Qo'shma Shtatlardagi muhojirlarni saqlash markazlari bilan bog'liq voqealar jadvali - Timeline of events related to migrant childrens detention centers in the United States - Wikipedia

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Qo'shma Shtatlardagi muhojirlarni qamoqqa olish markazlari bilan bog'liq voqealar jadvali

Voqealarning tanlangan xronologiyasi

YilSanaTadbirrasm
19846 sentyabrGarold V. Ezell, o'sha paytda Prezident huzuridagi Immigratsiya va fuqarolikni rasmiylashtirish xizmatining G'arbiy mintaqasi direktori Ronald Reygan, "hibsga olingan muhojir bolani faqat ota-onasiga yoki qonuniy vakiliga ozod qilish mumkin bo'lgan siyosatni amalga oshirdi".[1] Natijada, muhojir bolalar "uzoq yoki noma'lum" muddatlarda yomon sharoitlarda hibsga olingan.[2]:5
19851985 yilda, Immigratsiya va fuqarolikni rasmiylashtirish xizmati (INS) o'sha paytda 15 yoshli Jenni Lisette Floresni qo'lga oldi Salvador u kesib o'tmoqchi bo'lganidan keyin Meksika - AQSh chegarasi,[Flores 1]:1648 va uni kattalar qamoqxonasida hibsga olishdi, u erda u tergov qilindi.
198511 iyulThe Inson huquqlari va konstitutsiyaviy huquq markazi topshirilgan sinf harakati sud jarayoni Flores va Meese, No 85-4544 (C. Kal. 1985 yil 11-iyulda topshirilgan) Kaliforniya shtatining Markaziy okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi Flores va boshqa uchta voyaga etmagan muhojir bolalar nomidan, AGga qarshi Edvin Miz 1985 yil 25 fevraldan 1988 yil 5 iyulgacha Prezident davrida Qo'shma Shtatlar Bosh prokurori bo'lib ishlagan Ronald Reygan.[Flores 1]:1648[Flores 2][Izohlar 1] 1985 yilgi sud ishi bo'yicha da'vo qo'zg'atilgan Immigratsiya va fuqarolikni rasmiylashtirish xizmati (INS) tomonidan Inson huquqlari va konstitutsiyaviy huquq markazi (CHRCL) advokatlar Karlos Xolguin va [Flores nomidan Piter A. Shey.[Flores 1]:1648[Flores 2] Ga binoan NBC News, ko'p o'tmay Flores va Meese da'vo arizasi berildi, Flores sud qarori bilan ozod qilindi.[3]
19871987 yilda tomonlar a rozilik to'g'risidagi farmon hibsga olish sharoitlariga nisbatan, ammo Kaliforniya shtatining Markaziy okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi berilgan qisqacha hukm da'vogarlarga ozod qilish shartlari to'g'risida.[4]:35
19887 martYilda Flores va Meese, Kaliforniyadagi tuman sudi sudyasi "hibsdagi voyaga etmaganlarga nisbatan INS muomalasiga cheklovlar qo'ydi".[Flores 3][Izohlar 2]
1993In Oliy sud ish, Bosh prokuror Janet Reno va boshq. Jenni Lisette Floresga qarshi bunda sud immigratsiya va fuqarolikni rasmiylashtirish xizmati tomonidan chet ellik qarovsiz voyaga etmaganlarni ozod qilish to'g'risidagi nizom buzilgan emas, deb hisoblaydi. Amalga oshiriladigan ishlar to'g'risidagi band ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasi.[5][Flores 4]
199728 yanvarKelib chiqqan Flores shartnomasi Flores va Meese, № 85-4544 (CD kal. 1985 yil 11-iyulda berilgan) "voyaga etmaganlarni oilalarini saqlashga qo'yib yuborish uchun birinchi o'ringa qo'yib, federal qamoqda bo'lganlarni imkon qadar kam cheklangan muhitga joylashtirishni talab qilib, ularni hibsga olish uchun standartlarni o'rnatdi. ", 2018 yil 19-iyundagi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra NBC News maqola.[6][Flores 1]:1648[Flores 2] Immigratsiya rasmiylari hibsga olingan voyaga etmaganlarni "tegishli ravishda oziq-ovqat va ichimlik suvi bilan ta'minlash, voyaga etmaganlar favqulodda xizmatlar, hojatxonalar va lavabolar, haroratni nazorat qilish va ventilyatsiya, voyaga etmaganlarni boshqalardan himoya qilish uchun etarli nazoratga muhtoj bo'lsa, tibbiy yordam ko'rsatishga kelishib oldilar. voyaga etmagan bilan hibsga olingan va iloji boricha qarindosh bo'lmagan kattalardan ajralib qolish. "[7] Ga ko'ra Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi (ACLU), Odam savdosi jabrdiydalarini himoya qilish bo'yicha 2008 yildagi avtorizatsiya to'g'risidagi qonun (TVPRA) va kelishuv bitimi Flores va Meese ma'muriyati davrida erishilgan Bill Klinton, immigratsiya jarayonida bolalarning huquqlarini tartibga soluvchi qonunchilik uchun milliy huquqiy standartlarni o'rnatdi.[Flores 5][Izohlar 3]

[Flores 6][8]

[Flores 7][Izohlar 4]:1,2||

2002Qarovsiz chet ellik bolalar (UAC) - bu 2002 yilda belgilangan atama Milliy xavfsizlik to'g'risidagi qonun, tashkil etgan harakat Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Milliy xavfsizlik vazirligi (DHS), quyidagilar kiritilgan 11 sentyabr hujumlari Prezidentligi davrida Jorj V.Bush.[9] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish vazirligi (HHS), UAC ni quyidagicha belgilaydi noqonuniy muhojirlar 18 yoshga to'lmagan va Qo'shma Shtatlarda qonuniy vakillari bo'lmaganlar.[10][11] Federal hukumat tarkibidagi ushbu yirik qayta tashkil etishning bir qismi Kongress tomonidan bekor qilindi Immigratsiya va fuqarolikni rasmiylashtirish xizmati (INS). INS majburiyatlari DHS tarkibidagi tashkilotlarga o'tkazildi.
2003The Qochqinlarni joylashtirish idorasi Ichida (ORR) Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish vazirligi (HHS) ishlay boshladi Qarovsiz begona bolalar dasturi. 2003 yildan 2011 yilgacha ORRda yiliga 8000 dan kam bola yashar edi.[12][13]
2005DekabrOstida Jorj V.Bush Ma'muriyat, keyin Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi Kotib Maykl Chertoff tasdiqlangan Streamline operatsiyasi bu "nol bag'rikenglik" yondashuvining tendentsiyasini boshlagan, bu orqali chegarani noqonuniy kesib o'tgan har qanday kishi noqonuniy kirish va qayta kirish uchun jinoiy javobgarlikka tortiladi. Biroq, Prezident Bush davrida "voyaga etmagan bolalar bilan sayohat qilgan kattalar uchun istisnolar odatda qilingan" The New York Times.[14] Dastur birinchi marta 2005 yil dekabrida boshlangan Eagle Pass Del Rio sektorining maydoni.[15]
2006AvgustO'sha paytdagi Milliy xavfsizlik departamenti (DHS) kotibining so'zlariga ko'ra, Chertoffning 2007 yil 28 fevraldagi Senat oldida bergan ko'rsatmasi, 2006 yil avgustga qadar, DHSning Xavfsiz chegara tashabbusi doirasida "qo'lga olish va orqaga qaytish" siyosati "ushlang va qo'yib yuboring "[16][17][18][5-eslatma] janubiy va shimoliy chegaralar bo'ylab.[19] Ilgari, DHS "noqonuniy sayyoraliklarni qo'lga olganida", ular "o'z xohishiga ko'ra" qo'yib yuborilgan. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, ular ko'pincha o'zlarini immigratsiya tinglovlarida qatnashishmaydi. Chertoffning so'zlariga ko'ra, DHSga "meksikalik bo'lmagan noqonuniy musofirlarni" saqlash uchun yotoq joylari etishmayotgan edi. Bu 2006 yil avgust oyida o'zgargan, "chegarada ushlangan barcha chet elliklar" ushlangandan keyin uyga qaytarilgan "tutish va qaytarish" yangi DHS siyosati bilan "bu noqonuniy o'tishga kuchli turtki" bo'lishi kerak edi. ko'p yillar davomida olib borilgan "qo'lga olish va ozod qilish" siyosati ko'plab noqonuniy muhojirlarga "AQShda to'siqsiz qolishlariga" imkon berganligini aytdi.Meksikalik chegarachilar ularga bo'ysundirilishini aytdi. tezkor olib tashlash. Immigrantlar huquqlarini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi odamlar, ushbu yangi siyosat natijasida odamlar "uzoqroq va xavfli hududlardan o'tishga" urinishlariga olib keladi.[20]
2007Global Tutish Loyihasi 2007-2009 yillar davomida AQShda 363 hibsga olingan joy mavjudligini xabar qildi[21][22]
2008The Baptist bolalar markazi (San-Antoniodagi BCFS) San-Antonio, Texas Baptist bolalar va oilaviy xizmatlar tomonidan boshqariladi BCFS sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish yoki BCFS ochildi.
200823 dekabrKeyin prezident Jorj V.Bush imzolagan Uilyam Uilberfors odam savdosi qurbonlarini himoya qilish bo'yicha 2008 yildagi avtorizatsiya to'g'risidagi qonun UAKga "ularni tezda o'z mamlakatlariga qaytarib yuborishni taqiqlash" orqali "sezilarli darajada yangi himoya vositalarini" taqdim etdi.[23]
201010 sentyabr
20112011 yil oktyabr oyidan boshlab AQSh hukumati AQShga "qarama-qarshi" deb ataladigan - kuzatuvsiz va ajratilgan bolalar sonining keskin o'sishini qayd etdi. Salvador, Gvatemala va Gonduras. AQSh bojxona va chegara muhofazasi (CBP) tomonidan ushbu mamlakatlardan kuzatuvsiz va ajratilgan bolalarni tergov qilishning umumiy soni 2011 yil 4,059 dan 2012 yilga kelib 10,443 ga ko'tarildi va keyin yana ikki baravar ko'paydi - 2013 yil moliya davrida 21,537 ga.
201215 iyunKeyin prezident Barak Obama e'lon qildi Amerika immigratsiya siyosati orqali ijro etuvchi hokimiyat to'g'risidagi memorandum huquqiga ega Bolalikka kelish uchun kechiktirilgan harakat (DACA) bu AQShga bolaligida olib kelingan ba'zi kishilarga muddat olishlariga imkon bergan kechiktirilgan harakat dan deportatsiya. DACA-ni oluvchilar, shuningdek, ish uchun ruxsatnoma hujjati.[24][25]
2014Davomida 2014 yil Amerika immigratsion inqirozi, aksariyat bolalar Markaziy Amerikaning shimoliy uchburchagi —Gonduras, Gvatemala va Salvador,[26] kesib o'tish Rio Grande. Bir marta Qo'shma Shtatlarda, ular o'zlarini Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari chegara xizmati.[23] 2014 yil 9 iyuldagi maqolaga ko'ra The New York Times, dedi o'sha paytdagi prezident Obama Uilyam Uilberfors odam savdosi qurbonlarini himoya qilish bo'yicha 2008 yildagi avtorizatsiya to'g'risidagi qonun "bolalar oqimi" bilan shug'ullanishda "Obama ma'muriyati] ning qo'llarini bog'lash uchun qisman javobgar edi. 2013 yil oktyabridan beri janubi-g'arbiy chegarada qo'lga olingan voyaga etmaganlar soni taxminan 52000 kishiga o'sdi. 2014 yil iyulgacha Times maqola.[23] Respublikachilar Obamaning DACA qarovsiz muhojir bolalar oqimiga sabab bo'lganini aytishdi.[23]
CentralAmerica'sNorthernTriangleTrianguloNorteDeCentroamerica.png
2014YozObamaning prezidenti bo'lgan 2014 yilgi immigratsion inqirozga javoban, "Markaziy amerikaliklar" ning "kuchayishi" AQSh-Meksika chegarasiga kelganida, "ICE barcha boshliq ayollarni, shu jumladan bolalarni xavfsiz joyda ushlab turish uchun yopiq siyosat olib bordi," ularning AQShda qolish huquqiga ega yoki yo'qligini belgilaydigan sud jarayoni davomida litsenziyasiz binolar. "[Flores 8]
2014DekabrIchki xavfsizlik Kotib Jeh C. Jonson Qo'shma Shtatlardagi eng yirik muhojirlarni saqlash markazining ochilish marosimida bo'lib o'tgan matbuot anjumani paytida Janubiy Texas oilaviy uy-joy markazi yilda Dilli, Texas, "Ochig'ini aytganda, biz chegaramiz noqonuniy migratsiya uchun ochiq emasligi haqida xabar yubormoqchimiz; agar siz bu erga kelsangiz, shunchaki ozod qilinishini kutmasligingiz kerak."[27] Muassasa tomonidan boshqariladi CoreCivic ilgari Amerikaning CCA - Corrections Corporation deb nomlangan va direktor Janis Killian. [6-eslatma][28]
201513 may"Vashington, DC federal okrug sudining hibsga olish choralarini belgilashda umumiy ehtiyot chorasini qo'llashga qarshi buyrug'i" ga javoban, ICE "oilalarga tegishli bo'lgan barcha holatlarda qamoqqa olish choralarini belgilash omili sifatida umumiy ehtiyot chorasini qo'llashni to'xtatishni" e'lon qildi.[Flores 8]
201525 iyunLos Anjeles Tayms bu haqida xabar berdi CoreCivic "s Janubiy Texas oilaviy uy-joy markazi yilda Dilli, Texas 1735 kishini ushlab turdi va hibsga olinganlarning taxminan 1000 nafari bolalar edi.[29]
201524 iyul2015 yil 24-iyul kuni D.D. Kal. "Flores va Jonsonga qarshi" da, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari okrug sudyasi Dolli M. Gee, chegaradan noqonuniy ravishda o'tib ketishda qo'lga olingan hibsga olingan bolalar va ularning ota-onalarini 20 kundan ortiq ushlab turish mumkin emas, degan qarorga kelib, Texasdagi hibsxonalar, masalan GEO guruhi In xususiy Karnes County Turar joy Markazi (KCRC) Karnes Siti, Texas, va T. Don Xutto turar joy markazi, yilda Teylor, Texas, Flores standartlariga javob bera olmagan. Gee Floresni hamrohlik qiluvchi va kuzatuvsiz bolalarni qamrab olish uchun kengaytirdi.[Flores 9] Sudya Gee, Flores hukumatni bolalarni "keraksiz kechiktirmasdan" ozod qilishga chaqirganiga qaror qildi.[30][Flores 8] Bu Flores uchun katta o'zgarish bo'ldi. Di Obama tomonidan tayinlangan federal okrug sudining sudyasi edi.[31][32] Sudya Dining ta'kidlashicha, sudlanuvchilarning "onalari hamrohligida voyaga etmaganlarga nisbatan ozodlikdan ozod qilish to'g'risidagi siyosati Shartnomani jiddiy ravishda buzish hisoblanadi".[Flores 8]
20162019 yil 31 mayda AQSh bojxona va chegara xizmati haqida hisobotga ko'ra, 2017 yil 2017 yilda USBP janubi-g'arbiy chegarasi 41,435 nafar qarovsiz voyaga etmaganlar AQSh chegara xizmati tomonidan qo'lga olingan, bu 2018 yildagi 50 036 ga nisbatan 21 foizga oshgan.[33] Ushbu jadval AQSh Bojxona va Chegara xizmati statistikasi asosida 2014 yildan 2019 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda AQSh chegara xizmati tomonidan qo'lga olingan qarovsiz voyaga etmaganlar sonini ko'rsatadi.[33]
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari chegara xizmati tomonidan qo'lga olingan qarovsiz voyaga etmaganlar soni, kelib chiqishi mamlakatlar bo'yicha 2014 - 2019 yil 31 may.
20174 martGa binoan Reuters, 4 martda CNN intervyu, keyin HSS kotibi, Jon F. Kelli Milliy xavfsizlik vazirligi (AQSh) bolalarni ota-onalaridan ajratish bo'yicha AQSh siyosatini o'zgartirishi to'g'risida "taklifni ko'rib chiqayotganini" aytdi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u "Markaziy Amerikadan odamlarni Meksika orqali AQShga olib boradigan juda xavfli tarmoqqa ulanishdan qaytarish uchun deyarli hamma narsani qilaman", shu jumladan DHS siyosatining o'zgarishi "bolalarni o'z qaramog'iga olgan" sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish boshqarmasi "tomonidan ularning ota-onalari hibsda bo'lganida.[34][14]
2017IyunDHS hibsxonalarida qarovsiz qolgan bolalar uchun potentsial homiylarni jalb qilgan "Odam kontrabandasini buzish tashabbusi" yangi siyosatini joriy etdi.[35]:4
20175 iyulTuman sudyasi Gee Tramp ma'muriyatiga qarshi ijro etuvchi buyruq chiqardi. 2017 yil 5-iyul kuni, yilda Flores va sessiyalar, To'qqizinchi davra sudyasi Stiven Raynxardt, hakamlar tomonidan qo'shildi A. Uolles Tashima va Marsha Berzon, tasdiqladi va Kongress keyingi qonunlar orqali Shartnomani bekor qilmaganligini aniqladi.[36] Uning fikriga ko'ra Floresga qarshi sessiyalar (№ 17-55208 miloddan avvalgi № 2: 85-cv-04544- DMG-AGR) To'qqizinchi davr uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Apellyatsiya sudi, Sudya Stiven Raynxardt "HSA yoki TVPRA matnida, tuzilishida va maqsadlarida hech narsa yo'q[7-eslatma] 24A-bandga muvofiqlikni davom ettiradi, chunki bu qarovsiz voyaga etmaganlarga nisbatan qo'llaniladi, "yo'l qo'yilmaydi".[8-eslatma] "Ikkala nizomdagi hech narsa Flores aholi punktini o'zgartirmaydi[9-eslatma] yoki uning biron bir qismi "noto'g'ri vosita" ga aylantirilishi mumkin.[10-eslatma] "Ikkala nizomda biron bir so'z ham Kongress ushbu aktlar qabul qilinayotganda voyaga etmaganlar tomonidan olib tashlanadigan huquqni bekor qilish, bekor qilish yoki olib qo'yishni maqsad qilganligini bildirmaydi. Shunday qilib, biz qonunlar bilan Flores aholi punktining aloqalarini bekor qilmagan deb hisoblaymiz. qarovsiz voyaga etmaganlarga nisbatan eshitish talabi. Shuning uchun biz Flores aholi punktining 24A-bandini to'liq bajarish to'g'risida da'vogarlarning iltimosnomasini qondirgan tuman sudining qarorini tasdiqlaymiz. "[Flores 10]:35 Sudya Raynxardt shuningdek, "ORR ota-onasi" parvarish qilish va jismoniy parvarish qilish imkoniyati bo'lmasa ", ota-onasi Qo'shma Shtatlarda bo'lgan ba'zi bolalarga" qarovsiz begona bolalar "sifatida munosabatda bo'lishini aytdi.[11-eslatma][Flores 10]:16–17 [37]:181
20172017 yilda Southwest Key "24 877 bolaga xizmat ko'rsatdi".[29]
2017Flores va sessiyalar Kaliforniya shtatining Markaziy okrugi uchun AQSh okrug sudidan Apellyatsiya shikoyati bilan berilgan Dolli M. Gee, raislik qiluvchi tuman sudyasi Dolli M. Gee, 2017 yil 18-aprel kuni Kaliforniyaning San-Frantsisko shahrida bahslashib, ishni topshirgan. Flores va sessiyalar 2017 yil 5-iyulda topshirilgan. To'qqizinchi sud sudyalari ishni ko'rib chiqdilar, Stiven Raynxardt, A. Uolles Tashima va Marsha S. Berzon. Fikrni sudya o'qib eshittirdi Stiven Raynxardt Da'vogarning Jenni Lisette Floresdagi advokatlari, da'vogar-Appelle, vs. Jefferson B. Sessions III, Bosh prokuror. Appellee tarkibiga AQSh Bosh prokurori ham kirgan Jeff Sessions, Tomas E. Narx (Tom Prays), M.D. Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish kotibi,[Izohlar 12][38] Jon F. Kelli, Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi; AQSh ichki xavfsizlik vazirligi; AQSh immigratsiya va bojxona nazorati, sudlanuvchi-shikoyat qiluvchilar.
2017SentyabrKeti Ualdman, DHS vakili 2018 yil 21 iyunda keltirilgan NBC News maqolasida aytilishicha, 2017 yil 16 oktyabrdan sentyabrgacha 46 nafar odam savdosi bilan shug'ullanuvchi deganlar voyaga etmaganlarni AQShga noqonuniy kirishda hibsga olinmaslik uchun ishlatgan.[39][Izohlar 13]
2017OktyabrHHS ning qochqinlarni joylashtirish bo'yicha idorasi tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan ma'lumotlarga asoslanib The New York Times, 2017 yil oktyabrdan 2018 yil aprelgacha 700 dan ortiq bola "ota-onamiz deb da'vo qilgan kattalardan" olingan. Bunga to'rt yoshgacha bo'lgan yuzdan ziyod bola kiradi.[40]
20186 aprel2018 yil 6 aprelda o'sha paytdagi Bosh prokuror Jeff Sessions Janubiy-G'arbiy chegaradagi barcha federal prokurorlarni Milliy xavfsizlik vazirligi (DHS) bilan zudlik bilan amalga oshirish uchun ishlashga yo'naltirdi Nolinchi bardoshlik siyosati federal prokuratura tomonidan "barcha noqonuniy kirish huquqbuzarliklariga" janubiy-g'arbiy chegara bo'ylab "jinoyat ta'qib qilinishiga" "imkon qadar" murojaat qilish kerak.[41]:2[42][43] Xuddi shu kuni Prezident Tramp Milliy xavfsizlik vazirligi va boshqa federal idoralarni "qo'lga olish va qo'yib yuborish" deb nomlangan amaliyotni to'xtatish bo'yicha harakatlari to'g'risida hisobot berishni buyurdi.[44] Ga binoan The New York Times, "Aprel oyida, chegara raqamlari eng yuqori darajaga etganidan so'ng, [Prezident Trampning katta maslahatchisi Stiven Miller ] janob Trampning nol tolerantlik siyosatini kuchaytirish qarorida muhim rol o'ynadi. "[14][45][Izohlar 14]
20186 aprelO'sha paytdagi Bosh prokuror Jyeff Seshns tomonidan imzolangan "AQShning 8-§ 1325 (a) § gacha bo'lgan huquqbuzarliklarga nisbatan nolinchi bag'rikenglik" deb nomlangan memorandum, DHSning yangi siyosati, bu ma'lumot almashish to'g'risidagi kelishuv orqali amalga oshirildi. Qochqinlarni joylashtirish idorasi (ORR) va immigratsiya va bojxona majburiyatlari (ICE). Yangi siyosat bo'yicha, ORR "immigratsiya va bojxona nazorati (ICE) bilan kuzatuvsiz bolalar haqida, shu jumladan ota-onalar va qonuniy vakillar kabi potentsial homiylarning, shuningdek, potentsial homiylarning uy xo'jaliklari a'zolarining immigratsiya qonunchiligi bo'yicha barmoq izlari to'g'risida" keng ma'lumotlar bilan o'rtoqlashdi. maqsadlar ". Ushbu yangi siyosat bilan potentsial homiylar "qarovsiz bolalarni joylashtirishni keskin kechiktirgan" qamoqxonalariga bolalarni joylashtirishga yordam berishdan tortinishdi.[35]:4[46]
2018MayGa binoan USA Today, DOJ va "chegara ma'murlari may oyida janubi-g'arbiy chegarani noqonuniy kesib o'tgan har bir kattalarni (yoqimli) proza ​​qila boshladilar". Maqolada aytilishicha, bu "2300 dan ortiq bolani ota-onasidan ajratishga" sabab bo'lgan.[43]
201822 mayMilliy jamoat radiosi (NPR) tomonidan keltirilgan ACLU va Chikago universiteti yuridik fakulteti 2009 yildan 2014 yilgacha DHP va CBP rasmiylari tomonidan hibsga olingan muhojir bolalarni "jismoniy, og'zaki, jinsiy va psixologik zo'ravonlik" deb da'vo qilgan Xalqaro Inson Huquqlari Klinikasi 2018 hisoboti.[47] 22 may kuni ACLU press-reliziga ko'ra, tomonidan hammualliflik qilingan yakuniy hisobot Chikago universiteti yuridik fakulteti Xalqaro inson huquqlari klinikasida "muhojir bolalarga nisbatan zo'rlik va zo'ravonlikning ko'plab holatlari" namoyish etildi. Hisobot ACLU tomonidan a. Orqali olingan "2009 yildan 2014 yilgacha bo'lgan 30 ming sahifadan ortiq hujjatlar" ga asoslangan Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun (FOIA) sud jarayoni.[48] Bojxona va chegara xizmati bu ayblovlarni rad etdi.[47]
20185 iyun5 iyundagi intervyusida Xyu Xyuitt namoyishi, keyin Bosh prokuror Jeff Sessions, "Agar odamlar o'z farzandlaridan ajralishni istamasalar, ularni o'zlari bilan olib kelmasliklari kerak. Biz ushbu xabarni chiqarib olishimiz kerak. Sizga immunitet berilmagan."[49][50][14][15-eslatma]
2018IyunThe Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish vazirligi (HHS) "31 shtatdagi 100 ta boshpana bilan shartnomalar tuzgan", ularda 11 ming 313 bola yashagan.[29] Janubi-g'arbiy kalit Qo'shma Shtatlardagi "eng katta bolalar muhojirlari uchun boshpana etkazib beruvchilardan biri" bo'lgan Texas, Arizona va Kaliforniyadagi 100 ta boshpanadan 27 tasini boshqaradi.[29]
2018IyunKeyin Bosh prokuror Jeff Sessions Qo'shma Shtatlar "oilaviy zo'ravonlik va to'dalar zo'ravonligi qurbonlarining aksariyati uchun boshpana olish imkoniyatini to'sib qo'yishini" e'lon qildi.[51]
20188 iyun2018 yil 8 iyundagi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra Kesish, "nol bag'rikenglik" immigratsiya siyosati AQShdan boshpana so'rab, minglab oilalarni farzandlaridan ajratishga olib keldi. Maqolada muhojir bolalar hibsga olinadigan dahshatli sharoitlar may va iyun oylarida paydo bo'la boshlagani aytilgan. Bolalar qafaslari fotosuratlari zanjirli fextavonie 77000 kvadrat metrlik omborning ichida Ursula markaziy protsessing markazi nashr etildi. Ursula, bu eng kattasi AQSh bojxona va chegara himoyasi Hujjatsiz muhojirlarni saqlash markazida 1000 dan ortiq odamni saqlash uchun jihozlangan.[52]
CBP Ursula markaziy protsessing markazi, Makallen, Texas
201812 iyunTomonidan olingan fotosurat Getty Images fotomuxbir jurnalist Jon Mur[53] 12 iyun kuni Makallen, Texas, Gonduraslik ikki yashar bolaning - yo'lni kesib o'tgan boshpana izlovchining qizi AQSh-Meksika chegarasi noqonuniy ravishda - kichkintoy hech qachon onasidan ajralmagan bo'lsa ham, "oilaviy ajralishning yuziga aylandi".[54][55][56]
201814 iyun2018 yil 14-iyundagi maqolada Los Anjeles Tayms, hukumat bilan shartnoma asosida yoshlar boshpanasi Estrella del Norte (boshpana) yilda Tusson, Arizona, Ostinda joylashgan notijorat tashkilot tomonidan boshqariladi Janubi-g'arbiy kalit, kadrlar kamligi va "qamoqxonaga o'xshash" deb ta'riflangan. 2014 yil iyun oyi o'rtalarida bolalar uchun 300 o'rinli boshpana 287 nafar bolani qamrab oldi. Maqolada boshpana beruvchining "ichkarisidan" keltirilib, migrant yoshlar boshpanasi "Trampning" hech qanday chidamliligi "siyosati uchun jihozlanmagan". Vakili Sindi Kasares Janubi-g'arbiy kalit boshpana 20 yildan beri ishlamoqda va ularning xodimlar ratsioni "davlat litsenziyalash talablariga javob beradi".[29] A Los Anjeles Tayms Estrella del Norte-da bir necha oy ishlagan Antar Davidson bilan telefon suhbati, Devidson Estrella del Norte-dagi sharoitlarni "qamoqxonaga o'xshash" deb ta'riflagan va aka-ukalarga ota-onasiz bir-birlarini quchoqlashlarini taqiqlash kerakligini aytgan.[29]
201815 iyunGa binoan KPBS ommaviy axborot vositalari, aprel va may oylarida 6 hafta davomida hukumat vakillari "chegarani noqonuniy kesib o'tganliklari uchun 2 ming bolani jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgan ota-onalardan ajratishdi".[51]
201818 iyunUy ozchiliklar etakchisi Nensi Pelosi va o'ndan ortiq a'zolari Kongressning Ispan guruhi, shu jumladan Xuan Vargas (D-Chula Vista), tashrif buyurgan Casa San-Diego yilda El-Kajon, Kaliforniya tomonidan boshqariladigan Janubi-g'arbiy kalit bilan shartnoma asosida HHS "s ORR[51] U erda 6 yoshdan 17 yoshgacha bo'lgan 65 nafar o'g'il bolalar joylashtirilgan. Ga binoan KPBS ommaviy axborot vositalari, AQSh hukumati o'g'il bolalarning taxminan 10 foizini ota-onalaridan ajratgan edi.[51]
201818 iyunTexas shtatida joylashgan Rio-Grande vodiysi, fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha advokat Jenifer Xarberi AQShning bojxonasida ota-onasidan ajratilganidan ko'p o'tmay, 4 yoshdan 10 yoshgacha bo'lgan Markaziy Amerikaning o'n nafar bolasini yozib olgan mijozdan audio yozuv oldi. va iyun oyining o'rtalarida Chegarani himoya qilish ob'ekti. Harbury uni ProPublica bilan bo'lishdi va 18 iyun kuni nashr etildi.[57]
201818 iyunOq uyda o'tkazilgan brifingda DHS kotibi Nilsen "hibsga olinmaslik uchun qarindosh bo'lmagan kattalar tomonidan voyaga etmaganlar ishlatilgan va sotilgan" holatlarda 300 foizdan oshganini aytdi.[39] 21 iyunga ko'ra NBC News maqola federal amaldorlar yaqinda, bolalar savdogarlari o'zaro aloqasi bo'lmagan bolalarning ota-onalari sifatida firibgarlik bilan AQShga noqonuniy ravishda o'tib ketishgan.[39] Olivia Nuzzi Nyu York jurnal ushbu brifingda bolalarning yig'layotgani haqida ProPublica audio tasmasini ijro etdi.[58]
201819 iyunFlorida shtatidagi qonun chiqaruvchilarga kirish huquqini beruvchi qonunga qaramay, AQSh senatori Bill Nelson, Rep. Debbi Vasserman-Shults va boshqa qonunchilarga kirish huquqi berilmagan Qarovsiz bolalar uchun "Homestead" vaqtinchalik boshpana yilda Homestead, Florida 1000 muhojir bolani joylashtiradigan muassasa.[59][60] Qarovsiz bolalar uchun "Homestead" vaqtinchalik boshpanasida 13-17 yoshdagi 1179 bola saqlanadi va "Janubiy Florida shtatidagi muhojir bolalar joylashgan eng yirik bino" hisoblanadi.[61] Kanaveral burni asoslangan Kompleks sog'liqni saqlash xizmatlari, Inc. v ga ega. Homesteadni boshqarish uchun federal hukumat bilan 31 million dollarlik shartnoma va Lesli Vud dastur direktori.[61]
201820 iyunTramp Ichki xavfsizlik vazirligi (DHS) kotibi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan ijro buyrug'ini imzoladi Kirstjen Nilsen DHS-ni AQSh-Meksika chegarasida "chegarani noqonuniy kesib o'tishda hibsga olingandan keyin oilalarni saqlashga" yo'naltirgan.[62] USA Today EOni imzolashda Trumpning "ilgari inqirozni bekor qilishi mumkin bo'lgan siyosat emas, balki temir bilan qoplangan qonun sabab bo'lgan" degan da'vosidan voz kechayotgani aytilgan.[43] DHS xabar berishicha, "5 maydan 9 iyungacha chegarada 2342 bola 2206 kattadan ajratilgan".[43] 2018 yil 27 iyundagi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra Reuters maqola, Trump's EO "bo'shliqlarni" o'z ichiga olgan va muammoni hal qilish uchun ozgina harakat qilgan "- 2000 bola" ajralib qolishdi ".[63]
201820 iyunAssociated Press xabariga ko'ra, 2018 yil 17 dekabrga qadar federal hukumat 14,314 nafar bola "14,300 nafar muhojir kichkintoylar, bolalar va o'spirinlarni qamoqxonalarida va minglab bolalar bilan to'ldirilgan qamoqxonalarda va turar-joy binolarida o'z qaramog'iga oldi". The Qarovsiz chet ellik bolalar (UAC) dasturi "2017 va 2018 yillarda 17 ta shtatdagi 150 dan ortiq dasturlarga rahbarlik qildi."[64] Uchta eng yirik inshoot - bu Tornillo chodirli shahar, Homestead (Florida) qarovsiz bolalar uchun vaqtinchalik boshpana va Casa Padre Brownsville shahrida (Texas) 5400 dan ortiq bola yashagan.[64] Dasturning beshta eng yirik pudratchilari - Southwest Key (shtab-kvartirasi Ostin, Texas); BCFS sog'liqni saqlash va insonga xizmat ko'rsatish (San-Antonio, Texas); Comprehensive Health Services Inc. (Canaveral Cape, Florida); Cayuga markazlari (Auburn, Nyu-York); va Heartland Alliance (Chikago, Illinoys) - "UAC dasturida 11,600 dan ortiq bolalarni nazorat qilgan".[64]
201823 iyun23-iyun, 2018-yilgi turidan so'ng, Rep. Debbi Vasserman-Shults ota-onasidan tortib olingan kamida bolalar - yangi tug'ilgan chaqaloqlardan 5 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar ikkiga joylashtirilganligi haqida xabar berishdi Mayami-Deyd okrugi, Florida boshpanalar -Uning uyi bolalar uyi yilda Mayami bog'lari, Florida va katolik xayriya tashkilotlari Msr. Bryan Uolsh bolalar qishlog'i, ilgari Boys Town deb nomlanuvchi, yilda Katler ko'rfazi, Mayami.[65] yilda Mayami, Florida yurisdiksiyasida HHS ORR.[65]Uning uyi bolalar uyi[60] Uning uyi 232 o'rinli muassasadir.[61]
201924 iyun24-iyun kuni Vashington, Kolumbiya asoslangan CBS News ]' Xalq bilan yuzlash, Lesli Sanches ko'plab respublikachilar oilani ajratish [va buning natijasida bolani hibsga olish] "keraksiz yovuzlik" deb hisoblashadi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu siyosat "Amerikaning og'riqli nuqtasi" edi. Sanchesning so'zlariga ko'ra, aynan shu tasvir (bolalarning yig'layotgani) tasvirlari og'riqli bo'lgan. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u "ko'plab respublikachilar" bilan, hatto bir nechta qadoqni yig'uvchilar, katta pullarni birlashtirgan odamlar bilan suhbatlashdi - kim ular "bolalarning qichqirig'i [...] ajralib ketishi" ... Amerika buni juda uzoq deb bilgan bir lahzada. "Sanches buni" prezident orqaga chekinganda "deb aytdi.[66]
201826 iyunVashington va o'n ettita shtat "oilaviy ajralishlar sababli Tramp ma'muriyatini Sietl federal sudiga sudga berib, ularni" shafqatsiz "deb atagan va" animus "ga asoslagan.[67][63]
201827 iyun[68]
201826 iyunIshda "L va boshqalar v ICE xonim"[69] oldin keltirildi Kaliforniya shtatining janubiy okrugi uchun AQSh sudi tomonidan San-Diegoda Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi (ACLU), AQSh okrug sudyasi Dana Sabraw "Tramp ma'muriyatining AQSh-Meksika chegarasida muhojir ota-onalar va bolalarni ajratishiga to'sqinlik qildi" degan buyruq chiqardi. Bu buyruq "hukumatdan besh yoshga to'lmagan bolalarni 14 kun ichida ota-onalari bilan birlashtirishi va bolalar 10 kun ichida ota-onalari bilan gaplashishiga" "ajratilganlar 30 kun ichida birlashtirilishi" kerak edi.[63] Sudya Sabrawning so'zlariga ko'ra, "sud oldida keltirilgan dalillar hukumatning o'z xaotik holatini hal qilish uchun reaktiv boshqaruv reaktsiyalarini tasvirlaydi. Ular o'lchangan va buyruq bergan boshqaruvni inkor qilmoqdalar, bu bizning Konstitutsiyamizda belgilangan tegishli protsedura kontseptsiyasida markaziy o'rin tutadi".
201830 iyunThe New York Times Qo'shma Shtatlarda va Meksika chegarasida yuzlab namoyishlar bo'lganligini xabar qildi migrantlar oilasining ajralishiga qarshi norozilik.[70]
20189-iyulKaliforniya Federal okrugi sudyasi Dei 2018 yil 9 iyuldagi qarorida Adliya vazirligining (DOJ) ko'pgina dalillariga "qarshi chiqdi". U 1997 yilda Flores bilan kelishuv to'g'risidagi Shartnomani (FSA) "20 kun ichida [federal] litsenziyali parvarishlash dasturlariga qo'yib yuborilishini talab qiladigan" o'zgartirish uchun "asos yo'q" deb hisobladi.[71] The New York Times Dining qarorini Prezident Trampning "immigratsiya kun tartibi" ga "muhim huquqiy to'siq" deb ta'rifladi[71] o'z ichiga oladi oilaviy ajralish.
201828 sentyabrThe Bosh inspektor idorasi (OIG) Jon V. Kelli bilan Bosh inspektorning vazifalarini bajaruvchi katta mansabdor shaxs sifatida[16-eslatma][72][Izohlar 17] 2019 yil 28 sentyabrda 17 sahifadan iborat hisobotni taqdim etdi, u muhojir bolalar hibsga olingan muassasalarni "kutilmagan tekshiruvlar" ga asoslanib, ular tomonidan boshqariladigan muassasalar degan xulosaga keldi. Bojxona va chegaralarni muhofaza qilish Qarovsiz qolgan begona bolalar uchun (CBP). Hisobotda ushbu ob'ektlar "transport, eskort, hibsga olish va qidirish bo'yicha 2015 yilgi milliy standartlarga muvofiq ishlaydi" degan xulosaga kelishdi. Qabul qilish xonalarining tartibsiz tozalanishi bundan mustasno, biz kuzatuvsiz chet ellik bolalar hojatxonadan foydalanish huquqiga ega bo'lganligi va lavabolar, ichimlik suvi, ichimliklar (shu jumladan sut va sharbatli ichimliklar), shuningdek, aperatifler va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari. Qarovsiz kelgan begona bolalar biz tashrif buyurgan barcha binolarda gigiena vositalari va toza choyshablardan foydalanish imkoniyatiga ega edilar. Biz harorat yoki shamollatish, kirish joyi bilan bog'liq muammolarga duch kelmadik. shoshilinch tibbiy yordam, etarlicha nazorat yoki telefonlarga kirish. " Hisobotda o'zgartirishlar uchun hech qanday tavsiyalar berilmagan.[41]
2019YanvarTexas shtatidagi Tornillo shahridagi chodirlar shaharida 2800 ga yaqin bola hibsga olingan "federal kuzatuv idorasi" jiddiy xavfsizlik va sog'liq "bilan bog'liq muammolarni" aniqlaganidan keyin.[73] Bu tomonidan boshqarilgan Baptist bolalar va oilaviy xizmatlar (BCFS) Qochoqlarni Ko'chirish Boshqarmasi (ORR) shartnomasi bo'yicha.
2019AprelJanubiy qashshoqlik huquqi markazi (SPLC) va Covington va Burling advokatlik sudlari AQSh-Meksika chegarasida oilalarni ajratish uchun federal hukumatga qarshi ikki oila nomidan da'vo qo'zg'adilar. PBS yangiliklari hisobot.[74]
201920 iyun2019 yil iyun oyida uchta To'qqizinchi davr ishni eshitgan, 17-56297 Jenni Flores va Uilyam Barrga qarshi, unda Sara Fabian, Adliya vazirligining katta advokati Immigratsiya bo'yicha sud ishlari suddan 2017 yil iyul oyidagi tuman sudining "hukumatdan hibsga olinganlarni sovun va tish cho'tkalari kabi gigiena vositalari bilan ta'minlashni talab qilgan" xavfsiz va sanitariya sharoitlari "talablariga rioya qilishini talab qilishni bekor qilishni so'radi. 1997 yil Flores bilan kelishuv shartnomasi ". 2019 yil 20-iyundagi jarayon davomida to'qqizinchi tuman sudyasi Uilyam Fletcher AQSh hukumati" tun bo'yi sovuq, chiroqlar bo'lgan sharoitda muhojir bolalarni hibsga olishni "xavfsiz va sanitariya" deb hisoblashi "aqlga sig'maydigan narsa" ekanligini aytdi. tun bo'yi beton ustida uxlab yotganingizda alyumin folga ko'rpangiz bormi? "[75][76] Fabianning so'zlariga ko'ra Flores shartnomasi hibsga olingan muhojir bolalar uchun "xavfsiz va sanitariya" shartlarini belgilash "noaniq" edi va hukumat ularga tish cho'tkalari, sovun yoki etarli ko'rpa-to'shaklar bilan ta'minlash majburiy emas edi.[77] Ushbu turdagi muassasalarda bolalar uchun ta'lim dasturlari bekor qilindi Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish boshqarmasi 2019 yil iyun oyida.[78][79]
201923 iyunTekshiruv asosida Nyu-Yorker hududida go'daklar, bolalar va o'spirin migrantlar hibsga olinayotgani haqida xabar berishdi Klint chegara posti etarli oziq-ovqat, choyshab, sovun, tish pastasi va toza kiyimsiz.[80] BBC ham ushbu voqeani ko'tarib chiqdi.[75]
20191 iyulKongress delegatsiyasi El-Paso muassasasida hibsga olingan muhojir ayollarga "hojatxonadan ichish buyurilgani" haqida xabar berdi.[Izohlar 18][81][82][83][84] 2019 yil iyul oyida, muhojirlarni hibsga olish markazlarida rejalashtirilgan ekskursiya o'tkazgan Demokratik Vakillar, muhojirlarga turli xil yomon munosabatda bo'lganliklarini da'vo qilishdi.[83]
2019IyulBBC muhojir bolalarni hibsxonalarida 72 soatdan ko'proq ushlab turilishining sabablaridan biri bu davlat idoralarining "chegarada ushlab turilgan ko'plab odamlarni qayta ishlash uchun kurashayotgani".[85]
20193 iyulGa binoan The New York Times, Prezident Trump qonunchilarni salbiy sharhlari uchun tanqid qildi AQSh bojxona va chegara himoyasi tergov hibsxonalari va u erda o'z mamlakatlariga qaraganda "ancha yaxshi yashashlarini" aytishdi.[86]
20196 iyulGa binoan The New York Times, 2019 yil iyulga qadar Klint chegara posti shimoldan to'rt mil uzoqlikda joylashgan AQSh-Meksika chegarasi yilda Klint, Texas —chegara partrol stantsiya va muhojirlarni saqlash hibsxonasi va shunga o'xshash muassasalar "Amerikaning janubiy chegarasidagi betartiblikning ommaviy yuzi" ga aylandi, chunki u erdagi sharoitlar haqida xabarlar oshkor bo'ldi.[87]
201918 iyulXalqaro Amnistiya Homesteadni "bolalarning ommaviy sonlarini qayta ishlash bo'yicha sanoat ob'ekti" sifatida tavsiflab, "Bolalar uchun uy yo'q: uy-joy" vaqtinchalik favqulodda vaziyatlar vositasi "deb nomlangan hisobotini joylashtirdi, u qarovsiz qolgan bolalar manfaatlari" emas, balki "qamrab olish" ga qaratilgan. U yerda."[35]:31
201922 iyul2019 yil 22-iyuldagi maqolaga ko'ra Baxt, Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish departamenti ma'lumot varaqasida 23 ta shtatdagi 168 ta muassasada qariyb 10 000 nafar muhojir bolalar hibsga olinganligi aytilgan. Qochqinlarni joylashtirish bo'yicha idora (ORR) boshpanalarni boshqaradi va ularni boshqarish uchun notijorat tashkilotlari bilan shartnomalar tuzadi.[73]
201923 iyulA HHS xabariga ko'ra, vaqtinchalik favqulodda vaziyatlar muassasasi yaqinda yopilishi haqida e'lon qilindi Carrizo Springs, Texas. Tomonidan boshqariladigan muassasa BCFS sog'liqni saqlash va odamlarga xizmat ko'rsatish, 13 yoshdan 17 yoshgacha bo'lgan 200 ga yaqin voyaga etmaganlar bo'lib o'tdi - dastlab Gvatemala, Salvador, Gonduras.[88] Amnesty International AQSh (AIUSA) direktori Margaret Xuang oldin ko'rsatma bergan Mehnat, sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish, ta'lim va tegishli agentliklar bo'yicha kichik qo'mita /HHS u AIUSAning 20 iyulga tashrifi paytida ushbu muassasada qanday sharoitlarni ko'rganligi to'g'risida. Xuang shuningdek, Homestead va Tornillo hibsxonalaridagi sharoitlar to'g'risida xabar berdi.[89]
20191 avgustThe Janubiy qashshoqlik huquqi markazi (SPLC) va Kovington va Burling yuridik sudlarining hujjatlari shuni ko'rsatadiki, 2017 yildan 2018 yilgacha oilalar AQSh-Meksika chegaralari ajralib ketganligi sababli potentsial minglab muhojir bolalarga uzoq muddatli travma etkazilgan. PBS yangiliklari hisobot. Yuridik firmalarning ta'kidlashicha, oilaviy ajralishlar konstitutsiyani va "insonning asosiy odob-axloq me'yorlarini" buzmoqda. Bu aprel oyida SPLC va Covington va Burling orqali ikkita oila tomonidan olib kelingan o'xshash kostyumdan bir necha oy o'tgach sodir bo'ladi[74]
201915 avgustO'zaro hamkorlikda olib borilgan tergovning dastlabki hisobotlari PBS Frontline va Associated Press Federal ORR tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan davlat homiylik uylarida voyaga etmagan muhojirlarni davolash to'g'risida 2019 yil avgustda nashr etilgan. Associated Press ko'rib chiqildi qonuniy da'volar "hukumat qaramog'ida bo'lganida ularning farzandlari jabrlangan" degan oilalardan.[90] 2018 yilda "50 mingga yaqin muhojir bolalar ORR bilan shartnoma asosida" mehribonlik uylari, turar joylar va hibsxonalarda "joylashtirildi.[90] Voyaga etmaganlarning ba'zilari qarovsiz qolgan, boshqalari esa oilalar tufayli ajralib chiqqan nolga chidamlilik siyosati.[90] Arnold va Porter, dunyodagi eng yirik yuridik firmalardan biri 18 ta hujjat topshirdi Federal tortishish bo'yicha da'volar - sudga murojaat qilish uchun kashfiyotchi - "hukumat hibsxonasida bo'lganida bolalariga ziyon etkazilganligini aytgan" to'qqiz ota-onaning nomidan Adliya va ichki xavfsizlik idoralariga qarshi 54 million dollar. shu jumladan, oilalardan bir nechtasi "o'zlarining yosh bolalari federal mablag 'bilan ta'minlangan homiylik davrida jinsiy, jismoniy yoki ruhiy tahqirlashgan" deyishadi.[90] Nyu-Yorkda joylashgan "migrant bolalar uchun mehribonlik uylarini joylashtirish bo'yicha eng yirik tashkilot" bo'lgan Cayuga markazlari "jismoniy ziyon bilan bog'liq to'rtta hodisadan uchtasida" nomlangan.[90]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ Dan ishlar Kaliforniya shtatining Markaziy okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi (C.D. Cal) ga murojaat qilingan To'qqizinchi davr uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Apellyatsiya sudi.
  2. ^ Flores va Meese, 681 F. Ta'minot. 665 (C. Kal. 1988 yil). Jenny Lisette FLORES, et al., Plaintiffs, v. Edwin MEESE, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Harold W. Ezell, Defendants. No. CV 85-4544-RJK. United States District Court, C.D. Kaliforniya. 1988 yil 7 mart. National Center for Immigrants' Rights, Inc., Carlos Holguin, Peter A. Schey, Los Anjeles, Cal., National Center for Youth Law, James Morales, Alice Bussiere, Teresa Demchak, San Francisco, Cal., Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi (ACLU Foundation of Southern California), Paul Hoffman, John Hagar, Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiffs. Robert C. Bonner, U.S. Atty., Frederick M. Brosio, Jr., Yrd. U.S. Atty., Chief, Civil Div., Ian Fan, Yrd. U.S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., for defendants.
  3. ^ The defendants included their agents, employees, contractors and/or successors in office and plaintiffs included named plaintiffs and all class members.
  4. ^ The 1997 yil 17-yanvar Stipulated Settlement Agreement] of Flores v. Reno ichida Kaliforniya shtatining Markaziy okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi (C.D. Cal.) , docket 85-4544 RJK (Px)
  5. ^ It was during the Presidency of Jorj V.Bush, that the phrase began to be used as part of the political lexicon and it has been used since then. Writers and academics, kabi Reece Jones va Mishel Goldberg, have said that the phrase "catch and release" maqola bu pejorative.
  6. ^ Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) was founded in Nashville, Tennessee, on January 28, 1983, by Thomas W. Beasley, Doctor Robert Crants va T. Don Hutto Beasley were the chief founders. Hutto had years of experience in corrections and was president-elect of the American Correctional Association. The two men met with representatives of the Federal qamoqxonalar byurosi va Immigratsiya va fuqarolikni rasmiylashtirish xizmati (INS, now ICE), which operated under U.S. Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003, to discuss a potential joint venture for a facility to detain illegal aliens in Texas.
  7. ^ Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (TVPRA)
  8. ^ See Flores v. Lynch, 828 F.3d at 910
  9. ^ Flores Settlement
  10. ^ See Wright, 364 U.S. at 647.
  11. ^ 6 U.S.C. § 279(G)(2). See D.B. v. Cardall, 826 F.3d 721, 734 (4th Cir. 2016) (affirming the classification of a child as an unaccompanied minor when his parent was present in the United States and holding that for a parent to be "available to provide care" for a child, the parent "must be available to provide what is necessary for the child’s health, welfare, maintenance, and protection".
  12. ^ Thomas E. Price (Tom Price), M.D. Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish kotibi under President Donald Trump from February 10, 2017 until his resignation on September 29, 2017 following the release of a review by the Office of Inspector General (OIG) regarding his use of private charters and military aircraft for travel.
  13. ^ Walsman said that from October 2016 to September 2017, there were 46 cases in which alleged human traffickers had used minors to avoid detention when they entered the United States illegally. In the first five months of FY2018 there were 191 cases or 145 more than the 46 cases in 2017 which represents the increase of 315 percent, that DHS Secretary Nielsen referred to in her June 21, 2018 White House press briefing. NBC News said that the 191 cases represent 0.5 percent of the approximately 31,000 people who crossed the border illegally in the first five months of the FY2018. Raul Ortiz, who is Deputy chief of the Rio Grande Border Patrol Sector where most of these cases were reported, said that the 600 cases of family fraud identified by agents in Rio Grande Border Patrol Sector since October 2017, "did not involve human trafficking, or the illegal transportation of someone typically for sexual exploitation or forced labor...Trafficking is very different than trying to be smuggled between points of entry."
  14. ^ According to a June 19, 2018 article in Atlantika, President Trump's senior adviser Miller strategically and intentionally deploys successful tactics such as "constructive controversy"—for example, the issue of the detention of migrant children—to create a "showdown between Trump and his angry antagonists" in which the Trump administration has an opportunity to "enlighten" voters who "witness" the showdown. Ga binoan The Times, Miller said that "zero tolerance" would be a potent tool in a severely limited arsenal of strategies for stopping migrants from flooding across the border."
  15. ^ In the interview Sessions said, "What’s happening is we are having more people coming bringing children with them entering [... between the ports of entry illegally, and [...] you cannot give them immunity. That’s an offense. We believe every person that enters the country illegally like that should be prosecuted. And you can’t be giving immunity to people who bring children with them recklessly and improperly and illegally. [...] And so those children are being well taken care of. Within 72 hours, they’re taken to the Health and Human Services to be sure they’re properly cared for. And [...] the adults will be prosecuted like the law requires."
  16. ^ Jon F. Kelli who served as DHS secretary and later President Trump's chief of staff, and who left the Trump administration in January, is not the same person as John V. Kelly, the OIG senior official who tabled this report. A John V. Kelly was forced to retire from his position at OIG following reports that he "directed [OIG] auditors to produce what they called "feel-good reports" about FEMA's response to disasters — including "Sendi" dovuli in 2012 and flooding in Louisiana in 2016 — that glossed over most problems."
  17. ^ The Office of Inspector General (OIG), which is one of the largest federal government departments, reports to the Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish bo'limi (HHS).
  18. ^ On July 2, 2019, Business Insider nashr etilgan fotosurat of the prison-style single-unit hybrid of a toilet and a drinking water fountain.

References related to Flores

  1. ^ a b v d López, Rebeca M. (2012). "Codifying the Flores Settlement Agreement: Seeking to Protect Immigrant Children in U.S. Custody". Marquette Law Review. 95 (4): 1633–1677.
  2. ^ a b v Flores v. Meese, CV 85-4544 RJK (Px) (D.D. Kal July 11, 1985) ("Complaint for Injunctive and Declarative Relief, and Relief in the Nature of Mandamus").
  3. ^ "Flores v. Meese, 681 F. Supp. 665 (C.D. Cal. 1988)". Yustiya qonuni. Olingan 15 iyul, 2019.
  4. ^ Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292 (1993)
  5. ^ "The rights of children in the immigration process" (PDF). ACLU. 2014 yil iyul. Olingan 14 iyul, 2019.
  6. ^ Flores Settlement Final Agreement Plus Extension Settlement (PDF), ACLU, January 17, 1997, olingan 31 iyul, 2019
  7. ^ Attorney General Janet Reno et al v. Jenny Lisette Flores (PDF), 1993, p. 28, olingan 31 iyul, 2019
  8. ^ a b v d "Jenny L. Flores, et al. v. Jeh Johnson, et al." (PDF), The New York Times, Kaliforniya shtatining Markaziy okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi (C.D. Cal.) (CV 85-4544 DMG (AGRx)), July 24, 2015, olingan 28 iyul, 2019
  9. ^ "Judge Orders Release of Immigrant Children Detained by U.S." The New York Times. 2015 yil 25-iyul. Olingan 15 iyul, 2019.
  10. ^ a b Stephen Reinhardt. "Flores v. Sessions. No. 17-55208 D.C. No. 2:85-cv-04544- DMG-AGR" (PDF). Opinions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. To'qqizinchi davr uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Apellyatsiya sudi (CDCA): 35. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi | jurnal = (Yordam bering)

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ 83 Fed. Reg. at 45489.
  2. ^ Multi-State Comment Letter November 6, 2018 pp.33
  3. ^ "When Migrant Children Were Detained Among Adults, Strip Searched". NBC News. 2014 yil 24-iyul. Olingan 30 iyul, 2019.
  4. ^ Eslatma, The Flores Settlement: Ripping Families Apart Under the Law, 48 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 31 (2018)
  5. ^ Reno v. Flores, 507 BIZ. 292 (1993). Ushbu maqola o'z ichiga oladi jamoat mulki materiallari from judicial opinions or other documents created by the federal judiciary of the United States.
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  7. ^ Kandel, William A. (January 18, 2017). Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview (PDF) (Hisobot). R43599. Kongress tadqiqot xizmati. Olingan 20 iyun, 2018.
  8. ^ "Flores v. Reno—Stipulated Settlement Agreement 85-4544 RJK (Px)" (PDF), Kaliforniya shtatining Markaziy okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi (C.D. Cal.), p. 28, January 28, 1997, olingan 31 iyul, 2019
  9. ^ "Legislative Updates – Homeland Security Act of 2002". Office of Legislative Policy And Analysis. Olingan 2-noyabr, 2010.
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