Malkolm X - Malcolm X

Ushbu maqola inson haqida. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Malkolm X (ajralish).
"Malkolm Little" va "Malik Shabazz" bu erga yo'naltirish. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Malkolm Litl (so'z ma'nosi) va Malik Shabazz (ajralish).

Malkolm X
Malkolm X 1964 yil mart oyida
Malkolm X 1964 yil mart oyida
Tug'ilgan
Malkom Kichik

(1925-05-19)1925 yil 19-may
Omaxa, Nebraska, BIZ.
O'ldi1965 yil 21 fevral(1965-02-21) (39 yosh)
Nyu-York, AQSh
O'lim sababiSuiqasd (o'q otish jarohatlari )
Dam olish joyiFernkliff qabristoni
Boshqa ismlaral-Hajj Malik al-Shabazz (Arabcha: ٱlْْājّ mālik ٱlsشّbāزّزّ‎, romanlashtirilgan: al-Ḥājj Malik ash-Shabazz)
KasbVazir, faol
Tashkilot
Harakat
Turmush o'rtoqlar
​
(m. 1958)​
Bolalar6 (shu jumladan Attalloh, Qubila va Ilyosax )
QarindoshlarLouise Helen Norton Little (Ona)
Malkolm Shabazz (nabira)[1]
Imzo
Malcolm X Signature.svg

Malkolm X (tug'ilgan Malkom Kichik; 1925 yil 19 may - 1965 yil 21 fevral) an Afroamerikalik Musulmon vazir va huquq himoyachisi davrida mashhur shaxs bo'lgan fuqarolik huquqlari harakati. U vokal vakili sifatida o'tkazgan vaqti bilan tanilgan Islom millati.

Tug'ilgan Omaxa, Nebraska Michigan shtatida o'sgan Malkolm X o'smirlik yillarini otasi vafot etganidan va onasi kasalxonaga yotqizilganidan keyin bir qator mehribonlik uylarida o'tkazgan. U erda bir nechta noqonuniy harakatlar bilan shug'ullangan va oxir-oqibat 1946 yilda 10 yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qilingan o'g'irlik va sindirish va kirish. Qamoqda, u qo'shildi Islom millati, Malkolm ismini qabul qildi X va tezda tashkilotning eng nufuzli rahbarlaridan biriga aylandi, 1952 yilda ozodlikdan mahrum etilganidan keyin. Malkom X keyin o'nlab yillar davomida tashkilotning jamoat yuzi bo'lib ishlagan va u erda u himoya qilgan qora ustunlik, qora vakolatlar va qora va oq amerikaliklarni ajratish va fuqarolik huquqlarini himoya qilish bo'yicha asosiy harakatni zo'ravonlik va harakatlarga e'tibor qaratgani uchun ommaviy ravishda tanqid qildi irqiy integratsiya. Malkolm X, shuningdek, millatning ijtimoiy ta'minotdagi ba'zi yutuqlaridan, ya'ni bepulligidan faxrlanishini bildirdi giyohvand moddalarni reabilitatsiya qilish dasturi. 50-yillardan boshlab butun hayoti davomida Malkolm X kuzatuvlarga bardosh berdi Federal tergov byurosi (FBI) millatning taxmin qilingan havolalari uchun kommunizm.

60-yillarda Malkolm X Islom millatidan va uning rahbaridan ko'ngli qolishni boshladi. Ilyos Muhammad. Keyinchalik u quchoq ochdi Sunniy islom va tugatgandan so'ng fuqarolik huquqlari harakati Haj ga Makka va el-Haj Malik al-Shabazz nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi.[A] Qisqa vaqt davomida Afrika bo'ylab sayohat qilganidan keyin u Islom xalqidan voz kechdi va Islomga asos soldi Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI) va Pan-afrikalik Afro-Amerika birligini tashkil etish (OAAU). 1964 yil davomida uning Islom millati bilan to'qnashuvi kuchayib bordi va unga bir necha bor o'lim bilan tahdid qilingan. Fevral oyida 21, 1965, u o'ldirildi. Uch millat a'zosi qotillikda ayblanib, umrbod qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi. Suiqasd haqidagi taxminlar va uni millatning etakchi yoki qo'shimcha a'zolari yoki huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari tomonidan o'ylab topilganmi yoki yordam berganmi, otishmadan keyin o'nlab yillar davomida saqlanib kelmoqda.

Va'z qilishda ayblangan munozarali shaxs irqchilik va zo'ravonlik, Malkolm X, shuningdek, irqiy adolatni qo'llagani uchun afro-amerikalik va musulmon amerikalik jamoalarda keng tanilgan shaxs. U o'limidan keyin sharaflandi Malkolm X kuni, u haqida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining turli shaharlarida eslashadi. AQShda yuzlab ko'chalar va maktablar uning sharafiga o'zgartirildi, ammo Audubon balli zali, uning o'ldirilishi joyi qisman 2005 yilda qayta qurilgan edi Malkolm X va doktor Betti Shabazz yodgorlik-ta'lim markazi.

Dastlabki yillar

Ismlari, yoshi va boshqa shaxsiy ma'lumotlari bo'lgan kitob
1930 yilgi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari aholini ro'yxatga olish, kichik oilani ro'yxatiga qaytarish (59ff qatorlari)

Malkolm Little 1925 yil 19-mayda tug'ilgan Omaxa, Nebraska, etti farzandining to'rtinchisi Grenada - tug'ilgan Louise Helen Little (norton Norton) va Gruziya - tug'ilgan Earl Little.[2] Graf ochiqdan-ochiq gaplashadigan odam edi Baptist yotish ma'ruzachi va u va Luiza muxlislari edi Pan-afrikalik faol Markus Garvi. Graf mahalliy rahbar edi Umumjahon negrlarni takomillashtirish assotsiatsiyasi (UNIA) va Luiza kotib va ​​"filial muxbiri" bo'lib ishladilar va mahalliy UNIA faoliyatining yangiliklarini yuborishdi Negr World; ular o'zlariga ishonishni va qora mag'rurlik ularning farzandlarida.[3][4][5] Malkom Keyinroq X oq zo'ravonlik bilan otasining to'rt akasini o'ldirganini aytdi.[6]

Sababli Ku-kluks-klan tahdidlar, Grafning UNIA faoliyati "muammolarni tarqatmoqda"[7] va oila 1926 yilda ko'chib kelgan Miluoki, Viskonsin va birozdan keyin Lansing, Michigan.[8] U erda oila tomonidan tez-tez ta'qib qilinmoqda Qora legion, oq irqchi guruhi Earl 1929 yilda oilaviy uyini yoqib yuborishda ayblangan.[9]

Malkolm olti yoshga to'lganida, uning otasi rasmiy ravishda boshqarilgan narsada vafot etdi tramvay Baxtsiz hodisa, garchi uning onasi Luiza Grafni Qora Legion o'ldirgan deb hisoblagan bo'lsa ham. Uning otasining o'limi uchun oq irqchilar aybdor degan mish-mishlar keng tarqalgan va bolaligida Malkolm X ni juda bezovta qilgan. Voyaga etganida, u bu savolga qarama-qarshi e'tiqodlarni bildirgan.[10] Kreditorlar bilan bo'lgan kelishmovchilikdan so'ng, Luiza hayotni sug'urtalash bo'yicha nafaqa oldi (nominal ravishda 1000 dollar - 2019 yilda 17000 dollar atrofida)[B] oyiga $ 18 miqdorida to'lovlarda;[11] boshqa, kattaroq siyosatning emitenti eri Earl o'z joniga qasd qilganini da'vo qilib, to'lashdan bosh tortdi.[12] Tirikchilik uchun Luiza bog'ining bir qismini ijaraga oldi, o'g'illari esa ov bilan ovlashdi.[13]

1937 yilda Luiza bolasi bilan homilador bo'lganida, hayotidan voz kechib, turmush qurgan edi.[14] 1938 yil oxirida u asab buzilishi va sodiq edi Kalamazoo davlat kasalxonasi. Bolalarni ajratib yuborishdi mehribonlik uylari. Malkom va uning aka-ukalari 24 yildan so'ng uni ozod qilishni ta'minladilar.[15][16]

Malkolm Litl Lansingdagi G'arbiy Junior maktabida, so'ngra Meyson o'rta maktabida tahsil oldi Meyson, Michigan, lekin o'rta maktabni 1941 yilda tugatmasdan oldin tark etgan.[17] U o'rta maktabda a'lo darajada o'qigan, ammo oq tanli o'qituvchi unga yuridik amaliyot bilan shug'ullanish "zenci uchun haqiqiy maqsad emas", deb aytgandan keyin o'rta maktabni tashlab ketgan.[18] Keyinchalik, Malkom X iste'dodidan qat'i nazar, kareraga yo'naltirilgan qora tanli odam uchun oq dunyo bo'sh joy bermasligini his qilganini esladi.[18]

14 yoshdan 21 yoshgacha Malkolm o'zining singlisi bilan birga yashab, turli xil ishlarni bajargan Ella Little-Collins yilda Roksberi, asosan Afro-amerikaliklar mahallasi Boston.[19][20]

Qisqa vaqtdan keyin Flint, Michigan, u Nyu-York shahriga ko'chib o'tdi Harlem 1943 yilda u giyohvand moddalar bilan shug'ullanish, qimor o'ynash, reketchilik, talonchilik va pimping.[21]So'nggi tarjimai hollarga ko'ra, Malkolm vaqti-vaqti bilan boshqa erkaklar bilan, odatda pul uchun jinsiy aloqada bo'lgan, ammo bu taxmin uni taniganlar tomonidan bahslashib kelgan.[22][23][C] U Harlemdagi Jimmi's Chicken Shack-ning idish yuvadigan hamkasbi Jon Elroy Sanford bilan do'stlashdi, u professional komediyachi bo'lishga intildi. Ikkala erkakning sochlari qizg'ish edi, shuning uchun Sanfordni tug'ilgan shahri nomi bilan "Chikago Red" deb atashgan va Malkom "Detroyt Red" nomi bilan tanilgan. Yillar o'tib, Sanford mashhur bo'lib ketdi Redd Foxx.[31]

Mahalliy tomonidan chaqirilgan chaqiruv kengashi Jahon urushidagi harbiy xizmat uchun Ikkinchidan, u ruhiy bezovtalikni boshidan kechirgan va shunday deb e'lon qilgan: "Men janubga yuborilishini istayman. Ularni zanjirli askarlar qatoriga qo'ying. ... bizga qurollarni o'g'irlab, o'ldir. krakerlar ".[32][33][34] U "harbiy xizmatga ruhiy jihatdan diskvalifikatsiya qilingan" deb e'lon qilindi.[32][33][34]

1945 yil oxirida Malkolm Bostonga qaytib keldi, u erda u to'rt sherigi bilan boy oq tanli oilalarga qaratilgan bir qator o'g'irliklarni amalga oshirdi.[35] 1946 yilda u do'konga ta'mirlash uchun qoldirgan o'g'irlangan soatini olayotganda hibsga olingan,[36] va fevral oyida sakkiz yildan o'n yilgacha jazoni o'tashni boshladi Charlestown shtat qamoqxonasi o'g'irlash va sindirish va kirish uchun.[37]

Islom davri millati

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Islom millati

Qamoq

Janob Muhammadning ta'limotlari orasida, mening yozishmalarim, mening tashrif buyuruvchilarim ... va kitob o'qishim oylar o'tdi, hatto qamalish haqida o'ylamadim. Darhaqiqat, shu paytgacha men hayotimda hech qachon bunchalik chinakam erkin bo'lmagan edim.

- Malkolm X[38]

Malkom qamoqda bo'lganida, u boshqa mahkum Jon Bembri bilan uchrashdi,[39] o'zini o'zi o'qitgan odam, keyinchalik u "men hech qachon ko'rgan birinchi odam hurmatga sazovor bo'lgan odam" deb ta'riflagan ... so'zlar bilan ".[40] Bembri ta'siri ostida Little o'qish uchun qattiq ishtahani rivojlantirdi.[41]

Ayni paytda, uning bir necha aka-ukalari unga yozishdi Islom millati, nisbatan yangi diniy harakat qora tanlilarga ishonishni va oxir-oqibat, qaytib kelishni targ'ib qilmoqda Afrika diasporasi Afrikaga, ular oq Amerika va Evropa hukmronligidan xalos bo'lishadi.[42] Avvaliga u ozgina qiziqish ko'rsatdi, lekin akasi Reginald 1948 yilda "Malkolm, boshqa cho'chqa go'shti yemang va boshqa sigaret chekmang. Men sizga qamoqdan qanday chiqib ketishni ko'rsataman" deb yozganidan keyin,[43] u chekishni tashladi va cho'chqa go'shtidan bosh tortishni boshladi.[44] Reginald guruhning ta'limotlarini, jumladan, oq tanlilar shayton ekanligiga ishonishini tasvirlab bergan tashrifdan so'ng, Malkom, oq tanlilar bilan bo'lgan har qanday munosabati insofsizlik, adolatsizlik, ochko'zlik va nafrat bilan bulg'angan degan xulosaga keldi.[45] Dinga dushmanligi tufayli qamoqxonada "Shayton" laqabini olgan Malkom,[46] Islom millati xabarini qabul qildi.[47]

1948 yil oxirida Malkolm xat yozdi Ilyos Muhammad, Islom millati etakchisi. Muhammad unga o'tmishidan voz kechishni maslahat berdi, kamtarlik bilan ibodat qiling Xudo va bundan keyin hech qachon buzg'unchi xatti-harakatlar qilmaslikka va'da bering.[48] Keyinroq u tiz cho'kib ibodat qilishdan oldin bo'lgan ichki kurashini esladi,[49] Tez orada Malkom Islom millatining a'zosi bo'ldi,[48]Muhammad bilan doimiy yozishmalar olib borish.[50]

1950 yilda Federal qidiruv byurosi Malkomga qamoqdan xat yozgandan keyin unga fayl ochdi Prezident Truman ga qarshi bo'lganligini bildirmoqda Koreya urushi va o'zini kommunist deb e'lon qilish.[51] O'sha yili u ham o'z ismini imzolay boshladi "Malkom X ".[52] Muhammad o'z izdoshlariga Islom millatiga qo'shilganda o'z familiyalarini qoldirib, o'rniga "X" belgisini ishlatishni buyurgan. Vaqt to'g'ri kelganda, ular o'zlarining samimiyligini isbotlaganlaridan so'ng, u musulmonning "asl ismini" oshkor qilishini aytdi.[53] Malkom o'zining avtobiografiyasida X "X" u hech qachon bila olmaydigan haqiqiy Afrika familiyasini ramziy ma'noda ekanligini tushuntirdi. "Men uchun mening" X "oq rang o'rnini egalladi qul ustasi nomi Kichkina ko'k ko'zli shayton mening ota-bobolarimga yuklagan "Kichik" ning.[54]

Dastlabki xizmat

Qismi bir qator kuni:
Islom millati
Maryam.jpg masjidi
Allah-green.svg Islom portali Rangli ovoz berish qutisi.svg Siyosat portali

1952 yil avgustda shartli ravishda ozod qilinganidan so'ng,[55] Malkom X Chikagodagi Ilyos Muhammadga tashrif buyurgan.[56] 1953 yil iyun oyida u Detroytdagi Millatning birinchi raqamli ibodatxonasi vazirining yordamchisi etib tayinlandi.[57][D] Keyinchalik o'sha yili u Bostonning Temple Number-ni tashkil etdi 11;[59] 1954 yil mart oyida u Ma'bad sonini kengaytirdi Filadelfiyada 12;[60] va ikki oydan so'ng u etakchilik uchun tanlandi Ma'bad raqami 7 Harlemda,[61] u o'zining a'zolarini tezda kengaytirdi.[62]

1953 yilda Federal qidiruv byurosi uning e'tiborini Malkolmdan olib, kuzatishni boshladi X ning Islom millatiga tez ko'tarilishining mumkin bo'lgan kommunistik birlashmalari.[63]

1955 yil davomida Malkom X Islom millati nomidan a'zolarni muvaffaqiyatli jalb qilishni davom ettirdi. U ma'badlarni qurdi Springfild, Massachusets shtati (soni 13); Xartford, Konnektikut (Raqam 14); va Atlanta, Gruziya (Raqam 15). Har oy yuzlab afro-amerikaliklar Islom millatiga qo'shilishardi.[64]

Ma'ruzachining mahoratidan tashqari, Malkom X ta'sirli jismoniy mavjudotga ega edi. U 6 metr 3 dyuym (1,91 m) balandlikda va taxminan 180 funt (82 kg) og'irlikda edi.[65] Bir yozuvchi uni "kuchli qurilgan" deb ta'riflagan,[66] va boshqasi "hayratlanarli darajada chiroyli" ... va har doim beg'ubor ".[65]

Nikoh va oila

1955 yilda, Betti Sanders Malkom bilan uchrashdi X o'zining ma'ruzalaridan biridan keyin, keyin yana kechki ovqatda; tez orada u muntazam ravishda uning ma'ruzalarida qatnashgan. 1956 yilda u ismi millatiga qo'shilib, ismini Betti deb o'zgartirdi X.[67] Yakkama-yakka sanalar millat ta'limotiga zid edi, shuning uchun er-xotin o'nlab yoki yuzlab boshqalar bilan ijtimoiy tadbirlarda va Malkom bilan suhbatlashishdi. X uni Nyu-York shahridagi muzeylar va kutubxonalarga olib boradigan guruhga tez-tez tashrif buyurishga taklif qildi.[68]

Malkom 1958 yil yanvar oyida X Detroytdan telefon orqali taklif qildi va ular ikki kundan keyin turmush qurishdi.[69][70] Ularning olti qizi bor edi:Attalloh (1958 yilda tug'ilgan, nomi bilan atalgan) Hun Attila );[71][E][F]Qubila (1960 yilda tug'ilgan, nomi bilan atalgan) Xubilay Xon );[75] Ilyosax (1962 yilda tug'ilgan, Ilyos Muhammad nomi bilan atalgan);[76] Gamila Lumumba (1964 yilda tug'ilgan, nomi bilan atalgan) Gamal Abdel Noser va Patris Lumumba );[77][78] egizaklar Malika va Malaak (1965 yilda tug'ilgan va otasining o'limidan keyin va uning sharafiga nomlangan).[79]

Xinton Jonson voqeasi

Amerika jamoatchiligi birinchi bo'lib Malkomdan xabardor bo'ldi X 1957 yilda, Xinton Jonsondan keyin,[G] Islam Nation a'zosi, Nyu-York shahrining ikki politsiyachisi tomonidan kaltaklangan.[82][83] Aprelda 26, Jonson va uning yonidan o'tib ketayotgan yana ikki kishi - "Shuningdek, Nation of Islam a'zolari" - zobitlarni afroamerikalik kishini tungi tayoq bilan urayotganini ko'rishdi.[82] Ular aralashishga uringanlarida, “Siz Alabamada emassiz ... bu Nyu-York! "[83] ofitserlardan biri Jonsonga o'girilib, uni shu qadar qattiq kaltakladiki, u miyasida kontuziya va subdural qon ketishini oldi. Afro-amerikalik to'rt erkak ham hibsga olingan.[82] Guvoh Malkolm ogohlantirmoqda X va oz sonli musulmonlar politsiya bo'limiga borib, Jonson bilan uchrashishni talab qilishdi.[82] Dastlab politsiya musulmonlar hibsda saqlanayotganini rad etdi, ammo olomon besh yuzga yaqinlashgach, ular Malkomga ruxsat berishdi Jonson bilan suhbatlashish uchun X.[84] Keyinchalik, Malkom X Jonsonni Harlem kasalxonasiga olib borish uchun tez yordamni tashkil qilishni talab qildi.[85]

Jonsonning jarohati davolandi va u politsiya bo'limiga qaytarilguniga qadar to'rt mingga yaqin odam tashqarida to'plandilar.[84] Stantsiya ichida Malkom X va advokat musulmonlarning ikkitasini garov puli sifatida kelishib olishdi. Jonson garovga olinmagan va politsiya u kasalxonaga qadar qaytib borolmasligini aytgan sudga murojaat qilish ertasi kuni.[85] Vaziyatni boshi berk ko'chada deb hisoblagan Malkom X stantsiya uyi tashqarisiga chiqib, olomonga qo'l ishora qildi. Millat a'zolari indamay chiqib ketishdi, shundan so'ng qolgan olomon ham tarqalib ketishdi.[85] Bir politsiya xodimi aytgan Nyu-York Amsterdam yangiliklari: "Hech kim bunday katta kuchga ega bo'lmasligi kerak."[85][86] Bir oy ichida Nyu-York politsiya departamenti Malkomni saqlashga qaror qildi X kuzatuv ostida; shuningdek, u o'zi yashagan boshqa shaharlardagi ma'murlar va u xizmat qilgan qamoqxonalar bilan so'roq o'tkazdi.[87] A katta hakamlar hay'ati Jonsonni kaltaklagan zobitlarni ayblashdan bosh tortdi. Oktyabr oyida Malkom X politsiya komissariga g'azablangan telegrammani yubordi. Tez orada politsiya bo'limi Islom millatiga kirib borish uchun maxfiy xodimlarni tayinladi.[88]

Mashhurlikni oshirish

1950 yillarning oxiriga kelib, Malkolm X Malkolm Shabazz yoki Malik al-Shabazz degan yangi ismdan foydalangan, garchi u hali ham Malkolm deb atalgan bo'lsa ham X.[89] Uning muammolar va voqealar haqidagi sharhlari bosma nashrlarda, radio va televidenieda keng yoritildi,[90] va u 1959 yilda Nyu-York shahridagi Islom millati haqida namoyish etilgan televizion kanalda namoyish etilgan, Nafratni ishlab chiqaradigan nafrat.[90]

1960 yil sentyabrda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh assambleyasi Nyu-York shahrida, Malkom X Afrikaning bir qator davlatlarining rasmiy funktsiyalariga taklif qilingan. U uchrashdi Gamal Abdel Noser Misr, Ahmed Seku Ture Gvineya va Kennet Kaunda ning Zambiya Afrika milliy kongressi.[91] Fidel Kastro Assambleyada va Malkomda ham qatnashdi X Garlem jamoat rahbarlarini kutib olish qo'mitasi tarkibida u bilan ochiq uchrashdi.[92] Kastro Malkomdan etarli darajada taassurot qoldirdi X shaxsiy uchrashuv o'tkazishni taklif qildi va ikki soatlik suhbatdan so'ng Kastro Malkomni taklif qildi Kubani ziyorat qilish uchun X.[93]

Nation bilan birga targ'ibot va ta'limot

1952 yilda Islom millatini qabul qilganidan 1964 yilgacha Malkom u bilan aloqani uzgunga qadar X ni Millat ta'limoti. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi:

Ilyos Muhammad minbarda gapirmoqda va odamlar diqqat bilan tinglaydilar
Kassius Kley (qorong'i kostyumda) soatlar Ilyos Muhammad gapirish, 1964 yil

Ko'plab oq tanlilar va ba'zi qora tanlilar Malkomdan qo'rqishdi X va u shu davrda qilgan bayonotlari. U va Islom millati nafrat uyg'otuvchilar, qora tanli supremacistlar, irqchilar, zo'ravonlik izlovchilar, segregatistlar va irqiy munosabatlarning yaxshilanishiga tahdid sifatida tasvirlangan. U borlikda ayblangan antisemitik.[97] 1961 yilda Malkolm X NOI mitingida yonma-yon gapirdi Jorj Linkoln Rokvell, boshlig'i Amerika natsistlar partiyasi; Rokvellning ta'kidlashicha, qora millatchilik va oq tanlilar o'rtasida bir-biri bilan to'qnashuv mavjud.[98] Ning maqsadlaridan biri fuqarolik huquqlari harakati tugatish kerak edi huquqdan mahrum etish afroamerikaliklar, ammo Islom millati uning a'zolariga ovoz berishda va siyosiy jarayonning boshqa jihatlarida qatnashishni taqiqlagan.[99] The NAACP va boshqa fuqarolik huquqlarini himoya qiluvchi tashkilotlar uni va Islom millatini mas'uliyatsiz ekstremistlar, ularning qarashlari afroamerikaliklarning umumiy manfaatlarini ifoda etmaydi deb qoralashdi.[100][101][102]

Malkom X fuqarolik huquqlari harakatini bir xil darajada tanqid qildi.[103] U qo'ng'iroq qildi Martin Lyuter King kichik "chump" va fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha boshqa rahbarlar oq tanlilarning "muomalasi" bo'lganligini aytdi.[104][H] U 1963 yilni chaqirdi Vashingtonda mart "Vashingtondagi fars",[106] va nima uchun bu qadar ko'p qora tanlilar "yuz yildan beri vafot etgan va tirikligida bizni yoqtirmagan prezident haykali oldida oq tanlilar tomonidan o'tkazilgan" namoyishidan hayajonlanganini bilmasligini aytdi.[107]

Fuqarolik huquqlari harakati qarshi kurash olib borgan paytda irqiy ajratish, Malkom X to'liqlikni himoya qildi ajratish oq tanli afroamerikaliklar. U buni taklif qildi Afro-amerikaliklar Afrikaga qaytishlari kerak va vaqtincha Amerikada qora tanli odamlar uchun alohida mamlakat yaratilishi kerak.[108][109] U fuqarolik huquqlari harakati strategiyasini rad etdi zo'ravonlik, qora tanli odamlar o'zlarini himoya qilishi va oldinga siljishi kerakligini ta'kidlab "zarur bo'lgan har qanday usul bilan ".[110] Uning chiqishlari asosan afroamerikaliklar bo'lgan tomoshabinlarga kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatdi shimoliy va g'arbiy shaharlar. Ularning aksariyati - erkinlik, adolat, tenglik va hurmatni kutishni aytishdan charchagan[111]O'zining shikoyatlarini fuqarolik huquqlari harakatiga qaraganda yaxshiroq bayon qilganini his qildi.[112][113]

Millat a'zoligiga ta'siri

Malkolm X kamerani ushlab, tushlik stolida o'tirgan Kleyni suratga olmoqda
Malkolm X fotosuratlari Kassius Kley Kleydan keyin og'ir vaznda jahon chempioniga aylandi (1964)

Malkom X keng miqyosda Islom millatining Ilyos Muhammaddan keyingi ikkinchi nufuzli rahbari sifatida tanilgan.[114] U asosan guruhning 1950-yillarning boshlari va 1960-yillarning boshlari o'rtasidagi a'zolik sonining keskin o'sishiga (500 dan 25000 gacha bo'lgan taxminlarga ko'ra;[Men] 1200 dan 50,000 gacha yoki boshqasi tomonidan 75,000 gacha).[116][J]

U bokschiga ilhom berdi Kassius Kley millatga qo'shilish,[118] va ikkalasi yaqinlashdilar.[119]1964 yil yanvar oyida Kley Malkomni olib keldi X va uning oilasi Mayamiga uning mashg'ulotlarini kuzatish uchun uning Sonni Listonga qarshi jangi.[120]Malkom qachon X Islom millatini tark etdi, u Kleyni (u Ilyos Muhammad tomonidan Muhammad Ali deb o'zgartirilgan edi) unga qo'shilishga ishontirishga urindi. Sunniy islom, ammo Kley u bilan aloqani uzdi, keyinchalik tanaffusni uning eng katta pushaymonliklaridan biri sifatida tavsifladi.[K]

Malkom X Luiga rahbarlik qildi va unga rahbarlik qildi X (keyinchalik ma'lum bo'lgan Lui Farraxan ) oxir-oqibat Islom millatining etakchisiga aylandi.[122] Malkom X, shuningdek, Ilyos Muhammadning o'g'lining maslahatchisi va ishonchli vakili bo'lib xizmat qilgan, Wallace D. Muhammad; o'g'li Malkolm Xga otasining islomga "g'ayritabiiy yondashuvi" ga shubha bilan qarashi haqida gapirib berdi.[123] Uolles Muhammad bir necha bor Islom millatidan chiqarilgan, garchi u oxir-oqibat qayta qabul qilingan bo'lsa ham.[124]

Ko'ngilsizlik va ketish

1962 va 1963 yillar davomida voqealar Malkomga sabab bo'ldi X o'z islom millati, xususan, uning etakchisi Ilyos Muhammad bilan munosabatlarini qayta ko'rib chiqmoqchi.

Islom millatining yo'qligi LAPD zo'ravonligiga javob

1961 yil oxirida Los-Anjelesning janubiy markazida Islom millati a'zolari va politsiya o'rtasida ziddiyatli to'qnashuvlar bo'lib, ko'plab musulmonlar hibsga olingan. Ular oqlandi, ammo ziddiyatlar ko'tarildi. Faqat aprel yarim tundan keyin 27, 1962, ikki LAPD 27-sonli ibodatxona oldida bir necha musulmonlarni hech qanday sababsiz qo'zg'ashgan, itarishgan va kaltaklashgan. Masjiddan g'azablangan musulmonlarning katta olami paydo bo'ldi va ofitserlar ularni qo'rqitmoqchi bo'lishdi. Bitta ofitser qurolsizlantirildi; uning sherigi uchinchi ofitser tomonidan tirsagidan o'qqa tutilgan. 70 dan ortiq zaxira ofitserlari kelib, ular masjidga bostirib kirib, Islom millati a'zolarini tasodifan kaltakladilar. Politsiya xodimlari ettita musulmonni otib tashladilar, jumladan Uilyam X Rojers, uning orqa tomoniga zarba berilgan va umr bo'yi falaj bo'lib qolgan, va Koreya urushi qatnashchisi Ronald Stoks, taslim bo'lish uchun qo'llarini boshiga ko'tarib orqasidan o'q uzgan va uni o'ldirgan.[125][126]

Ushbu tadbirdan keyin bir qator musulmonlarga ayblov e'lon qilindi, ammo politsiyaga hech qanday ayblovlar qo'yilmadi. Sud sudi Stoksning o'ldirilishi asosli deb topdi. Malkomga X, masjidning tahqirlanishi va shu bilan bog'liq zo'ravonlik choralar ko'rishni talab qildi va u Luisdan foydalangan Keyinchalik X (keyinchalik Lui Farraxon) o'zining "gangsterlik o'tmishi" deb atagan va Islom millatining yanada qattiqlashgan a'zolarini politsiyaga qarshi zo'ravonlik bilan qasos olishga chaqirdi. Malkom X Elixa Muhammadning roziligini so'radi, rad etildi, Malkolm hayratda qoldirdi X. Malkom X-ni Ilyos Muhammad yana fuqarolik huquqlarini himoya qilish tashkilotlari, mahalliy qora tanli siyosatchilar va diniy guruhlar bilan ishlashni boshlashi haqida gapirganda blokirovka qildi. Lui X buni Malkolm o'rtasidagi munosabatlarning yomonlashuvidagi muhim burilish nuqtasi deb bildi X va Muhammad.[125][126]

Ilyos Muhammad tomonidan jinsiy buzuqlik

Muhammad yosh millat kotiblari bilan nikohdan tashqari ishlarni olib bormoqda degan mish-mishlar tarqaldi - bu millat ta'limotini jiddiy ravishda buzilishiga olib keladi. Malkom avval mish-mishlarni arzonlashtirgandan so'ng X Muhammadning o'g'li bilan gaplashgandan keyin ularga ishondi Uolles va ayollarni ayblash bilan. Muhammad 1963 yilda mish-mishlarni tasdiqlab, o'z xatti-harakatini Muqaddas Kitobdagi payg'ambarlar tomonidan o'rnatilgan pretsedentlarga ishora qilib oqlamoqchi bo'ldi.[127]

Kennedining o'ldirilishiga oid izohlar

Dekabrda 1, 1963 yil, ga izoh berishni so'rashganda Jon F. Kennedining o'ldirilishi, Malkom X "bu ish edi" dediuyga tushadigan tovuqlar"U qo'shimcha qildi:" Uyga kelib tushgan tovuqlar meni hech qachon xafa qilmagan; ular har doim meni xursand qilishgan. "[128] Xuddi shunday, ko'ra The New York Times:[128]

Janob Kennedini yana bir bor tanqid qilganimda, musulmonlar etakchisi qotilliklarni keltirgan Patris Lumumba, Kongo rahbari, of Medgar Evers, fuqarolik huquqlari rahbari va Negr qizlar bombardimon qilindi bu yil boshida a Birmingem cherkov. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, bular boshqa "jo'jalar uyga uyga kelish" holatlari bo'lgan.

Ushbu so'zlar jamoatchilikning keng noroziligiga sabab bo'ldi. Ga hamdardlik xabarini yuborgan Islom millati Kennedi oilasi va vazirlariga suiqasd haqida izoh bermaslikni buyurdi, ularning avvalgi porlab turgan yulduzini ochiqchasiga tantana qildi.[129] Malkom X vazirlik lavozimini va lavozim darajasini saqlab qoldi, ammo 90 kun davomida jamoat oldida so'zlash taqiqlandi.[130]

Ommaviy axborot vositalarining Malkomga e'tiborlari X ustidan Muhammad

Malkom X hozirgi kunga qadar ommaviy axborot vositalarining sevimlisiga aylandi va ba'zi millat a'zolari uni Muhammadning rahbariyatiga tahdid deb hisoblashdi. Nashriyotlar Malkomga qiziqish bildirishgan X ning tarjimai holi va qachon Lui Lomaks 1963 yil millat haqidagi kitobini yozgan, So'z berilganda, u Malkomning fotosuratidan foydalangan Muqovada X. U beshta nutqini takrorladi, lekin faqat bitta Muhammadning nutqini namoyish qildi - bularning barchasi Muhammadni qattiq xafa qildi va unga hasad qildi.[131]

Islom millatidan chiqib ketish

Mart oyida 8, 1964 yil, Malkom X islom millatidan ajralib chiqqanligini ommaviy ravishda e'lon qildi. U hanuzgacha musulmon bo'lsa-da, Millat o'zining qat'iy ta'limotlari tufayli "iloji boricha uzoqlashdi" deb his qildi. U tashkil qilishni rejalashtirayotganini aytdi qora millatchi afroamerikaliklarning "siyosiy ongini oshirish" uchun tashkilot. Shuningdek, u boshqa fuqarolik huquqlari rahbarlari bilan ishlash istagini bildirib, ilgari Ilyos Muhammad uni bunga to'sqinlik qilganini aytdi.[132]

Islom millatini tark etgandan keyingi faoliyat

Malkom Xning yagona uchrashuvi Martin Lyuter King kichik 1964 yil 26 mart, Senat munozaralari paytida (oxir-oqibat) Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y.[133]

Tark etganidan keyin Islom millati, Malkom X asos solgan Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI), diniy tashkilot,[134][135] va Afro-Amerika birligini tashkil etish (OAAU), targ'ibot qilgan dunyoviy guruh Pan-afrikalik.[136][137] Mart oyida 26, 1964, u qisqa uchrashdi Martin Lyuter King kichik birinchi va yagona marta - ‌va fotosuratlar olish uchun yetarlicha uzoq vaqt - Washington Vashingtonda, ikkalasi ham qatnashganidek Senatning munozarasi Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi da AQSh kapitoliy bino.[L][M] Aprel oyida Malkom X "nutq so'zladiOvoz byulleteni yoki o'q ", unda u afroamerikaliklarga ovoz berish huquqidan oqilona foydalanishni maslahat berdi, ammo agar hukumat afroamerikaliklarning to'liq tenglikka erishishiga to'sqinlik qilishni davom ettirsa, ularga qurol olishlari kerak bo'lishi mumkinligi to'g'risida ogohlantirdi.[140][141]

U Islom millatini tark etganidan bir necha hafta o'tgach, bir nechtasi Sunniy musulmonlar - Malkomni rag'batlantirdi Ularning imonlari to'g'risida bilish uchun X. Tez orada u sunniy e'tiqodga o'tdi.[142][143]

Makka ziyoratlari

1964 yil aprel oyida uning singlisi Ella Little-Collinsning moliyaviy yordami bilan Malkom X uchib ketdi Jidda, Saudiya Arabistoni, uning boshlanishi sifatida Haj, haj Makka bunga qodir bo'lgan har bir musulmon uchun farzdir. U Jidda shahrida AQSh fuqarosi bo'lganligi va gapira olmasligi sababli kechiktirildi Arabcha uning musulmon maqomini so'roq qilishga sabab bo'ldi.[144][145] U olgan edi Abdul Rahmon Hasan Azzam kitobi Muhammadning abadiy xati vizasini tasdiqlash bilan va u muallif bilan bog'landi. Azzamning o'g'li uni ozod qilishni tashkil qildi va unga shaxsiy mehmonxonasini qarzga berdi. Ertasi kuni ertalab Malkom X buni bilib oldi Shahzoda Faysal uni davlat mehmoni qilib tayinlagan edi.[146] Bir necha kundan so'ng, haj marosimlarini tugatgandan so'ng, Malkom Xda shahzoda bilan tinglovchilar bor edi.[147]

Malkom Keyinchalik X, "ko'k ko'zli sariq sochlardan tortib qora tanli afrikaliklarga qadar" har xil rangdagi musulmonlarni ko'rish, teng huquqli odamlar bilan muomala qilish uni Islomni irqiy muammolarni engish vositasi sifatida ko'rishga undaganligini aytdi.[148]

Qohiraga tashrif

Malkolm X 1964 yilda
Malkolm X, 1964 yil Makkada qilgan ziyoratidan so'ng

Malkom X allaqachon tashrif buyurgan Birlashgan Arab Respublikasi (Misr va Suriya o'rtasida qisqa muddatli siyosiy birlashma), Sudan, Nigeriya va Gana 1959 yilda Elija Muhammad tomonidan Afrika bo'ylab sayohat qilishni rejalashtirgan.[149] 1964 yilda Makka safaridan so'ng u Afrikaga ikkinchi marta tashrif buyurdi. U may oyining oxirida AQShga qaytib keldi[150] va iyul oyida yana Afrikaga uchib ketdi.[151] Ushbu tashriflar davomida u rasmiylar bilan uchrashdi, intervyular berdi va Misrda, Efiopiyada radio va televidenieda nutq so'zladi. Tanganika, Nigeriya, Gana, Gvineya, Sudan, Senegal, Liberiya, Jazoir va Marokash.[152] Qohirada u ikkinchi uchrashuvda qatnashdi Afrika birligi tashkiloti OAAU vakili sifatida.[153][154] Uchinchi tashrif yakunida u Afrikaning barcha taniqli rahbarlari bilan uchrashdi;[155] Kvame Nkrumah Gana, Gamal Abdel Noser Misr va Ahmed Ben Bella Jazoirliklarning hammasi Malkomni taklif qilishgan X o'z hukumatlarida xizmat qilish uchun.[155] U so'zlaganidan keyin Ibadan universiteti, Nigeriyalik musulmon talabalar uyushmasi unga faxriy mukofotni topshirdi Yoruba ism Omowale ("uyga kelgan o'g'il").[156] Keyinchalik u buni o'zining eng qadrli sharafi deb atadi.[157]

Frantsiya va Buyuk Britaniya

Noyabr kuni 23, 1964 yil, Afrikadan Malkom uyiga qaytayotganda X Parijda to'xtadi, u erda u nutq so'zladi Salle de la Mutualité.[158][159] Bir hafta o'tgach, noyabrda 30, Malkolm X Buyuk Britaniyaga uchib ketdi va dekabrda 3 ishtirok etdi munozara da Oksford ittifoqi Jamiyat. Ushbu harakat shu yil boshida berilgan bayonotdan olingan AQSh prezidentligiga nomzod Barri Goldwater: "Ozodlikni himoya qilishda ekstremizm nojoiz; adolat yo'lida moderatsiya fazilat emas".[160] Malkom X ijobiy fikrni ilgari surdi va munozaraga qiziqish shu qadar baland ediki, uni milliy televidenie orqali namoyish etdi BBC.[161][162]

Fevral oyida 5, 1965, Malkolm X yana Britaniyaga uchib ketdi,[163] va fevral oyida 8 u Londonda bo'lib o'tgan Afrika tashkilotlari kengashining birinchi yig'ilishida nutq so'zladi.[164] Ertasi kuni u Frantsiyaga qaytishga urindi, ammo kirishga ruxsat berilmadi.[165]

Fevral oyida 12, u tashrif buyurdi Semvik, yaqin Birmingem, qaerda Konservativ partiya deputatlik mandatini qo'lga kiritgan edi ichida 1964 yilgi umumiy saylov. Muvaffaqiyatli nomzoddan keyin shahar irqiy bo'linish uchun so'zga aylandi, Piter Griffits, "Agar qo'shningiz uchun zanjir kerak bo'lsa, Liberal yoki ga ovoz bering." Mehnat Smetvik Malkomda X etnik ozchiliklar aholisiga bo'lgan munosabatini Gitler boshchiligidagi yahudiylarga nisbatan muomalasi bilan taqqoslab shunday dedi: "Men Smetvikdagi fashist unsur gaz pechlarini o'rnatishini kutmas edim".[166][167]

Qo'shma Shtatlarga qaytish

AQShga qaytib kelgandan so'ng, Malkom X turli xil tomoshabinlarga murojaat qildi. U MMI va OAAU tomonidan o'tkazilgan yig'ilishlarda muntazam ravishda nutq so'zlagan va kollej shaharchalarida eng ko'p terilgan ma'ruzachilardan biri bo'lgan.[168] Keyinchalik uning eng katta yordamchilaridan biri "kollej o'quvchilari bilan suhbatlashish uchun barcha imkoniyatlarni mamnuniyat bilan qabul qilganini" yozgan.[169] Shuningdek, u jamoat yig'ilishlarida nutq so'zladi Sotsialistik ishchilar partiyasi, ularning jangari mehnat forumida nutq so'zladilar.[170] U tomonidan ajratish va Islom millati mavzularida intervyu berildi Robert Penn Uorren Uorrenning 1965 yildagi kitobi uchun Negr uchun kim gapiradi?[171]

Islom millati tomonidan o'limga tahdid qilish va qo'rqitish

Malkom X miltiq ko'tarib, derazaga qarab turibdi
Malkom X oilasini ramziy ma'noda qo'riqlaydi Qara fotosurat

1964 yil davomida uning Islom millati bilan ziddiyati kuchaygan sari Malkom Xga bir necha bor tahdid qilingan.[172]

Fevral oyida "Seven" ibodatxonasi rahbari Malkolmni bombardimon qilishga buyruq berdi X ning mashinasi.[173] Mart oyida Muhammad Boston vaziri Luiga aytdi X (keyinchalik ma'lum bo'lgan Lui Farraxan ) "Malkom kabi ikkiyuzlamachilarning boshlarini kesib tashlash kerak";[174] aprel 10-nashr Muhammad gapiradi Malkolm tasvirlangan multfilmni namoyish etdi X ning sakrab tushgan boshi kesilgan.[175][176]

Iyun kuni 8, FBI nazorati telefon qo'ng'irog'ini yozib oldi Betti Shabazz uning eri "o'lik kabi yaxshi" deb aytilgan.[177] To'rt kundan so'ng, Federal qidiruv byurosining xabarchisi "Malkom X tepaga uriladi ".[178] Xuddi shu oyda Nation Malkomni qaytarib olishga da'vo qildi X ning yashash joyi Sharqiy Elmxurst, Malika, Nyu York. Uning oilasini bo'shatishga buyruq berildi[179] ammo fevral oyida 14, 1965 yil - uydan chiqarishni keyinga qoldirish to'g'risidagi sud majlisidan bir kun oldin tunda - uy olov bilan vayron qilingan.[180]

Iyulda 9, Muhammadning yordamchisi Jon Ali (Federal qidiruv byurosining yashirin agenti deb gumon qilingan)[181] Malkomga murojaat qildi X: "Hurmatli Ilyos Muhammadga qarshi bo'lgan har kim o'z hayotini xavf ostiga qo'yadi".[182] Dekabr oyida 4 soni Muhammad gapiradi, Lui X "Malkom kabi odam o'limga loyiq" deb yozgan.[183]

1964 yil sentyabrdagi son Qara Malkomni sahnalashtirdi X ning ushbu tahdidlarga qarshi turishi fotosuratini nashr etib, uning qo'lidagi fotosuratni nashr etadi M1 karbini derazaga qaragancha.[184][185]

Suiqasd

Tashqi rasm
rasm belgisi "Malkom deb nomlangan odamning zo'ravonlik bilan oxiri", HAYOT, 1965 yil 5 mart. Halokatli o'q otilganidan bir necha daqiqadan so'ng olingan fotosuratlar, shu jumladan faollardan biri Yuriy Kochiyama o'layotgan Malkomni beshikka olish X boshi.[186]

Fevral oyida 19, 1965 yil, Malkom X suhbatdoshga aytdi Gordon bog'lari Islom millati uni o'ldirishga faol urinayotgani. Fevral oyida 21, 1965, u murojaat qilishga tayyorlanmoqda OAAU Manhettenda Audubon balli zali 400 kishilik tomoshabinlardan kimdir: "Nigger! Qo'lingni cho'ntagimga uzat!"[187][188][189]Malkom sifatida X va uning soqchilari bezovtalikni bostirishga harakat qilishdi,[N] bir kishi oldinga yugurib borib, a bilan uning ko'kragiga bir marta o'q uzdi arra qilingan miltiq[190][191] va yana ikki kishi sahnada yarim avtomatik avtomatlarni o'qqa tutishdi.[188] Malkom Soat 3:30 da X o'lgan deb e'lon qilindi pm, etib kelganidan ko'p o'tmay Columbia Presbyterian kasalxonasi.[189] Tekshiruv natijasida ko'krak qafasi, chap yelkasi, qo'llari va oyoqlari 21 ta o'qotar jarohatlar, shu jumladan dastlabki o'q otish paytida o'qdan o'nta jarohat aniqlangan.[192]

Bir qurolli odam, Islom millati a'zosi Talmadj Xayer (shuningdek, Tomas Xagan nomi bilan tanilgan), politsiya kelishidan oldin olomon tomonidan kaltaklangan.[193][194] Guvohlar boshqa qurollanganlarni Nation a'zolari ekanligini aniqladilar Norman 3X Butler va Tomas 15X Jonson.[195] Uchalasi ham 1966 yil mart oyida qotillikda ayblanib, umrbod qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi.[196][197]Sud jarayonida Xayer tan oldi, ammo boshqa hujumchilarni aniqlashdan bosh tortdi, faqat ular Butler va Jonson emasligini tasdiqlashdi.[198]Yilda 1977 va 1978 yillarda, u dalolatnomalarni imzoladi Butler va Jonsonning aybsizligini tasdiqlash, qotillik yoki uni rejalashtirish ishtirokchilari sifatida Nyarkdagi 25-sonli masjidning yana to'rt millat a'zosini nomlash.[199][200][201][202] Ushbu tasdiqnomalar ishning qayta tiklanishiga olib kelmadi. 2020 yilda, Netflix hujjatlar Malkom Xni kim o'ldirgan? suiqasdni o'rganib chiqdi, bu qotillik idorasi tomonidan yangi tekshiruvni boshladi Manxetten okrugi prokurori.[203]

Devor oldidagi ag'darilgan stul, uning ustiga o'q teshiklari atrofida bir qancha bo'r doiralar chizilgan
The Audubon balli zali qotillikdan keyingi bosqich, o'q teshiklari doiralar bilan belgilangan

Bugun Muhammad Abdul Aziz nomi bilan tanilgan Butler 1985 yilda shartli ravishda ozod qilindi va Millat rahbari bo'ldi Harlem masjidi 1998 yilda; u o'zining aybsizligini saqlaydi.[204] Zindonda ismini Xalil Islom deb o'zgartirgan Jonson, Millat ta'limotini rad etib, sunniy Islomni qabul qildi. 1987 yilda ozodlikka chiqarilgan va 2009 yil avgustda vafotigacha aybsizligini saqlagan.[205][206] Hibsda bo'lganida ham millat ta'limotini rad etgan va sunniy islomni qabul qilgan Xayr,[207] bugungi kunda Mujohid Halim nomi bilan tanilgan.[208] U 2010 yilda ozod qilingan.[209]

A CNN Maxsus hisobot, Guvoh bo'lgan: Malkomning o'ldirilishi X, fevral oyida efirga uzatildi 17, 2015. Unda u bilan birga ishlagan bir necha kishi bilan suhbatlar, shu jumladan A. Piter Beyli va Earl Grant, shuningdek Malkomning qizi X, Ilyos Shabazz.[210][211][212]

Janoza

Ommaviy tomosha, fevral 23-26 yillarda Harlemdagi Birlik dafn marosimida 14000 dan 30000 gacha motam qatnashchilari qatnashdilar.[213]Fevral dafn marosimi uchun 27, Harlemning ming kishilik Imon ibodatxonasi oldida toshib ketgan olomon uchun karnaylar o'rnatildi Masihdagi Xudoning cherkovi,[214][215] va mahalliy telekanal xizmatni jonli efirda namoyish qildi.[216]

Fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha etakchilar orasida ishtirok etishdi Jon Lyuis, Bayard Rustin, Jeyms Forman, Jeyms Farmer, Jessi Grey va Endryu Yang.[214][217] Aktyor va faol Ossi Devis Malkomni tasvirlab, maqtov so'zlarini etkazdi X sifatida "bizning porloq qora shahzoda ... bizni juda yaxshi ko'rgani uchun o'lishdan tortinmagan ":

Negr xalqining do'stlari sifatida, uni yomonlashimiz kerak, hatto uning xotirasi borligidan qochib, uni notinch zamonamiz tarixidan yozib, o'zimizni qutqarishimizni aytishni o'z burchimiz deb biladiganlar bor. Ko'pchilik Harlemning bu bo'ronli, bahsli va jasur yosh kapitan uchun nimani sharaflashi kerakligini so'raydi - va biz jilmayamiz. Ko'pchilik yuz o'gir deydilar - bu odamdan yiroq, chunki u odam emas, balki jin, yirtqich hayvon, buzg'unchi va qora tanli odamning dushmani, - va biz jilmayamiz. Ular uni nafratlanadi, deyishadi - fanatik, irqchi - kim kurash olib boradigan ishingizga faqat yomonlik keltirishi mumkin! Va biz ularga javob beramiz va aytamiz: Malkolm birodar bilan gaplashdingizmi? Siz unga tegganmisiz yoki u sizga tabassum qilganmi? Haqiqatan ham uni tinglaganmisiz? U hech qachon yomon ish qilganmi? U hech qachon zo'ravonlik yoki jamoat tartibsizliklari bilan bog'liq bo'lganmi? Agar qilganingizda uni taniysiz. Va agar siz uni bilsangiz, nima uchun uni hurmat qilishimiz kerakligini bilgan bo'lar edingiz.… Va uni sharaflash uchun biz o'zimizdagi eng yaxshilarni hurmat qilamiz.[218]

Malkom X dafn etilgan Fernkliff qabristoni yilda Xarsdeyl, Nyu York.[216] Friends took up the gravediggers' shovels to complete the burial themselves.[219]

Aktyor va faol Ruby Dee and Juanita Poitier (wife of Sidni Poitier ) established the Committee of Concerned Mothers to raise money for a home for his family and for his children's educations.[220]

Reaksiyalar

Reactions to Malcolm X's assassination were varied. In a telegram to Betti Shabazz, Martin Lyuter King kichik expressed his sadness at "the shocking and tragic assassination of your husband."[221] U aytdi:[221]

While we did not always see eye to eye on methods to solve the race problem, I always had a deep affection for Malcolm and felt that he had a great ability to put his finger on the existence and root of the problem. He was an eloquent spokesman for his point of view and no one can honestly doubt that Malcolm had a great concern for the problems that we face as a race.

Ilyos Muhammad told the annual Savior's Day convention on February 26 that "Malcolm X got just what he preached," but denied any involvement with the murder.[222] "We didn't want to kill Malcolm and didn't try to kill him," Muhammad said, adding "We know such ignorant, foolish teachings would bring him to his own end."[223]

Yozuvchi Jeyms Bolduin, who had been a friend of Malcolm X's, was in London when he heard the news of the assassination. He responded with indignation towards the reporters interviewing him, shouting, "You did it! It is because of you—the men that created this white supremacy—that this man is dead. You are not guilty, but you did it.… Your mills, your cities, your rape of a continent started all this."[224]

The Nyu-York Post wrote that "even his sharpest critics recognized his brilliance‍—‌often wild, unpredictable and eccentric, but nevertheless possessing promise that must now remain unrealized."[225] The New York Times wrote that Malcolm X was "an extraordinary and twisted man" who "turn[ed] many true gifts to evil purpose" and that his life was "strangely and pitifully wasted."[226] Vaqt called him "an unashamed demagog " whose "aqida was violence."[227]

Outside of the U.S., particularly in Africa, the press was sympathetic.[228] The Daily Times Nigeriya wrote that Malcolm X would "have a place in the palace of martyrs"[229] The Ghanaian Times likened him to Jon Braun, Medgar Evers va Patris Lumumba, and counted him among "a host of Africans and Americans who were martyred in freedom's cause."[230][231] Xitoyda People Daily described Malcolm X as a martyr killed by "ruling circles and racists" in the United States; his assassination, the paper wrote, demonstrated that "in dealing with imperialist oppressors, violence must be met with violence."[231] The Guangming Daily, also published in Beijing, stated that "Malcolm was murdered because he fought for freedom and equal rights."[232] Kubada, El Mundo described the assassination as "another racist crime to eradicate by violence the struggle against discrimination."[228]

In a weekly column he wrote for the Nyu-York Amsterdam yangiliklari, King reflected on Malcolm X and hisassassination:[233]

Malkom X came to the fore as a public figure partially as a result of a TV documentary entitled, The Hate that Hate Produced. That title points to the nature of Malcolm's life and death.

Malkom X was clearly a product of the hate and violence invested in the Negro's blighted existence in this nation.…

In his youth, there was no hope, no preaching, teaching or movements of non-violence.…

It is a testimony to Malcolm's personal depth and integrity that he could not become an underworld Czar, but turned again and again to religion for meaning and destiny. Malcolm was still turning and growing at the time of his brutal and meaningless assassination.…

Like the murder of Lumumba, the murder of Malcolm X deprives the world of a potentially great leader. I could not agree with either of these men, but I could see in them a capacity for leadership which I could respect, and which was just beginning to mature in judgment and statesmanship.

Fitna haqidagi da'volar

Lui Farraxan 2005 yilda
Lui Farraxan 2005 yilda

Within days, the question of who bore responsibility for the assassination was being publicly debated. Fevral oyida 23, James Farmer, leader of the Irqiy tenglik kongressi, announced at a news conference that local drug dealers, and not the Nation of Islam, were to blame.[234] Others accused the NYPD, Federal qidiruv byurosi yoki Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi, citing the lack of police protection, the ease with which the assassins entered the Audubon Ballroom, and the failure of the police to preserve the crime scene.[235][236] Earl Grant, one of Malcolm X's associates who was present at the assassination, later wrote:[237]

[A]bout five minutes later, a most incredible scene took place. Into the hall sauntered about a dozen policemen. They were strolling at about the pace one would expect of them if they were patrolling a quiet park. They did not seem to be at all excited or concerned about the circumstances.

I could hardly believe my eyes. Here were New York City policemen, entering a room from which at least a dozen shots had been heard, and yet not one of them had his gun out! As a matter of absolute fact, some of them even had their hands in their pockets.

In the 1970s, the public learned about COINTELPRO and other secret FBI programs established to infiltrate and disrupt civil rights organizations during the 1950s and 1960s.[238] Louis Lomax wrote that John Ali, national secretary of the Nation of Islam, was a former FBI agent.[181] Malkom X had confided to a reporter that Ali exacerbated tensions between him and Elijah Muhammad and that he considered Ali his "archenemy" within the Nation of Islam leadership.[181] Ali had a meeting with Talmadge Hayer, one of the men convicted of killing Malcolm X, the night before the assassination.[239]

The Shabazz family are among those who have accused Louis Farrakhan of involvement in Malcolm X's assassination.[240][241][242][243][244] In a 1993 speech Farrakhan seemed to acknowledge the possibility that the Nation of Islam was responsible:[245][246]

Was Malcolm your traitor or ours? And if we dealt with him like a nation deals with a traitor, what the jahannam business is it of yours? A nation has to be able to deal with traitors and cutthroats and turncoats.

A 60 daqiqa interview that aired during May 2000, Farrakhan stated that some things he said may have led to the assassination of Malcolm X. "I may have been complicit in words that I spoke," he said, adding "I acknowledge that and regret that any word that I have said caused the loss of life of a human being."[247] A few days later Farrakhan denied that he "ordered the assassination" of Malcolm X, although he again acknowledged that he "created the atmosphere that ultimately led to Malcolm X's assassination."[248]

No consensus has been reached on who was responsible for the assassination.[249] In August 2014, an online petition was started using the White House online petition mechanism to call on the government to release, without alteration, any files they still held relating to the murder of Malcolm X.[250] In January 2019, members of the families of Malcolm X, Jon F. Kennedi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Robert F. Kennedi were among dozens of Americans who signed a public statement calling for a haqiqat va yarashtirish komissiyasi to persuade Congress or the Adliya vazirligi to review the assassinations of all four leaders during the 1960s.[251][252]

Falsafa

Except for his autobiography, Malcolm X left no published writings. His philosophy is known almost entirely from the many speeches and interviews he gave from 1952 until his death.[253] Many of those speeches, especially from the last year of his life, were recorded and have been published.[254]

Beliefs of the Nation of Islam

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Islom millati e'tiqodlari va ilohiyoti
The white liberal differs from the white con­serv­a­tive only in one way: the liberal is more deceitful than the conservative.

—Malcolm X[255]

While he was a member of the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X taught its beliefs, and his statements often began with the phrase "The Honorable Elijah Muhammad teaches us that ..."[256] It is virtually impossible now to discern whether Malcolm X's personal beliefs at the time diverged from the teachings of the Nation of Islam.[257][O] After he left the Nation in 1964, he compared himself to a ventriloquist's dummy who could only say what Elijah Muhammad told him to say.[256][P]

Malkom X taught that black people were the original people of the world,[94] and that whites were a race of devils who were created by an evil scientist named Yoqub.[95] The Nation of Islam believed that black people were superior to white people and that the demise of the white race was imminent.[96] When questioned concerning his statements that white people were devils, Malcolm X said: "history proves the white man is a devil."[260] "Anybody who rapes, and plunders, and enslaves, and steals, and drops hell bombs on people ... anybody who does these things is nothing but a devil."[261]

Malkom X said that Islam was the "true religion of black mankind" and that Christianity was "the white man's religion" that had been imposed upon African Americans by their slave-masters.[262] He said that the Nation of Islam followed Islam as it was practiced around the world, but the Nation's teachings varied from those of other Muslims because they were adapted to the "uniquely pitiful" condition of black people in the United States.[263] U buni o'rgatdi Uolles Fard Muhammad, the founder of the Nation, was God incarnate,[264] and that Elijah Muhammad was his Messenger, or Payg'ambar.[Q]

Da fuqarolik huquqlari harakati qarshi kurashgan irqiy ajratish, Malkom X advocated the complete ajratish of blacks from whites. The Nation of Islam proposed the establishment of a separate country for African Americans in the southern[108] or southwestern United States[267] as an interim measure until African Americans could return to Africa.[109] Malkom X suggested the United States government owed kompensatsiyalar to black people for the unpaid labor of their ajdodlar.[268] He also rejected the civil rights movement's strategy of zo'ravonlik, advocating instead that black people should defend themselves.[110]

Independent views

The common goal of 22 million Afro-Americans is respect as odamzod. ... We can never get civil rights in America until our inson huquqlari are first restored. We will never be recognized as citizens there until we are first recognized as odamlar. ...Just as the violation of inson huquqlari of our brothers and sisters in South Africa and Angola is an international issue and has brought the racists of South Africa and Portugal under attack from all other independent governments at the United Nations, once the miserable plight of the 22 million Afro-Americans is also lifted to the level of inson huquqlari our struggle then becomes an international issue and the direct concern of all other civilized governments. We can then take the racist American Government before the World Court and have the racists in it exposed and condemned as the criminals that they are.

—Malcolm X[269]

After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X announced his willingness to work with leaders of the civil rights movement,[132] though he advocated some changes to their policies. He felt that calling the movement a struggle for inson huquqlari would keep the issue within the United States while changing the focus to inson huquqlari would make it an international concern. The movement could then bring its complaints before the United Nations, where Malcolm X said the emerging nations of the world would add their support.[270]

Malkom X argued that if the U.S. government was unwilling or unable to protect black people, black people should protect themselves. He said that he and the other members of the OAAU were determined to defend themselves from aggressors, and to secure freedom, justice and equality "by whatever means necessary".[271]

Malkolm X mikrofon bilan muxbirlar bilan o'ralgan, televizor kamerasi esa voqeani aks ettiradi
Malcolm X at a 1964 press conference

Malkom X stressed the global perspective he gained from his international travels. He emphasized the "direct connection" between the domestic struggle of African Americans for equal rights with the independence struggles of Uchinchi dunyo millatlar.[272] He said that African Americans were wrong when they thought of themselves as a minority; globally, black people were the majority.[273]

In his speeches at the Militant Labor Forum, which was sponsored by the Sotsialistik ishchilar partiyasi, Malkom X criticized capitalism.[170] After one such speech, when he was asked what political and economic system he wanted, he said he did not know, but that it was no coincidence the newly independent countries in the Third World were turning toward sotsializm.[274] When a reporter asked him what he thought about socialism, Malcolm X asked whether it was good for black people. When the reporter told him it seemed to be, Malcolm X told him, "Then I'm for it."[274][275]

Although he no longer called for the separation of black people from white people, Malcolm X continued to advocate black nationalism, which he defined as self-determination for the African-American community.[276] In the last months of his life, however, Malcolm X began to reconsider his support for black nationalism after meeting northern African revolutionaries who, to all appearances, were white.[277]

After his Hajj, Malcolm X articulated a view of white people and racism that represented a deep change from the philosophy he had supported as a minister of the Nation of Islam. In a famous letter from Mecca, he wrote that his experiences with white people during his pilgrimage convinced him to "rearrange" his thinking about race and "toss aside some of [his] previous conclusions".[278] Bilan suhbatda Gordon bog'lari, two days before his assassination, Malcolm said:

[L]istening to leaders like Nosir, Ben Bella va Nkrumah awakened me to the dangers of racism. I realized racism isn't just a black and white problem. It's brought bloodbaths to about every nation on earth at one time or another.

Brother, remember the time that white college girls came into the restaurant‍—‌the one who wanted to help the [Black] Muslims and the whites get together‍—‌and I told her there wasn't a ghost of a chance and she went away crying? Well, I've lived to regret that incident. In many parts of the African continent, I saw white students helping black people. Something like this kills a lot of argument. I did many things as a [Black] Muslim that I'm sorry for now. I was a zombie then‍—‌like all [Black] Muslims‍—‌I was hypnotized, pointed in a certain direction and told to march. Well, I guess a man's entitled to make a fool of himself if he's ready to pay the cost. It cost me 12 years.

That was a bad scene, brother. The sickness and madness of those days‍—‌I'm glad to be free of them.[279]

Meros

Bo'yalgan devoriy rasmda Malkolm X, Ella Beyker, Martin Lyuter King va Frederik Duglasning yuzlari ko'rsatilgan
Mural on Philadelphia row houses

Malcolm X has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.[280][281][282] He is credited with raising the self-esteem of black Americans and reconnecting them with their African heritage.[283] He is largely responsible for the spread of Islam in the black community in the United States.[284][285][286] Many African Americans, especially those who lived in cities in the Northern and Western United States, felt that Malcolm X articulated their complaints concerning inequality better than did the mainstream civil rights movement.[112][113] One biographer says that by giving expression to their frustration, Malcolm X "made clear the price that white America would have to pay if it did not accede to black America's legitimate demands."[287]

In the late 1960s, increasingly radical black activists based their movements largely on Malcolm X and his teachings. The Qora kuch harakat,[65][288] The Qora san'at harakati,[65][289] and the widespread adoption of the slogan "Qora chiroyli "[290] can all trace their roots to Malcolm X. In 1963, Malcolm X began a collaboration with Aleks Xeyli on his life story, Malkolm Xning tarjimai holi.[131] He told Haley, "If I'm alive when this book comes out, it will be a miracle."[291] Haley completed and published it some months after the assassination.[292]

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a resurgence of interest in his life among young people. Hip Hop kabi guruhlar Ommaviy dushman adopted Malcolm X as an icon,[293] and his image was displayed in hundreds of thousands of homes, offices, and schools,[294] as well as on T-shirts and jackets.[295] This wave peaked in 1992 with the release of the film Malkom X,[296] an adaptation of Malkolm Xning tarjimai holi. 1998 yilda, Vaqt nomlangan Malkolm Xning tarjimai holi one of the ten most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.[297]

Malcolm X was an inspiration for several fictional characters. The Marvel komikslari yozuvchi Kris Kleremont confirmed that Malcolm X was an inspiration for the X-Men belgi Magneto, while Martin Luther King was an inspiration for Professor X.[298][299][300] Malcolm X also inspired the character Erik Killmonger filmda Qora Pantera.[301][302]

Yodgorlik va o'lpon

Ikkita yashil ko'cha belgisi, biri Lenox prospektida, ikkinchisi Malkolm X Bulvari
Malcolm X Boulevard in New York City

The uy that once stood at 3448 Pinkney Street in Shimoliy Omaxa, Nebraska, was the first home of Malcolm Little with his birth family. The house was torn down in 1965 by new owners who did not know of its connection with Malcolm X.[303] Sayt ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri 1984 yilda.[304][305][306]

In Lansing, Michigan, a Michigan Historical Marker was erected in 1975 on Malcolm Little's childhood home.[307] The city is also home to El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz Academy, a public charter maktabi bilan Afrosentrik diqqat. The school is located in the building where Little attended elementary school.[308]

In cities across the United States, Malcolm X's birthday (May 19) is commemorated as Malkolm X kuni. The first known celebration of Malcolm X Day took place in Washington, D.C., in 1971.[309] Shahar Berkli, California, has recognized Malcolm X's birthday as a citywide holiday since 1979.[310]

Many cities have renamed streets after Malcolm X. In 1987, New York mayor Ed Koch e'lon qilindi Lenox xiyoboni in Harlem to be Malcolm X Boulevard.[311] The name of Reid Avenue in Bruklin, New York, was changed to Malcolm X Boulevard in 1985.[312][313] Brooklyn also has El Shabazz Playground that was named after him.[314] New Dudley Street, in the Roksberi mahalla Boston, was renamed Malcolm X Boulevard in the 1990s.[315] In 1997, Oakland Avenue in Dallas, Texas, was renamed Malcolm X Boulevard.[316] Main Street in Lansing, Michigan, was renamed Malcolm X Street in 2010.[317] 2016 yilda, Anqara, kurka, renamed the street on which the U.S. is building its new embassy after Malcolm X.[318][319][R]

Dozens of schools have been named after Malcolm X, including Malkolm X Shabaz nomidagi o'rta maktab yilda Nyuark, Nyu-Jersi,[321] Malkolm Shabazz shahar o'rta maktabi yilda Medison, Viskonsin,[322] va Malkolm X kolleji Illinoys shtatining Chikago shahrida.[323] Malcolm X Liberation University, based on the Pan-Africanist ideas of Malcolm X, was founded in 1969 in North Carolina.[324]

In 1996, the first library named after Malcolm X was opened, the Malcolm X Branch Library and Performing Arts Center of the San Diego Public Library tizim.[325]

The AQSh pochta xizmati issued a Malcolm X postage stamp in 1999.[326] 2005 yilda, Kolumbiya universiteti ning ochilishini e'lon qildi Malkolm X va doktor Betti Shabazz yodgorlik-ta'lim markazi. The memorial is located in the Audubon Ballroom, where Malcolm X was assassinated.[327] Collections of Malcolm X's papers are held by the Schomburg qora madaniyatni tadqiq qilish markazi va Robert W. Woodruff Library.[328][329][330]

Portrayal in film, in television, and on stage

Rassom Robert Templeton tomonidan yaratilgan Malkom X portreti
Portrait of Malcolm X by Robert Templeton, from the collection Lest We Forget: Images of the Black Civil Rights Movement

Arnold Perl va Marvin Uort attempted to create a drama film based on Malkolm Xning tarjimai holi, but when people close to the subject declined to talk to them they decided to make a documentary instead. The result was the 1972 documentary film Malkolm X.

Denzel Vashington played the title role in the 1992 motion picture Malkom X.[331]Tanqidchi Rojer Ebert va kinorejissyor Martin Skorseze included the film among their lists as one of the ten best films of the 1990s.[332] Washington had previously played the part of Malcolm X in the 1981 Off-Broadway o'ynash When the Chickens Came Home to Roost.[333]

Other portrayals include:

Nashr etilgan asarlar

The Autobiography of Malcolm X, birinchi nashr
  • The Autobiography of Malcolm X. Ning yordami bilan Aleks Xeyli. New York: Grove Press, 1965. OCLC  219493184.
  • Malkom X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. George Breitman, tahrir. Nyu-York: Merit Publishers, 1965 yil. OCLC  256095445.
  • Malkom X Talks to Young People. New York: Young Socialist Alliance, 1965. OCLC  81990227.
  • Two Speeches by Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1965. OCLC  19464959.
  • Malkom X on Afro-American History. New York: Merit Publishers, 1967. OCLC  78155009.
  • The Speeches of Malcolm X at Harvard. Archie Epps, tahrir. New York: Morrow, 1968. OCLC  185901618.
  • By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X. George Breitman, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970. OCLC  249307.
  • The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X. Benjamin Karim, ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971. OCLC  149849.
  • The Last Speeches. Bruce Perry, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1989. ISBN  978-0-87348-543-2.
  • Malkom X Talks to Young People: Speeches in the United States, Britain, and Africa. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1991. ISBN  978-0-87348-962-1.
  • February 1965: The Final Speeches. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1992. ISBN  978-0-87348-749-8.
  • Malkom Xning kundaligi: 1964. Herb Boyd va Ilyos Shabazz, eds. Chicago: Third World Press, 2013. ISBN  978-0-88378-351-1.

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ Arabcha: الحاجّ مالك الشباز‎; Arabcha talaffuz:[al-ħad͡ʒː malik aʃːabaːz]. This name includes the honorific El-Haj title, given on completion of the Haj ga Makka. Malise Ruthven (1997). Islam: A Very Short Introduction. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. p. 147. ISBN  978-0-19-285389-9.
  2. ^ Minneapolis Federal zaxira banki. "Iste'mol narxlari indeksi (taxminiy) 1800–". Olingan 1 yanvar, 2020.
  3. ^ The accuracy of these accounts has been questioned by some people who met Malcolm X later in life or never knew him, including Ta-Nehisi paltolari,[24] Maulana Karenga,[25] Ilyos Shabazz,[26] va Raymond Uinbush.[27] For further information, see Phelps,[28] Polk,[29] and Street va boshq.[30]
  4. ^ Nation of Islam Temples were numbered according to the order in which they were established.[58]
  5. ^ Attallah Shabazz has said she was not named after Attila, rather her name is Arabic for "the gift of God".[72][73]
  6. ^ "People have to understand the [Malkom Xning tarjimai holi] was written at a time when indeed African Americans were likening themselves to warriors to underscore our revolutionary fervor. And Attallah was close to Attila the Hun, the warrior. But I'm named Attallah, which in Arabic means 'Gift of God.' I've never been Attila."[74]
  7. ^ Ba'zi manbalar, shu jumladan The Autobiography of Malcolm X, give the name Johnson Hinton, but Benjamin Karim (one of Malcolm X's top aides) and former Newsweek editor and Malcolm X biographer Peter Goldman both give the name Hinton Johnson.[80][81]
  8. ^ King expressed mixed feelings toward Malcolm X. "He is very articulate ... but I totally disagree with many of his political and philosophical views ... I don't want to seem to sound self-righteous ... or that I think I have the only truth, the only way. Maybe he does have some of the answer ... I have often wished that he would talk less of violence, because violence is not going to solve our problem. And in his litany of articulating the despair of the Negro without offering any positive, creative alternative, I feel that Malcolm has done himself and our people a great disservice ... [U]rging Negroes to arm themselves and prepare to engage in violence, as he has done, can reap nothing but grief."[105]
  9. ^ "Estimates of the Black Muslim membership vary from a quarter of a million down to fifty thousand. Available evidence indicates that about one hundred thousand Negroes have joined the movement at one time or another, but few objective observers believe that the Black Muslims can muster more than twenty or twenty-five thousand active temple people."[115]
  10. ^ "The common response of Malcolm X to questions about numbers‍—‌'Those who know aren't saying, and those who say don't know'‍—‌was typical of the attitude of the leadership."[117]
  11. ^ "Turning my back on Malcolm was one of the mistakes that I regret most in my life. I wish I'd been able to tell Malcolm that I was sorry, that he was right about so many things. But he was killed before I got the chance ... I might never have become a Muslim if it hadn't been for Malcolm. If I could go back and do it over again, I would never have turned my back on him."[121]
  12. ^ "There was no time for substantive discussions between the two. They were photographed greeting each other warmly, smiling and shaking hands."[138]
  13. ^ "Camera shutters clicked. The next day, the Chikago Sun-Times, New York World-Telegram va Sun, and other dailies carried a picture of Malcolm and Martin shaking hands."[139]
  14. ^ In his Epilogue to The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Haley wrote that Malcolm X said, "Hold it! Hold it! Don't get excited. Let's cool it, brothers" (p. 499). According to a transcript of an audio recording, Malcolm's only words were, "Hold it!", repeated ten times (DeCaro, p. 274).
  15. ^ "'I'll be honest with you,' Malcolm X said to me. 'Everybody is talking about differences between the Messenger and me. It is absolutely impossible for us to differ.'"[258]
  16. ^ On a radio program in December 1964, Malcolm X said "all of my former statements were prefaced by 'the Honorable Elijah Muhammad teaches thus and so.' They weren't my statements, they were his statements, and I was repeating them."[259]
  17. ^ Malkom X told Lewis Lomax that "The Messenger is the Prophet of Allah."[265] On another occasion, he said, "We never refer to the Honorable Elijah Muhammad as a prophet."[266]
  18. ^ English-language sources disagreed whether the street was being renamed Malcolm X yo'l[318] or Malcolm X Avenue,[319] perhaps because of translation issues. The state media agency's English-language announcement said merely that "the street ... will bear the name of Malcolm X".[320]

Izohlar

  1. ^ Harrison, Isheka N. (July 2010). "Malcolm X's Grandson Working on Memoirs in Miami". South Florida Times. Olingan 9 iyun, 2016.
  2. ^ Watson, Clarence; Akhtar, Salman (2012). "Ideology and Identity: Malcolm X". In Akhtar, Salman (ed.). The African American Experience: Psychoanalytic Perspectives. Lanham, Md.: Jason Aronson. p. 120. ISBN  978-0-7657-0835-9.
  3. ^ Marable, Malkom X, pp. 20–30.
  4. ^ Perry, pp. 2–3.
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Malkolm X