Sun Ra - Sun Ra

Ushbu maqola jaz musiqachisi Sun Ra haqida. Yuqorida Sun Rise (Sun R. A.) uchun rap ijrochisi qarang Yuqorida quyosh chiqishi.
Sun Ra
Sun Ra Yangi Angliya musiqa konservatoriyasida, 1992 yil 27 fevral
Sun Ra Yangi Angliya musiqa konservatoriyasi, 1992 yil 27 fevral
Ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan kunning ismiHerman Poole Blount
Shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilganLe Sony'r Ra (qonuniy nomi )
Tug'ilgan(1914-05-22)1914 yil 22-may
Birmingem, Alabama, BIZ.
O'ldi1993 yil 30-may(1993-05-30) (79 yosh)
Birmingem, Alabama, AQSh
JanrlarAvangard jazz, bepul jazz, jaz birlashmasi, eksperimental, bebop, kosmik musiqa[1]
Kasb (lar)Bandlider, bastakor, aranjirovkachi, rassom, shoir
AsboblarPianino, organ, klaviatura, Minimoog, selesta, perkussiya, vokal
Faol yillar1934–1993
YorliqlarEl Saturn Records, Thoth galaktikalararo, Impuls!, MPS, ESP-disk, Qora avliyo, A & M, Leo, Tuzuvchi
Birlashtirilgan aktlarArkestra

Le Sony'r Ra[2] (tug'ilgan Herman Poole Blount, 1914 yil 22-may - 1993 yil 30-may), sifatida tanilgan Sun Ra, amerikalik edi jazz bastakor, guruh ijrochisi, pianino va sintezator o'yinchi va shoiri uning uchun tanilgan eksperimental musiqa, "kosmik" falsafa, serhosil chiqish va teatrlashtirilgan tomoshalar. Faoliyatining ko'p qismida Ra doimiy o'zgarib turadigan va moslashuvchan tarkibga ega bo'lgan "Arkestra" ansamblini boshqargan.

Tug'ilgan va o'sgan Alabama, Blount bu bilan shug'ullana boshladi Chikago 1940 yillarning oxirlarida jaz sahnasi. Tez orada u o'zining tug'ilgan ismidan voz kechib, Le Sony'r Ra ismini oldi va Sun Ra-ga qisqartirildi (keyin Ra, Quyoshning Misr xudosi). Chet ellik deb da'vo qilish Saturn tinchlikni targ'ib qilish vazifasida u afsonaviy shaxsni va o'ziga xos kredoni yaratdi, bu uni kashshof qildi Afrofuturizm.[3] Butun hayoti davomida u o'zining oldingi shaxsiga aloqadorligini rad etib, "Men Ra dan boshqa ismlarni ishlatsam, u taxallusdir" deb aytgan.[4]

Uning keng eklektik va avangard musiqa jazning butun tarixini aks ettirgan latta va Nyu-Orleanning erta jazzlari, to belanchak musiqasi, bebop, bepul jazz va birlashma. Uning kompozitsiyalari klaviatura yakkaxonlaridan tortib to asarlariga qadar bo'lgan katta guruhlar 30 dan ortiq musiqachilar, shuningdek, elektron ekskursiyalar, qo'shiqlar, qo'shiqlar, zarbalar va madhiyalar. 1950-yillarning o'rtalaridan boshlab vafotigacha Ra "Arkestra" musiqiy jamoasini boshqargan (u kabi rassomlar ishtirok etgan) Marshall Allen, Jon Gilmor va Iyun Tayson uning turli xil takrorlashlari davomida). Uning chiqishlarida ko'pincha raqsga tushgan kiyingan raqqoslar va musiqachilar qatnashgan, futuristik dan ilhomlangan kostyumlar qadimgi Misr kiyim va Kosmik asr. (1992 yilda Ra kasallikdan majburan nafaqaga chiqqanidan so'ng, guruh Sun Ra Arkestra sifatida faol bo'lib qoldi va 2018 yildan boshlab Ra faxriysi sardori Marshal Allen boshchiligida faoliyatini davom ettirmoqda.)[5]

Garchi uning asosiy muvaffaqiyati cheklangan bo'lsa-da, Sun Ra serqirra yozuvchi va tez-tez jonli ijrochi bo'lgan va butun hayoti davomida musiqasi va shaxsiyati uchun ta'sirli bo'lib qolgan.[6] U endi keng tarqalgan bo'lib novator deb hisoblanadi; uning ajralib turadigan jihatlari orasida kashshoflik faoliyati ham bor bepul improvizatsiya va modal jaz va uning erta ishlatilishi elektron klaviatura va sintezatorlar.[6][7] Faoliyati davomida u o'nlab singllarni va yuzdan ortiq to'liq metrajli albomlarni yozdi, ular 1000 dan ortiq qo'shiqlardan iborat bo'lib, uni 20-asrning eng sermahsul yozuvchi rassomlaridan biriga aylantirdi.[8]

Biografiya

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

U 1914 yil 22-mayda Xerman Blountda tug'ilgan Birmingem, Alabama, uning biografi tomonidan kashf etilganidek, Jon F. Shved va uning 1998 yilgi kitobida nashr etilgan.[9] U mashhurlarning nomi bilan atalgan vedvil sahna sehrgari Qora Xerman, onasini chuqur taassurot qoldirgan.[9] U bolaligidanoq "Sonni" laqabini olgan, katta opasi va o'gay ukasi bo'lgan va onasi va buvisi uni yaxshi ko'rishgan.

O'nlab yillar davomida Sun Raning dastlabki hayoti haqida juda kam narsa ma'lum edi va u uning siriga hissa qo'shdi. O'zini ixtiro qilgan kishi sifatida u shaxsiy savollariga muntazam ravishda qochib, qarama-qarshi yoki bema'ni ko'rinadigan javoblarni berib, tug'ilgan ismini rad etdi.[9] U shunchaki yarim hazil bilan, keyinchalik uzoq vaqt davomida Elijya Puul bilan yaqin qarindosh ekanligi haqida taxmin qildi Ilyos Muhammad, rahbari Islom millati.[9][10] Uning tug'ilgan yillari noma'lum bo'lib qoldi, chunki uning da'volari 1910 yildan 1918 yilgacha bo'lgan. Uning o'limidan bir necha yil oldin Sun Ra tug'ilgan kun hali ham sir bo'lib qoldi. Jim Makni uchun qaydlar Moviy zavq (1989) Sun Ra taxminan 75 yoshda ekanligiga ishonishgan. Ammo Szved o'zining dastlabki hayoti to'g'risida juda ko'p ma'lumotni topa oldi va tug'ilgan kunini 1914 yil 22-mayda tasdiqladi.

Bolaligida Blount mohir pianinochi edi. 11 yoki 12 yoshida u bastakorlik qilmoqda[11] va ko'rish o'qish musiqa. Birmingem gastrol safarlarida muhim to'xtash joyi bo'lgan va u kabi taniqli musiqachilarni ko'rgan Fletcher Xenderson, Dyuk Ellington va Fats Waller va boshqalar endi unutilgan. Bir paytlar Sun Ra shunday degan edi: "Dunyo ko'plab yaxshi musiqachilarni qo'yib yubordi".[12]

O'smirlik davrida Blount dahshatli musiqiy iste'dodni namoyish etdi: tanishlaringga ko'ra, u ko'p marta borgan katta guruh spektakllari namoyish etildi va keyin guruhlarning qo'shiqlarining to'liq transkripsiyalari xotiradan chiqarildi. O'smirning o'rtalarida, Blount yakkaxon pianistachi yoki turli guruhlarning a'zosi sifatida yarim professional ijro etgan. maxsus jazz va Ar-ge guruhlar. U Birmingemning ajratilgan sanoat litseyida (hozirgi nomi bilan tanilgan) qatnashgan Parker o'rta maktabi ), u erda musiqa o'qituvchisi Jon T. "Fess" Uotlidan o'qigan, talabchan intizomchi, keng hurmatga sazovor bo'lgan va uning sinflari ko'plab professional musiqachilarni yaratgan.

Garchi chuqur dindor bo'lsa-da, uning oilasi rasmiy ravishda hech qanday xristian cherkovi yoki mazhabi bilan bog'liq emas edi. Blountning o'rta maktabda yaqin do'stlari kam yoki umuman yo'q edi, lekin ularni xushmuomala va sokin, deb eslashadi faxriy yorliq talaba va ashaddiy o'quvchi. U Qora imkoniyatidan foydalandi Masonik turar joy afroamerikaliklar kitoblarni cheksiz olish imkoniga ega bo'lgan Birmingemdagi oz sonli joylardan biri sifatida. Uning to'plami Masonluk va boshqa ezoterik tushunchalar unga kuchli taassurot qoldirdi.[13]

O'smirligida Blount azob chekdi kriptorxizm.[14] Bu unga deyarli doimo noqulaylik tug'dirdi, ba'zida qattiq og'riq paydo bo'ldi.[9] Szvedning ta'kidlashicha, Blount bundan uyalgan va bu holat uning ajralib ketishiga yordam bergan.[9]

Dastlabki kasbiy martaba va kollej

1934 yilda Blountga o'zining birinchi to'liq kunlik musiqiy ishi taklif qilindi Ethel Xarper, uning xonandalik faoliyatini boshlash uchun guruhni tashkil etgan o'rta maktabning biologiya o'qituvchisi. Blount musiqachilar safiga qo'shildi. kasaba uyushmasi va Harper guruhi bilan AQSh bo'ylab sayohat qildilar Janubi-sharqiy va O'rta g'arbiy. Harper guruhdan Nyu-Yorkka ko'chish uchun guruhni tark etganida (u keyinchalik "Ginger Snaps" kamtarona qo'shiq guruhining a'zosi edi), Blount guruhni "Sonny Blount Orchestra" deb o'zgartirib, rahbarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi. Ular bir necha oy davomida gastrol safarlarini davom ettirdilar, chunki ular foydasiz deb eriguncha. Sonni Blount orkestrining birinchi nashri moliyaviy jihatdan muvaffaqiyatga erishmagan bo'lsa-da, ular muxlislar va boshqa musiqachilarning ijobiy e'tiboriga sazovor bo'lishdi. Keyinchalik Blount Birmingemda musiqachi sifatida doimiy ish topdi.

Birmingem klublari ko'pincha ekzotik tuzoqlarni, masalan, yorqin yorug'lik va tropik yoki voha manzaralari bilan rasmlarni namoyish etishgan. Ba'zilar, bu Sun Ra o'zining keyingi bosqichlarida namoyish etilgan elementlarga ta'sir qilgan deb hisoblashadi. Katta guruhlarda o'ynash qora tanli musiqachilarga mag'rurlik va hamjihatlik hissini bag'ishladi va ular qora tanli jamoalarda juda hurmatga sazovor bo'lishdi. Ular intizomli va ko'rgazmali bo'lishlarini kutishgan va ajratilgan janubda qora tanli musiqachilar oq tanli jamiyatda keng qabul qilingan. Ular ko'pincha oq tanli jamiyatning tomoshabinlari uchun o'ynashgan (garchi ularga odatda tomoshabinlar bilan muloqot qilish taqiqlangan bo'lsa).

1936 yilda Uotlining shafoati Blountga stipendiya berilishiga olib keldi Alabama qishloq xo'jaligi va mexanika universiteti. U musiqa ta'limi yo'nalishi bo'yicha, kompozitsiya, orkestratsiya va musiqa nazariyasini o'rgangan. Bir yildan keyin u maktabni tashlab ketdi.

Saturnga sayohat

Tez orada Sun Ra kollejni tark etdi, chunki uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u kollej talabasi sifatida unga uzoq muddatli ta'sir ko'rsatadigan vizyoner tajribaga ega edi. 1936 yoki 1937 yillarda, chuqur diniy kontsentratsiya davrida Sun Ra atrofida yorqin nur paydo bo'lgan deb da'vo qildi va keyinchalik aytganidek:

Butun vujudim boshqa narsaga o'zgarib ketdi. Men o'zim orqali ko'rdim. Va men yuqoriga ko'tarildim ... Men odam qiyofasida emas edim ... O'zim tanigan sayyoraga tushdim Saturn... ular teleportatsiya qilingan men va men ular bilan birga [a] sahnada edik. Ular men bilan gaplashmoqchi edilar. Ularning har bir qulog'ida bitta kichkina antenna bor edi. Har bir ko'z ustiga kichik antenna. Ular men bilan gaplashdilar. Ular menga [kollejga borishni] to'xtatishimni aytdilar, chunki maktablarda katta muammolar bo'ladi ... dunyo butunlay betartiblikka aylanmoqda ... men [musiqa orqali] gaplashar edim va dunyo tinglar edi. Menga shuni aytishdi.[15]

Sun Ra bu voqea 1936 yoki 1937 yillarda sodir bo'lganligini aytdi. Szvedning so'zlariga ko'ra, musiqachining eng yaqin sheriklari bu voqeani 1952 yildan ilgari aniqlay olmaydilar. (Sun Ra, shuningdek, voqea u Chikagoda yashagan paytida sodir bo'lganligini aytdi. 1940 yillarning oxiriga qadar). Sun Ra hayotining oxirigacha hech qanday o'zgarishsiz, vizyonni muhokama qildi. Uning Saturnga sayohati o'n yil oldin sodir bo'lgan uchar likopchalar 1947 yilgi uchrashuv bilan jamoatchilik ongiga kirdi Kennet Arnold. Bu boshqa jamoat hisoblaridan oldinroq edi: taxminan 15 yil oldin Jorj Adamski xayrixoh mavjudotlar bilan aloqa qilish to'g'risida yozgan; va 1961 yilgi ishdan deyarli 20 yil oldin Barni va Betti Xill, kim yomon deb aytdi NUJni o'g'irlash. Szved buni "hatto bu voqea bo'lsa ham revizionist avtobiografiya ... Sonni hayotining bir nechta turlarini birlashtirgan. U ikkalasi ham o'z kelajagini bashorat qilar edi va o'tmishini shaxsiy mifologiyaning yagona harakati bilan tushuntirar edi. "[16]

Musiqaga yangi sadoqat (30-yillarning oxiri)

Kollejni tugatgandan so'ng, Blount Birmingemdagi eng sadoqatli musiqachi sifatida tanildi. U kamdan-kam hollarda uxlardi Tomas Edison, Leonardo da Vinchi va Napoleon yuqori mahsuldor mushuk-nappers sifatida. U oilasining uyining birinchi qavatini konservatoriya-ustaxonaga aylantirdi, u erda qo'shiqlar yozdi, yozuvlarni yozdi, tashqariga chiqib ketgan musiqachilar bilan mashq qildi va kim bilan qiziqsa, Muqaddas Kitob va ezoterik tushunchalarni muhokama qildi.[17]

Blount Birmingemning Forbes fortepiano kompaniyasida, oq tanli kompaniyada doimiy bo'lib ishlagan. Blount deyarli har kuni Forbes binosiga tashrif buyurib, musiqa ijro etdi, xodimlar va mijozlar bilan fikr almashdi yoki nota daftarlariga nusxa ko'chirdi.[18] U yangi guruh tuzdi va eski ustozi Uotli singari har kuni qattiq mashq qilishni talab qildi. Yangi Sonni Blount orkestri turli xil uslublarda teng mahorat bilan o'ynay oladigan ta'sirchan, intizomli guruh sifatida shuhrat qozondi.

Loyihalash va urush davridagi tajribalar

1942 yil oktyabrda Blount a selektiv xizmat u bo'lganligi to'g'risida xabarnoma chaqirilgan ichiga Qo'shma Shtatlar harbiy. U o'zini tezda e'lon qildi vijdonan voz kechish, urush va qotillikka diniy e'tirozlar, katta ammasi Ida va uning surunkali churrasini moddiy qo'llab-quvvatlashini keltirib. Mahalliy chaqiruv komissiyasi uning da'vosini rad etdi. Milliy chaqiruv kengashiga qilgan murojaatida, Blount chaqiruv komissiyasida qora tanli odamlar yo'qligi "zararli" deb yozgan Gitlerizm."[19] Sonining harbiy xizmatga borishdan bosh tortishi uning oilasini chuqur xijolat qildi va ko'plab qarindoshlar uni chetlab o'tdilar. Oxir-oqibat u muqobil xizmatga tasdiqlandi Fuqarolik davlat xizmati qarorgoh Pensilvaniya, ammo u 1942 yil 8 dekabrda talab qilingan lagerga kelmadi. Ko'p o'tmay, u Alabamada hibsga olindi.

Sudda Blount muqobil xizmat qabul qilinishi mumkin emasligini aytdi; u sudyani qonunlar va Injil talqini bo'yicha bahslashdi. Sudya Blount qonunni buzayotgani va AQSh armiyasiga chaqirilishi xavfi ostida bo'lgan deb qaror qildi. Blount javobgarlikka tortilsa, u birinchi darajali harbiy zobitni o'ldirish uchun harbiy qurol va mashg'ulotlardan foydalanishini aytdi. Sudya Blountni qamoq jazosiga hukm qildi (chaqiruv komissiyasi va CPS qarorlari kutilmoqda) va keyin: "Men ilgari siz kabi zanjirni ko'rmaganman" dedi. Blount shunday javob berdi: "Yo'q, va endi boshqa hech qachon bo'lmaydi".[20]

1943 yil yanvar oyida Blount yozgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Marshallari xizmati dan Alabama shtatidagi Uoker okrugi qamoqxona Jasper. U a ga duch kelganini aytdi asab buzilishi qamoqdagi stressdan, u o'z joniga qasd qilganligidan va doimiy ravishda jinsiy tajovuzdan qo'rqqanidan. 1943 yil fevral oyida uning vijdonan voz kechganligi yana tasdiqlanganda, u Pensilvaniya shahriga kuzatib qo'yildi. U kun davomida tayinlangan o'rmon xo'jaligi ishlarini olib bordi va kechasi pianino chalishga ruxsat berildi. U erdagi psixiatrlar uni "a psixopatik shaxsiyat [va] jinsiy yo'l bilan buzuq ", shuningdek," yaxshi ma'lumotli rangli intellektual "sifatida.[21]

1943 yil mart oyida chaqiruv kengashi Blountni qayta tasnifladi 4-F churrasi tufayli va u g'azablanib, g'azablanib Birmingemga qaytib keldi. U yangi guruh tuzdi va tez orada professional tarzda o'ynadi. 1945 yilda uning sevimli ammasi Ida vafot etganidan so'ng, Blount Birmingemda qolish uchun hech qanday sabab ko'rmadi. U guruhni tarqatib yubordi va Chikagoga ko'chib o'tdi Ikkinchi buyuk migratsiya, davomida va undan keyin shimolga ko'chib o'tgan janubiy afroamerikaliklar Ikkinchi jahon urushi.

Chikago yillari (1945–61)

Chikagoda Blount tezda ish topdi, ayniqsa blyuz qo'shiqchisi bilan Uynoni Xarris, kim bilan u 1946 yakkalik singari yozuvlarini debyut qildi, Boogie-ni qazib oling/Kambag'al uyni chaqmoq urdi,[22] va Mening chaqalog'imning ariqchasi/O'zim ichaman. Boogie-ni qazib oling shuningdek, Blountning pianinoga yozilgan birinchi yakkaxoni edi. U mahalliy muvaffaqiyatli ishtirok etdi Lil Yashil guruhi va bir necha oy davomida notekis musiqa chaldi Kalumet Siti striptiz klublari.

1946 yil avgustda Blount uzoq vaqt davomida ish olib bordi DeLisa klubi bandleyder va bastakor ostida Fletcher Xenderson. Blount uzoq vaqtdan beri Xendersonni hayratda qoldirgan, ammo Xendersonning boyligi pasayib ketgan (uning guruhi endi oldingi yillar yulduzlaridan emas, balki o'rtamiyona musiqachilardan tashkil topgan edi) asosan Xendersonning avtohalokatdan uzoq muddatli jarohati tufayli uning beqarorligi tufayli. Xenderson o'rniga Blountni pianist va aranjirovka sifatida yolladi Marl Young. Ra ning kelishuvlari dastlab bir darajani ko'rsatdi bebop ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ammo guruh a'zolari Xendersonning dalda bo'lishiga qaramay, yangi musiqaga qarshi turishdi.

1948 yilda Blount saksafonchi bilan trioda qisqa vaqt davomida ijro etdi Coleman Hawkins va skripkachi Stuff Smit, ikkalasi ham eng yaxshi musiqachilar. Ushbu uchlikning ma'lum bo'lgan yozuvlari yo'q, lekin 1953 yilgi Blount-Smit duetining uy yozuvlari paydo bo'ladi Tovushli quyosh zavqi, va Sun Ra-ning 1992 yildagi so'nggi yozuvlaridan biri skripkada kamdan-kam uchraydigan sideman ko'rinishi edi Billy Bang "s Stuff Smitga hurmat.

Professional o'sishga imkon berishdan tashqari, u Chikagoda duch kelgan narsa Blountning shaxsiy dunyoqarashini o'zgartirdi. Shahar afro-amerikalik siyosiy faollik va chekka harakatlarning markazi edi Qora musulmonlar, Qora ibroniylar va boshqalar prozelitizm qilish, bahslashish va varaqalar yoki kitoblarni chop etish. Blount hammasini o'ziga singdirdi va shaharning qadimgi Misr uslubidagi binolari va yodgorliklarini hayratda qoldirdi. Kabi kitoblarni o'qigan Jorj G.M. Jeyms "s O'g'irlangan meros (bu klassik deb ta'kidlagan Yunon falsafasi qadimgi Misrda ildiz otgan). Blount afrikaliklarning yutuqlari va tarixi Evropa madaniyatlari tomonidan muntazam ravishda bostirilgan va inkor etilgan degan xulosaga keldi.

1952 yilga kelib Blount barabanchi Tommy "Bugs" Hunter va saksafonchi bilan birga kosmik trioni boshqargan. Pat Patrik, u tanigan eng mohir musiqachilardan ikkitasi. Ular muntazam ravishda chiqish qildilar va Sun Ra yanada rivojlangan qo'shiqlar yozishni boshladi.

1952 yil 20-oktabrda Blount qonuniy ravishda ismini Le Sony'r Ra deb o'zgartirdi. Sun Ra da'vo qildi[23] Blount tug'ilganidan har doim noqulay bo'lgan. U buni ko'rib chiqdi a qul nomi, unga tegishli bo'lmagan oiladan. Devid Martinelli uning o'zgarishiga o'xshashligini taxmin qildi "Malkolm X va Muhammad Ali... yangi o'zini o'zi anglash va qadrlashga erishish jarayonida qul ismlarini [tashlab].[24]

Patrik yangi rafiqasi bilan Florida shtatiga ko'chish uchun guruhni tark etdi. Uning do'sti Jon Gilmor (tenor sax) guruhga qo'shildi va Marshall Allen (alto sax) tez orada ergashdi. Patrik umrining oxirigacha guruhda va tashqarisida bo'lgan, ammo Allen va Gilmor Arkestraning eng sadoqatli ikki a'zosi bo'lgan. Darhaqiqat, Gilmor Sun Ra bilan qirq yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida o'zini o'zi kuchli etakchi bo'lishi mumkin bo'lganligi uchun tanqid qilinadi.[25] Saksofonist Jeyms Spulding va trombonist Julian Ruhoniy Chikagodagi Sun Ra bilan yozilgan va ikkalasi ham o'zlarining martabalariga o'tishgan. Chikagodagi tenor Fon Freeman 1950 yillarning boshlarida guruh bilan qisqa muddatli ish olib bordi.[26]

Chikagoda Sun Ra uchrashdi Alton Ibrohim, o'ta aqlli o'spirin va qarindoshlik ruhidagi narsa. U Arkestraning eng katta yordamchisi va Sun Raning eng yaqin do'stlaridan biriga aylandi. Ikkala erkak ham o'zlarini begonalar kabi his qilishdi va ezoterika bilan qiziqishdi. Ibrohimning kuchli tomonlari Ra-ning kamchiliklarini muvozanatlashtirdi: garchi u intizomli guruh rahbari bo'lsa-da, Sun Ra bir qadar ichkariga kirgan va ishbilarmonlik tuyg'usiga ega emas edi (uning butun karerasini ta'qib qilgan xususiyat). Ibrohim ochiqchasiga, yaxshi aloqada va amaliy edi. Ibrohim hali ham o'spirin bo'lsa-da, oxir-oqibat Sun Raga tegishli bo'ldi amalda biznes menejeri: u spektakllarni bron qildi, Arkestra uchun musiqachilarni taklif qildi va bir nechta mashhur qo'shiqlarni guruh repertuariga kiritdi. Ra, Ibrohim va boshqalar o'zlarini shakllantirdilar kitob klubi g'oyalar bilan savdo qilish va ularni qiziqtirgan yoqimsiz mavzularni muhokama qilish. Ushbu guruh o'zlarining xulosalari va g'oyalarini tushuntirib beradigan bir qator risolalar va keng nashrlarni nashr etdi. Ulardan ba'zilari tanqidchi tomonidan to'plangan Jon Korbet va Entoni Elms kabi Sun Ra donoligi: Sun Ra ning Polemik brodsheets va Streetcorner varaqalari (2006).

1950-yillarning o'rtalarida Sun Ra va Ibrohim an mustaqil yozuv yorlig'i odatda ma'lum bo'lgan El Saturn Records. (Uning bir nechta nomlari o'zgargan.) Dastlab Sun Ra va u bilan bog'liq bo'lgan rassomlarning 45 rpmlik singllariga e'tibor qaratgan Saturn Records 1950 yillarda ikkita to'liq metrajli albom chiqardi: Super-Sonic Jazz (1957) va Siluetda jazz (1959). Ishlab chiqaruvchi Tom Uilson birinchi bo'lib o'zining mustaqil yorlig'i orqali Sun Ra albomini chiqardi O'tish yozuvlari 1957 yilda, huquqli Sun Ra tomonidan yaratilgan jazz.[27] Ushbu davrda Sun Ra o'nlab singllarning birinchisini yozib oldi doop wop va Ar-ge xonandalar; ulardan bir nechtasi ikkita kompakt-diskda qayta nashr qilingan, Oila qurmaganlar, dalil yozuvlari bo'yicha.

1950-yillarning oxirida Sun Ra va uning guruhi g'alati, Misr uslubida yoki kiyinishni boshladilar ilmiy fantastika - nomli kostyumlar va bosh kiyimlar. Ushbu kostyumlar bir nechta maqsadlarga ega edi: ular Sun Ra-ning qadimgi Misrga va u erga bo'lgan qiziqishini ifoda etdilar kosmik asr, ular Arkestra uchun taniqli formani taqdim etdilar, ular sahnada guruh uchun yangi o'ziga xoslik va kulgili yordamni taqdim etdilar. (Sun Ra o'yladi avangard odatda musiqachilar o'zlarini juda jiddiy qabul qildilar.)

Nyu-York yillari (1961–68)

Sun Ra va Arkestra ko'chib o'tishdi Nyu-York shahri 1961 yilning kuzida. Pulni tejash uchun Sun Ra va uning guruh a'zolari umumiy hayotda edilar. Bu Sun Ra-ga o'z odatiga ko'ra istalgan vaqtda o'z-o'zidan va har qanday vaqtda mashq qilishni so'rashga imkon berdi. Aynan shu vaqtda Nyu-Yorkda Sun Ra albomni yozib oldi Sun Ra ning futuristik tovushi.[25]

1966 yil mart oyida Arkestra dushanba kuni kechqurun muntazam konsert dasturini taqdim etdi Slug's Saloon. Bu yangi tomoshabinlar va tan olinish uchun kashfiyot edi. Sun Ra-ning mashhurligi bu davrda eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi avlodni urish va ergashuvchilar psixodeliya uni quchoqladi. Muntazam ravishda keyingi bir yarim yil davomida (va keyinroq yana yarim o'n yillikda) Sun Ra va kompaniya Slug's-da tomoshabinlar uchun chiqish qildilar, natijada musiqa tanqidchilari va etakchi jaz musiqachilari tarkibiga kirdilar. Sun Ra musiqasining fikri ikkiga bo'lindi (va heklerlar kam bo'lmagan).

Biroq, bebop me'morlaridan ikkitasi yuqori maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi. Karnaychi Bosh aylanishi Gillespi bir marta "Shuni davom et, Soni, ular menga ham xuddi shu narsani qilishmoqchi bo'lishdi", deb dalda berdilar.[28] va pianistchi Yolg'iz rohib Sun Ra "juda uzoq" deb aytgan kishini chayqadi: "Ha, lekin bu shunday belanchak."[29]

1966 yilda Sun Ra Arkestra va Al Kooper Blues Project a'zolari bilan albomni yozib oldi Batman va Robin taxallusi ostida, Dan va Deylning sensatsion gitaralari. Albom, avvalo, asboblar turidagi o'zgarishlardan iborat edi Botmon mavzusi va "Dominik mavzusi" qo'shig'ini ijro etadigan ayol bo'lmagan vokalchi bilan jamoat mulki bo'lgan klassik musiqa.[30][31]

Rejalashtirilgan pulni boshqarishlariga qaramay, Nyu-York xarajatlari oxir-oqibat juda yuqori bo'lib, guruhni Filadelfiyaga ko'chib o'tishga undadi.

Filadelfiya yillari (1968)

1968 yilda ular ijaraga olgan Nyu-York binosi sotuvga qo'yilganda, Sun Ra va Arkestra ko'chib o'tishdi. Jermantaun qismi Filadelfiya. Sun Ra Morton ko'chasidagi uyiga ko'chib o'tdi, u vafotigacha Arkestra operatsiyalari bazasiga aylandi. Mashg'ulotlarning shovqini haqida vaqti-vaqti bilan shikoyatlarni hisobga olmaganda, ular tez orada do'stona munosabatlari, giyohvand moddalarsiz hayoti va yoshlar bilan o'zaro munosabatlari tufayli yaxshi qo'shnilar sifatida qabul qilindi. Saksofonchi Denni Rey Tompson qo'shnidagi "Fir'avn's Den" do'koniga egalik qilgan va uni boshqargan. Chaqmoq ularning ko'chasidagi daraxtga urilganda, Sun Ra buni yaxshi belgi sifatida qabul qildi. Jeyms Jakson kuygan daraxt tanasidan Cosmic Infinity barabanini yaratdi. Dushanba kuni kechqurun Slug's konsertida va boshqa ishlarda ular Nyu-Yorkka temir yo'l orqali kelishdi.

Sun Ra Filadelfiyadagi o'yinlarga aylandi va yarim muntazam ravishda maydonga tushdi WXPN radio, jamoat guruhlariga ma'ruzalar o'qish yoki shahar kutubxonalariga tashrif buyurish. 1970-yillarning o'rtalarida, Arkestra ba'zan shanba kuni tushdan keyin o'z uylari yaqinidagi Jermantaun bog'ida bepul kontsertlar ijro etishdi. 1970-yillarning o'rtalarida Filadelfiyadagi tungi klublarda namoyish etilganida, kimdir xonaning orqa qismida turgan va guruhning jonli chiqishlari yozuvlaridan bosilgan, oddiy oq ko'ylakda markasiz LP to'plamlarini sotgan.

Kaliforniya va dunyo bo'ylab sayohatlar (1968–93)

1968 yil oxirida Sun Ra va Arkestra AQShning G'arbiy sohiliga birinchi safari uyushtirishdi. Reaksiyalar aralashgan. Hippilar kabi uzoq muddatli psixedeliyaga o'rganib qolgan Minnatdor o'liklar ko'pincha Arkestra tomonidan sarosimaga tushgan. Bu vaqtga kelib spektakl 20-30 musiqachilar, raqqoslar, qo'shiqchilar, o't o'chiruvchilar va chiroyli yoritishni o'z ichiga olgan. John Burks of Rolling Stone a haqida ijobiy sharh yozdi San-Xose shtat kolleji konsert. Sun Ra 1969 yil 19 aprelda nashr etilgan Rolling Stone uning beqiyos nigohini millionlarga tanishtirgan jurnal. Ushbu ekskursiya davomida, keyinchalik San-Xose shahridagi san'at talabasi bo'lgan Deymon Choice Arkestraga qo'shildi va uning vibrafonistiga aylandi.

1970 yilda Frantsiya, Germaniya va Buyuk Britaniyadagi kontsertlardan boshlab Arkestra xalqaro gastrol safarlarini boshladi. Ular musiqasini faqat yozuvlar orqali bilgan tomoshabinlarga o'ynashdi. Sun Ra deyarli umrining oxirigacha Evropada o'ynashni davom ettirdi. Saksofonchi Denni Rey Tompson a amalda bu davrda sayohat va biznes menejeri, u "axmoqlik yo'q" deb nomlangan narsaga ixtisoslashgan C.O.D.,"[32] yozuvlarni bajarish yoki topshirishdan oldin naqd pul olishni afzal ko'radi.

1971 yil boshida Sun Ra yashash xonadoni sifatida tayinlandi Berkli Kaliforniya universiteti, deb nomlangan kursni o'qitish Kosmosdagi qora odam.[33] Bir nechta talabalar ro'yxatdan o'tgan, ammo uning darslari ko'pincha atrofdagi jamoatchilikning qiziquvchan odamlariga to'lib toshgan. Har bir darsning bir yarim soati ma'ruzaga bag'ishlangan (tarqatma materiallar va uy vazifalari bilan to'ldirilgan), ikkinchisi yarim soat Arkestra spektakli yoki Sun Ra klaviaturasining yakka o'zi. O'qish ro'yxatlarining asarlari kiritilgan Madam Blavatskiy va Genri Dyuma, O'liklarning Tibet kitobi, Aleksandr Hislop "s Ikki Bobil, Oahspe kitobi va tegishli hajmlari Misr iyerogliflari, Afroamerikalik folklor va boshqa mavzular.

1971 yilda Sun Ra barabanchi taklifiga binoan Arkestra bilan butun Misr bo'ylab sayohat qildi Saloh Ragab. U 1983 va 1984 yillarda Misrga qaytib keldi, u Ragab bilan yozib oldi. Misrda tayyorlangan yozuvlar sifatida nashr etildi Misrda yashang, Nidxamu, Sun Ra Salah Ragab bilan uchrashdi, Misr Strut va Ufq.[34][35][36]

1972 yilda San-Frantsisko jamoat telekanali KQED prodyuser Jon Koni, prodyuser Jim Nyuman, va ssenariy muallifi Joshua Smit Sun Ra bilan hamkorlikda 85 daqiqalik badiiy filmni yaratdi Space bu joy, Sun Ra's Arkestra va prodyuserlar jamoasi tomonidan yig'ilgan aktyorlar ansambli bilan. Bu filmga olingan Oklend va San-Fransisko. 1975 yilda Klivlenddagi Arkestra tomonidan namoyish etilgan kontsertda dastlabki tarkib namoyish etildi Devo ochilish akti sifatida. 1978 yil 20-mayda Sun Ra va Arkestra teleshoularda chiqish qilishdi Saturday Night Live.

1979 yilning kuzida Nyu-Yorkda Sun Ra va Arkestra "uy guruhi" sifatida o'ynashdi Squat teatri avangard Vengriya teatr truppasining chiqish joyi bo'lgan 23-ko'chada. Yanos, ularning menejeri teatrni tungi klubga aylantirdi, truppa aksariyati o'sha mavsumda Evropada chiqish qilar edi. Debbi Garri, Velvet yer osti "s Jon Kale va Nico (dan.) Endi Uorxol fabrika kunlari), Jon Luri va Lounge Lizards va boshqa pop va avangard musiqachilar doimiy edi. Sun Ra intizomli bo'lgan va konsertlarda faqat klubli ichimliklar ichgan, ammo musiqachilariga qat'iy kodini yuklamagan. Ular uning intizomini va hokimiyatini hurmat qilishdi. Yumshoq va xarizmatik Sun Ra Squat teatri katta kosmik "kosmik" jazz olamiga aylandi. U bir vaqtning o'zida uchta sintezatorni o'ynatganda boshqargan. O'sha kunlarda "Space is the place" Squat-da bo'sh joy edi.

Arkestra 1980-yillarga qadar va 1990-yillarga qadar gastrol safarlarida va yozuvlarini davom ettirdi.

O'lim

Sun Ra a edi qon tomir 1990 yilda, ammo Arkestrada kompozitsiya, ijro va rahbarlikni davom ettirdi. Faoliyatining oxirlarida u Nyu-Yorkda joylashgan rok guruhi uchun bir nechta kontsertlar ochdi Sonic Youth. Kontsert berish va gastrol safari uchun juda kasal bo'lganida, Sun Ra Gilmorni Arkestrani boshqarishga tayinladi. (Gilmor zaif edi amfizem; 1995 yilda vafotidan keyin Allen Arkestraga rahbarlikni boshladi.)

1992 yil oxirida Sun Ra o'zining singlisi Meri Jenkins bilan birga yashash uchun tug'ilgan shahri Birmingemga qaytib keldi (u turli xil Blount amakivachchalari bilan birga) uning qaramog'iga aylandi. Yanvar oyida u Princeton Baptist tibbiyot markaziga yotqizilgan, yurak etishmovchiligi, nafas olish etishmovchiligi, qon tomirlari, qon aylanishida muammolar va boshqa og'ir kasalliklardan aziyat chekkan.[37] U 1993 yil 30 mayda kasalxonada vafot etdi va dafn qilindi Elmvud qabristoni. Oyoq toshida "Herman Sonny Blount aka Le Sony'r Ra" deb yozilgan.[38]

Arkestra

Sun Ra Arkestra 2010 yilda Londonda namoyish etadi.

Sun Ra vafotidan keyin Arkestrani tenor saksafonchi Jon Gilmor boshqargan va keyinchalik alto saksafonchi Marshal Allen rahbarligida ijro etilgan. Allen boshchiligidagi 1999 yilgi albom, Quyosh uchun qo'shiq, xususiyatli Jimmi Xopps va Dik Griffin. 2004 yil yozida Arkestra Amerikaning birinchi jazz guruhi bo'ldi Tuva, janubiy Sibirda, ular Ustuu-Huree festivalida beshta to'plamni o'ynashgan.[39]

2019 yil iyul oyidan boshlab Arkestra gastrol safarlarini davom ettiradi. 2008 yil sentyabr oyida ular 7 kun ketma-ket o'ynashdi ZXZW festival, har kuni Sun Ra musiqiy merosining turli jihatlarini ta'kidlaydi. 2009 yilda ular Filadelfiyadagi kontsertda qatnashishdi Zamonaviy san'at instituti Arkestra ijrosidagi meros va zamonaviy san'at amaliyoti chorrahasini o'rgangan ko'rgazma bilan birgalikda.[40] 2011 yilda ular birinchi marta 2011 yilga Avstraliyaga yo'l olishdi Melburn Xalqaro Jaz Festivali va Tasmaniyadagi MONA (Eski va yangi san'at muzeyi). 2017 yilda Arkestra 31da ijro etdi Lowell folklor festivali Massellus shtatining Lowell shahrida.[41] 2019 yilda Arkestra konsert dasturi namoyish etilishi ma'lum qilindi Portlend, Oregon "s Gollivud teatri 14, 15 va 16-iyul kunlari uch kecha davomida.[42]

Musiqa

Sun Ra pianino texnikasi ko'plab uslublarga ta'sir ko'rsatdi: uning yoshlikdagi qiziqishi bugi woogie, qadam pianino va ko'k, ba'zan eslatib turadigan nafis teginish Graf Basi yoki Ahmad Jamol va uslubidagi burchakli iboralar Yolg'iz rohib yoki shunga o'xshash shafqatsiz, zarbli hujumlar Sesil Teylor. Ta'sir doirasi ko'pincha e'tiborga olinmaydi mumtoz musiqa - deb keltiradi Sun Ra Shopin, Rahmaninoff, Shoenberg va Shostakovich fortepiano uchun eng sevimli bastakorlari sifatida.[43]

Sun Ra musiqasini taxminan uch bosqichga bo'lish mumkin, ammo uning yozuvlari va chiqishlari kutilmagan hodisalarga boy edi va quyidagi toifalar faqat taxminiy ko'rsatkichlar sifatida qaralishi kerak.

Chikago bosqichi

Birinchi davr 1950-yillarda Sun Ra musiqasi rivojlanib borganida sodir bo'lgan katta guruh belanchak u uchun eng taniqli bo'lgan kosmik-kosmik "kosmik jaz" ga. Musiqa tanqidchilari va jaz tarixchilarining ta'kidlashicha, uning eng yaxshi asarlari shu davrda yozilgan va bu uning eng ommabop musiqasi. Bu davrda Sun Ra musiqasi ko'pincha qattiq tartibga solingan va ba'zan eslatib turardi Dyuk Ellington Graf Beysi yoki boshqa muhim belanchak musiqa ansambllari. Biroq, post-belanchak uslublaridan kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatildi bebop, qattiq bop va modal jaz va uning keyingi musiqasida hukmronlik qilgan eksperimentalizmning ekzotik va ko'rsatmalariga tegishlidir. 1950-yillarning taniqli Sun Ra albomlariga kiradi Sun Ra Yer sayyorasiga tashrif buyuradi, Yulduzlararo past yo'llar, Super-Sonic Jazz, Biz kosmik yo'llar bo'ylab sayohat qilamiz, Plutoniyaning nubiyaliklari va Siluetda jazz.

Ronni Boykins, Sun Ra bassisti, "Sun Ra musiqasining ko'p qismi sakkiz yil davomida aylanib yurgan yo'nalish" deb ta'riflangan. Bu, ayniqsa, 1965 yildagi asosiy yozuvlarda aniq ko'rinadi (Sehrli shahar, Sun Ra ning Heliosentrik Dunyolari, Birinchi jild va Sun Ra Geliosentrik Dunyolari, Ikkinchi jild ) bu erda Boykins bass va Ra elektron klaviaturalarining o'zaro bog'liqligi birlashishni ta'minlaydi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Nyu-York bosqichi

Nyu-Yorkka ko'chib o'tgandan so'ng, Sun Ra va kompaniya o'zlari faqat Chikagoda shama qilgan eksperimentalizmga bosh urdilar. Musiqa tez-tez juda baland ovozda eshitilar edi va Arkestra tarkibida bir nechta barabanchilar va perkussionchilar bor edi. Ushbu davr yozuvlarida Ra yangi kompozitsiyalardan ancha uzoq bo'lgan fazoviy tovush qismlarini yig'ish uchun yangi texnologiyalarni, masalan, lentani kechiktirishdan keng foydalanishni boshladi. Saturn. Yozuvlarda va jonli ijrolarda ko'pincha g'ayrioddiy cholg'u asboblari kombinatsiyalari va jamoaviy o'yinlarning parchalari namoyish etilgan bepul improvizatsiya. Ko'pincha kompozitsiyalar qaerda tugashini va improvizatsiyalar boshlanishini aytish qiyin.

Ushbu davrda Sun Ra qo'l va tana imo-ishoralari yordamida dirijyorlikni boshladi. Ushbu tizim kornetistni ilhomlantirdi Butch Morris Keyinchalik, u improvizatorlarni o'tkazish uchun o'zining yanada takomillashtirilgan usulini ishlab chiqdi.

Garchi Sun Ra avangard jazz bilan tez-tez bog'lansa ham, uning asarini "erkin musiqa" deb tasniflashiga ishonmasdi: "Men har bir nota, har bir nuans to'g'ri ekanligiga ishonch hosil qilishim kerak ... Agar siz uni shunday nomlashni istasangiz , uni yozing p-h-r-e, chunki ph aniq bir artikl va qayta Quyoshning nomi. Shunday qilib men o'ynayman phre musiqa - quyosh musiqasi. "[44]

O'zining kompozitsion imkoniyatlarini kengaytirishga intilib, Sun Ra guruhning barcha a'zolarini turli zarbli asboblarda chalishni talab qildi - oldindan jahon musiqasi turli xil etnik musiqiy shakllarga asoslanib - va aksariyat saksafonchilar bo'ldi multireedistlar, arsenallariga nay, gumbur yoki klarnet kabi asboblarni qo'shish. Ushbu davrda Sun Ra har qanday musiqachilar orasida birinchilardan bo'lib keng va kashshoflikdan foydalangan sintezatorlar va boshqa har xil elektron klaviatura; unga prototip berilgan Minimoog ixtirochisi tomonidan, Robert Moog. Ga ko'ra Bob Moog jamg'armasi: "Sun Ra birinchi navbatda Robert Moog bilan uchrashdi Yomon jurnalist va Sun Ra tanishi Tam Fiofori yilda joylashgan Moog fabrikasiga tashrif buyurish uchun tashkil etilgan Trumansburg 1969 yilning kuzida .... aynan shu tashrif chog'ida Moog Sun Ra-ga 1970 yil mart oyida savdo vositasi (D modeli) paydo bo'lishidan bir necha oy oldin Minimoog (B modeli) prototipini qarzga bergan edi. klaviatura repertuari, keyinroq soniyani qo'lga kiritdi va 1970-yillarning boshlarida yozilgan ko'plab yozuvlarida Minimoog-ni namoyish etdi. "[45][46]

Ushbu davrning taniqli sarlavhalari kiradi Sehrli shahar, Ruhiy terapiya uchun kosmik ohanglar, Quyosh chiqqanda, Sun Ra ning Heliosentrik Dunyolari, Birinchi jild, Atlantis, Quyosh sirlari va U erdagi boshqa samolyotlar.

Filadelfiya bosqichi

Uchinchi davrda, 1970-yillardan boshlab, Sun Ra va Arkestra, odatdagidek, odatda tebranish me'yorlarini o'z ichiga olgan ovozga o'tdilar, ammo ularning yozuvlari va konsertlari hali ham eklektik va baquvvat edi va odatda kamida bitta uzun, yarim doğaçlama perkussiya murabbo. Sun Ra e'tibordan chetda qolgan jaz an'analari bilan uzluksizligini ta'kidlar edi: "Ular sizni aldashga urinishdi, endi men sizni maktabda o'qidim, jaz haqida, jaz haqida" u konsertlarda baqirdi;[47] tomonidan qismlarni qo'shilishini ramkalash Fletcher Xenderson va Jelly Roll Morton.[iqtibos kerak ]

1970-yillarda Sun Ra filmlarini yoqtirar edi Uolt Disney. U bundan buyon Disneyning musiqiy raqamlarini birlashtirdi. 1980-yillarning oxirida Arkestra konsert berdi Uolt Disney dunyosi. Arkestra versiyasi "Paradda pushti fillar "mavjud Hushyor, turli xil rassomlar ijro etgan va ishlab chiqargan Disney kuylarining hurmat albomi Hal Uillner. Sun Ra-ning 1970-yillarga bag'ishlangan bir qator konsertlari CD-da mavjud, ammo ularning hech biri uning oldingi musiqalariga nisbatan keng nashrga ega bo'lmagan. 1978–80-yillarda Sun Ra "Outerspace Visual Communicator" deb nomlangan katta elektron ijod qo'shdi, u tovushlarni emas, balki tasvirlarni yaratdi; bu kashfiyotchi Bill Sebastian tomonidan klaviaturada ijro etilgan. Konsertlar paytida OVC odatda Arkestra ortida joylashgan bo'lib, Sebastyan musiqachilar bilan sahnada o'tirar edi.

Musiqachilar

Bir necha yillar davomida Sun Ra guruhlaridan o'nlab musiqachilar, ehtimol yuzlab odamlar o'tdilar. Ba'zilar u bilan o'nlab yillar davomida qolishgan, boshqalari esa faqat bir nechta yozuvlar yoki spektakllarda o'ynashgan.

Arkestra tarkibidagi doimiy o'zgarishlarning aksariyati uchun Sun Ra shaxsan javobgar edi. Kontrabasistning so'zlariga ko'ra Djuni Both Arkestra a'zosi Sun Ra ijrosidan norozi bo'lgan biron bir musiqachiga duch kelmadi. Buning o'rniga, u shunchaki Arkestrani yig'ib olib, huquqbuzar musiqachini chiqarib tashladi va ishdan bo'shatilgan musiqachini tashlab qo'yib, shaharni tark etdi. Quyida musiqiy hamkorlarning qisman ro'yxati va ular Sun Ra yoki Arkestra bilan o'ynagan davrlari keltirilgan:

Outer Space Visual Communicator

The OVC was a giant machine, played with hands and feet, that allowed artists to create and finger-paint with light similar to how musicians create and explore sound with their instruments. The name of the instrument arose from Bill Sebastian's collaboration with Sun Ra. Sun Ra incorporated the OVC into the Arkestra from 1978-1980 and experimented with Bill on video applications from 1981 to 1987. This video of Calling Planet Earth is one of those video experiments as is this video of Sunset on the River Nile. John Bishop, of Video Magazine, stated of the OVC that "the emotional energy of the visuals equals and at times surpasses that of the music. The images are not slaves to the sounds but function the way a dancer does; interpreting, harmonizing, and enlarging the space created by the music." (John Bishop, Video Magazine) Contemporary OVC-3D compositions from Bill continue to utilize the music of Sun Ra and rely on his inspiration, as in this clip from Aethiopia

[50][51][52]

Falsafa

Sun Ra's dunyo ko'rinishi was often described as a philosophy, but he rejected this term, describing his own manner as an "equation" and saying that while philosophy was based on theories and abstract reasoning, his method was based on logic and pragmatism. Many of the Arkestra cite Sun Ra's teachings as pivotal and for inspiring such long-term devotion to the music that they knew would never make them much money. His equation was rarely (if ever) explained as a whole; instead, it was related in bits and pieces over many years, leading some to doubt that he had a coherent message. However, Martinelli argues that, when considered as a whole, one can discern a unified world view that draws upon many sources, but is also unique to Sun Ra, writing:

Sun Ra presents a unified conception, incorporating music, myth, and performance into his multi-leveled equations. Every aspect of the Sun Ra experience, from business practices like Saturn Records to published collections of poetry to his 35-year career in music, is a manifestation of his equations. Sun Ra seeks to elevate humanity beyond their current earthbound state, tied to outmoded conceptions of life and death when the potential future of immortality awaits them. Sifatida Zal has put it, 'In this era of 'practical' things men ridicule even the existence of God. They scoff at goodness while they ponder with befuddled minds the phantasmagoria of materiality. They have forgotten the path which leads beyond the stars.'[24]

He drew on sources as diverse as the Kabala, Rosicrucianism, kanalizatsiya, numerologiya, Masonluk, Ancient Egyptian Mysticism va Qora millatchilik. Sun Ra's system had distinct Gnostik suyanish,[53] arguing that the god of most monotheistic religions was not the creator god, not the ultimate god, but a lesser, evil being. Sun Ra was wary of the Bible, knowing that it had been used to justify slavery. He often re-arranged and re-worded Biblical passages (and re-worked many other words, names, or phrases) in an attempt to uncover "hidden" meanings. The most obvious evidence of this system was Ra's practice of renaming many of the musicians who played with him.

Bassoonist/multireedist James Jacson had studied Zen buddizm before joining Sun Ra and identified strong similarities between Zen teachings and practices (particularly Zen koanlar ) and Ra's use of sekvestorlar and seemingly absurd replies to questions.[54] Drummer Art Jenkins admitted that Sun Ra's "nonsense" sometimes troubled his thoughts for days until inspiring a sort of paradigma o'zgarishi, or profound change in outlook.[55] Barabanchi Endryu Kiril said Sun Ra's comments were "very interesting stuff... whether you believed it or not. And a lot of times it was humorous, and a lot of times it was ridiculous, and a lot of times it was right on the money."[56]

Sun Ra and black culture

According to Szwed,[57] Sun Ra's view of his relationship to black people and black cultures "changed drastically" over time. Initially, Sun Ra identified closely with broader struggles for black power, black political influence, and black identity, and saw his own music as a key element in educating and liberating blacks. But by the heyday of Qora kuch radicalism in the 1960s, Sun Ra was expressing disillusionment with these aims. He denied feeling closely connected to any race. In 1970 he said:

I couldn't approach black people with the truth because they like lies. They live lies... At one time I felt that white people were to blame for everything, but then I found out that they were just puppets and pawns of some greater force, which has been using them... Some force is having a good time [manipulating black and white people] and looking, enjoying itself up in a reserved seat, wondering, "I wonder when they're going to wake up."[58]

Afrofuturizm

Sun Ra is considered to be an early pioneer of the Afrofuturizm movement due to his music, writings and other works.[59]

The influence of Sun Ra can be seen throughout many aspects of black music. He grounded his practice of Afrofuturism in a musical tradition of performing blackness that remains relevant today. Sun Ra lived out his beliefs of Afrofuturism in his daily life by embodying the movement not only in his music, but also in his clothes and actions. This embodiment of the narrative allowed him to demonstrate black nationalism as a counternarrative to the present culture.

It was in Chicago, as well, in the mid-fifties, that Ra began experimenting with extraterrestriality in his stage show, sometimes playing regular cocktail lounges dressed in space suits and ancient Egyptian regalia. By placing his band and performances in space and extraterrestrial environments Sun Ra built a world that was his own view of how the African diaspora connected.[60]

Ta'sir va meros

Many of Sun Ra's innovations remain important and groundbreaking. Ra was one of the first jazz leaders to use two double basses, to employ the electric bass, to play electronic keyboards, to use extensive percussion and poliritmlar, to explore modali music and to pioneer solo and group freeform improvisations. In addition, he made his mark in the wider cultural context: he proclaimed the African origins of jazz, reaffirmed pride in black history and reasserted the spiritual and mystical dimensions of music, all important factors in the black cultural/political renaissance of the 1960s.[iqtibos kerak ]

NRBQ recorded "Rocket #9" in 1968 for their debut album on Kolumbiya. Sun Ra had given NRBQ's Terri Adams a copy of the song on 45 and told him, "This is especially for you," which Adams reported inspired him to reform the band after a period of inactivity. The band still includes Sun Ra's compositions in their performances, and besides "Rocket #9" have released recordings of "We Travel the Spaceways" and "Love in Outer Space." Several members of the Arkestra have toured with NRBQ over the years, including Pat Patrik, Marshall Allen, Knoel Scott, Tyrone Hill and Danny Thompson. Adams has joined the Arkestra as their pianist on several tours, most recently during a February 2016 tour of cities in the US southeast.

Detroyt "s MC5 played a handful of shows with Sun Ra and were influenced by his works immensely. One of their songs from their premiere album Jamlarni chiqarib tashlang featured a track called Starship, which was based on a poem by Ra.[iqtibos kerak ][61]

Sun Ra was inducted into the Alabama Jazz shuhrati zali 1979 yilda.

The Sun Ra Repatriation Project was started in 2008 with the aim of using interplanetary communication with a view to facilitating Sun Ra's return to planet Earth.[62]

Filmmaker and visual artist Kuleen Smit has heavily researched the life and legacy of Sun Ra. Her 2013 exhibition "17" "arises out of [her] research into the legacy of Sun Ra, who was himself a student of numerology and achieved a kind of cultural immortality the number 17 might be said to refer to".[63] Her project "The Solar Flare Arkestral Marching Band" includes several components related to Sun Ra. "One component (2010) of the project is the production of five flash mob street performances involving a marching band inspired by Sun Ra's Arkestra. The second component of the project... is a full-length video that chronicles the urban legends of Sun Ra’s time in Chicago as well as the contemporary artists who live and work in this city".[64]

The "Sun Ra Revival Post-Krautrock Archestra",[65] formed in Australia during 2014, paid tribute to Sun Ra's philosophies and musical ideas within their albums Realm Beyond Realm va Sun Ra Kills the World.[66]

Mekansal AKA orkestri, formed in 2006 by Jerri Dammers (the main songwriter of British ska revival band Maxsus narsalar ), was originally created as a tribute to Sun Ra, borrowing many of the ideas, themes and tropes from Sun Ra's own performances.

2019 yil 25 iyunda, The New York Times jurnali listed Sun Ra among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 yong'in.[67]

The Chikago universiteti has an extensive collection of Sun Ra's works and personal items in the Special Collections Research Center at the Regenshteyn kutubxonasi. The collection was assembled by Ra's business manager Alton Ibrohim and is open to the public upon request. The Special Collections Research Center has also repeatedly exhibited Sun Ra's work.

Diskografiya

Asosiy maqola: Sun Ra diskografiyasi

Filmografiya

Space bu joy (1974) is a feature-length film that stars Sun Ra and his band as themselves. The soundtrack, also by Sun Ra, is available on CD. The film follows Sun Ra after he returns to Chicago from many years of space travel with his Arkestra. In a meeting with "the Overseer" – a devil-like figure stationed in the desert – Sun Ra agrees to play a game of cards to "win" the black community. Sun Ra's goal is to transport the American black community to a new planet he discovered while on his journey, and that he hopes to use as a home for an entirely black population. The artist's mission is to "teleport the whole planet through music", but his attempts are often misunderstood by his supposed converts.[iqtibos kerak ]

Sun Ra and his Arkestra were the subject of a few documentary films, including Robert Mugge "s Sun Ra: A Joyful Noise (1980). It interspersed passages of performances and rehearsals with Sun Ra's commentary on various subjects ranging from today's youth to his own place in the cosmos. Yaqinda, Don Letts ' Sun Ra – Brother from Another Planet (2005) incorporated some of Mugge's material, and includes some additional interviews. Points on a Space Age (2009) is a documentary by Ephrahaim Asili.[68][69] "It's a 60-minute doc along the lines of the talking-head-intercut-with performance clips style."[68]

Bibliografiya

Sun Ra wrote an enormous number of songs and material regarding his spiritual beliefs and music. A magazine titled Sun Ra Research was published irregularly for many years, providing extensive documentation of Sun Ra's perspectives on many issues. Sun Ra's collected poetry and prose is available as a book, published May 2005, entitled Sun Ra, The Immeasurable Equation.[70] Another book of over 260 of Sun Ra's poems, Sun Ra: Collected Works Vol. 1: Immeasurable Equation was published by Phaelos Books in November 2005. The Wisdom of Sun Ra: Sun Ra's Polemical Broadsheets and Streetcorner Leaflets, was published in book form in 2005, by WhiteWalls. A collection of Sun Ra's poetry, This Planet Is Doomed, tomonidan nashr etilgan Kicks Books 2011 yilda.

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