, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1991 yil. ISBN  1-85532-106-8
  • Kennet Conboy Jeyms Morrison bilan, Soya urushi: Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining Laosdagi maxfiy urushi, Boulder CO: Paladin Press, 1995 yil. ISBN  1-58160-535-8, 9781581605358.
  • General-mayor Oudone Sananikone, Lao Qirolligi armiyasi va AQSh armiyasi maslahat va yordami, Hindiston xitoy monografiyalari seriyasi, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining harbiy tarix markazi, Vashington, DC 1981. - [1]
  • Larry Davis and Don Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky – Specials series (6032), Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1982. ISBN  0-89747-123-7
  • Rojer Uorner, Shooting at the Moon: The Story of America's Clandestine War in Laos, South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, 1996. ISBN  1-883642-36-1, 9781883642365.
  • Timoti qasri, Vetnam soyasidagi urushda: Qirollik Laos Qirolligiga hukumat uchun harbiy yordam, 1955–1975, Columbia University Press, 1993 y. ISBN  978-0-231-07977-8

Ikkilamchi manbalar

  • Arnold Issacs, Gordon Hardy, MacAlister Brown, et al., Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos, Boston Publishing Company, Boston 1987. ISBN  0-201-11678-2, 9780201116786.
  • Alfred William McCoy, Cathleen B. Read, Leonard Palmer Adams, Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda geroin siyosati, Harper & Row, 1972. ISBN  9971-4-7022-5, 9789971470227.
  • Bill Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters, Salamander Books Ltd, London 1981. ISBN  978-0-86101-110-0
  • Christopher Robbins, Air America, Avon, New York 1979. ISBN  0-399-12207-9, 9780399122071.
  • Christopher Robbins, The Ravens: Pilots of the Secret War in Laos, Asia Books, Bangkok 2000. ISBN  974-8303-41-1, 9789748303413.
  • Devid makkajo'xori, Sariq ruh: Ted Shakli va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining salib yurishlari, Simon & Schuster, New York 1994. ISBN  978-0-671-69525-5
  • Denis Lassus, Les marques de grade de l'armée française, 1945–1990 (1er partie-introduction), in Armes Militaria Magazine n.º 159, October 1998. ISSN  0753-1877 (ichida.) Frantsuz )
  • Denis Lassus, Les marques de grade de l'armée française, 1945–1990 (2e partie-les differents types de galons), in Armes Militaria Magazine n.º 161, December 1998. ISSN  0753-1877 (ichida.) Frantsuz )
  • Kenneth Conboy, Kenneth Bowra, and Simon McCouaig, NVA va Vietnam Kong, Elite 38 series, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 1992. ISBN  978-1-85532-162-5
  • Military History Institute of Vietnam, Vetnamdagi g'alaba: Vetnam Xalq armiyasining rasmiy tarixi, 1954–1975 (translated by Merle Pribbenow), Lawrence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2002. ISBN  0-7006-1175-4, 9780700611751.
  • Paul Gaujac, Officiers et soldats de l'armée française d'après le TTA 148 (1943–1956), Histoire & Collections, Paris 2011. ISBN  978-2352501954 (ichida.) Frantsuz )
  • Spenser C. Taker, Vetnam urushi ensiklopediyasi: siyosiy, ijtimoiy va harbiy tarix, ABC-CLIO, 2011. ISBN  1-85109-961-1, 9781851099610.
  • Theodore G. Shackley and Richard A. Finney, Spymaster: My Life in the CIA, Potomac Books Inc., 2006. ISBN  978-1574889222, 1574889222

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