Sietl markazi Monoray - Seattle Center Monorail - Wikipedia

Sietl markazi Monoray
Sietl markazi monoray tizimining logotipi, u stilize qilingan monoray poezdli dumaloq nishondan iborat.
Bo'sh shahar ko'chasi va to'xtash joyi bo'ylab harakatlanadigan baland yo'l bo'ylab oq-qizil monoray
5-avenyu bo'ylab o'tadigan qizil monoray poyezd
Umumiy nuqtai
HolatOperatsion
EgasiSietl shahri
MahalliySietl markazi, Vashington, AQSh
TerminiSietl markazi (shimoliy)
Westlake markazi (janubiy)
Stantsiyalar2
Veb-saytseattlemonorail.com
Xizmat
TuriStraddle-beam bitta temir yo'l
Operator (lar)Sietlning monoray xizmatlari
Harakatlanuvchi tarkib2 Alweg poezdlar
Belgilangan2003 yil 4-avgust (2003-08-04)[1]
Mahsulotlar2 Alweg poezdi
Kundalik chavandozlik4.780 (ish kunlari, 2018)[2]
Chavandozlik2,021,780 (2018)[2]
Tarix
Ochildi1962 yil 24 mart (1962-03-24)
Texnik
Chiziq uzunligi0,9 mil (1,4 km)[3]
Treklar soniIkki marta
BelgilarBaland
ElektrlashtirishUchinchi temir yo'l, 700 V DC[4]
Ishlash tezligi45 milya (72 km / soat)
Yo'nalish xaritasi

Afsona
Sietl markazi
South Lake Lake Union tramvay
Westlake markazi
Engil temir yo'lni bog'lang
Uestleyk
Aloqa liniyasi 1
Ushbu diagramma:

Interaktiv xarita

The Sietl markazi Monoray baland tirgakdir bitta temir yo'l qatorda Sietl, Vashington, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari. 0,9 milya (1,4 km) monoray 5-chi avenyu bo'ylab harakatlanadi Sietl markazi va Westlake markazi yilda Sietl markazi, oraliq to'xtashlarni amalga oshirmaslik. Monoray temir yo'l turistik diqqatga sazovor joylar shuningdek, odatdagidek ishlaydi jamoat transporti har o'n daqiqada kuniga 16 soatgacha ishlaydigan poezdlar bilan xizmat ko'rsatish. U sakkiz oy ichida 1962 yil uchun 4,2 million dollar qiymatida qurilgan 21-asr ko'rgazmasi, a jahon yarmarkasi Sietl markazida bo'lib o'tdi. 1988 yilda monoray kapital ta'mirlanib, janubiy terminali ko'chirilgandan so'ng Qarag'ay ko'chasi Westlake Center savdo majmuasi ichkarisiga.

Tizim dastlabki ikkita parkni saqlab qoladi Alweg har birida 450 kishini tashiydigan va a deb belgilangan poezdlar tarixiy belgi shahar hokimiyatiga tegishli bo'lib, uni xususiy pudratchi 1994 yildan beri boshqarib kelmoqda. King County Metro, tuman jamoat transporti tizimi. Tizim har yili taxminan ikki million kishini olib yuradi va foyda oladi, bu esa pudratchi va shahar hukumati o'rtasida taqsimlanadi. Monoray odatda bir yo'lda bitta poyezd bilan ishlaydi va butun sayohat taxminan ikki daqiqa davom etadi. Tizimning yarim asrlik faoliyati davomida bir nechta yirik baxtsiz hodisalar ro'y bergan, shu jumladan 2005 yilda poezd-poezd to'qnashuvi qo'lbola yo'l 1988 yilda Westlake Center terminali yaqinida ta'mirlanishga o'rnatilgan.

Bir necha davlat idoralari va xususiy kompaniyalar 1960-yillarda tashkil etilganidan beri monoray tizimni kengaytirishni taklif qilishdi. Eng ko'zga ko'ringan Sietl Monoray loyihasi, 1997 yil tashkil etilgan byulleten tashabbusi qamrovni rejalashtirilganidan kengaytiradigan shahar bo'ylab tarmoq qurish Engil temir yo'lni bog'lang tizim. Loyiha moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi, shu jumladan xarajatlar smetasi 11 milliard dollarga ko'tarilib, 2005 yilda shahar ovoz berish yo'li bilan bekor qilingan.

Marshrut va bekatlar

Monorayda shimolga sayohat haqida video Westlake markazi ga Sietl markazi, 2015 yilda suratga olingan

0,9 milya (1,4 km) monoray yo'l ichidagi terminaldan boshlanadi Sietl markazi, shimoli-g'arbda joylashgan fuqarolik majmuasi va bog'i Sietl markazi.[3] Sietl markazining terminali, majmuaning markaziga yaqin joylashgan Next 50 Plazada joylashgan Kosmik igna, Chihuly bog 'va shisha va Memorial stadioni.[5] Plazmaning janubiy uchidan yuqoriga ko'tarilgan va uchta platformadan iborat Ispancha eritma: ikkita yon platformalar tushirish uchun va a markaziy platforma samolyotga chiqish uchun.[6] Monoray poezdlarga texnik xizmat ko'rsatish joyi Sietl markazi stantsiyasidagi platformalar ostida er sathida joylashgan.[6][7] Terminaldan temir yo'llar sharqqa qarab harakatlanib, janubga keng burilishni boshlaydi Pop madaniyati muzeyi mavjud treklar atrofida ishlab chiqilgan.[8][9]

Monoray yo'llar Broad Street-dan o'tib, 5-chi avenyu shimolining g'arbiy tomoni bo'ylab ikki blok bo'ylab o'tib, o'tib ketadi KOMO Plaza yangiliklar tarqatish markazi. Keyin treklar asta-sekin janubi-sharqiy burilishni kichikdan aylana boshlaydi ofis binosi va avtoservis janub tomonidan boshlanadigan 5-avenyu tomon Denni Vey va Tilikum joyi.[10][11] Ko'cha janubi-sharqdan o'tib ketadi Belltown kabi bir tomonlama ko'cha faqat janubiy yo'nalishda harakatlanadigan transport, u monoraylning qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ustunlari orqali ikki qatorli bo'laklarga bo'linadi.[12] Monoray bir necha shaharning diqqatga sazovor joylari, shu jumladan Amazon sohalari va Westin Sietl oxir-oqibat, minoralar McGraw maydoni, bu erda 5-avenyu janubga ozgina burilish qiladi. Janubiy terminalga etib borishdan oldin Westlake markazi savdo markazi yoqilgan Qarag'ay ko'chasi, monoray yo'llar to'plamga torayib boradi qo'lbola yo'llar bir-biridan 4-5 fut (1,2-1,5 m) masofada joylashgan bo'lib, ikkita poezdning bir vaqtning o'zida stantsiyadan foydalanishiga to'sqinlik qiladi.[13] Westlake Center terminali savdo markazining uchinchi qavatida joylashgan va ko'cha darajasiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri liftga ega Westlake tunnel stantsiyasi tomonidan xizmat ko'rsatiladi Engil temir yo'lni bog'lang poezdlar. The South Lake Lake Union tramvay yaqin McGraw maydonida ham tugaydi va Westlake Center terminali yaqinida bir necha yirik avtobus yo'nalishlari harakatlanadi.[14][15]

Xizmat va tariflar

Shiftini bir oz egri, ikki tomoni katta deraza va eshiklari, o'rtada qizil va kamera va yon tomonlarga qaragan qizil rangli temir yo'l poyezdining ichki qismi.
Da tashqi yo'lda turgan qizil poezdning ichki qismi Westlake markazi Terminal

Monoray bir-biridan 0,9 milya (1,4 km) masofada joylashgan Sietl markazi va Vestleyk markazining terminallari o'rtasida sayohat qilish uchun taxminan ikki daqiqa vaqt ketadi.[3] Har bir terminaldan uchish taxminan 10 daqiqalik chastotada, bitta poyezd doimiy ravishda ishlaydi. Xizmat ikkita mavsumiy jadvalga ega, kuz va qish oylarida (sentyabrdan maygacha) poezdlar dushanbadan shanbagacha kuniga 13-14 soat davomida ishlaydi va soat 23 da tugaydi. juma va shanba kunlari, yakshanba kunlari esa 12 soat, soat 21 da tugaydi. Yozgi jadval jadvalidan maydan sentyabrgacha foydalaniladi va ish kunidagi poezdlar 16 soat, dam olish kunlari esa 15 soat ishlaydi, barcha kunlarda xizmat soat 23: 00da tugaydi.[16] Monorail xizmati odatda kamayadi milliy bayramlar va Shukrona kuni va Rojdestvo kuni butunlay yopildi. Sietl markazidagi maxsus tadbirlar paytida ish vaqtlari uzaytiriladi va parkdagi har ikkala poezddan foydalanib poyezd chastotalari har 5 daqiqada oshiriladi.[17][18]

Narxlar monoray uchun to'lanadi chiptaxonalar har qanday terminalda ORCA kartasi, smartfon ilovasi yoki naqd pul, kredit / debet kartalari yoki mobil to'lovlar bilan sotib olingan qog'oz chiptalar. Bir martalik narx kattalar uchun $ 3, 6-18 yoshdagi yoshlar uchun $ 1,50 va arzonlashtirilgan talablarga javob beradigan odamlar uchun $ 1,50, shu jumladan keksa fuqarolar 65 yosh va undan katta, nogiron shaxslar, Medicare kartalar va faol vazifa a'zolari AQSh harbiylari ularning shaxsiy guvohnomalarini olib yurish. Qaytish uchun qatnov narxi bir martalik narxdan ikki baravar yuqori; oylik yo'llanmalar kattalar va arzonlashtirilgan narxlarda ham taqdim etiladi.[19][20] To'rt va undan kichik yoshdagi bolalar bepul.[19] 2019 yil oktyabr oyida monoray besh yillik muzokaralar va tariflarni integratsiyalashuvi bo'yicha o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar natijasida mintaqaviy tranzit to'lovlari tizimi bo'lgan ORCA kartalarini qabul qilishni boshladi.[20][21]

Amaliyotlar

Sietl markazidagi monorayni 1994 yilda tashkil etilgan va hozirda sobiq kompaniyaga tegishli bo'lgan xususiy pudratchi Sietl Monorail Services (SMS) boshqaradi. Sietl porti komissar Tom Albro.[22] 1994 yilgacha monorayni Sietl markazi birgalikda boshqargan va King County Metro, tumanning tranzit agentligi.[23] Monoray xarajatlarni qoplagan holda ochiq manbalardan operatsion mablag'larni olmaydi tariflar kapital loyihalar uchun federal grantlar; xizmat AQSh orasida g'ayrioddiy jamoat transporti tizim operatsion foyda keltirgani uchun.[24][25][26] SMS va shahar hukumati o'rtasidagi shartnoma har o'n yilda yangilanadi va ikki tomon o'rtasida foyda teng taqsimlanishini o'z ichiga oladi.[27][28]

2018 yilda Sietl markazining Monoray yo'li taxminan 2,022 million yo'lovchini tashiydi, o'rtacha ish kunlari 4780 yo'lovchi va dam olish kunlari 7536 yo'lovchini tashkil etadi.[2] Xizmat 4,3 million dollarlik yo'l haqidan daromad oldi va mahalliy va federal hukumatlardan taxminan 883 000 AQSh dollari miqdorida kapital mablag 'oldi.[2] Davomida 21-asr ko'rgazmasi 1962 yil mart oyidan sentyabr oyigacha monoray Jahon ko'rgazmasiga tashrif buyuruvchilarning 90 foizdan ortig'ini olib o'tdi va ularning umumiy sayohati 7,4 million kishini tashkil etdi.[8][24]

Harakatlanuvchi tarkib va ​​yo'l

Bir nechta tugmachali yorqin LCD ekran
An LCD monoray haydovchilar tomonidan ishlatiladigan monitor

Qatlamli nurli monoray butunlay baland bo'lib, 68 ta bo'shliqli qo'llab-quvvatlashni qo'llaydi ustunlar ko'cha sathidan 30 fut (9,1 m) balandlikda joylashgan.[29] Ikkala parallel yo'llar olib boriladi oldindan kuchlanishli beton uzunligi taxminan 21 fut, balandligi 1,5 metr va kengligi 0,91 metr bo'lgan nurlar.[30][31] Bir nechta bo'limlarda egri chiziqlarda joy etishmasligi sababli bitta yo'lni olib yuradigan bo'linadigan yoki bitta qurolli ustunlar ishlatiladi;[32] temir yo'l Denni Vey va 5-chi avenyu kesishmasidagi bitta bino bo'ylab temir yo'lning uzun egri qismi sifatida o'tadi.[33] Tizimga texnik xizmat ko'rsatish va operatsion bazasi Sietl markazi terminalidagi platformalar ostida joylashgan.[6]

Tizimda ikkitasi mavjud alyuminiy poezdlar, "Moviy poezd" deb nomlangan (dastlab Sietlning ruhi) va "Qizil poezd" (dastlab 21-asr ruhi) asl bo'yoq sxemalari uchun,[34] ularning har biri bitta trekka va sayohatga tayinlangan ikki tomonlama.[31][35] Ular 1962 yilda qurilgan Alweg yilda G'arbiy Germaniya va shu kundan boshlab ushbu liniyada ishlamoqda, 2009 va 2010 yillarda kapital ta'mirlangan.[31][36] Har bir poezdning uzunligi 122 fut (37 m), kengligi 10 fut 3 (3.12 m) va balandligi 14 fut (4.3 m), bo'limlar orasidagi bo'g'inlar.[37] Ularning har biri 124 o'rindiqqa ega va 450 yo'lovchini qabul qilish joyiga ega, taxminiy maksimal o'tkazuvchanlik soatiga 10 800 yo'lovchiga teng.[38] Shuningdek, poezdlarda yo'lovchilarni stantsiyalar tashqarisida to'xtatib turishsa, poezdlar o'rtasida o'tkazish uchun favqulodda rampalar o'rnatilgan.[39]

Har bir poezd sakkizta joylashtirilgan 64 ta pnevmatik kauchuk shinalar to'plamida yuradi bogies: 16 - yuk ko'taruvchi shinalar - bu nurning ustiga juft bo'lib joylashtirilgan va diametri 39,5 dyuym (100 sm); qolgan 48 ta shinalar poezdni nur tomonida yo'naltirish uchun ishlatiladi va ularning diametri (66 sm) 26 ga teng.[31][38] Tizim avtomatlashtirilgan haydash uchun ishlab chiqilgan, ammo poezdlar a dan foydalanadigan operatorlar tomonidan boshqariladi joystik va LCD texnik ma'lumotlarni aks ettiruvchi monitorlar.[7] Poezdlar, odatda, sayohatning ikkinchi yarmida elektr energiyasisiz qirg'oqqa o'tadi va harakatga o'tadi dinamik tormozlar stantsiyaga yaqinlashganda.[29][40] Tizim a dan foydalanadi uchinchi temir yo'l 700 voltli elektrlashtirish uchun DC sakkizta elektr motorini oziqlanadigan.[38] Dastlab poyezdlar soatiga 60 milya (97 km / soat) tezlikda harakatlana olsalar-da, normal faoliyat uchun 45 milya (72 km / soat) gacha qisqartirildi.[41] Qattiq qishki ob-havo paytida poezdlar depozitga qo'yiladi muzdan tushirish kimyoviy moddalar va tuz normal tezlikni ta'minlash uchun yo'llarda.[42]

Tarix

Dastlabki takliflar va rejalashtirish

Monoray terminalning katta tomi va zinapoyasi bilan avtoulovlar bo'lagi va avtobuslarga mo'ljallangan panjara bilan shashka naqshli maydonchaga tushadigan tepalik ko'rinishi.
1963 yilda monorayning janubiy terminali

Uchun bir nechta kichik hajmdagi takliflar bitta temir yo'l Sietl mintaqasidagi tizimlar 20-asrning boshlarida nashr etilgan, ammo ular hech qachon amalga oshirilmagan. Uilyam X.Boyes, a Nyu-York shahri ixtirochi, 1910 yilda Sietldan tortib to liniya qurish rejasi bilan o'zining monoray yo'lining nusxasi bilan suratga tushgan. Takoma. Bir yil o'tgach, Boyesning yana bir taklifi shahar hukumati tomonidan operatsion franchayzingga ega bo'ldi Edmonds va qurilishni boshladi, lekin qurilish hech qachon davom etmadi.[43][44] Universal Elevated Railway Company-ning yana bir rejasi bo'ylab ishlaydigan baland temir yo'l tizimini nazarda tutgan edi Westlake Avenue Sietlda (zamonaviy monoray terminali yaqinida), oddiy kishini almashtirish tramvaylar tarmog'i.[45] 1919 yilda shahar hukumati tomonidan tramvaylar sotib olinganidan keyin uning monoray yo'l uchun lobbi faoliyati to'xtatildi.[46][47] Monoray tizimlarining boshqa rejalari Sietl shahar hukumatiga 1930 va 1955 yillarda taqdim etilgan, ikkinchisi esa Everett – Sietl – Takoma Tollvey (zamonaviy davlatlararo 5).[48]

Sietl shahar hukumati, fuqarolik kuchaytiruvchilari va davlat qonun chiqaruvchi organi, ikkinchisini rejalashtirishni boshladi Butunjahon ko'rgazmasi 1955 yilda 1909 yil 50 yilligini nishonlash uchun Alyaska-Yukon-Tinch okeani ko'rgazmasi.[49] Tavsiya etilgan yarmarkalarni ulash uchun 1957 yilda monoray yo'l taklif qilingan Quyi qirolicha Anne yordamchiga to'xtash joylari yilda Interbay va diqqatga sazovor joylar Elliott ko'rfazi.[50][51] Sietl tranzit komissiyasi o'rtasida monorayni o'rganishni buyurdi Sietl markazi va taklif qilingan ko'rgazma maydonchalari 1958 yil aprel oyida, shuningdek taklif qilgan xususiy operatorlarning takliflarini eshitgandan so'ng Yangi Orlean va Xyuston o'z tizimlari.[52][53] Dastlab Interbay, yarmarka maydonchasi va shahar o'rtasida 5 millik (8.0 km) ko'chadan dastlab raqobatdoshlar qatorida taklif qilingan "o'ymakor ",[54][55] Ammo keyinchalik monoray 5-chi avenyu bo'ylab 1,2 milya (1,9 km) yo'nalishda qayta tiklandi va shahar markazidagi mehmonxonalarni yarmarka maydonchalari bilan bog'lab qo'ydi, uni qurish uchun 5,39 million dollar sarflandi (2019 yilda 37,4 million dollarga teng).[56][57][58]

Tender savdolari va takliflar

The Sietl tranzit tizimi 1958 yil dekabr oyida monoray yo'llarni loyihalashtirish va qurish bo'yicha takliflarni ochib, takliflarni qabul qildi Lockheed korporatsiyasi, Sent-Luis avtoulovi kompaniyasi, General Monoray of San-Fransisko va nemis firmasi Alwac International o'rnatishni boshlagan Disneylend monoray Kaliforniyada.[59][60] The Northrop korporatsiyasi noan'anaviy usuldan foydalangan holda fevral oyida ham o'z taklifini taqdim etdi giroskop va kerak bo'lmaydigan generator uchinchi temir yo'l yoki ustki kateter.[61] 1959 yil aprel oyida Sietl tranzit komissiyasi 5-avenyu bo'ylab qarag'ay ko'chasidan yarmarka maydonigacha boradigan va 1961 yilda ochiladigan 5 million dollarlik monoray tizimni qurish uchun Lockheed-ni tanladi.[62] Lockheed dizaynida uchtadan yasalgan monarayel bor edi soddalashtirilgan o'xshash poezdlar samolyotlar.[62][63]

Monoray yo'l rejalashtirilgan markaziy qism sifatida qaraldi 21-asr ko'rgazmasi va kelajakda butun shaharni rivojlantirish uchun katalizator sifatida tezkor tranzit tizimi, ammo mahalliy tranzit mablag'laridan foydalanmaydi.[64][65] Operatsion xarajatlarni to'lash kutilgan edi tarif qayta tiklash, kapital mablag'larni jalb qilishning boshqa variantlari ko'rib chiqildi, shu qatorda Lockheed tizimni jahon yarmarkasidan keyin qayta sotib olish.[66][67] 1959 yil oxirida Lokhid shahar va ekspozitsiya tashkilotchilari bilan yakuniy muzokaralarga kirishdi, ammo tranzit komissiyasi jahon yarmarkasi dastlabki o'n sakkizinchi o'rniga olti oyga qisqartirilgandan so'ng tizimni boshqarish istagini yo'qotdi.[68] Tizimning noaniq moliyalashtirilishi, shu jumladan Lockheed tomonidan amalga oshirilgan muhandislik xarajatlari shahar hukumati uchun muhim muammo bo'lib qoldi, chunki muzokaralar 1960 yil yanvarida davom etdi.[69]

Oldinroq uning narxi 3,5 million dollarni (2019 yilda 23,6 million dollarga teng) bo'lishini taxmin qilgan Alwac International[56] ularni o'rnatish Alweg monoray tizim 1960 yil fevral oyida shaharni yoki ekspozitsiya tashkilotchilarini loyihani bepul o'zlari moliyalashtirish va qurish bo'yicha taklif yubordi.[70] Firma bir martalik yo'l haqi va terminaldan tushumlarni yig'ib oladi imtiyozlar, shuningdek, adolatli chiptalar uchun qo'shimcha to'lov va agar 3,5 million dollarlik to'liq to'lov qaytarilgan bo'lsa, tizimni shahar hokimiyatiga o'tkazish; agar tizim sarmoyani qoplamagan bo'lsa, demontaj qilingan va olib tashlangan bo'lar edi.[71][72] Lockheed bunga javoban mart oyida tranzit komissiyasiga 1 million dollarni sotib olish opsiyasi bilan o'zgartirilgan taklifni taqdim etdi, ammo ular Alwac va frantsuz muhandislik firmalarining yangi takliflari foydasiga bekor qilindi. XAVFSIZLIK.[73][74]

Ekspozitsiyaning asosiy tashkilotchilari sifatida faoliyat yuritayotgan "Century 21" boshqaruv qo'mitasi tranzit komissiyasining muzokaralarini o'z zimmasiga oldi va 1960 yil 20 mayda Alvak bilan dastlabki qurilish shartnomasini imzoladi.[75][76] Monoray 5-chi avenyu bo'ylab yarmarka maydonidan Pine Street va Westlake Avenue doimiyga aylantiriladigan piyodalar uchun savdo markazi.[77][78] Dizayn shartnomasi Alwac vakillari tomonidan 1960 yil 22 dekabrda qayta ko'rib chiqilgan qiymati 4,2 million AQSh dollari (2019 yilda 28,4 million dollarga teng) bilan imzolangan.[56] kattaroq poezd va stantsiyalarni joylashtirish uchun.[79][80] Oxirgi qurilish va ekspluatatsiya shartnomasi 1961 yil 13 mayda imzolangan.[81] 21-asr shuningdek 1961 yil aprel oyida kichik hajmdagi qurilish rejalarini e'lon qildi odamlar ko'chirish foydalanadigan ko'rgazma maydonchalari atrofida to'xtatilgan monoray, ammo ular besh oy o'tgach, savdo kompaniyalari mablag 'ololmagani uchun bekor qilindi.[82][83]

Qurilish va tayyorgarlik ishlari

Qurilish brigadalari ko'chma kran Y shaklidagi beton ustunni shahar ko'chasining o'rtasida ko'tarib turganiga qarashmoqda
1961 yil iyun oyida ko'rilgan 5-avenyu va Virjiniya ko'chasidagi monoray yo'l uchun ustun qurilishi

1961 yil mart oyida shahar jamoat ishlari kengashi Century 21, Alwec va mahalliy pudratchi tomonidan olib boriladigan monoray yo'l loyihasi uchun qurilish va ko'chalardan foydalanishga ruxsatnomalarni tasdiqladi. Xovard S. Rayt qurilish kompaniyasi.[84] Rayt shuningdek, 375 ming AQSh dollarini (2019 yilda 2,51 million dollarga teng) hissa qo'shgan holda, monoray yo'lning moliyalashtiruvchi sherigi deb topildi.[56] va qurishni davom ettirdi Kosmik igna va Sietl markazi Kolizey.[85][86] Qurilishga ruxsatnomada ekspozitsiya tugaganidan keyin olti oy ichida monoray yo'lni olib tashlash talabi ham bor edi, ammo Alwec, agar xohlasa, shahar hokimiyatiga tizimni sotish niyati borligini e'lon qildi.[84][87] Monoray yo'lining yakuniy loyihalash rejalari o'sha oyning oxirida Alweg vakillari tomonidan e'lon qilingan edi, ikkita temir yo'l vagonlari esa qurilish vaqtida Linke-Xofmann-Bush fabrika G'arbiy Germaniya.[88] 21-asr 1961 yil 6-aprel kuni Westlake Mall-dagi "Monoray kuni" deb e'lon qilingan va " Sietl simfonik orkestri, senatorning nutqi Uorren G. Magnuson va ishtirok etgan 500 kishiga bepul monoray chiptalar.[89][90][91]

80 ta monoray ustunlardan birinchisi uchun yog'och shakllar may oyining boshlarida yotqizilgan va birinchi ustun uchun beton quyish 23 may kuni Virjiniya va Lenora ko'chalari o'rtasida boshlangan.[92][93] Virjiniya-Lenora ustunlari, ularning har biri 54 qisqa tonnani (49000 kg) 15 iyun kuni kran yordamida tik beton tayanchga ko'tarishdi.[94][95] Westlake Mall terminalida beton quyish iyun oyi oxirida boshlandi, stantsiya platformalarini qarag'ay ko'chasi ustida 25 fut (7,6 m) qurish rejalashtirilgan.[96] Monorayning 60 qisqa tonnali (54000 kg) temir beton nurlari Takomada yig'ilib, Sietlga yuk mashinasida, maxsus ruxsat bilan Vashington shtati avtomobil yo'llari komissiyasi,[97] va birinchisi 21-sentabrda Virjiniya va Styuart ko'chalari o'rtasida shimolga qarab yurishdan oldin o'rnatildi.[98][99] Ustunlarni qurish va to'siqlarni o'rnatish jami taxminan sakkiz oy davom etdi, 5-chi avenyuda kamida uchta yo'l harakati ko'p vaqt davomida ochiq qoldi.[29]

Westlake Mall terminalidagi temir to'siqlar oktyabr oyida o'rnatildi, so'ngra Sietl markazi terminalida ish olib borildi.[100] 1961 yil dekabrga kelib, temir yo'llarda ishlarning ko'p qismi va stantsiyalarda ishlarning 54 foizi tugallandi,[101] jami 14,700 qisqa tonna (13,300,000 kg) beton va 970 qisqa tonna (880,000 kg) po'latdan foydalangan holda.[102][103] 138 ta yo'lakchaning oxirgisi 1962 yil 9-yanvar kuni Denni Vey yaqinida 5200 fut (1600 m) trassani bajarish uchun o'rnatildi.[104][105] 1962 yil fevral oyida Sietl tranzit komissiyasi o'z xodimlariga monoray poezdlarni boshqarish uchun ruxsat berish uchun Century 21 bilan shartnomani tasdiqladi.[106] Monoray xodimlari, shu jumladan haydovchilar va chiptaxona xizmatchilari ko'k-oq rangda kiyishgan poplin ekspozitsiya uchun mo'ljallangan formalar.[107][108]

Keyinchalik "Moviy poezd" deb nomlangan birinchi monoray poyezd to'rt qismdan jo'natildi Bremen, G'arbiy Germaniya, to Nyuark, Nyu-Jersi va poezdda Sietlga etkazilgan.[109][110] U 1962 yil 19-fevralda kelgan va shu kuni kechroq yo'lga ko'tarilgan.[111] Monoray 3 mart kuni birinchi sinov ishini yakunladi va past tezlikda bir nechta sinovlar bilan davom etdi.[112][113] Birinchi test sinovini sobiq Jim Uest boshqargan kabel Avtomobil operatori Yesler Way keyinchalik shahar tramvaylarini haydab chiqargan chiziq, trolleybuslar va avtobuslar.[114] Bir nechta test sinovlari maxsus kunlarda o'tkazildi, shu jumladan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri televizor orqali namoyish etilgan sayohat KING-TV va keyin 175 taniqli mehmon uchun oldindan ko'rish safari lentani kesish 12 mart kuni Westlake terminalida.[115][116] Keyinchalik "Qizil poezd" deb nomlangan ikkinchi poyezd 27 mart kuni etib keldi va uning yo'lida Sietl markazi terminaliga o'rnatildi.[117] U o'zining birinchi sinovini 10 aprelda o'tkazdi va yarmarka boshlangunga qadar Moviy poyezdni vaqtincha almashtirish uchun yo'lovchilar xizmatiga kirdi.[118][119]

Butunjahon ko'rgazmasi

Yaqin atrofdagi tomdan ko'rinib turganidek, yopiq janubiy terminaldan monoray poyezd jo'naydi
Westlake Mall terminali, 1962 yilda yaqin atrofdagi binolardan ko'rilgan

Monoray va kosmik igna "Century 21" ko'rgazmasining rasmiy boshlanishidan bir oy oldin, 1962 yil 24 martda ommaviy ko'rib chiqish uchun ochilgan.[120] Westlake terminalidan birinchi marshrutga sayohat paytida esdalik medallarini olgan 130 yo'lovchilar, shu jumladan, birinchi chavandozlar, bir necha soat oldin saf tortgan.[120][121] Taxminan 9600 kishi "Monoray" ning birinchi kunida Moviy poyezdda, jami 24000 kishi oldindan ko'rish kunlari dam olish kunida sayohat qilgan; birinchi kunida xizmat mexanik muammo tufayli rejalashtirilganidan bir soat oldin to'xtatildi.[122][123] 19 aprel kuni 179 ming yo'lovchi oldindan ko'rish paytida poyezdlarga o'tirgandan so'ng, monoray yo'l rasmiy ravishda hukumat vakillari va fuqarolik rahbarlari tomonidan suvga cho'mdirildi.[24][124]

Century 21 ko'rgazmasi rasmiy ravishda 21 aprelda ochildi. Yarmarka davomida bir yo'lli yo'l haqi kattalar uchun bir tomonga 50 sent va 75 sentga, bolalar uchun bir tomonga 35 sentga va 50 tsentga belgilandi.[125] Yarmarka davomida poyezdlar soat 8:45 dan 12: 15gacha harakat qildilar, har bir sayohat uchun 96 soniya sarflandi.[126] U 21 apreldan 21 oktyabrgacha jami 7,4 million yo'lovchini, ya'ni yarmarka ishtirokchilarining 90 foizini tashiydi.[8] Yarmarkadan so'ng, monoray qisqartirilgan jadval bilan ishladi, soat 11 dan 23 gacha. Qish oylarida bitta poezd bilan cheklangan, ammo o'rtacha kunlik 1200 yo'lovchini tashkil etgan.[127][128]

Tizimning 4,2 million dollarlik qurilish xarajatlari 24 martdan 17 sentyabrgacha ishlab chiqarilgan farebox daromadlari hisobidan to'liq to'landi.[24][37] Monoray tizim yarmarkadan so'ng Alvegning vaqtincha egaligi ostida saqlanib qoldi, 1963 yil 21 aprelda tugashiga shartnoma tuzildi.[129] Shahar ma'muriyatiga monoray temir yo'l taqdirini hal qilish, masalan, buzish yoki davlat yoki xususiy operatorga sotish kabi variantlarni kiritish vazifasi yuklatilgan edi.[130] Alwegga ko'chalarda foydalanish uchun mavjud bo'lgan ruxsatnomaning poyezdlarni boshqarish uchun oktyabr oyigacha uzaytirilishi ta'minlandi.[131][132] Alweg 1963 yil 3 iyunda butun tizimni, shu jumladan terminallar va ofislarni yarmarka operatori bo'lgan Century 21 Center, Inc-ga o'tkazishga rozilik berdi. Ushbu transfer Century 21-ga hech qanday xarajat keltirmadi va monorayning qolish imkoniyatini berdi operatsiya, shu jumladan shahar hukumati va Sietl tranzit tizimi bilan shartnomalarni uzaytirish.[133][134]

Mulkni o'tkazish va dastlabki yillar

Century 21 Center, Inc. 1964 yil oxirida moliyaviy muammolarga duch keldi, 2 million dollar qarzdorligi bor (2019 yilgi 12,9 million dollarga teng),[56] va allaqachon egalik qilgan shahar hukumati tomonidan ko'rgazma maydonchalarining barcha operatsiyalarini o'z zimmasiga olish to'g'risida muzokaralar boshladi Sietl markazi mulk.[135] 1964 yil oktyabr oyida xarajatlarni tejash choralari doirasida monoray uni yo'q qildi chiptaxonalar va ularni samolyot bortidagi xizmatchilar bilan almashtirdilar.[136] Century 21 Center monoray yo'lni shahar hokimiyatiga 600000 dollarga sotishni taklif qildi (2019 yildagi 3.86 million dollarga teng)[56] shaharga bo'lgan qarzlarini hal qilish va tugatishga kirishish doirasida.[137] Dekabr oyida korporatsiyani tugatish bo'yicha ishonchli vakillar qabul qilishdan bosh tortdilar sarlavha operatsion franchayzingga ega bo'lmagan va buzish uchun 200 ming dollar to'lamaslikka qaror qilgan monoray tizim.[138] Shahar hukumati aprel oyida Century 21 bilan shartnomalarini bekor qilish va yarmarka ob'ektlarini o'z zimmasiga olishga kelishib olguncha muzokaralar bir necha oy davom etdi. Monoray may oyida shahar hokimiyatiga 775,150 AQSh dollari (2019 yilda 4,89 million dollarga teng) narxida o'tkazilgan,[56] shundan 414 128 AQSh dollari qarzni kechirish shaklida bo'lgan.[139][140]

Sietl markazi yozgi mavsum uchun 1965 yil 1-iyunda qayta ish boshladi, monoray yo'l haqi ertasi kuni kattalar uchun ko'proq homiylarni jalb qilish uchun bir martalik sayohat uchun 25 sentga tushirdi.[141] Monorayning ish vaqti ish kunlari va shanba kunlari yarim tungacha uzaytirildi va iyun oyining birinchi haftasidagi yo'lovchilar o'tgan yilga nisbatan ikki baravar ko'paydi.[142] Monoray marshrut bo'ylab ko'chib o'tgan mulk egalari guruhi 1965 yilda shahar hukumatiga yo'nalish qurilishidan kelib chiqadigan qarashlarning yo'qolishi va yashashga yaroqli boshqa muammolar yuzasidan sudga murojaat qilishdi.[143] Ushbu da'vo 1968 yilda shahar tomonidan hal qilingan bo'lib, uning 82 ta mol-mulkiga engil va aviatsiya xizmatlari uchun 776 249 dollar sarflangan.[34][144]

1960-yillarning oxiriga kelib, monoray o'rtacha ish kunlarida o'rtacha 10 000 yo'lovchini va dam olish kunlari 14 000 yo'lovchini yoz mavsumi avjiga chiqdi.[145] Sietl tranzit tizimi 1973 yil 1 yanvargacha monorayning shartnoma operatori bo'lib qoldi va u singib ketdi. Sietl metropoliteni munitsipaliteti (Metro Transit), tuman bo'ylab tranzit tizimi. Sietl shahar hukumati monorayga egalik huquqini saqlab qoldi va Sietl markazi bo'limi mablag'lari hisobidan Metro Transit bilan operatsion shartnomani imzoladi.[24][146] Metro tranziti ostida monoray transport vositalarining raqamlari 6201 va 6202 raqamlariga o'zgartirildi va 1978 yilda yangi poyezd sxemasi berildi, shu jumladan qizil poezdni yashil poyezdga qayta bo'yash.[147][148] Qayta bo'yash a kelishi bilan rag'batlantirildi sayohat ko'rgazmasi fir'avn qabridan topilgan buyumlar bilan Tutanxamon Sietl markazida.[148] Ko'rgazma 1978 yilda 2,8 millionga yetgan monoray yo'lga qatnovchilarning ko'payishiga sabab bo'ldi.[34]

Ta'mirlash va saqlash

Oq-yashil monoray poyezd bir nechta vagonlar bilan shahar ko'chasida osilgan.
Qarag'ay ko'chasida joylashgan eski monoray terminal, 1982 yilda sharqdan ko'rinib turganidek

Westlake Mall-ning janubiy terminali dastlab qarag'ay ko'chasini bir qismi bo'ylab aylanib o'tgan katta stansiya edi Westlake Avenue jamoatchilikka aylantirildi plaza. Terminalda nishab bor edi yurish yo'lagi ko'cha balandligi va uchta baland platforma o'rtasida,[107] ular "taroqli" tom bilan yopilgan.[149][150] Westlake Mall-dagi plazma shaharning kengaytirilgan parki joylashgan joy sifatida izlandi, bu esa 1968 yil yanvarida boshlangan va 1968 yil aprelida yakunlangan monoray terminalning katta ta'mirlanishiga olib keldi.[151][152] Monoray xizmatlari arzonlashtirilgan xizmatlar bilan davom etdi, terminaldan keyin esa adolatli talabdan keyin keraksiz deb topilgan tashqi platformalarni olib tashlash va tomni oddiy dizayni bilan almashtirish hisobiga hajmi kamaytirildi.[150][153][154] 1974 yilda Westlake terminaliga 100 ming dollar miqdorida favqulodda ta'mirlash ishlari olib borilib, axlat yig'ib olgan platformalar ostidagi metall qalqonlarni almashtirish ishlari amalga oshirildi.[155]

Keyinchalik katta nomga ega bo'lgan shahar markazidagi parkni joylashtirish uchun katta ta'mir 1988 yilda tugallandi Westlake Park va qo'shni Westlake markazi savdo markazi va ofis majmuasi.[156] Qadimgi terminalni shaharning ma'muriyati Sietlning chakana savdo markazining 1960-yillarning oxiridan boshlab qayta qurish uchun shahar hukumati tomonidan qidirib topilgan hududga "zararli ta'sir" deb qarashgan.[156][157] Pine ko'chasining shimoliy qismida joylashgan savdo majmuasi uchun bir nechta takliflar shahar tomonidan 1970 yillarda ko'rib chiqilgan, jumladan mehmonxonalar, kinoteatrlar, potentsial uy. Sietl san'at muzeyi va yangi monoray terminal, ammo ular hech qachon amalga oshirilmadi.[156][158] Tabiatni muhofaza qilish faollari boshchiligidagi bir necha yillik sud jarayonlaridan so'ng, yangi taklif Rouse kompaniyasi va mahalliy ishlab chiqaruvchi 1985 yil oxirida qurilish uchun tasdiqlangan.[159][160]

Yangi taklif jamoat parkiga yo'l ochish uchun monoray terminalni buzishni o'z ichiga oladi, poezdlar esa savdo markaziga birlashtirilgan yangi bekatda to'xtaydi.[159][160] Dastlab stantsiyani boshqa joyga ko'chirish 1985 yilda rad etildi, chunki muhandislar monoray yo'llar muhim rekonstruksiya qilinmasdan stantsiyaga aylana olmasligini aniqladilar.[159] Shahar hokimiyati buning o'rniga ustunlarni 5-avenyu bo'ylab trotuarga ko'chirishni taklif qildi va a qo'lbola yo'l, bu ikki poyezdning bir vaqtning o'zida Westlake terminalidan foydalanishiga to'sqinlik qiladi va shahar maslahatchisi Jorj Benson tashqi yo'lga kirish uchun tortib olinadigan rampadan foydalanishni taklif qildi.[161] Savdo markazini qurish paytida monoray relslarning ishlashini davom ettirish uchun vaqtinchalik stantsiyadan foydalanish mumkin edi.[162] Monoray relslarni ko'chirish loyihasi 19 million dollarga baholandi (2019 yilda 39,1 million dollarga teng)[56] dastlab shahar ommaviy transport ma'muriyati tomonidan rad etilgan federal grantga katta ishonch bilan.[163][164] Shahar bir nechta variantlarni ko'rib chiqdi, shu jumladan bitta poezdni boshqarish, tizimni Tacoma-ga sotish yoki monorayni butunlay buzish,[165][166] ammo oxir-oqibat 1986 yil mart oyida tizimni saqlab qolish va 2,7 million dollar sarflashni tanladi (2019 yilda 5,45 million dollarga teng)[56] stantsiyani kapital ta'mirlash va boshqa ta'mirlashni dastlabki rejalashtirish to'g'risida.[167]

Bo'sh temir yo'llarni namoyish qilish uchun qisqartirilgan baland temir yo'lli shahar ko'chasi. Kirish uchun vaqtincha narvon va lift inshooti yon tomonga o'rnatildi.
Styuart ko'chasidagi shaharning vaqtinchalik terminali, 1987 yilda yo'lning janubiy qismi buzilgandan keyin tasvirlangan.

Federal hukumat 5,6 million dollarlik grant ajratdi (2019 yilda 11,3 million dollarga teng)[56] ko'chirish loyihasi uchun iyul oyi oxirida, 5-avenyu va Styuart ko'chasidagi vaqtinchalik terminal qurilishi boshlangandan ikki oy o'tgach.[168][169] Westlake savdo markazidagi eski terminal 1986 yil 1 sentyabrda doimiy ravishda yopilgan va keyingi ikki oy ichida buzib tashlangan.[170][171] Vaqtinchalik terminal va uning 140 metrlik (43 m) platformasi 1986 yil 17 sentyabrda ochilgan bo'lib, ikki hafta to'xtatib turilgandan so'ng monoray yo'l harakati davom etishi mumkin edi.[172] U g'arbiy yo'lning yonida, Styuart ko'chasida shimolga bir blokda qurilgan va faqat ko'k poyezdga xizmat qilgan.[173] Sietl shahar kengashi 7 million dollarlik mablag 'to'plamini yakunladi (2019 yilda 13,8 million dollarga teng)[56] Pine Street-da ishlagandan so'ng boshlanadigan doimiy terminalni qurish uchun 1987 yil mart oyida Sietl shahridagi tranzit tunnel qazishdan tashqari rivojlangan.[174][175]

Monoray yo'l loyihasida elektr tizimlarini takomillashtirish va Sietl markazi terminalini kengaytirish hamda ikkita poezdda ishlash ham bor edi.[176] Monoray temir yo'l loyihasi byudjyetdan 1,7 million dollarga (2019 yilda 3,35 million dollarga teng) yo'naltirilganidan so'ng, ichki makonni keng ko'lamli yangilash to'xtatildi.[56] va keyinchalik yangi panellar va pol taxtalarga aylantirildi.[177][178] Westlake Center savdo majmuasi 1988 yil 20 oktyabrda jamoatchilik uchun ochilgan, uchinchi qavatdagi yangi monoray terminali qo'shimcha qurilish uchun yopilishidan bir kun oldin vaqtincha foydalanilgan.[179] Rejalashtirilgan ochilishdan bir necha kun oldin muhandislar g'arbiy yo'l platforma va savdo markazining binosiga ikki dyuym (50 mm) yaqin bo'lganligini aniqladilar va undan foydalanishga to'sqinlik qildilar.[180] Ushbu kashfiyot terminalda tortib olinadigan minish rampasi sinov paytida ko'k poyezdni tirnaganida va to'g'ri yig'ilmasdan ochilgan menteşe pimi buzilishning sababi sifatida aniqlanganda aniqlandi.[181] Rampa noyabr oyida o'rnatilgandi, ammo boshqa texnik nosozliklar va xavfsizlik bo'yicha kengaytirilgan sinovlar yangi terminal stantsiyasining ochilishini to'rt oyga kechiktirdi.[182][183] Yangi Westlake Center monoray terminali 1989 yil 25 fevralda qizil poezdning xizmatga qaytishi bilan birga ochilgan.[184]

1994 yilda Metro Transit (keyinchalik King County Metro) va Sietl Markazi shahar bilan o'n yillik shartnoma tuzgan xususiy kompaniya tomonidan monoray yo'l operatori sifatida almashtirildi.[23] Metro ilgari haydovchilarni ta'minlagan va poezdlarga texnik xizmat ko'rsatgan, Sietl markazida esa chiptalar va tozalash ishchilari bo'lgan.[185] Chiziqning shimoliy uchi yaqinida, Music Project loyihasini tajriba qiling bino (hozir Pop madaniyati muzeyi ) 1998 yildan 2000 yilgacha monoray yo'llar ustida qurilgan.[186] Bino yo'llar inshoot markazidagi vodiydan o'tib, ko'rgazma maydonlarining derazalari yo'nalish yo'liga qaragan holda yaratilgan.[187][188] Monoray yo'llar va transport vositalari e'lon qilindi tarixiy belgi tomonidan Sietlning diqqatga sazovor joylarini saqlash kengashi 2003 yil aprel oyida a qismini buzish yoki almashtirish rejalari o'rtasida shahar bo'ylab monoray yo'llarni kengaytirish.[189] Iyul oyida shahar kengashi ikkita Alweg poezdini himoya qilishni ta'minlash uchun muhim farmonni qabul qildi, ammo uni kengaytirish loyihasida qayta foydalanishni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun yo'lni olib tashladi.[190]

Monoray temir yo'l uzoq muddatli yopilishni 2020 yil 16 martda boshlagan edi, chunki bu talab kamayganligi sababli Covid-19 pandemiyasi Sietl hududida.[191] U 28-may kuni cheklangan xizmat ko'rsatish va naqd chiptalarni sotishni to'xtatib turish bilan qayta ochildi, ammo Sietl shahridagi shahar markazidagi norozilik namoyishlari tufayli hafta oxiri yana yopildi.[192][193]

Rejalashtirilgan ishlanmalar

Monoray mintaqaviy tariflar tizimiga 2010-yillarning oxirlarida, uyali chiptalarni qabul qilishdan va keyinchalik ORCA kartasi 2019 yil oktyabrda.[20][21] Kapital ta'mirlash ishlari doirasida Iqlim garovi arenasi a Milliy xokkey ligasi jamoasi (keyinchalik Sietl Kraken ), 2021 yil sentyabrga qadar qurib bitkazilishi kerak bo'lgan yo'lda, ko'p sonli odamlarni qabul qilish uchun monoray stansiyalar yangilanadi. Westlake Center terminali soatiga 6000 kishini yangi tarif eshiklari va chiptalarni sotadigan avtomatlar ORCA kartalari va chiptalari uchun. Shuningdek, NHL jamoasi o'yinlarga qadar va keyin maydonga avtoulovlar safari sonini kamaytirish uchun ishtirokchilar uchun bepul tranzit yo'llanmalarini moliyalashtiradi.[194] Kengayish dasturining taklif qilingan ikkinchi bosqichi Pine Street plazasi va tranzit tunnel stantsiyasidan kirish yo'li bilan Westlake Center terminalida yopiq yo'lakchani va ikkinchi kirishni o'z ichiga oladi.[195] Xokkey jamoasiga egalik qiluvchi NHL Sietl ham Sietl Monorail Services kompaniyasining 50 foiz ulushini sotib olishini e'lon qildi.[196]

Kengaytirish bo'yicha takliflar

Monoray temir yo'lni kengaytirish bo'yicha bir necha bor taklif qilingan, birinchi navbatda uni shahar bo'ylab tezkor tranzit tizimiga aylantirish. 1961 yilda tadbirkor Ben B. Erlichman o'sha paytgacha qurib bitkazilmagan monorayni shimolga cho'zishni taklif qildi Aldervud Manor yoki Mountlake teras va janub tomon Sietl - Takoma xalqaro aeroporti, Kent va Renton. Dastlabki tizim 60 million dollar turadi (2019 yilda 401 million dollarga teng),[56] ikkinchisida xizmat ko'rsatishda Eastside mintaqa yangisidan foydalanib alohida quriladi suzuvchi ko'prik.[65] Sietl tranzit tizimining sobiq menejeri Marmion D. Mills 1963 yilda Sietlni Mountlake Terrace, Kent va aeroport bilan bog'laydigan o'zining monoray tizimini taklif qildi. Mills bu odatiy deb ta'kidladi metro tizim Sietl uchun juda qimmatga tushadi va boshqa alternativa kengaytiriladi Avtomagistral tarmoq.[197]

The Oldinga intilish Dasturga an'anaviy tezkor tranzit tizimiga xizmat ko'rsatuvchi saylov byulleteni kiritilgan King County federal mablag 'bilan, lekin 1968 va 1970 yillarda saylovchilar tomonidan rad etilgan.[198] Tezkor tranzit taklifini ishlab chiquvchilar monoray temir yo'lni mintaqaviy tarmoq bo'ylab uzaytirishni ko'rib chiqdilar, ammo u odatdagi poezdlar tomonidan taqdim etilgan kerakli sig'imga yoki moslashuvchanlikka ega bo'lmaydi.[199] Uchun mintaqaviy monoray reja tuzildi Puget Sound hukumatlar kengashi, 1976 yilda ABAM muhandislari tomonidan mintaqaviy rejalashtirish bo'yicha vakolatxona Walt Disney World Monoray tizimi Florida va bir nechta avtomatlashtirilgan odamlar harakat qiladi AQSh aeroportlari uchun tizimlar, 83 million millik (134 km) tarmoqni 41 stansiya va 700 ta monoray transport vositalarini qurishni nazarda tutgan, bu 500 million dollar turadi (2019 yilda 1,78 milliard dollarga teng).[56][200] Taklif PSCOG tomonidan ko'rib chiqilishi uchun taqdim etilmagan.[201]

Shahar hukumati 1970 yilda monorayni avtoulov garajigacha uzaytirish bo'yicha o'z rejasini e'lon qildi Merser ko'chasi sayt yaqinida taklif qilingan stadion, but it was shelved after a different site was chosen for the stadium.[202][203] A new study was commissioned by the Seattle city government in 1979 to examine improvements to the monorail system, including a closed loop around the Seattle Center campus and an to'ldirish stantsiyasi ichida Denni Regrade Turar joy dahasi.[201] A full conversion into an automated people mover with smaller vehicles was also studied as part of the improvement program.[204][205] The revived interest in the monorail was sparked by the 1970-yillarda energetika inqirozi and subsequent availability of federal funding for transit projects, but the Seattle proposals were rejected by the Shahar ommaviy tranzit ma'muriyati.[34][206]

ETC and Seattle Monorail Project

Shuningdek qarang: Sietl Monoray loyihasi

The Viloyat tranzit boshqarmasi (later Sound Transit) was formed in 1993 to create a regional engil temir yo'l system for the Seattle area, which was ratified by voters in November 1996. A separate proposal to build a citywide monorail system was conceived in 1996 by Dick Falkenbury, a taxi driver who submitted a byulleten tashabbusi after a signature-gathering campaign.[207] Falkenbury's proposal envisioned an "X"-shaped system with service from Downtown Seattle to Ballard, Leyk Siti, Rainier vodiysi va G'arbiy Sietl, which would cost $850 million to construct (equivalent to $1.3 billion in 2019 dollars).[56][208][209] The monorail plan, named Initiative 41, was approved by 53 percent of voters in a general election on November 4, 1997, creating the Elevated Transportation Company (ETC) to seek financing.[210]

The city government appointed a board for the ETC (later renamed the Seattle Monorail Project) and funded early planning work, but did not agree to fund a $4 million feasibility study in 2000.[211] The original monorail initiative was repealed and replaced by a new plan approved by voters in November 2000, which included $6 million on a study.[212] The first corridor, the 14-mile (23 km) "Green Line" from West Seattle to Ballard, was estimated to cost $1.75 billion and be funded by a motor vehicle excise tax. The tax was adopted through a ballot measure that was narrowly approved by voters in the November 2002 election, creating the Seattle Popular Monorail Authority to manage the program.[213]

The monorail project initially attracted two bids led by Xitachi va Bombardir, but both pulled out in April 2004 over cost concerns and availability of local contractors.[214] The project was also stymied by tax revenue that was lower than expected and design changes to keep construction costs within the proposed budget and open by 2009—a two-year delay from the original plan.[215] A recall measure on the November 2004 ballot aimed to prevent monorail construction, but it was rejected by voters and allowed the expansion project to continue.[216] The monorail operator reached a tentative agreement with Cascadia Monorail to build the system in June 2005, but had not published the full financial analysis required by the city government before construction was permitted to begin.[217] A revised cost estimate of $11 billion, including debt payments until 2050, was unveiled later that month and withdrawn by the Seattle Monorail Project after public criticism from elected officials.[218] The monorail project was abandoned after a fifth ballot initiative in November 2005, including a $4.9 billion financing plan for a 10-mile (16 km) line, was rejected by 64 percent of voters.[219][220] The Seattle Monorail Project was formally dissolved in January 2008, having spent $124.7 million on planning and property acquisition.[221]

Baxtsiz hodisalar va hodisalar

Tarmoq yo'lida o'zaro to'qnashgan ikkita monoray avtomashinaning tungi ko'rinishi
Aftermath of the November 2005 collision near the Westlake Center terminal in Downtown Seattle

On October 20, 1962, the penultimate day of the Century 21 Exposition, the red train struck a bumper stop at the Westlake terminal—the first accident on the monorail system. None of the 400 passengers were injured, but the window and nose of the train were damaged, requiring a patch and two hours of repairs before returning to service.[222] The red train was damaged in a similar manner on August 14, 1963, striking the Westlake terminal's bumper while on a test run after the first set of brakes failed.[223]

The first major accident involving the monorail occurred on July 25, 1971, when the red train struck a girder at the end of the track in the Seattle Center terminal at 15 to 20 mph (24 to 32 km/h).[224] The crash was caused by a brake failure and injured 26 of the 40 passengers on board the train.[225][226] The red train was lifted off the track and moved to a Seattle Transit System maintenance facility in August for a complete rebuild of the front car, which cost $100,000 (equivalent to $493,000 in 2019 dollars)[56] and was completed in June 1973 with the help of translated loyihalar from Alweg.[227][228] One maintenance worker was killed during the repairs after falling into a pit under the vehicle.[229]

A similar brake failure on the blue train occurred on May 21, 1979, which injured 15 people at the Seattle Center terminal. The monorail's brake system was not found to be at fault, but the disabling of the onboard speed control system was criticized by city officials.[230][231] The monorail struck a bumper at the temporary downtown terminal on August 27, 1987, causing no injuries but breaking the glass window, which fell onto a parked car below. The incident was later blamed on driver error.[232][233]

On May 31, 2004, a fire broke out on the blue train as it passed through the Experience Music Project with 150 people aboard, of whom eight suffered minor injuries.[234] Passengers were evacuated using the red train, which traveled back to the Seattle Center terminal, and via ladders deployed by the Sietl yong'in xizmati. The fire was determined to have been caused by a snapped qo'zg'aysan milini that broke and damaged a kollektor poyafzali, which began to qisqa tutashuv. The electrical current melted through the shoe's aluminum housing and arced, causing sparks that ignited the undercarriage's grease and oil, creating a fire that entered the interior and ignited the seat cushions.[235] The red train re-entered service on December 16, while the blue train returned on May 2, 2005, after extensive repairs.[235][236]

The two monorail trains clipped one another on the curve above 5th Avenue and Olive Way near the Westlake Center terminal on November 26, 2005, at around 7:10 p.m. The collision was caused by the southbound blue train, which failed to yield while entering a qo'lbola yo'l north of Westlake that was created by the 1988 renovation.[13][237] The two trains had 84 total passengers who were evacuated by firetruck ladders, including two people who were hospitalized with minor injuries.[238] Within a week, the trains were separated and towed via crane to the Seattle Center terminal to undergo extensive repairs that cost $4.64 million (equivalent to $5.79 million in 2019 dollars),[56] funded through an insurance payout and contributions from the federal government and private monorail operator.[239][240] A new set of nine aluminum doors—eight for the red train and one for the blue train—were constructed by the props department of the Sietl operasi ularning Renton warehouse instead of a traditional contractor.[241] The monorail was initially expected to resume service on July 18, 2006, but problems found in last minute testing delayed the start of service to August 11.[242][243]

Ommaviy madaniyat

The Seattle Center Monorail is considered an iconic landmark for the city of Seattle, alongside the Space Needle, and among the most popular turistik diqqatga sazovor joylar shtatda.[28][244] It was featured in the 1963 musical film Bu Butunjahon ko'rgazmasida sodir bo'ldi, qaysi yulduzcha Elvis Presli and was filmed during the Century 21 Exposition.[8] The monorail and Space Needle were also depicted on the cover of Hayot magazine and on commemorative stamps and coins issued during the world's fair in 1962.[245][246] The Monoray Espresso coffeehouse was named in honor of the monorail and originally began under the Westlake terminal in 1980 as the first downtown coffee cart.[247][248]

Shuningdek qarang

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  130. ^ "Center Corp. Takes Over Monorail". Sietl Tayms. June 3, 1963. p. 3.
  131. ^ Patty, Stanton H. (September 13, 1964). "City, Century 21 Corp. In Life-of-Death Talks". Sietl Tayms. p. 1.
  132. ^ "Innovation: Ticket-Takers On Monorail Trains". Sietl Tayms. 1964 yil 16 oktyabr. P. 4.
  133. ^ Patty, Stanton H. (December 8, 1964). "C-21 Corp. Plagued by Finances, Other Problems". Sietl Tayms. p. 7.
  134. ^ Patty, Stanton H. (December 28, 1964). "Official Ending: Liquidating Trustees To Give Final Report On World's Fair". Sietl Tayms. p. 32.
  135. ^ Patty, Stanton H. (April 6, 1965). "City Sets Stage For Center Change-Over". Sietl Tayms. p. 18.
  136. ^ "Greater Seattle Takes Over Center's Promotional Activity". Sietl Tayms. 1965 yil 5-may. 12.
  137. ^ "Center Will Open Tomorrow; Monorail Fare Cut Tuesday". Sietl Tayms. May 30, 1965. p. 11.
  138. ^ "Monorail Thrives On Lower Fares". Sietl Tayms. June 8, 1965. p. 43.
  139. ^ Moody, Dick (February 14, 1965). "Counsel Reports Monorail Purchase Won't Affect Suits". Sietl Tayms. p. 10.
  140. ^ "Monorail Cost City $776,249". Sietl Tayms. 1968 yil 8 iyun. P. 12.
  141. ^ "Monorails Near 400,000-Mile Mark". Sietl Tayms. 1969 yil 19 oktyabr. P. 32.
  142. ^ "Metro OK's contracts with two transit lines". Sietl Tayms. 1972 yil 8 dekabr. P. E7.
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  147. ^ "Work Begins On Monorail Terminal". Sietl Tayms. 1968 yil 24-yanvar. P. 18.
  148. ^ "Central Association Report Lists 61 Major City Projects". Sietl Tayms. May 12, 1968. p. C6.
  149. ^ "Monorail Terminal Is Getting Smaller". Sietl Tayms. 11 mart 1968 yil. 51.
  150. ^ "Work to Begin On Monorail Terminal". Sietl Tayms. January 5, 1968. p. 4.
  151. ^ "Fast action hoped for repair of terminal". Sietl Tayms. 1974 yil 3-iyul. P. A4.
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  154. ^ Rinearson, Peter (October 23, 1979). "Council clears mall plan, with a hitch". Sietl Tayms. p. A14.
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  164. ^ Schaefer, David (June 4, 1986). "Westlake Mall 'off and running'". Sietl Tayms. p. A1.
  165. ^ "Seattle gets grant to move the monorail". Sietl Tayms. 1986 yil 25 iyul. D1.
  166. ^ "Monorail to close for two weeks". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. 1986 yil 1 sentyabr. D1.
  167. ^ Fair, Don (September 6, 1986). "Monorail station won't fall easily—or cheaply". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. p. A3.
  168. ^ "Monorail gets rolling once again". Sietl Tayms. September 18, 1986. p. B2.
  169. ^ Gordon (2003), p. 16.
  170. ^ Maier, Scott (March 10, 1987). "Westlake foes dealt a setback". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. p. D1.
  171. ^ Carlton, Debera (May 13, 1987). "The bite of Seattle: below us monsters will roar". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. p. A8.
  172. ^ Gordon (2003), 15-17 betlar.
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  174. ^ "Monorail service set to resume". Sietl Tayms. 1988 yil 16 oktyabr. P. D5.
  175. ^ Hunt, Judi (October 18, 1988). "Officials promise Westlake Center will open on time, finished or not". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. p. C1.
  176. ^ Gorlick, Arthur C. (October 20, 1988). "A tight spot for monorail: Surprise, surprise! It's 2 inches too close to the Westlake Center". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. p. A1.
  177. ^ Lane, Polly (October 20, 1988). "Westlake Center station proves tight fit: It scratched the monorail". Sietl Tayms. p. A1.
  178. ^ Wallace, James (November 11, 1988). "Monorail project back on track – Westlake Center platform fixed, but waterfall plans spring leak". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. p. B2.
  179. ^ Wallace, James (January 13, 1989). "Engineers still on a glitch-hunt at Westlake Center monorail station". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. p. B1.
  180. ^ "Westlake monorail opening". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. February 25, 1989. p. B1.
  181. ^ Angelos, Constantine (December 1, 1993). "Private monorail could bring city $74,000 in a year". Sietl Tayms. p. B3.
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  183. ^ Parvaz, D. (September 2, 1999). "A new level of experience: Paul Allen's high-tech rock 'n' roll museum is really taking shape". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. p. E1.
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  187. ^ "Effective March 16, 2020 at 7pm, Monorail Temporarily Closed". Sietl markazi Monoray. Seattle Monorail Services. 2020 yil 16 mart. Olingan 16 mart, 2020.
  188. ^ Charles, Alfred (May 29, 2020). "Seattle's iconic monorail service, halted because of COVID-19, running again". KOMO yangiliklari. Olingan 30 may, 2020.
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  196. ^ Rowe, Cliff (February 23, 1976). "Not now; maybe later?". Sietl Tayms. p. A13.
  197. ^ a b Reiner, Cathy (August 8, 1979). "Rapid-transit plan rises from the dust". Sietl Tayms. p. H1.
  198. ^ "City to Offer Traffic Plan". Sietl Tayms. March 13, 1970. p. A9.
  199. ^ Rockne, Dick (July 26, 1970). "Stadium Proposal Resubmitted". Sietl Tayms. p. C5.
  200. ^ "City wants Metro OK of Monorail extension". Sietl Tayms. 1977 yil 18-avgust. P. A9.
  201. ^ Lane, Bob (January 6, 1978). "People mover: Seattle invited to seek planning grant for Monorail". Sietl Tayms. p. B2.
  202. ^ Fancher, Michael R. (March 1, 1979). "Monorail perks planners' interest again". Sietl Tayms. p. B5.
  203. ^ McDermott, Terry (July 4, 1996). "A gridlocked city could take the monorail to new lengths". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. p. B1.
  204. ^ Godden, Jean (November 8, 1996). "Monorail X plan is still RTA plan B". Sietl Tayms. p. B1.
  205. ^ Modie, Neil (November 14, 1996). "Monorail extension up for vote". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. p. B1.
  206. ^ Crowley, Walt (April 14, 2003). "Seattle voters approve Initiative 41 Monorail plan on November 4, 1997". HistoryLink. Olingan 3 mart, 2020.
  207. ^ Murakami, Kery; Foster, George (May 31, 2000). "City council kills monorail vote". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. p. B1.
  208. ^ Garber, Andrew (November 9, 2000). "Voters seem ready to hop on buses and monorail". Sietl Tayms. p. B7.
  209. ^ Lindblom, Mike (November 24, 2002). "Follow the Green Line: SPMA gears up for building the 14-mile, $1.75 billion system". Sietl Tayms. p. B1.
  210. ^ Lange, Larry (April 19, 2004). "Monorail team hit by firms' pullout". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. Olingan 20 mart, 2020.
  211. ^ Skolnik, Sam (July 15, 2004). "Monorail opening is delayed". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. p. A1. Olingan 20 mart, 2020.
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  219. ^ "Bumper Bumped: Repairs Rushed on Monorail Train Damaged in Crash". Sietl Tayms. 1963 yil 15-avgust. P. 31.
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  223. ^ "Monorail's red train goes back on track". Sietl Tayms. June 6, 1973. p. B4.
  224. ^ "Red Monorail train may be out til September". Sietl Tayms. April 30, 1972. p. B6.
  225. ^ "Mechanic hurt in Monorail fall, dies". Sietl Tayms. March 10, 1972. p. A14.
  226. ^ Walker, Wendy (May 23, 1979). "Monorail brake system to be inspected". Sietl Tayms. p. A14.
  227. ^ Gilmore, Susan (June 8, 1979). "Monorail speed-control device designed, never used". Sietl Tayms. p. A6.
  228. ^ Morrow, Theresa (August 28, 1987). "Bang! Monorail hits wall with shower of glass". Sietl Tayms. p. B1.
  229. ^ "Metro blames driver for monorail accident". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. September 5, 1987. p. A1.
  230. ^ Turnbull, Lornet (June 1, 2004). "Fire shuts down monorail; riders flee smoke-filled train". Sietl Tayms. p. A1. Olingan 5 mart, 2020.
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  242. ^ "National Magazine Again Features Fair". Sietl Tayms. 1962 yil 3 may. A.
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  244. ^ Allison, Melissa (February 23, 2010). "Last call for coffee carts". Sietl Tayms. p. A1. Olingan 7 mart, 2020.

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