Bolalikka kelish uchun kechiktirilgan harakat - Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

"DACA" bu erga yo'naltiradi. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang DACA (ajralish).
I-797-sonli harakat to'g'risida xabarnoma Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining fuqaroligi va immigratsiya xizmatlari adresat berilganligini ko'rsatuvchi kechiktirilgan harakat DACA dasturi bo'yicha

Bolalikka kelish uchun kechiktirilgan harakat (DACA) a Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining immigratsiya siyosati mamlakatga olib kelinganidan keyin Qo'shma Shtatlarda noqonuniy mavjud bo'lgan ba'zi shaxslarga ikki yillik qayta tiklanadigan muddat olish huquqini beradi. kechiktirilgan harakat dan deportatsiya va a. huquqiga ega bo'ling ishlash uchun ruxsatnoma AQShda dasturda qatnashish uchun qabul qiluvchilar o'zlarining yozuvlarida og'ir jinoyatlar yoki jiddiy xatti-harakatlarga ega bo'lishlari mumkin emas. Taklif etilganlardan farqli o'laroq DREAM Act, DACA oluvchilar uchun fuqarolikka yo'l bermaydi.[1][2] Siyosat, an ijro etuvchi hokimiyat to'g'risidagi memorandum, Prezident tomonidan e'lon qilindi Barak Obama 2012 yil 15 iyunda. AQSh fuqaroligi va immigratsiya xizmatlari (USCIS) dasturga arizalarni qabul qilishni 2012 yil 15 avgustda boshladi.

2014 yil noyabr oyida Prezident Obama niyat qilganligini e'lon qildi qo'shimcha hujjatsiz immigrantlarni qamrab olish uchun DACA-ni kengaytirish. Kengayishni oldini olish uchun bir nechta davlatlar darhol sudga murojaat qilishdi, bu oxir-oqibat edi teng bo'lingan Oliy sud tomonidan to'sib qo'yilgan. Prezident Trump ostida, Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi 2017 yil iyunida kengayishni bekor qildi, shu bilan birga DACA mavjudligini qayta ko'rib chiqishni davom ettirdi. 2017 yil sentyabr oyida Trump ma'muriyati DACA-ni bosqichma-bosqich bekor qilish rejasini e'lon qildi va ushbu harakatga qarshi ko'plab sud jarayonlarini qo'zg'atdi. Hukumat ushbu rejani amalga oshirishni olti oyga qoldirdi, chunki Kongressga DREAM qonunini qabul qilish yoki hujjatsiz muhojirlarni boshqa qonun bilan himoya qilish. Kongress ishlamay qoldi va vaqtni uzaytirish 2018 yil 5 martda tugadi, ammo uchta alohida tuman sudlari ushbu sanaga qadar DACA ning bekor qilinishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik to'g'risida buyruq berdi, bu bekor qilish ehtimoli bor o'zboshimchalik va injiq ostida Ma'muriy protsessual qonun (APA). Alohida ravishda, sud sudyasi Endryu Xenen ning Texasning janubiy okrugi DACA, ehtimol, konstitutsiyaga ziddir, degan qarorga keldi, ammo sud jarayoni davom etar ekan, u dasturni o'z joyida qoldirdi.[3][4]

2020 yil iyun holatida Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi Kaliforniya universitetining regentslariga qarshi Oliy sud, DACA-ni bekor qilishga to'sqinlik qilgan uchta buyruq bo'yicha qaror chiqargan holda, bekor qilish uchun berilgan asoslar o'zboshimchalik va injiqlik bilan APA-ga binoan tasdiqlangan, ammo DACA-ning mohiyati to'g'risida qaror chiqarmagan va hukumatning chiqishiga xalaqit bermagan. yaxshiroq asosga ega bo'lgan yangi qutqarish.[5] NAACP Prezident Derrik Jonson Oliy sud qaroriga "juda uzoq vaqt davomida Afrika Diasporasidan kelgan hujjatsiz DACA oluvchilarining ovozi o'chirildi. Bizning DREAMERLARIMIZNING to'liq ishtirok etishiga yo'l qo'ymasak, hech kim uchun demokratik orzu yo'q. - bu Amerika uchun ulkan g'alaba. Bugun Oliy sudning bizning foydamizga bergan qarori - bu NAACPning Oliy sudning Brown va Ta'lim kengashidagi g'alaba g'oyasi ruhida g'oyat g'oyat adolat uchun. "[6] GQ Keyinchalik jurnal NAACP prezidenti / bosh direktori Derrik Jonson rahbarligida "xalqning eng qadimgi va eng qadimgi fuqarolik huquqlarini himoya qilish tashkiloti o'zining Oliy sudi - Trumpga qarshi NAACP da katta g'alabaga erishdi, bu Donald Trump ma'muriyatining bolalikdan kelib chiqish uchun qoldirilgan harakatni bekor qilishiga to'sqinlik qiladi" deb xabar berdi. yosh muhojirlar uchun dastur. " Jonson "bu biz uchun ulkan g'alaba" deb qo'shimcha qildi.[7]

Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, DACA DACA huquqiga ega bo'lgan muhojirlarning ish haqi va ish bilan bandlik holatini oshirdi,[8][9][10] va DACA ishtirokchilari va ularning farzandlari uchun ruhiy salomatlik natijalarini yaxshiladi.[11][12][13] Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, qashshoqlikda yashaydigan hujjatsiz muhojirlar oilalari sonini kamaytirdi.[14] DACA oluvchilarida jinoyatchilik darajasi tug'ma amerikaliklarga qaraganda yuqori ekanligini ko'rsatadigan dalillar yo'q; aksariyat tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, immigrantlar jinoyatchilik darajasi mahalliy tug'ilgan amerikaliklarga qaraganda pastroq.[15] Iqtisodchilar DACA AQSh iqtisodiyotiga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishini yoki bu mahalliy tug'ilgan amerikaliklarning mehnat bozori natijalariga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishini rad etadilar.[16][17] 2018 yil avgust oyida USCIS hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra Qo'shma Shtatlarda istiqomat qiluvchi 699 350 faol DACA oluvchilar mavjud.[18] Immigratsiya tadqiqotchilari aholi sonini 690,000 dan 800,000 gacha deb taxmin qilishmoqda.[19][20]

Fon

Siyosat asosan "Dreamer" yoshlari Qo'shma Shtatlarda tarbiyalanganligini tan olgandan so'ng yaratildi va bu yaxshi xulq-atvorga ega "past ustuvor" shaxslardan immigratsiya nazorati e'tiborini olib tashlashning bir usuli sifatida ko'rildi.[21][22] "Dreamers" o'z nomlarini DREAM Act, AQShda noqonuniy ravishda yashab kelayotgan yosh muhojirlarga ota-onalari tomonidan olib kelinganidan keyin huquqiy maqom berishga qaratilgan qonun loyihasi. Hujjatsiz immigrant yosh aholi tez sur'atlar bilan ko'payib borar edi; taxminan 65000 hujjatsiz muhojir talabalar har yili AQSh o'rta maktablarini bitiradilar.[23] Dreamers-ning aksariyati Meksikadan.[24]

Ma'lum bir malakaga ega bo'lganda Qo'shma Shtatlarga olib kelingan hujjatsiz immigrantlar uchun doimiy yashashga yo'l ochib beradigan DREAM Act qonun loyihasi 2007 yilda Kongressda ko'rib chiqilgan. Senatdagi ikki partiyaviy muvozanatni bartaraf eta olmadi.[25] Qonun loyihasi 2011 yilda yana ko'rib chiqildi. Qonun loyihasi palatadan qabul qilindi, ammo respublika senatidagi muvozanatni bartaraf etish uchun zarur bo'lgan 60 ovozni ololmadi.[26][25] 2013 yilda qonunchilik immigratsiya tizimini har tomonlama isloh qildi, shu jumladan Dreamers-ga mamlakatda qolish, ishlash va maktabda o'qish uchun ruxsat berish; Bu Senatdan o'tdi, ammo Palatada ovoz berish uchun olib kelinmadi.[25] The Nyu-York Tayms Kongressning DREAM Act qonun loyihasini qabul qilmaganligini Obamaning DACA-ga imzo chekish to'g'risidagi qarori ortida turgan haydovchi deb biladi.[25]

Tashkilot

Prezident Barak Obama da so'zga chiqib, ushbu siyosatni e'lon qildi Gul bog'i ning oq uy 2012 yil 15 iyunda.[27] Sana 30 yilligi sifatida tanlangan Plyler va Doe, a Oliy sud davlat maktablarining hujjatsiz muhojir bolalar uchun to'lovni undirish to'g'risidagi qaror. Siyosat rasmiy ravishda Memorandum asosida tuzilgan Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi "Bolaligida Qo'shma Shtatlarga kelgan shaxslarga nisbatan prokurorlik qarorini amalga oshirish" deb nomlangan.[28] Ushbu siyosat ba'zi muhojirlarga deportatsiyadan qochish va yaxshi xulq-atvor asosida qayta tiklanadigan ikki yil muddatga ishlash uchun ruxsat olish imkonini berdi. Ariza berish uchun immigrantlar 2012 yil 15 iyunda 31 yoshdan kichik bo'lishi kerak edi, ular 16 yoshga etmaganlarida AQShga kelishlari va 2007 yildan beri AQShda yashashlari kerak edi. 2012 yil avgustida Pew tadqiqot markazi 1,7 milliongacha odam huquqqa ega ekanligini taxmin qildi.[29]

AQSh fuqaroligi va immigratsiya xizmatlari (USCIS) dasturga arizalarni qabul qilishni 2012 yil 15 avgustda boshladi.[29] 2016 yil iyun holatiga ko'ra, USCISga DACA maqomini olish uchun 844 931 ta dastlabki arizalar kelib tushgan bo'lib, ulardan 741 546 tasi (88%) ma'qullandi, 60 269 tasi (7%) rad etildi va 43121 tasi (5%) kutilmoqda. Qabul qilinganlarning yarmidan ko'pi istiqomat qiladi Kaliforniya va Texas.[30] 2017 yil avgust oyida o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra, amaldagi ro'yxatdan o'tganlarning aksariyati ("Dreamers" deb nomlangan DREAM Act bill) 20 yoshga to'lgan va taxminan 80% Qo'shma Shtatlarga 10 yoshdan kichik bo'lganida kelgan.[31]

2014 yil noyabr oyida Obama niyati borligini e'lon qildi DACA-ni kengaytirish ko'proq odamlarni munosib qilish uchun.[32][33] Biroq, 2014 yil dekabr oyida Texas va boshqa 25 shtat, respublikachilar gubernatorlari bilan sudga murojaat qilishdi Texasning janubiy okrugi uchun AQSh okrug sudi suddan DACA kengayishini ham amalga oshirishni buyurishni so'rab Amerikaliklarning ota-onalari uchun kechiktirilgan harakat, (shunga o'xshash dastur).[34][35][36] 2015 yil fevral oyida sudya Endryu S. Xenen dastlabki xulosani chiqardi buyruq ishning kengayishini kuchga kirishiga to'sqinlik qilib, Texasga qarshi AQSh, davom etdi.[37][38] Sud tizimidan o'tgandan so'ng, teng bo'lingan (4-4) Oliy sud buyruqni joyida, hech qanday iltimos qilmasdan qoldirdi.[39]

Reaksiya

Respublika partiyasi rahbarlar DACA dasturini ijroiya hokimiyatidan suiiste'mol qilish deb qoralashdi.[40]

Vakillar palatasidagi deyarli barcha respublikachilar (uchta demokrat bilan birga) 2013 yil iyun oyida DACAni to'lash uchun 224–201 ovoz berishdi.[41] Tuzatishning etakchi muallifi Rep. Stiv King (R-Ayova) shunday dedi: "Gap shundaki ... Prezident immigratsion qonundan voz kechish vakolatiga ega emas va uni havodan yaratish huquqiga ega emas va u ikkalasini ham ushbu Morton yozuvlari bilan amalga oshirgan. bu hurmat. "[42]

Amalga oshirish

DACA tomonidan davlat tomonidan tasdiqlangan so'rovlar[a]
Kaliforniya
 
424,995
Texas
 
234,350
Nyu York
 
95,663
Illinoys
 
79,415
Florida
 
74,321
Arizona
 
51,503

DACA rasmiy ravishda yuborilgan siyosat memorandumi bilan boshlangan Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi Janet Napolitano boshlariga AQSh bojxona va chegara himoyasi (CBP), AQSh fuqaroligi va immigratsiya xizmatlari (USCIS) va AQSh immigratsiya va bojxona nazorati (ICE). Xotira ularni rasmiy ravishda mashq qilishga yo'naltirdi ijro qarori talablarga javob beradigan shaxslar nomidan.[44]

DACA-ga ariza topshirish uchun tegishli shaxslar $ 495 ariza to'lovini to'lashlari, bir nechta shakllarni topshirishlari va talablarga javob berishlarini ko'rsatadigan hujjatlarni taqdim etishlari kerak. Ular kerak emas qonuniy vakillik.

Imtiyoz

Qabul qilish huquqiga ega bo'lish uchun oluvchilar 16 yoshga to'lgan kunidan oldin va 2007 yil iyunigacha bolaligida olib kelinganidan keyin Qo'shma Shtatlarda noqonuniy hozir bo'lishlari kerak, hozirda maktabda, o'rta maktab bitiruvchisi yoki harbiy xizmatdan sharafli ravishda ozod qilingan, yoshga to'lmagan bo'lishi kerak. 2012 yil 15 iyundagi 31-son, va og'ir, jiddiy jinoyat yoki boshqa uchta jinoyat uchun sudlanmagan yoki boshqa yo'l bilan milliy xavfsizlikka tahdid solmagan. Hozirda dastur doimiy qonuniy maqomni yoki unga yo'lni taqdim etmaydi fuqarolik yoki federal yordam yoki talabalarga yordam berish huquqini bermaydi.[45][8]

2012 yil avgust oyida Migratsiya siyosati instituti 1,76 millionga yaqin odam DACA-ga qatnashishi mumkin deb taxmin qildi. Ulardan 28 foizi 15 yoshgacha bo'lganlar va ariza topshirish uchun shu yoshga etguncha kutishlari kerak edi. Bundan tashqari, taxminan 20% ta'lim mezonlariga javob bermagan, ammo ariza topshirishdan oldin dasturga yozilish orqali qatnashishi mumkin. Muvofiq aholining 74% tug'ilgan Meksika yoki Markaziy Amerika. Kichik nisbatlar kelib chiqdi Karib dengizi va Janubiy Amerika (11%), Osiyo (9%), qolgan dunyo (6%).[46][45]

DACA-ga kirish uchun talabnoma beruvchilar quyidagi asosiy talablarga javob berishlari kerak, garchi ularga javob berish tasdiqlanishni kafolatlamaydi:

  • 16 yoshga to'lgunga qadar mamlakatga kirgandan keyin Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida noqonuniy ravishda mavjud bo'ling
  • 2007 yil 15 iyundan beri Qo'shma Shtatlarda doimiy ravishda yashab kelmoqda
  • 2012 yil 15 iyunda 31 yoshga to'lmagan (1981 yil 16 iyunda tug'ilgan yoki undan keyin)
  • 2012 yil 15 iyunda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida bo'lgan va USCIS bilan kechiktirilgan harakatlarni ko'rib chiqish uchun o'zlarining murojaatlarini yuborish paytida
  • 2012 yil 15 iyunda qonuniy maqomi bo'lmagan
  • Tugatdim o'rta maktab yoki a GED, bo'lgan sharafli ravishda bo'shatildi dan qurolli kuchlar, yoki maktabga yozilgan
  • A uchun sudlanmagan jinoyat yoki jiddiy huquqbuzarliklar, yoki uch yoki undan ortiq boshqa qonunbuzarliklar sodir etilishi va aks holda milliy xavfsizlik yoki jamoat xavfsizligiga tahdid solmasligi mumkin

Malakani tasdiqlovchi hujjatni ko'rsatish (ushbu talablarni tasdiqlash) uchun talabnoma beruvchilar uchta shaklni topshirishlari kerak; I-821D, bolalikdan kelish uchun kechiktirilgan harakatlarni ko'rib chiqish; I-765, Ishga joylashishni rasmiylashtirish uchun ariza; va I-765WS ishchi varag'i, shuningdek tasdiqlovchi hujjatlar.[45]

Sayohat huquqi

A Form I-512L issued by USCIS in 2014, permitting a U.S. Customs and Border Protection officer to allow the named DACA recipient to enter the United States under the parole authority in the Immigration and Nationality Act.
2014 yilda USCIS tomonidan chiqarilgan I-512L shakli, a AQSh bojxona va chegara himoyasi ismli DACA-qabul qiluvchisiga AQShda shartli ravishda ozod qilish vakolatiga binoan kirishga ruxsat beradigan xodim Immigratsiya va fuqarolik to'g'risidagi qonun.

2017 yil 5 sentyabrgacha Qo'shma Shtatlardan tashqariga sayohat qilishni xohlagan DACA oluvchilar so'rov yuborish orqali murojaat qilishlari mumkin. Oldindan ozod qilish va qo'shimcha to'lovni to'lash.

Agar tasdiqlansa, DACA oluvchisi Qo'shma Shtatlar tashqarisiga sayohat qilishi va shartli ravishda ozod qilish huquqi bilan Qo'shma Shtatlarga qaytishi mumkin, bu esa ushbu shaxsga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin holatni sozlash ga Qonuniy doimiy rezident Qo'shma Shtatlar fuqarosiga uylanganidan keyin.[47]

Oldindan shartli ravishda ozod qilishni talab qilish uchun ariza I-131-sonli ariza D * bo'lib, 575 AQSh dollar miqdorida to'lov bilan.[48]

Chet elga sayohat qilish uchun oldindan shartli ravishda ozod qilishni quyidagi talab qilish mumkin:

  • Chet elda o'qish kabi ta'lim maqsadlari;
  • Ishga qabul qilish maqsadlari, masalan, chet eldagi lavozimlar, suhbatlar, o'qitish yoki mijozlar bilan uchrashuvlar; yoki
  • Tibbiy sabablarga ko'ra sayohat qilish, oila a'zosi uchun dafn marosimlarida qatnashish yoki kasal qarindoshiga tashrif buyurish kabi gumanitar maqsadlar.

Dam olish uchun sayohat maqsadga muvofiq emas.[48]

A stamp applied to the Mexican passport of a DACA recipient entering the United States with Advance Parole at John F. Kennedy International Airport in January 2017, with handwritten annotations indicating the passport holder was paroled into the United States.
Ga qo'llaniladigan shtamp Meksika pasporti da oldindan avf etish sharti bilan AQShga kirgan DACA oluvchisi Jon F. Kennedi xalqaro aeroporti 2017 yil yanvar oyida pasport egasini ko'rsatadigan qo'l yozuvi izohlari bilan AQSh tomonidan shartli ravishda ozod qilingan Bojxona va chegaralarni muhofaza qilish ofitser.

2017 yil sentyabr oyidan boshlab USCIS DACA bilan bog'liq muddatidan ilgari shartli ravishda kechiktirilgan hujjat uchun arizalarni tasdiqlashni to'xtatdi.[49]

Yangilanishlar

USCIS 2014 yil iyun oyida DACA-ni yangilash jarayonini e'lon qildi va ariza beruvchilarga hujjatlarini avvalgi DACA maqomi tugashidan 150 kun oldin boshlangan 30 kunlik oynada topshirishga yo'naltirdi. Yangilash uchun qo'shimcha $ 495 to'lovi talab qilinadi.[50]

2016 yil iyun holatiga ko'ra, 606,264 ta yangilanish holatlari bo'lgan, 526,288 ta ma'qullangan, 4,703 rad etilgan va 75,205 ta yangilanishlar kutilmoqda.[30]

Kengayish

2014 yil noyabr oyida AQSh Prezidenti Barak Obama e'lon qilindi DACA-ga o'zgartirishlar 2010 yildan oldin mamlakatga kirib kelgan hujjatsiz muhojirlarni qamrab oladigan, ariza beruvchilar 31 yoshdan kichik bo'lishi talabining bekor qilinadigan va qayta tiklanadigan kechikish muddatini ikki yilga uzaytiradigan. Pyu tadqiqot markazining taxmin qilishicha, bu tegishli fuqarolar sonini 330 mingga ko'paytiradi;[33] 2014 yil dekabrida Texas va boshqa 25 shtat, respublikachilar gubernatorlari bilan sudga murojaat qilishdi Texasning janubiy okrugi uchun tuman sudi suddan DACA kengayishini ham amalga oshirishni buyurishni so'rab Amerikaliklarning ota-onalari uchun kechiktirilgan harakat (shunga o'xshash dastur).[34][35][36] 2015 yil fevral oyida sudya Endryu S. Xenen dastlabki xulosani chiqardi buyruq ishning kengayishini kuchga kirishiga to'sqinlik qilib, Texasga qarshi AQSh, davom etdi.[37][38] Sud tizimida ish olib borilgandan so'ng, apellyatsiya sudi DACA-ni kengaytirishga da'vat qilish to'g'risida 2-1 qaror chiqardi. Obama ma'muriyati murojaat qilganida Oliy sud, Sudya Antonin Skaliyaning bevaqt o'limi 8 ta adliya sudini tark etdi, so'ng sud sud buyrug'iga qarshi va teng ravishda (4-4) bo'lingan qaror chiqardi. Ovozlar teng bo'lgan taqdirda, sudning protsessual qoidalari hech qanday xulosa yozilmasligini, ish bo'yicha Oliy sud tomonidan biron bir presedent o'rnatilmasligini va apellyatsiya sudining ajrimi chiqishini anglatadi.[39]

Ta'sir

Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, DACA DACA huquqiga ega bo'lgan muhojirlarning ish haqi va ishchi kuchi ishtirokini oshirdi[8][9][10] va qashshoqlikda yashaydigan hujjatsiz muhojirlar oilalari sonini kamaytirdi.[14] Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, DACA DACA huquqiga ega immigrantlar va ularning farzandlari uchun ruhiy salomatlik natijalarini oshirdi.[11][12][13] Tug'ilgan ishchilarning ish bilan ta'minlanishiga DACA tomonidan ma'lum bo'lgan katta salbiy ta'sirlar mavjud emas va aksariyat iqtisodchilarning ta'kidlashicha, DACA AQSh iqtisodiyotiga foyda keltiradi.[16][51][52]

Jinoyat

FactCheck.org ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, "DACA egalarining AQSh fuqarolariga qaraganda ko'proq jinoyat sodir etishiga oid dalillar yo'q". Factcheck.Org "ko'plab tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, immigrantlar immigrant bo'lmaganlarga qaraganda yuqori darajada jinoyat sodir etmaydi".[15]

Iqtisodiyot

Fakt-shashka shuni ta'kidlaydiki, katta miqyosda yoki uzoq muddatda DACA oluvchilar amerikalik ishchilarning ish bilan ta'minlanishiga katta zararli ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda deb o'ylash uchun hech qanday asos yo'q; aksincha, ba'zi iqtisodchilarning ta'kidlashicha, DACA AQShning umumiy iqtisodiyotiga foyda keltiradi.[16][52][51][17][53] Iqtisodchilar DACA ni tugatish AQSh iqtisodiyotiga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkinligidan ogohlantirdilar va "aksariyat iqtisodchilar immigratsiyani odatda iqtisodiy ne'mat."[51][53] Deyarli barcha iqtisodchilar rad etadi Jeff Sessions "DACA" yuz minglab amerikaliklarga ish joylarini noqonuniy chet elliklarga berilishiga yo'l qo'yib rad etdi "deb da'vo qilmoqda.[51] Sessionlar da'vosining asosini iqtisodchilar "bir martalik xato "(ya'ni har qanday iqtisodiyotda mavjud bo'lgan ishchi kuchi chegarasi bor degan fikr).[16][54]

2016 yilda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar Jamiyat iqtisodiyoti jurnali DACA ko'payganligini aniqladi ishchi kuchi ishtiroki va DACA huquqiga ega immigrantlar uchun ishsizlik darajasini pasaytirdi. DACA shuningdek, daromad taqsimotining pastki qismida hujjatsiz immigrantlarning daromadlarini oshirdi.[8] Tadqiqot natijalariga ko'ra DACA 50000 dan 75000 gacha ruxsatsiz muhojirlarni ishga joylashtirdi.[8] Ga binoan Kaliforniya universiteti, Devis iqtisodchi Jovanni Peri, Shuning uchun DACA "iste'molni va DACA oluvchilar yashaydigan va sarflanadigan AQSh xizmatlari, mahsulotlari va ish joylariga bo'lgan umumiy talabni oshiradi. Iqtisodchilar yuqori malakali ishchilar mahalliy mahsuldorlikni oshirib, boshqa ishchilar uchun ham imkoniyatlar yaratayotganini isbotladilar".[55] 2016 yilgi tadqiqot Iqtisodiyot xatlari DACA-ga mos keladigan uy xo'jaliklari ruxsatsiz muhojir oilalarga qaraganda 38% kamroq qashshoqlikda yashashlari mumkinligini aniqladilar.[14] Bundan tashqari, DACA-ga muvofiq ishchilar, hujjatsiz immigrantlarga qaraganda yuqori malakali va yuqori maoshli ishlarga ega bo'lishadi.[56]

Bir tadqiqotga ko'ra, DACA ro'yxatdan o'tganlarning 91 foizi ish bilan ta'minlangan va 5 foizi o'z bizneslarini ochganlar, aksincha barcha amerikaliklarning 3,1 foizi.[57] Ga binoan Jovanni Peri, DACA ni tugatish aniq zararga olib keladi hosildorlik, buni hisobga olgan holda, 2017 yilga kelib, AQSh iqtisodiyoti yaqin to'liq ish bilan ta'minlash.[16][58] Ike Brannon va Logan Olbrayt CATO instituti 2017 yilda DACA ni tugatish salbiy iqtisodiy va moliya ta'siriga ega bo'ladi deb yozgan edi, chunki DACA ni darhol yo'q qilish va kechiktirilgan choralarni ko'rganlarni deportatsiya qilish xarajatlari o'n yil ichida 283 milliard dollarni tashkil etadi (215 milliard dollarlik iqtisodiy zararni, moliyaviy zararni anglatadi) 60 milliard dollar (sof soliq tushumining pastligi hisobidan) va 7,5 milliard dollar deportatsiya xarajatlari).[59] Brannon va Olbrayt ularning prognozlari "DACA muhojirlarining aksariyati yosh bo'lganligi va keyinchalik maoshni oshiradigan ta'lim ma'lumotlarini olganligi sababli konservativ baho" ekanligini yozishdi.[59] Immigrantlarning yuridik resurs markazi DACA-ga mos keladigan shaxslarni deportatsiya qilish o'n yil ichida Ijtimoiy xavfsizlik va Medicare soliq tushumini 24,6 milliard dollarga kamaytiradi deb taxmin qildi.[51] Peri, DACA-ga ega bo'lgan shaxslar ikkinchi avlod muhojirlari kabi xususiyatlarga ega ekanligini hisobga olgan holda, DACA oluvchilarning aniq moliyaviy ijobiy ta'sirga ega bo'lishini ta'kidlaydilar va tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, ikkinchi avlod immigrantlari har bir immigrant uchun $ 173,000 dan $ 259,000 gacha aniq moliyaviy ta'sirga ega.[55] Perining ta'kidlashicha, AQSh davlat maktablari tizimi ushbu shaxslarni o'qitishga allaqachon sarmoya kiritgan va ular AQSh iqtisodiyoti va davlat xazinasiga o'z hissalarini qo'shishni boshlashlari mumkin bo'lgan nuqtada; ularni deportatsiya qilish yoki ularni chiqarib yuborish ehtimolini oshirish iqtisodiy jihatdan samarasiz.[55] Tomonidan 2017 yilgi tadqiqot Amerika taraqqiyot markazi DACA-ga mos keladigan barcha ishchilarni yo'qotish AQShni kamaytiradi deb taxmin qildi. YaIM keyingi 10 yil ichida 433 mlrd.[60][61] Bu o'rtacha pasayishni anglatadi YaIM 2017 yildan 2027 yilgacha yiliga 43,3 milliard dollarni yoki 0,2% ni tashkil etadi 2018 yil AQSh YaIM 20 trillion dollardan

Dallas Federal Rezerv Banki iqtisodchisi Pia Orreniusning so'zlariga ko'ra, ularning deportatsiya qilish xavfi tufayli, ilgari DACA tomonidan himoyalangan shaxslar yashirin iqtisodiyotga o'tib ketishi yoki kam maosh oladigan past darajadagi ish joylarini egallashi mumkin.[53]

2018 yilgi Iqtisodiy Tadqiqotlar Milliy Byurosi DACA, DACA talablariga javob beradigan shaxslarning kollejga tashrifi va ish bilan ta'minlanishini oshirib, ko'proq mahsuldorlikka olib kelganligini aniqladi.[62]

Ta'lim

Tadqiqotlar DACA uchun ta'lim natijalari bo'yicha turli xil topilmalarni ko'rsatdi. 2016 yilda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar Jamiyat iqtisodiyoti jurnali DACA ning maktabga borishi ehtimoliga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatmaganligini aniqladi.[8] Tadqiqotda faqatgina "DACA DACA-ga munosib bo'lish uchun 25000 dan ortiq DACA-ga tegishli shaxslarni GED sertifikatini olishga majbur qilganligi to'g'risida dalillarni" topdi.[8] Biroq, Garvard universiteti o'qituvchisi Roberto G. Gonsalesning tadqiqotlari shuni ko'rsatdiki, DACA ta'lim darajasining oshishiga olib keldi.[63] A 2018 yil Milliy iqtisodiy tadqiqotlar byurosi DACA DACA talablariga javob beradigan shaxslar uchun o'rta maktabga ko'proq qatnashishi va kollejga borishiga olib kelganligi aniqlandi.[62]

2016 yilda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar Aholi iqtisodiyoti jurnali DACA "talabalarga javob beradigan oliy ma'lumotli shaxslarni maktabga qabul qilish ehtimolini kamaytirganligini, shuningdek, ayniqsa, erkaklarning ish bilan band bo'lish ehtimolini oshirganligini ko'rsatadigan ba'zi dalillarni aniqladi. Ushbu xulosalar birgalikda vakolatlarning etishmasligi shaxslarni ro'yxatdan o'tishga olib kelishi mumkinligini ko'rsatmoqda. ishlaganda maktabni o'qish mumkin emas. "[64]

DACA-ni bekor qilish va keyinchalik qayta tiklash natijalari kollej o'quvchilariga keskin ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Asosiy ta'sir psixologik va tarbiyaviy xususiyatga ega. Buning birinchi usuli bu noaniq huquqiy maqomga ega bo'lgan umumiy stressdir: DACA oluvchilarning 70,9% "ular dasturning kelajagidan xavotirda" degan bayonot bilan qat'iyan rozi bo'lishdi.[65] Ko'plab oluvchilar o'zlarining DACA maqomlari noma'lum narsadan qo'rqib, qanday qilib tashvishlantirishi haqida gapirishdi.[65] Keyinchalik bu ularning ta'limiga ta'sir qilishi mumkin, chunki odamlar bu noaniqlikni qabul qilishadi va buni maktab ishlariga qancha kuch sarflashlari kerakligi uchun qo'llashadi. Har qanday vaqtda deportatsiya qilish xavfi DACA talabalarining ko'pchiligining kurs ishlarini bajarish vaqtini qisqartirishiga olib keladi, ba'zilari esa ish joyida pul ishlash foydasiga chiqib ketishadi. 2018 yilgi tadqiqot to'rt yillik universitetda va jamoat kollejida bo'lishning murakkab ta'sirini ko'rsatdi, bu esa maktabni tark etish nisbati 7,3 foizga oshgan.[66] Ushbu maqom nafaqat shaxslarning bakalavr darajasini tugatish ehtimolini kamaytiradi, balki talabalarni aspiranturada o'qishni to'xtatishi mumkin, ayniqsa mablag 'jihatidan.[67]

Ushbu maqomning psixologik ta'siri, shuningdek, DACA talabalari uchun kollej tajribasida to'siq bo'lib qoladi, chunki asosan ushbu maqomga ega bo'lgan noaniqlik. Ko'pchilik o'zlarining hujjatdoshlariga nisbatan haddan tashqari stress va xavotirning yuqori darajasi haqida xabar berishdi.[65] Shuningdek, "noqonuniy" yorlig'ining ichki holatga keltirilishi, bu shaxslar o'zlarini kam odam deb hisoblashlariga olib keldi. Ba'zi hollarda bu o'zlariga zarar etkazish va hatto ba'zi hollarda o'z joniga qasd qilish holatlarini anglatardi.[68]

Sog'lik va farovonlik

Jurnalda chop etilgan 2017 yilgi tadqiqot Ilm-fan DACA DACA huquqiga ega bo'lgan onalarning farzandlari uchun ruhiy salomatlik natijalarini yaxshilaganligini aniqladi.[11] 2017 yil Lanset sog'liqni saqlash o'rganish shuni ko'rsatdiki, DACA-ga mos keladigan shaxslar DACA-ga muvofiqligi natijasida ruhiy salomatlik ko'rsatkichlari yaxshilangan.[12] A tasavvurlarni o'rganish jurnalda 2018 yilda nashr etilgan Ijtimoiy fan va tibbiyot kechiktirilgan harakatlarni olish yaxshilanganligini aniqladi psixologik farovonlik DACA oluvchisi, bu tashvish, salbiy his-tuyg'ular va deportatsiya qo'rquvi darajasining pasayishi bilan o'lchanadi.[13] 2017 yilda jurnalda chop etilgan tadqiqot Ijtimoiy muammolar AQShda o'rtacha sakkiz yoshida olib kelingan Florida shtatidagi 53 nafar hujjatsiz yosh kattalar (ulardan 42 nafari DACA-ni olgan) bilan bir qator chuqur suhbatlar natijalarini xabar qildi. Tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatdiki, Qo'shma Shtatlarda hujjatsiz yoshlar etishmasligidan aziyat chekmoqda ontologik xavfsizlik va DACA maqomiga ega bo'lmaganlarga qaraganda salbiy his-tuyg'ular (masalan, ko'ngilsizlik) DACA maqomiga ega bo'lmagan yoshlar orasida ko'proq namoyon bo'ldi. Suhbatlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, DACA oluvchilar darhol deportatsiya qilish qo'rquvidan xalos bo'lishgan, ammo "xavotir va ishonchsizlik ... chunki ularning ota-onalari va boshqa qarindoshlari hali ham deportatsiya qilinmoqda."[69] Tadqiqot mualliflari "DACA kabi dasturlar muhim, ammo to'liq qo'shilish va fuqarolikni olish imkoniyatini beradigan va oilaning barcha a'zolarini himoya qiladigan uzoq muddatli immigratsiya islohotigina yosh kattalarga bu mamlakatda o'z o'rnini topishga va o'zlariga bo'lgan ishonchni rivojlantirishga imkon beradi. AQSh ijtimoiy institutlari va ularning vakillari. "[69]

FiveThirtyEight, o'tgan tadqiqotlar natijalarini sarhisob qilib, "faqat deportatsiya xavfi oilalarga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin. Immigratsiya bilan bog'liq stress va xavotir sog'likka salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi isbotlangan ... Umuman olganda, tadqiqotchilar kelib chiqadigan stressga ishonishadi ota-onasini chiqarib yuborilishidan qo'rqish bolalarning sog'lig'iga juda katta salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda. "[70] Uchun tahririyatda Nyu-England tibbiyot jurnali, Pensilvaniya universiteti tibbiyot professori Atheendar S. Venkataramani va Garvard tibbiyot maktabining psixiatriya professori Aleksandr Tsay, "Dalillar aniq ko'rsatadiki, DACA-ni bekor qilish ruhiy salomatlikka aholi darajasida chuqur salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatadi. ... DACA hech qachon jamoat salomatligini muhofaza qilish dasturi bo'lishni mo'ljallamagan, ammo uning aqliy salomatlik uchun aholi darajasidagi oqibatlari yaqin tarixda har qanday keng ko'lamli sog'liqni saqlash yoki ijtimoiy siyosat bilan bir qatorda raqobatbardosh bo'lib kelgan. ruhiy salomatlik. "[71] 2019 yilda nashr etilgan tadqiqot Latina / o DACA-ga ega bo'lgan muhojirlar va ularning farzandlari uchun o'z-o'zini davolash usulini yaxshilaganligini va 2012 yildan 2015 yilgacha yomonlashganini ko'rsatdi.[72]

DACA tomonidan himoyalangan muhojirlarning 21 foizi ta'lim va sog'liqni saqlash xizmatlarida ishlaydi.[53] Amerika Tibbiyot Assotsiatsiyasi DACA yoki shunga o'xshash qonunchilikka muvofiq kelgusi o'n yilliklar ichida Qo'shma Shtatlarda 5400 qo'shimcha shifokor ishlaydi, deb taxmin qilmoqda, birlamchi tibbiyot shifokorlarining etishmovchiligini kamaytiradi.[53]

Migratsiya oqimlari

Jurnalda chop etilgan 2016 yilgi tadqiqot Xalqaro migratsiya DACA Markaziy Amerikadan qarovsiz voyaga etmaganlarni ushlash soniga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatmaganligini aniqladi.[73] 2015 yil Davlatning hisobdorligi idorasi (GAO) hisobotida Markaziy Amerikadan kuzatuvsiz voyaga etmaganlar sonining ko'payishi sabablarini baholashda DACA haqida so'z yuritilmagan va jinoyatchilik va iqtisodiy imkoniyatlarning etishmasligi o'sishning asosiy sabablari sifatida qayd etilgan.[52]

DACA uchun huquqiy muammolar

Shuningdek qarang: Qo'shma Shtatlar Texasga qarshi va Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi Kaliforniya universitetining regentslariga qarshi

DACA-ning qonuniyligi va uning taklif qilinayotgan kengaytirilishi a Beshinchi davr qarindoshga o'xshash talabni qo'llab-quvvatlagan qaror DAPA.[74] Ammo faqat ekspansiyalar dastlabki buyruq ostida to'xtatildi. DACA konstitutsiyasiga muvofiqligi bo'yicha huquqiy ekspertlar ikkiga bo'lingan[75] va bitta tuman sudi buni ehtimol noqonuniy deb topdi.[3]

DACA-ga qarshi bo'lgan muammolardan biri 2012 yil avgust oyida o'nta agent tomonidan taqdim etilgan AQSh immigratsiya va bojxona nazorati (ICE).[76] Da'vogarlarning ta'kidlashicha, DACA tomonidan belgilangan yangi yumshoq deportatsiya siyosatidan kelib chiqib, qonunni buzishni talab qilishgan. Deyarli bir yil o'tgach, sudya Rid O'Konnor dan Texasning Shimoliy okrugi uchun AQSh okrug sudi sud federal sudlar va ularning ish beruvchisi, AQSh hukumati o'rtasida qanday nizo bo'lganligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilish vakolatiga ega emas, degan qarorga binoan sud ishini rad etdi.[77] Shunga qaramay, sudyani ishni tugatish to'g'risidagi qarorida, sudya DACA o'z mohiyatiga ko'ra noqonuniy bo'lgan degan fikrni takrorladi.[77] Keyin da'vogarlar apellyatsiya shikoyati berishdi, ammo Beshinchi davra bo'yicha AQSh apellyatsiya sudi ishdan bo'shatishni protsessual asoslarda qo'llab-quvvatladi.

DACA kengayishiga qarshi birinchi da'vo Sherif tomonidan berilgan Djo Arpaio ning Marikopa okrugi, Arizona, 2014 yil noyabrda. Sud da'volarida Arpaio DACA va uning kengaytirilishi "konstitutsiyaga zid, o'zboshimchalik va injiqlik va bekor qilingan deb Ma'muriy protsessual qonun aslida amalda jamoatchilik e'tiborini jalb qilish va izohlash uchun zarur imkoniyatlarsiz e'lon qilingan qoidalar. "[78] The AQSh Kolumbiya okrug sudi Arpaioda bo'lmagan sud qarorini zudlik bilan rad etdi tik turib. Ushbu qaror bir ovozdan qo'llab-quvvatlandi AQSh Apellyatsiya sudi Kolumbiya okrugi okrugi uchun 2015 yil 14 avgustda. Keyin Arpaio AQSh Oliy sudidan ishni ko'rib chiqishni so'radi, ammo 2016 yil 19 yanvarda sud ushbu talabni rad etdi.[79]

Dastlabki buyruq berilgan ushbu da'vo 2014 yil dekabrida Texas va boshqa 25 shtat tomonidan - barchasi respublikachilar gubernatorlari tomonidan berilgan. Shtatlar guruhi sudga berilgan amalga oshirishni buyurish Amerikaliklarning ota-onalari uchun kechiktirilgan harakat (DAPA) - boshqa immigratsiya siyosati va Obama ma'muriyati tomonidan e'lon qilingan DACA kengayishlari.[80][81][82] Sud da'volarida davlatlar DACA-ni kengaytirib, prezident millatning immigratsiya to'g'risidagi qonunlariga zid ravishda ijro eta olmadi deb da'vo qildilar. AQSh konstitutsiyasining ikkinchi moddasi.[83][b] Bundan tashqari, shtatlar prezident o'z harakatlari bilan qonunni bir tomonlama qayta yozgan deb da'vo qildilar.[84] Sud jarayoni doirasida 2015 yil fevral oyida sudya Endryu S. Xenen dastlabki xulosani chiqardi buyruq ishning kengayishini kuchga kirishiga to'sqinlik qilib, Texasga qarshi AQSh, davom etdi.[37][38] Sud tizimidan o'tgandan so'ng, teng bo'lingan (4-4) Oliy sud buyruqni joyida, hech qanday iltimos qilmasdan qoldirdi.[39] Sudning vaqtinchalik buyrug'i mavjud DACAga ta'sir ko'rsatmadi. O'sha paytda, shaxslar 2012 yilda tashkil etilgan ko'rsatmalarga binoan kelib, DACAning dastlabki grantini yoki DACA-ni yangilashni talab qilishda davom etishlari mumkin edi.[45]

Dastlabki sud qarorining natijasidan qat'i nazar, DACA qonuniyligi to'g'risida huquqiy fikrlar ikkiga bo'linadi. Yilda Qo'shma Shtatlar Texasga qarshi Masalan, Obama ma'muriyati ushbu siyosat Kongressning ijroiya hokimiyatiga topshirgan ijro etuvchi qarorini qonuniy ravishda amalga oshirish ekanligini ta'kidladi. Immigratsiya va fuqarolik to'g'risidagi qonun hukumat ma'muriyati va mamlakat immigratsiya qonunlarini bajarilishini zimmasiga yuklaydi.[85] Aksincha, Jey Sekulow, Bosh maslahatchisi Amerika huquq va adolat markazi, DACA noqonuniy ravishda noqonuniy ravishda chet elliklarning ayrim toifalariga AQSh immigratsiya qonunchiligini buzmasdan qonunga xilof ravishda yo'l qo'yib, Kongressning immigratsiya rolini zo'rlaganligini ta'kidlab, noqonuniy ekanligini ta'kidladi.[86]

2018 yil 1 mayda 7 davlatlardan iborat koalitsiya boshchiligida Texas Dastur, agar dastur ma'muriyat bekor qilmasa, dasturni e'tiroz bildirishni va'da qilganidan so'ng, dasturning konstitutsiyaviyligini shubha ostiga qo'ygan holda sudga murojaat qildi.[87] 2018 yil 31 avgust kuni tuman sudi sudyasi Endryu Xenen DACA, ehtimol, konstitutsiyaga ziddir, degan qarorga keldi, ammo sud jarayoni davom etar ekan, dastur o'z o'rnida qolishiga ruxsat berdi.[3][4] 2019 yil 22-noyabr kuni Tramp ma'muriyatining DACA-ni bekor qilgani va unga qarshi chiqqan Oliy sud ishlarini inobatga olgan holda sud qoldi ish Oliy sud o'z ajrimini chiqarmaguncha.[88] Oliy sud APA asosidagi DACA-ning bekor qilinishini bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qarorini chiqargandan so'ng, sudya Xenen ishni qayta boshladi.[89] 2020 yil iyul oyida Chad Wolf u DACA-ga noqonuniy ravishda xizmat ko'rsatayotganda arizalar va yangilanishlarni cheklaydigan qoidalarni belgilab qo'ydi Ichki xavfsizlik kotib, shu sababli 2020 yil noyabrda chiqarilgan qarorga binoan ushbu qoidalarni bekor qiladi. Tramp ma'muriyatining DACAni demontaj qilishga bo'lgan bir necha urinishlariga qaramay, bu urinishlar asosan muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.[90]

Shtat va shahar javoblari

Davlat darajasidagi hukumat amaldorlari ham bu masalada ikkiga bo'lingan. DACA-ni qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar hukumat barcha hujjatsiz muhojirlarni nishonga olish uchun resurslarga ega emasligini va shu tariqa siyosat federal idoralarga prokurorlik qarorini qabul qilishda yordam berishini da'vo qilishadi, ya'ni qonunni tanlab bajarishda cheklangan resurslarni DACA huquqiga ega bo'lganlar kabi jinoiy bo'lmaganlarga emas, balki jinoiy immigrantlarga yo'naltirish orqali.[91][92] Biroq, siyosatga qarshi bo'lganlar, davlatlar sog'liqni saqlash, ta'lim, huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari va muhojirlarga yordam olish bilan bog'liq boshqa davlat imtiyozlari uchun yuz millionlab dollar sarflashga majbur bo'lishini da'vo qilishmoqda.[83] Masalan, DACA muxoliflari Texas yangi haydovchilik guvohnomalarini berish uchun 500 million dollargacha ma'muriy xarajatlarni o'z zimmasiga olishi mumkinligini da'vo qilmoqda.[83]

Arizona

Arizona gubernator bo'lganida Prezident Obamaning DACA haqidagi buyrug'iga qarshi chiqqan birinchi shtat bo'ldi Jan Brewer holati kechiktirilganlarni har qanday davlat nafaqalarini olishga to'sqinlik qiladigan buyruq chiqardi.[93] Bu tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi,[94] tegishli va tasdiqlangan talabnoma beruvchilar hali ham haydovchilik guvohnomasini ololmaydilar.[95] 2013 yil may oyida federal okrug sudi ushbu siyosat konstitutsiyaga zid bo'lishi mumkin deb qaror qildi. 2014 yilda AQSh to'qqizinchi davri bo'yicha apellyatsiya sudi Brewer-ning taqiqlanishiga qarshi dastlabki buyruq chiqardi va 2014 yil noyabr oyida ushbu taqiq qonunni buzgan edi.[96]

Kaliforniya

Dasturga muvofiq bo'lganlarga yordam berish uchun,[97] Kaliforniya shtati DACA grantini olganlarni davlat haydovchilik guvohnomasiga kirishga ruxsat berish orqali qo'llab-quvvatlashga rozi bo'ldi,[98] bunday shaxslar muayyan davlat ko'rsatmalarida (masalan, to'lash kabi) ishtirok etishlari sharti bilan daromad solig'i ). Kaliforniya shtati, shuningdek, DACA-ga ega bo'lgan shaxslarga talablarga javob berishga imkon beradi O'rta kal.[99]

Illinoys

Chikago meri Rahm Emanuel qilishni xohlashini aytdi Chikago "mamlakatdagi immigrantlarga eng qulay shahar".[100] Hujjatsiz immigrantlar uchun shtat ichidagi o'qishni taklif qilishdan tashqari, u shahar qarori bo'yicha rejalar tuzdi, bu hujjatsiz immigrantlarni immigratsiya idoralariga topshirilishining oldini oladi.[100]

Ayova

2012 yilda, Ayova shtati transport departamentining o'sha paytdagi direktori, Pol Trombino III (hozirda Federal avtomagistral ma'muriyati nomzodi), DACA dasturining bir qismi bo'lgan Ayova shtati aholisiga haydovchilik guvohnomalarini bermaslik siyosatini e'lon qildi. Bir necha hafta o'tgach, siyosat bekor qilindi.[101][102]

Merilend

2016 yilda, Baltimor meri (2010-2016) Stefani Roulings-Bleyk deb ta'kidladi Baltimor politsiyasi ular bilan aloqada bo'lgan odamlarning fuqarolik holatini tekshirmas edi.[103]

Merilend aholisi ma'lum sharoitlarda immigratsiya maqomidan qat'i nazar, shtat ichidagi davlat ta'lim stavkalarini olish huquqiga ega. Merilend shtatida yashovchi, agar ular Merilend shtatidagi o'rta maktablarda kamida o'n uch yil o'qigan bo'lsalar va Merilend o'rta maktabini bitirgan bo'lsalar yoki Merilendni olsalar. GED oldingi o'n yil ichida. Ular Merilend shtatidagi kollejda o'rta maktabni tugatgandan yoki Merilend GED olganidan keyin to'rt yil ichida ro'yxatdan o'tgan bo'lishlari kerak. Ular ro'yxatdan o'tgan bo'lishi kerak Tanlangan xizmat agar erkak bo'lsa va ular Merilend shtatidagi daromad solig'i deklaratsiyasini topshirgan bo'lishi kerak.[104]

Michigan

2012 yil oktyabr oyida Michigan shtati davlat kotibi, Rut Jonson, Michigan shtati bolalikdan kelib chiqish uchun kechiktirilgan harakat benefitsiarlariga haydovchilik guvohnomalarini yoki har qanday turdagi davlat identifikatsiyasini bermasligini e'lon qildi.[105] In making this decision, it was clear that the Secretary of State erroneously conflated the notion of "lawful presence," which is required under Michigan Law to issue a driver's license, and "lawful status," a different legal concept entirely.[106] USCIS has made it clear that DACA beneficiaries do not possess legal status, but does emas state that DACA beneficiaries are unlawfully present; in fact, it states that DACA beneficiaries will not accrue unlawful presence time here while they are in this deferred action status.[107] The Secretary of State relied upon USCIS' own explanation, which discusses legal status, not lawful presence.[107] In response to this policy, the ACLU filed a lawsuit against Johnson, alleging that the policy violated both Michigan law and the U.S. Constitution.[108] On January 18, 2013, USCIS updated their "Frequently Asked Questions" page about DACA, clarifying, among other things, that DACA beneficiaries are, in fact, lawfully present Qo'shma Shtatlarda.[109] On February 1, 2013, Johnson reversed her policy and began issuing driver's licenses to DACA beneficiaries on February 19, 2013.[110]

Nebraska

Hokim Deyv Xayneman opposed Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals and in 2012 directed the Nebraska Department of Motor Vehicles to not issue driver's licenses to people who received deferred action under DACA. Heineman said that providing any benefit, including a driver's license, to an illegal immigrant would be a violation of Nebraska state law.[111]

In 2015, however, the Nebraska qonun chiqaruvchisi determined that Section 202(c)(B)(viii) of the REAL ID Act of 2015 required states to allow people to present documentation of deferred-action status when registering for a driver's license, and the Nebraska Legislature voted to change state law to allow qualified individuals with DACA to receive licenses by using documentation of their status of deferred action.[111][112][113] Hokim Pit Rikketlar qonun loyihasiga veto qo'ydi; the legislature voted 34–10 to override the veto.[111] Nebraska became the last of the 50 states to allow deferred-action recipients to obtain licenses.[111]

Shimoliy Karolina

North Carolina briefly suspended giving driver's licenses to DACA grantees while awaiting the state attorney general's opinion. The attorney general decided that even without formal immigration status, DACA grantees were to be granted legal presence. Subsequently, the state once again continued to give driver's licenses and allowed DACA grantees to become legal residents of North Carolina.[114]

Texas

Although in-state tuition was still offered, Governor Rik Perri announced his opposition to DACA by distributing a letter to all state agencies, meant "to ensure that all Texas agencies understand that Secretary Napolitano's guidelines confer absolutely no legal status whatsoever to any illegal immigrant who qualifies for the federal 'deferred action' designation."[115]

Virjiniya

2014 yil aprel oyida, Virjiniya Bosh prokurori Mark Herring sent a letter to the director of the Virjiniya uchun Oliy Ta'lim Davlat Kengashi (SCHEV), the presidents of Virginia public colleges and universities, and the chancellor of the Virjiniya jamoat kolleji tizimi in response to inquiries from public institutions of higher education on whether DACA students were eligible for in-state tuition. The attorney general advised that under Virginia law, DACA students who met Virginia's domicile requirements were eligible for in-state tuition.[116][117]

Ishdan bo'shatish

While running for president, Donald Tramp declared he intended to bekor qilish DACA on "day one" of his presidency.[118]

On February 14, 2017, a CNN report on the detention of 23-year-old Daniel Ramirez Medina in Shimoli-g'arbiy qamoqxona,[119] Takoma, Vashington following his arrest in his father's Des Moines, Vashington home, observed that "The case raises questions about what it could mean" for the 750,000 Dreamers, who had "received permission to stay under DACA."[119][120] On March 7, 22-year-old Daniela Vargas of Jekson, Missisipi, another DACA recipient, was detained by ICE, further raising speculation about President Trump's commitment to Dreamers and questioning whether immigrants who speak out against the administration's policies should fear retaliation.[121] Vargas was released from LaSalle qamoqxonasi 2017 yil 10 martda[122] and Ramirez Medina's release followed on March 29.[123]

2017 yil 16-iyun kuni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Milliy xavfsizlik vazirligi announced it intended to repeal the executive order by the Barak Obama administration that expanded the DACA program, although the DACA program's overall existence would continue to be reviewed.[124] A ban on travel outside the U.S. was instituted, reversing the ability granted under Obama's executive order.[125]

On September 5, 2017, Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that the program is being repealed. Sessions stated that the DACA-eligible individuals were lawbreakers who adversely impacted the wages and employment of native-born Americans.[126] Sessions also attributed DACA as a leading cause behind the surge in unaccompanied minors coming to the United States from Central America.[126] President Trump said that "virtually all" "top legal experts" believed that DACA was unconstitutional.[126] Fact-checkers have said that only a few economists believe DACA adversely affects native-born workers, that there is scant evidence that DACA caused the surge in unaccompanied minors, and that it is false that all "top legal experts" believe DACA to be unconstitutional.[52][127]

Sessions added that implementation would be suspended for six months; DACA status and Employment Authorization Documents ("EAD") that expired during the next six months would continue to be renewed. DACA recipients with a work permit set to expire on or before March 5, 2018 would have the opportunity to apply for a two-year renewal if their application was received by USCIS by October 5, 2017.[128] In a follow-up statement, Trump said "It is now time for Congress to act!"[129] The approximately 800,000 immigrants who qualified for enrollment in DACA would become eligible for deportation by the end of those six months.[126] A White House memo stated that DACA recipients should "use the time remaining on their work authorizations to prepare for and arrange their departure from the United States."[130]

Reaksiya

Protesters outside Trump Tower in New York City, September 5, 2017
Protesters in San Francisco, September 5, 2017

Ga ko'ra Nyu-York Tayms, "Democrats and some Republicans, business executives, college presidents and immigration activists condemned the repeal as a coldhearted and shortsighted effort that was unfair to the young immigrants and could harm the economy."[126] Former President Obama condemned the repeal as "cruel" and wrote:[131]

They were brought to this country by their parents, sometimes even as infants. They may not know a country besides ours. They may not even know a language besides English. They often have no idea they're undocumented until they apply for a job, or college, or a driver's license ... Whatever concerns or complaints Americans may have about immigration in general, we shouldn't threaten the future of this group of young people who are here through no fault of their own, who pose no threat, who are not taking away anything from the rest of us ... Kicking them out won't lower the unemployment rate, or lighten anyone's taxes, or raise anybody's wages.

The reaction was mixed among Republicans.[132] Several senior Republicans praised Trump's action, such as House Speaker Pol Rayan, Senatning ko'pchilik rahbari Mitch Makkonnell va senator Ron Jonson, chairman of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee.[133] Ryan said that Mr. Trump, “was right in his decision” to give Congress the time to find a compromise that could protect the 800,000 young adults brought to the United States illegally as children who qualify for the program, also known as DACA.[134] Other Republicans, including Senators Jon Makkeyn va Jeff Fleyk va vakili Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, condemned the Trump Administration's choice to rescind the executive order.[133] In a released statement Senator McCain said:[135]

I strongly believe that children who were illegally brought into this country through no fault of their own should not be forced to return to a country they do not know. The 800,000 innocent young people granted deferred action under DACA over the last several years are pursuing degrees, starting careers, and contributing to our communities in important ways. While I disagreed with President Obama's unilateral action on this issue, I believe that rescinding DACA at this time is an unacceptable reversal of the promises and opportunities that have been conferred to these individuals.

Kabi tashkilotlar Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi, Tuhmatga qarshi liga va AQSh savdo palatasi condemned the repeal.[136] A number of religious organizations condemned the repeal, with the AQSh katolik yepiskoplari konferentsiyasi describing it as "reprehensible". Katolik Notre Dame universiteti also urged the president to not rescind DACA and announced it would stand by those affected.[137] The Birlashgan metodistlar cherkovi said it was "not only unconscionable, but contrary to moral work and witness," and the Evangelist-lyuteran cherkovi called on its members to "pray today for those that will suffer undue repercussions due to the end of this program."[138] Asked about Trump's decision to rescind DACA, Pope Francis said if Trump is truly hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi, "he will understand that the family is the cradle of life and that it must be defended as a unit."[139] Ralf Rid, raisi E'tiqod va ozodlik koalitsiyasi, endorsed Trump's repeal.[138]

The September 2017 announcement sparked protests in many cities including Vashington, Kolumbiya, Chikago va Los Anjeles. At a September 5 protest in New York outside of Trump minorasi, more than 30 protesters were arrested.[140] On September 19, more protesters were arrested outside Trump Tower, including Democratic congressmen Raul Grijalva Arizona, Luis Gutieres Illinoys shtati va Adriano Espaillat Nyu-York.[141]

Legal challenges to rescission

Shuningdek qarang: Nyu-York va Trampga qarshi va Kaliforniya Universitetining regentslari va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Milliy xavfsizlik departamenti

The rescission was challenged in court by different entities.[142] On September 6, 2017, fifteen states and the District of Columbia filed a lawsuit, titled Nyu-York va Trampga qarshi, ichida Nyu-Yorkning Sharqiy okrugi uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tuman sudi seeking to stop the repeal.[143] Bir necha kundan keyin Kaliforniya bosh prokurori, Xaver Bekerra, filed a separate lawsuit, which was joined by the states of Maine, Minnesota, and Maryland. Becerra stated that, as a quarter of the people in the DACA program live in California, he thinks that "everyone recognizes the scope and breadth of the Trump decision to terminate DACA hits hardest here."[144] Not only have state governments filed suit, but also six DREAMERs have filed suit against Trump in San Francisco.[145] The University of California, which currently has approximately 4,000 undocumented students, has also filed a lawsuit against the Department of Homeland Security which was filed in the Northern District of California.[146] Janet Napolitano, president of the UC system, called the rescission of DACA, "unconstitutional, unjust, and unlawful". In a released statement Napolitano said:

I am deeply troubled by President Trump's decision to effectively end the DACA program and uproot the lives of an estimated 800,000 Dreamers across the nation. This backward-thinking, far-reaching move threatens to separate families and derail the futures of some of this country's brightest young minds, thousands of whom currently attend or have graduated from the University of California.[147]

On December 20, 2017, the Supreme Court remanded five DACA cases originally filed in the Kaliforniyaning Shimoliy okrugi orqaga To'qqizinchi tuman apellyatsiya sudi. This action stops the district court's order to deliver documents to the plaintiffs.[148][149]

On January 9, 2018, the Kaliforniya shtatining Shimoliy okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi vaqtincha bloklangan the rescission of the DACA program, ordering the government to renew DACA until further order of the court.[150][151] On January 13, 2018, the government stated that it would immediately resume approving DACA renewal applications.[152]

On February 13, 2018, Judge Nikolas Garaufis ning Nyu-Yorkning Sharqiy okrugi uchun AQSh okrug sudi granted a preliminary injunction ordering the federal government to fully restore the DACA program, including accepting brand new applicants as well as renewals.[153] Moreover, as a rationale for his ruling, Garaufis said that DACA was neither unconstitutional nor in violation of the Ma'muriy protsessual qonun (APA) nor the Immigratsiya va fuqarolikni rasmiylashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun (INA).[154]

On February 26, 2018, the Supreme Court declined to hear the Trump administration's request for it to review the lower court order that the administration must continue to accept DACA applications, so the Supreme Court will allow the Ninth Circuit to review the ruling.[155] The effect of this ruling was to delay implementation of the rescission until at least October 2018.[156]

2018 yil 24 aprelda, John D. Bates, a Senior United States District Judge of the Kolumbiya okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi, ruled that the Trump administration must resume accepting new applications for DACA but stayed his decision for 90 days to allow the Department of Homeland Security to explain why the program was being canceled.[157]

On August 3, 2018, Judge Bates said the Trump administration has failed to justify its proposal to end DACA; however, he stayed the ruling for 20 days to allow the Trump administration time to respond and appeal, if it chooses.[158][159]

On November 12, 2019, the Supreme Court heard arguments for and against the Trump administration's decision to cancel the program.[160] On June 18, 2020, the Supreme Court ruled against the Trump administration's attempt to rescind DACA, saying that the administration failed to provide an adequate reason for its action as required by the Ma'muriy protsessual qonun. In the majority opinion, Chief Justice Jon Roberts wrote, "We do not decide whether DACA or its rescission are sound policies. ’The wisdom' of those decisions 'is none of our concern.' We address only whether the agency complied with the procedural requirement that it provide a reasoned explanation for its action."[5]

A separate case from the To'rtinchi davr, Casa De Merilend-ga qarshi AQSh Vatan himoyasi sek.,[161] had also found the rescinding order arbitrary and capacious, and vacated it with orders to the lower Merilend okrugi uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari okrug sudi to review in May 2019. While there, the Supreme Court decision in Reaktivlar qilingan. This led to District Court judge Pol V. Grimm to issue orders on July 17, 2020 that required DHS to restore the DACA program to its pre-rescission status, prior to September 2017, as the first court to make this requirement to the DHS following the SCOTUS decision. This order includes accepting new applicants as it has pre-September 2017, a step that DHS had not done since the rescinding order had been issued.[162]

On July 28, 2020, the Administration tried to get around the court rulings by having DHS issue a new memo to supersede previous DACA memos. New restrictions were put in place while the program was under review.[163] On November 14, a federal judge in New York City ruled that Chad Wolf has not been acting legally as acting head of Homeland Security so his attempts to suspend DACA protections are not valid.[164]

Proposed legislative responses to the DACA repeal

In announcing the rescission, the Trump Administration delayed implementation for six months to allow Congress to pass the DREAM Act or otherwise settle the status of Dreamers legislatively.[165][166][129] Multiple proposals were introduced in Congress but none passed. Proposals included:

  • DREAM Act: Tomonidan taklif qilingan Sens. Graham va Durbin, the DREAM Act offers protections to illegal immigrants similar to DACA, as well as offering a path to citizenship.[167]
  • Recognizing America's Children Act: Tomonidan taklif qilingan Rep. Curbelo, RAC offers a pathway to legalization through education, military service, or work authorization. After 10 years in this program, immigrants could apply for citizenship.[168]
  • The American Hope Act: Tomonidan taklif qilingan Rep. Gutiérrez, this act offers an expedited path to citizenship that is attainable in eight years, but the immigrant must have entered the US before the age of eighteen.[169]
  • BRIDGE Act: Tomonidan taklif qilingan Rep. Coffman, this bill extends the DACA program by three years, allowing more time to discuss comprehensive immigration reform.[170]
  • Amerikaliklar uchun kengroq tanlov: This bill is used for immigration debate in the Senate.[171]

In February 2018 the Senate considered four bills to offer legal protection to people who came to the United States undocumented as children, but all four bills failed to pass.[172] On March 5, 2018 the rescission of DACA was supposed to become effective, leaving nearly 700,000 Dreamers eligible for deportation.[173] A Oliy sud ruling postponed the effective date until at least October 2018. In the interim, DACA recipients remain protected and can continue to renew their protected status.[156]

Trampga qarshi NAACP

In June 2020, in Trampga qarshi NAACP (DACA) the Supreme Court, ruling on the three injunctions blocking the rescission of the DACA, affirmed that the current reasoning given for the rescission was arbitrary and capricious under the APA, but did not rule on the merits of the DACA itself nor prevented the government from issuing a new rescission with better rationale.[5] NAACP President Derrick Johnson responded to the Supreme Court ruling in statement, saying "For far too long, the voices of the undocumented DACA recipients from the African Diaspora were silenced. There is no democratic dream for anyone if we don’t allow our DREAMers to fully participate. This is a tremendous victory for America. Today’s Supreme Court ruling in our favor is an incredible victory for justice, in the spirit of the NAACP’s groundbreaking Supreme Court victory in Brown v Board of Education."[6]

GQ magazine reported that under NAACP President/CEO Derrick Johnson's leadership, "the nation’s foremost and oldest civil rights organization landed a huge win in its Supreme Court case — Trump v. NAACP — that prevents Donald Trump’s administration from rescinding the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program for young immigrants." Johnson added, "It’s a huge victory for us."[7]

2020 yil 25 iyunda, Tepalik deb xabar berdi NAACP "successfully convinced the Supreme Court to rule against Trump. Its decision to defend DACA, [NAACP President Derrick Johnson] said, came in part because of the organization’s traditional role of being a voice for Black communities, including immigrants. “DACA, oftentimes people seem to think of the Latinx community, when in fact it was far more reaching than that,” Johnson said."[174]

Washington Post reported that "Trump has often seemed ambivalent about DACA recipients — lauding them at some points and declaring they are “no angels” at others — but his administration has tried since September 2017 to end the program. It was implemented as an executive action by Obama in 2012 after a failed congressional attempt at comprehensive immigration reform."[175]

Justice Roberts wrote in an opinion that "the dispute before the court is not whether DHS may rescind DACA. All parties agree that it may. The dispute is instead primarily about the procedure the agency followed in doing so..."[176]

DACA under Biden

Saylangan prezident Jo Bayden has indicated he will reinstate the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, and DACA beneficiaries intend to hold him to his promise. "If promises were made to us and we're not seeing that progress, we've never been afraid to go show up in someone's office and say, 'Hey, I thought you were on our side,'” said Kassandra Aleman, 26, a deputy training director for the Texas Democratic Party and a DACA recipient.[177]

Taniqli qabul qiluvchilar

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ As of March 31, 2017.[43]
  2. ^ Texasga qarshi AQSh (2016) "The Court has federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 because this action arises under the U.S. Constitution, art. II, § 3, cl. 5 [.]"[84]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Young (Fall 2006). "To Dream or Not to Dream: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (Dream) Act". Kornell huquq va jamoat siyosati jurnali. 16 (1): 8, 9. Olingan 12 fevral, 2018. The DREAM Act is a bipartisan Congressional effort to allow certain undocumented students who were brought into the U.S. as a child the opportunity to attend college and eventually to become permanent residents and citizens of the United States.
  2. ^ "What is the DREAM Act and who are DREAMers?". LawLogix. Hyland. 2013 yil 9-iyul. Olingan 23 yanvar, 2018.
  3. ^ a b v "Texas Judge Says DACA Is Probably Illegal, But Leaves It In Place". NPR.org. Olingan 10 sentyabr, 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Texas v. US" (PDF).
  5. ^ a b v de Vogue, Ariane; Cole, Devan (June 18, 2020). "ork Gov. Andrew Cuomo gives an update on the state's coronavirus outbreak Supreme Court blocks Trump from ending DACA". CNN. Olingan 18 iyun, 2020.
  6. ^ a b Johnson, Derrick (18 iyun, 2020). "NAACP Applauds Supreme Court Victory in NAACP v. Trump". NAACP. Olingan 24 iyun, 2020.
  7. ^ a b Bassett, Laura (June 25, 2020). "NAACP President Derrick Johnson Knows How to Fight Voter Suppression". GQ. Olingan 25 iyun, 2020.
  8. ^ a b v d e f g Pope, Nolan G. (2016). "The effects of DACAmentation: The impact of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals on Unauthorized Immigrants". Jamiyat iqtisodiyoti jurnali. 143: 98–114. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.08.014.
  9. ^ a b Patler, Caitlin; Cabrera, Jorge (June 2015). From Undocumented to DACAmented: Impacts of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Program Three Years Following its Announcement (PDF) (Hisobot). Institute for Research and Labor Employment, Kaliforniya universiteti, Los-Anjeles.
  10. ^ a b Gonzales, Roberto; Terriquez, Veronica; Ruszczyk, Stephen (October 1, 2014). "Becoming DACAmented: Assessing the Short-Term Benefits of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)". Amerikalik xulq-atvor bo'yicha olim. 58 (14): 1852–72. doi:10.1177/0002764214550288. S2CID  143708523.
  11. ^ a b v Xaynmueller, Jens; Lawrence, Duncan; Martén, Linna; Qora, Bernard; Figueroa, Lucila; Hotard, Michael; Jiménez, Tomás R.; Mendoza, Fernando; Rodriguez, Maria I. (August 31, 2017). "Protecting unauthorized immigrant mothers improves their children's mental health". Ilm-fan. 357 (6355): 1041–44. Bibcode:2017Sci...357.1041H. doi:10.1126/science.aan5893. ISSN  0036-8075. PMC  5990252. PMID  28860206.
  12. ^ a b v Venkataramani, Atheendar S; Shah, Sachin J; O'Brien, Rourke; Kavachi, Ichiro; Tsai, Alexander C (2017). "Health consequences of the US Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) immigration programme: a quasi-experimental study". Lanset sog'liqni saqlash. 2 (4): e175–81. doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30047-6. PMC  6378686. PMID  29253449.
  13. ^ a b v Patler, Caitlin; Laster Pirtle, Whitney (February 1, 2018). "From undocumented to lawfully present: Do changes to legal status impact psychological wellbeing among latino immigrant young adults?". Ijtimoiy fan va tibbiyot. 199: 39–48. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.009. ISSN  0277-9536. PMID  28318760.
  14. ^ a b v Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina; Antman, Francisca (2016). "Can authorization reduce poverty among undocumented immigrants? Evidence from the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program". Iqtisodiyot xatlari. 147: 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.08.001. hdl:10419/145279. S2CID  157258420.
  15. ^ a b "No Evidence Sanctuary Cities 'Breed Crime'". FactCheck.org. 2017 yil 10-fevral. Olingan 10 yanvar, 2018.
  16. ^ a b v d e "Fact Check: Are DACA Recipients Stealing Jobs Away From Other Americans?". NPR.org. Olingan 7 sentyabr, 2017.
  17. ^ a b "What's the economic impact of ending DACA?". @politifact. Olingan 17 sentyabr, 2017.
  18. ^ "Approximate Active DACA Recipients: Country of Birth As of August 31, 2018" (PDF). Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining fuqaroligi va immigratsiya xizmatlari. 2018 yil 31-avgust.
  19. ^ Lopez, Gustavo (September 25, 2017). "Key facts about unauthorized immigrants enrolled in DACA". Pew tadqiqot markazi.
  20. ^ Robertson, Lori (January 22, 2018). "The Facts on DACA". FactCheck.org.
  21. ^ Stottlemyre, Scott (2015). "Strict Scrutiny for Undocumented Childhood Arrivals". Jins, irq va adolat jurnali. 18 (1): 289+.
  22. ^ Tuma, Mary (September 5, 2017). "Trump Ends DACA Program". Ostin xronikasi. Olingan 15 sentyabr, 2017.
  23. ^ Angela Adams; Kerry S. Boyne (2015). "Access to Higher Education for Undocumented and "Dacamented" Students: The Current State of Affairs". Indiana Xalqaro va qiyosiy huquqlarni ko'rib chiqish. 25: 47+. doi:10.18060/7909.0004.
  24. ^ Haltiwanger, John (September 17, 2017). "Who are the Dreamers? White, Black and Asian DACA Youth Explain Why Immigration Reform Matters". Newsweek. Olingan 3 fevral, 2018.
  25. ^ a b v d Alcindor, Yamiche; Stolberg, Sheril Gay (2017 yil 5-sentyabr). "16 foydasiz yildan so'ng Kongress" xayolparastlarni "qonuniylashtirish uchun yana urinib ko'radi'". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  26. ^ "Your Questions About DACA, Answered". NBC Chikago. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  27. ^ "Remarks by the President on Immigration". whitehouse.gov. 2012 yil 15 iyun. Olingan 28 dekabr, 2016.
  28. ^ Napolitano, Janet (June 15, 2012). "Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children" (PDF). Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi. Olingan 15 sentyabr, 2017.
  29. ^ a b Jeffrey S. Passel and Mark Hugo Lopez (August 14, 2012). "Up to 1.7 Million Unauthorized Immigrant Youth May Benefit from New Deportation Rules". Pew tadqiqot markazi. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2014.[doimiy o'lik havola ]
  30. ^ a b "Number of I-821D, Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals by Fiscal Year, Quarter, Intake, Bio-metrics and Case Status: 2012–2016 (June 30)" (PDF). Uscis.gov. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining fuqaroligi va immigratsiya xizmatlari. Olingan 27-noyabr, 2016.
  31. ^ Witherspoon, Andrew (September 5, 2017). "Dreamers, by the numbers". Axios. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  32. ^ "Executive Action Flier" (PDF). United States Customs and Immigration Service. 2014 yil 20-noyabr. Olingan 15 sentyabr, 2017.
  33. ^ a b Jens Manuel Krogstad; Jeffrey S. Passel (November 20, 2014). "Those from Mexico will benefit most from Obama's executive action". Pew tadqiqot markazi. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2014.
  34. ^ a b Zargham, Mohammad (November 9, 2015). "Obama's immigration action blocked again; Supreme Court only option left". Reuters. Olingan 9-noyabr, 2015.
  35. ^ a b David Montgomery; Julia Preston (December 3, 2014). "17 states suing on immigration". The New York Times. Olingan 27 fevral, 2015.
  36. ^ a b "Texas et. al. v. United States et. al.: Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief" (PDF). Texas bosh prokuraturasi. 2014 yil 3-dekabr. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 2 aprelda. Olingan 27 fevral, 2015.
  37. ^ a b v Shir, Maykl D .; Preston, Julia (February 18, 2015). "After Judge's Ruling Obama Delays Immigration Actions". The New York Times.
  38. ^ a b v Kalhan, Anil (2015). "Deferred Action, Supervised Enforcement Discretion, and the Rule of Law Basis for Executive Action on Immigration". UCLA Law Review Discourse. 63: 58.
  39. ^ a b v Liptak, Odam; Shear, Michael D. (June 24, 2016). "Split Court Stifles Obama on Immigration: A 9-Word Ruling Erases a Shield for Millions". The New York Times. p. A1, Column 1. Olingan 25 iyun, 2016.
  40. ^ Preston, Yuliya; Cushman, Jr., John H. (June 15, 2012). "Obama to permit young migrants to remain in U.S." The New York Times. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2014.
  41. ^ "House Republicans Vote to Defund Immigrant Program". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 24 fevralda. Olingan 30 avgust, 2019.
  42. ^ Kasperowicz, Pete (June 6, 2013). "House votes to defund Obama's 'administrative amnesty' for immigrants". Thehill.com. Olingan 9 sentyabr, 2017.
  43. ^ "Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Process (Through Fiscal Year 2017, 2nd Qtr)" (PDF). Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining fuqaroligi va immigratsiya xizmatlari. 2017 yil 31 mart.
  44. ^ Napolitano, Janet (2012 yil 15-iyun). "Exercising prosecutorial discretion with respect to individuals who came to the United States as children" (PDF). Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Milliy xavfsizlik vazirligi. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2014.
  45. ^ a b v d "Bolalikka kelish uchun kechiktirilgan harakatlarni ko'rib chiqish (DACA)". AQSh fuqaroligi va immigratsiya xizmatlari. Olingan 2 dekabr, 2016.
  46. ^ Jeanne Batalova and Michelle Mittelstadt (August 2012). "Relief from Deportation: Demographic Profile of the DREAMers Potentially Eligible under the Deferred Action Policy". Migratsiya siyosati instituti. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2014.
  47. ^ Robbins, Liz (January 18, 2017). "A Passport Stamp Gives Dreamers Hope as the Trump Era Looms". The New York Times. Olingan 29 aprel, 2020.
  48. ^ a b "Application for Travel Document". USCIS. Olingan 16-noyabr, 2016.
  49. ^ "Bolalikni kutish bo'yicha kechiktirilgan harakatlar: 2018 yil yanvar oyidagi dastlabki ishlarga javob". USCIS. Olingan 17 aprel, 2019.
  50. ^ Nicole Prchal Svajlenka and Audrey Singer (July 8, 2014). "DACA renewals ramp up". Brukings instituti. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2014.
  51. ^ a b v d e "Trump's Harsh Message to Immigrants Could Drag on Economy". New York Times (Print). Associated Press. 2017 yil 6-sentabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 7 sentyabr, 2017.
  52. ^ a b v d "AP Fact Check: What the Trump administration said about DACA". Associated Press. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
    "Analysis | The Trump administration's claim that DACA 'helped spur' the 2014 surge of minors crossing the border". Vashington Post. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  53. ^ a b v d e "DACA's end would hurt economy, hiring". USA Today. Olingan 17 sentyabr, 2017.
  54. ^ Tracy Jan (September 6, 2017). "Analysis: White House claims 'dreamers' take jobs away from blacks and Hispanics. Here's the truth". Vashington Post.
  55. ^ a b v "The Economic Cost of Repealing DACA | Econofact". Ekonofakt. 2017 yil 11 sentyabr. Olingan 13 sentyabr, 2017.
  56. ^ Gould, Skye; Garfield, Leanna (September 6, 2017). "How much money a DACA repeal could cost every state". Business Insider.
  57. ^ Davidson, Paul (September 8, 2017). "Analysts Say Ending DACA would Hurt Economy, Hiring". USA Today. PressReader. Olingan 9 mart, 2018.
  58. ^ "What is Daca and who are the Dreamers?". Telegraf. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  59. ^ a b Ike Brannon and Logan Albright (January 18, 2017). "The Economic and Fiscal Impact of Repealing DACA". Kato instituti.
  60. ^ Schoen, John W. (September 5, 2017). "DACA deportations could cost US economy more than $400 billion". Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  61. ^ Silva Mathema (January 9, 2017). "Ending DACA Will Cost States Billions of Dollars". Amerika taraqqiyot markazi.
  62. ^ a b Kuka, Elira; Shenhav, Na'ama; Shih, Kevin (2020). "Do Human Capital Decisions Respond to the Returns to Education? Evidence from DACA". American Economic Journal: Iqtisodiy siyosat. 12 (1): 293–324. doi:10.1257/pol.20180352. ISSN  1945-7731.
  63. ^ "DACA's beneficiaries landed good jobs, enrolled in college, and contributed to society". Vox. Olingan 17 sentyabr, 2017.
  64. ^ Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina; Antman, Francisca (January 1, 2017). "Schooling and labor market effects of temporary authorization: evidence from DACA". Aholi iqtisodiyoti jurnali. 30 (1): 339–73. doi:10.1007/s00148-016-0606-z. ISSN  0933-1433. PMC  5497855. PMID  28690364.
  65. ^ a b v Enriquez, Laura E.; va boshq. (2018). "Deconstructing Immigrant Illegality: A Mixed-Methods Investigation of Stress and Health Among Undocumented College Students". Race & Social Problems. 10 (3): 193–208. doi:10.1007/s12552-018-9242-4. S2CID  149978763.
  66. ^ Hsin, Amy; Ortega, Francesc (2018). "The Effects of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals on the Educational Outcomes of Undocumented Students". Demografiya. 55 (4): 1487–1506. doi:10.1007/s13524-018-0691-6. hdl:10419/173988. PMID  29943352. S2CID  49409188.
  67. ^ Muñoz, Susana M.; Vigil, Darsella (2018). "Interrogating Racist Nativist Microaggressions and Campus Climate: How Undocumented and DACA College Students Experience Institutional Legal Violence in Colorado". Oliy ta'limdagi xilma-xillik jurnali. 11 (4): 451–466. doi:10.1037/dhe0000078. S2CID  150285491.
  68. ^ Gonzales, R. G. (2013). "No Place to Belong: Contextualizing Concepts of Mental Health among Undocumented Immigrant Youth in the United States". Amerikalik xulq-atvor bo'yicha olim. 57 (8): 1174–99. doi:10.1177/0002764213487349. S2CID  145606768.
  69. ^ a b Elizabeth Vaquera; Elizabeth Aranda; Isabel Sousa-Rodriguez. "Emotional Challenges of Undocumented Young Adults: Ontological Security, Emotional Capital, and Well-being". 64 (2): 298–314}. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi | jurnal = (Yordam bering)
  70. ^ Barry-Jester, Anna Maria (September 6, 2017). "The End Of DACA Will Ripple Through Families And Communities". FiveThirtyEight. Olingan 8 sentyabr, 2017.
  71. ^ Venkataramani, Atheendar S.; Tsai, Alexander C. (September 13, 2017). "Dreams Deferred – The Public Health Consequences of Rescinding DACA". Nyu-England tibbiyot jurnali. 0 (18): 1707–09. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1711416. ISSN  0028-4793. PMID  28902574.
  72. ^ Caitlin Patler; Erin Hamilton; Kelsey Meagher; Robin Savinar (May 2019). "Uncertainty About DACA May Undermine Its Positive Impact On Health For Recipients And Their Children". Sog'liqni saqlash. 38 (5: Social Determinants, Children & more): 738–745. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05495. PMID  31059360.
  73. ^ Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina; Puttitanun, Thitima (August 1, 2016). "DACA and the Surge in Unaccompanied Minors at the US–Mexico Border". Xalqaro migratsiya. 54 (4): 102–17. doi:10.1111/imig.12250. ISSN  1468-2435.
  74. ^ 590 U.S. ___, 1
  75. ^ "Have courts ruled on DACA's constitutionality?". Siyosat. Olingan 17 sentyabr, 2017.
  76. ^ Dade, Corey (August 23, 2012). "Immigration Employees File Suit Against Obama's New Immigration Policy". Milliy radio.
  77. ^ a b Llorente, Elizabeth (August 1, 2013). "Judge Dismisses ICE Agents' Lawsuit Challenging Obama's Deferred Action". Fox News.
  78. ^ Adler, Jonathan (August 16, 2015). "Sheriff Arpaio lacks standing to challenge Obama immigration initiatives". Washington Post.
  79. ^ "Understanding the Legal Challenges to Executive Action". Amerika immigratsiya kengashi. 2016 yil 28 iyun.
  80. ^ Zargham, Mohammad (November 9, 2015). "Obama's immigration action blocked again; Supreme Court only option left". Reuters. Olingan 9-noyabr, 2015.
  81. ^ David Montgomery; Julia Preston (December 3, 2014). "17 states suing on immigration". The New York Times. Olingan 27 fevral, 2015.
  82. ^ "Texas et. al. v. United States et. al.: Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief" (PDF). Texas bosh prokuraturasi. 2014 yil 3-dekabr. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 2 aprelda. Olingan 27 fevral, 2015.
  83. ^ a b v Masters, Jonathan (June 23, 2015). "The U.S. Supreme Court and Obama's Immigration Actions". Xalqaro aloqalar bo'yicha kengash.
  84. ^ a b "Texasga qarshi AQSh, No. 1:14-cv-254 (District Court for the Southern District of Texas)" (PDF). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2017 yil 14 oktyabrda. Olingan 10 sentyabr, 2017.
  85. ^ Tan, Michael (August 7, 2017). "Are States Coordinating With the Trump Administration to Take Down DACA? We Aim to Find Out". Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi.
  86. ^ Sekulow, Jay (September 6, 2017). "End of an Error: Dealing With DACA From the Proper Perspective". Amerika huquq va adolat markazi.
  87. ^ Platoff, Emma (May 1, 2018). "Texas and 6 other states sue to end DACA". Texas Tribuna. Olingan 4 avgust, 2018.
  88. ^ "Order on Motion to Stay – #447 in State of Texas v. United States of America (S.D. Tex., 1:18-cv-00068) – CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2020.
  89. ^ "Order – #473 in State of Texas v. United States of America (S.D. Tex., 1:18-cv-00068) – CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2020.
  90. ^ CNN, Dan Berman, Priscilla Alvarez and Geneva Sands. "Federal judge says new DACA rules are invalid". CNN. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2020.
  91. ^ Jordan, Miriam (August 27, 2017). "'Dreamer' Plan That Aided 800,000 Immigrants Is Threatened". The New York Times.
  92. ^ Morrissey, Edward (September 7, 2017). "Obama's original sin on DACA". Hafta.
  93. ^ Schwartz, David (August 15, 2012). "Jan Brewer Signs Executive Order Denying State Benefits to Children of Undocumented Immigrants". Huffington Post. Olingan 12 oktyabr, 2012.
  94. ^ Shoichet, Ketrin E. "Driver's license rules fuel new immigration debate". CNN. Olingan 12 oktyabr, 2012.
  95. ^ Eng, Jeyms. "Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer's ban on driver's licenses for undocumented immigrants likely to wind up in court". NBC News. Olingan 12 oktyabr, 2012.
  96. ^ "Decision – at long last – paves the way for young immigrants to apply for driver's licenses". ACLU of Arizona. 2014 yil 24-noyabr. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2014 yil 27 noyabrda.
  97. ^ "California lawmakers seek relief for undocumented immigrants to work in state". Los Anjeles Tayms. 2012 yil 23-avgust. Olingan 12 oktyabr, 2012.
  98. ^ "California will give driver's licenses to illegal immigrants". Los Anjeles Tayms. 2012 yil 1 oktyabr. Olingan 12 oktyabr, 2012.
  99. ^ Brindis, Claire (2014). "Realizing the Dream for Californians Eligible for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA): Demographics and Health Coverage" (PDF). UCLA Center for Health Policy Research – via EBSCOhost. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi | jurnal = (Yordam bering)
  100. ^ a b Preston, Julia (July 10, 2012). "Obama Policy on Immigrants Is Challenged by Chicago". Nyu-York Tayms. Olingan 12 oktyabr, 2012.
  101. ^ "Director of the Federal Highway Administration: Who Is Paul Trombino?". AllGov. 2017 yil 8 oktyabr. Olingan 9 oktyabr, 2017.
  102. ^ Petroski, William (December 27, 2012). "Iowa stance on immigrant driver's licenses criticized". USA Today. Olingan 9 oktyabr, 2017.
  103. ^ Venger, Ivonne. "Mayor: Baltimore is a 'welcoming city' for immigrants and refugees ". Baltimor quyoshi. 2016 yil 17-noyabr.
  104. ^ Anderson, Nik; Lazo, Luz. "Md. voters approve ‘Dream Act’ law ". Washington Post. 2012 yil 7-noyabr.
    "Maryland Dream Act: New Fall Student Arxivlandi 2017 yil 14 oktyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi ". Montgomery College. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
    "Maryland Dream Act: New Fall 2017: I meet the requirements Arxivlandi 2017 yil 14 oktyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi ". Montgomeri kolleji. 2017 yil 31-avgustda qabul qilingan.
  105. ^ Oosting, Jonathan (18 oktyabr, 2012). "Federal dastur ba'zi noqonuniy muhojirlarga ishlashga ruxsat beradi, ammo ular Michigan shtatida haydovchilik qila olmaydilar". mlive.com.
  106. ^ "Issue-Short-SOS-DACA-licenses.pdf - Google Drive". Olingan 30 sentyabr, 2013.
  107. ^ a b "Bolalikka kelish jarayoni uchun kechiktirilgan harakatlarni ko'rib chiqish". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining fuqaroligi va immigratsiya xizmati (USCIS). Olingan 30 sentyabr, 2013.
  108. ^ "Bitta Michigan va Rut Jonsonga qarshi". Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi. 2013 yil 1-fevral. Olingan 30 sentyabr, 2013.
  109. ^ "Tez-tez so'raladigan savollar". Uscis.gov (USCIS). Olingan 30 sentyabr, 2013.
  110. ^ Jonathan Oosting. "Michigan shtatining davlat kotibi muhojirlarga federal deportatsiyani kechiktirish dasturida tasdiqlangan haydovchilik guvohnomalarini berish to'g'risida". MLive.com. Olingan 30 sentyabr, 2013.
  111. ^ a b v d Duggan, Djo (2015 yil 30-may). "Nebraska noqonuniy muhojirlarning bolalariga haydovchilik guvohnomalarini berishni boshlaydi ". Omaha World-Herald.
  112. ^ "Haqiqiy identifikator to'g'risidagi akt - II sarlavha ". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Milliy xavfsizlik vazirligi orqali. 2015 yil.
  113. ^ "Qonunchilik qonuni 623 ". Nebraska qonun chiqaruvchisi. 1-bo'lim. 2015 yil 21-yanvar. "Qonunchilik palatasi 2005 yilgi REAL ID federal aktining 202 (c) (2) (B) (i) (i) - (ix)) bo'limlari sanab o'tilgan 5 109-13-sonli qonunlarini topadi va e'lon qiladi. federal xavfsiz avtotransport vositasi operatorining litsenziyasi yoki davlat identifikatsiya kartasini olish uchun qonuniy maqomini namoyish etishi mumkin bo'lgan shaxslar toifalari.Qonunchilik palatasi 2011 yilda sanab o'tilgan toifalarni qabul qilish yo'li bilan qonun chiqarishni niyat qilganligini yana topadi va e'lon qiladi. Qonunlar 2011 y., LB 215. Qonunchilik palatasi ushbu qonun loyihasini qabul qilish 2011 yildagi LB 215 qonunlarining asl qonunchilik niyatini tasdiqlash maqsadida cheklangan deb e'lon qiladi. "
  114. ^ "Shaxsiy shaxslar bolalikdan kelib chiqish uchun kechiktirilgan harakat (DACA) siyosati bo'yicha kechiktirilgan harakatlarni davlat haydovchilik guvohnomalariga loyiqmi?". Immigratsiya huquq markazi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 15 yanvarda. Olingan 1 aprel, 2014.
  115. ^ Agilar, Julian (2012 yil 20-avgust). "Perry:" Kechiktirilgan aksiya "Davlat siyosatini o'zgartirmaydi". Texas Tribuna. Olingan 12 oktyabr, 2012.
  116. ^ Virjiniya shtati Bosh prokurori Mark R. Herringning Virjiniya shtati Oliy ta'lim bo'yicha davlat kengashi direktori, Virjiniya jamoat kollejlari tizimining kantsleri va Virjiniya shtatidagi davlat kollejlari va universitetlari prezidentlariga maktubi Arxivlandi 2016 yil 24 dekabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi (2014 yil 29 aprel).
  117. ^ Laura Vozzella va Pamela Konstable, Virjiniya bosh prokurori "xayolparastlarni" shtat ichida o'qish huquqiga ega deb e'lon qildi, Vashington Post (2014 yil 29 aprel).
  118. ^ Brayan Bennett, Maykl A. Memoli (2017 yil 16-fevral). "Oq uy Trampni zarbadan himoya qilishda" Dreamers "uchun himoya qilishni to'xtatish yo'llarini topdi". Los Anjeles Tayms. Olingan 22 fevral, 2017.
  119. ^ a b Ariane de Vogue; Madison Park; Artemis Moshtagian; Meri Kay Malloni (2017 yil 15 fevral). "Obamaning" Dreamer "dasturi bilan himoyalangan muhojir DACA dasturini yangilamaganligi uchun hibsga olingan (Dreamers aktining talabi)". CNN. Olingan 15 fevral, 2017. Qarama-qarshi voqealar muhojirlar huquqlari bo'yicha advokatlarning Prezident Donald Tramp ma'muriyati fon tekshiruvlaridan o'tganidan keyin AQShda yashash va ishlashga vaqtincha ruxsat berilgan Dreamers-ni nishonga olishidan qo'rqishidan kelib chiqadi. Taxminan 750 ming kishi DACA tarkibida qolish uchun ruxsat oldi.
  120. ^ Daniel Levine; Kristina Kuk (2017 yil 14-fevral). "Eksklyuziv: AQSh Sietldagi meksikalik muhojirni hibsga oldi, Obama dasturida". San-Fransisko. Reuters. Olingan 14 fevral, 2017.
  121. ^ Shmidt, Samanta. "ICE press-konferentsiyada gapirgandan keyin yosh" xayolparast "da'vogarni yo'q qildi". Washington Post. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  122. ^ Sanches, Rey (2017 yil 10 mart). "DREAMer Daniela Vargas ozod qilindi, immigratsiya guruhi aytmoqda". CNN. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  123. ^ "'Sietldagi deportatsiya bilan tahdid qilingan Dreamer 'bir necha hafta hibsga olinganidan keyin ozod qilindi ". LA Times. 2017 yil 29 mart. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  124. ^ Gershteyn, Josh (2017 yil 15-iyun). "Trump hozirgi Dreamers-ning maqomini o'zgartirmaydi". Politico. Olingan 15 iyun, 2017.
    Xesson, Ted (2017 yil 16-iyun). "DACA hanuzgacha ko'rib chiqilmoqda," deydi Trump ma'muriyati ". Politico. Olingan 17 iyun, 2017.
  125. ^ Gamboa, Suzanna (2019 yil 22 mart). "DACA bilan styuardessa aviakompaniyaning Meksikaga uchishi uchun yaxshi bo'lganini aytdi, keyin AQShga qaytib kelganda hibsga olindi". NBC News. Olingan 22 mart, 2019. Sud buyruqlari Tramp ma'muriyatining hozircha DACA ni tugatishiga xalaqit bergan bo'lsa-da, uni oluvchilarning AQSh tashqarisiga sayohat qilishiga qo'yilgan taqiq bekor qilinmadi.
  126. ^ a b v d e Shir, Maykl D .; Devis, Xuli Xirshfeld (2017 yil 5-sentyabr). "Trump DACA ni tugatishga harakat qilmoqda va Kongressni harakatga chaqirmoqda". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  127. ^ Amuedo-Dorantes, Katalina; Puttitanun, Thitima (2017 yil 1-dekabr). "DACA Janubiy chegarada qarovsiz voyaga etmaganlarning ko'payishi uchun javobgardimi?". Xalqaro migratsiya. 55 (6): 12–13. doi:10.1111 / imig.12403. ISSN  1468-2435.
  128. ^ Adam Edelman (2017 yil 5-sentyabr). "Trump DACA dasturini tugatdi, yangi arizalar qabul qilinmadi". NBC News. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  129. ^ a b Kopan, Tal (2017 yil 5-sentyabr). "Trump DACA ni tugatdi, ammo uni saqlash uchun Kongressga oyna berdi". CNN.
  130. ^ Kopan, Tai; Acosta, Jim (2017 yil 6-sentyabr). "Admin eslatmasi: DACA oluvchilar AQShdan ketishga tayyorgarlik ko'rishlari kerak'". CNN.
  131. ^ Kimball, Spenser (2017 yil 5-sentabr). "Barak Obamaning Trampning DACA ni tugatish to'g'risidagi qaroriga javobini o'qing". Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  132. ^ Daniella Diaz; Loren Foks. "Demokratlar, ba'zilari GOPda DACA ni tugatganini tanqid qilmoqda". CNN. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  133. ^ a b "AQSh Trampning DACA dasturidan voz kechish harakatiga munosabat bildirdi". www.aljazeera.com. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  134. ^ Shir, Maykl D .; Devis, Xuli Xirshfeld (2017 yil 5-sentyabr). "Trump DACA ni tugatishga harakat qilmoqda va Kongressni harakatga chaqirmoqda". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 21 iyun, 2020.
  135. ^ Makkeyn, AQSh senatori Jon. "Senator Jon Makkeynning Trampning DACA ni tugatish to'g'risidagi qarori to'g'risida bayonoti". www.mccain.senate.gov. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 25-noyabrda. Olingan 28-noyabr, 2017.
  136. ^ "Trampning DACA ni tugatish to'g'risidagi qaroridan keyin qonun chiqaruvchilar, tashkilotlar gapirishmoqda". ABC News. 2017 yil 5-sentabr. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  137. ^ Hisobot, South Bend Tribune. "Notre Dame, boshqa maktablar DACA dasturini qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda". South Bend Tribune.
  138. ^ a b "'Ta'qib qilinadigan, '' vijdonsiz ': nasroniy rahbarlari Trampning DACA ni bekor qilish qaroriga munosabat bildirishdi ». Vashington Post. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  139. ^ Zauzmer, Juli (2017 yil 11 sentyabr). "Papa Frensis: Agar Tramp" hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi "bo'lsa, u DACA-ni kengaytirishi kerak". Vashington Post. ISSN  0190-8286. Olingan 11 sentyabr, 2017.
  140. ^ Keneally, Meghan (2017 yil 6-sentyabr). "DACA e'lonlari butun mamlakat bo'ylab noroziliklarni keltirib chiqarmoqda, Trump Towerda o'nlab hibsga olingan". ABC News. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  141. ^ "Tramp minorasidagi Daca noroziligida uchta demokrat kongressmen hibsga olingan". Guardian. 2017 yil 19 sentyabr. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  142. ^ Xarrington, Ben (2018 yil 23-may). DACA bekor qilinishi: huquqiy masalalar va sud holati (PDF). Vashington, DC: Kongress tadqiqot xizmati. Olingan 23 iyun, 2018.
  143. ^ Kopan, Tal. "Moviy davlatlar Trampni DACA bo'yicha sudga berishadi". CNN. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2017.
  144. ^ Makgrevi, Patrik (2017 yil 11 sentyabr). "Kaliforniya siyosati yangilanadi: Kaliforniya Tramp ma'muriyatini DACA qarori uchun sudga beradi". Los Anjeles Tayms. Olingan 11 sentyabr, 2017.
  145. ^ "Olti xayolparast Tramp ma'muriyatini DACA qarori yuzasidan sudga beradi". Reuters. 2017 yil 18-sentabr. Olingan 28-noyabr, 2017.
  146. ^ "Kaliforniya universiteti Tramp ma'muriyatini DACA dasturining noqonuniy bekor qilinganligi uchun sudga beradi". Kaliforniya universiteti. 2017 yil 11 sentyabr. Olingan 28-noyabr, 2017.
  147. ^ "UC prezidenti Napolitano DACA dasturini tugatish to'g'risidagi qarorni qoraladi, Kongressni himoyani doimiy qilishga chaqiradi". Kaliforniya universiteti. 2017 yil 7 sentyabr. Olingan 28-noyabr, 2017.
  148. ^ Strohr, Greg (2017 yil 20-dekabr). "Oliy sud Tramp jamoasiga DACA hujjatlarini hozircha ushlab qolishga ruxsat berdi". Bloomberg L.P.. Olingan 28 dekabr, 2017.
  149. ^ "Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida, ET AL" (PDF). Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi. 2017 yil 20-dekabr. Olingan 28 dekabr, 2017.
  150. ^ Samuels, Bret (2018 yil 9-yanvar). "Hakam Trampning DACA ni tugatish rejasini to'sdi". Tepalik. Olingan 10 yanvar, 2018.
  151. ^ DeMarche, Edmund (2018 yil 10-yanvar). "Sudya Trump ma'muriyatiga qarshi DACA-ni bekor qilish to'g'risida qaror chiqardi". Fox News. Olingan 10 yanvar, 2018.
  152. ^ Stivens, Mett (2018). "DACA ishtirokchilari yana yangilanish uchun ariza berishlari mumkin, deydi Immigratsiya Agentligi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 14 yanvar, 2018.
  153. ^ Dinan, Stiven (13.02.2018). "Sud DACA dasturini to'liq tiklash to'g'risida qaror chiqardi". Washington Post.
  154. ^ 1-holat: 16-cv-04756-NGG-JO Hujjat 255. Nyu-Yorkning Sharqiy okrugi uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tuman sudi. 2018 yil 13-fevral.
  155. ^ "Adolatlar" Dreamers "ishi bo'yicha Trampning murojaatini rad etishdi". The New York Times. 2018 yil 26-fevral. Olingan 26 fevral, 2018.
  156. ^ a b Gomes, Alan (26.02.2018). "Oliy sud qarori DACA va deyarli 700 ming hujjatsiz muhojir uchun nimani anglatadi". USA Today. Olingan 26 avgust, 2018.
  157. ^ Iordaniya, Miriam (24.04.2018). "AQSh DACA-ni saqlashi va yangi arizalarni qabul qilishi kerak, Federal sudya qoidalari". The New York Times.
  158. ^ "Sudya DACA tiklanishi kerak degan qarorni qo'llab-quvvatladi". Kabel yangiliklari tarmog'i. 2018 yil 3-avgust.
  159. ^ "Memorandum fikri" (PDF). Kolumbiya okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi. 2018 yil 3-avgust. Olingan 4 avgust, 2018.
  160. ^ de Vogue, Ariane; Alvarez, Priskilla (2019 yil 12-noyabr). "Oliy sud sudyalari DACA chaqirig'iga qarshi kurashmoqda". CNN. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2019.
  161. ^ Casa De Merilend-ga qarshi AQSh Vatan himoyasi sek., 924 F.3d 684 (4th Cir. 2019).
  162. ^ Rouz, Joel (2020 yil 17-iyul). "Federal sud Tramp ma'muriyatiga yangi DACA arizalarini qabul qilishni buyurdi". Milliy radio. Olingan 17 iyul, 2020.
  163. ^ Egan, Loren; Pettypiece, Shennon (2020 yil 28-iyul). "Trump ma'muriyati" keng qamrovli "ko'rib chiqish paytida yangi DACA dasturlarini rad etadi". NBC News. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2020.
  164. ^ Romero, Dennis (2020 yil 12-noyabr). "Federal sudya DHS rahbari vazifasini bajaruvchi Chad Wolfning noqonuniy tayinlanganligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi, DACA to'xtatib turilishini bekor qildi". NBC News. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2020.
  165. ^ Bennett, Geoff (2017 yil 10-sentabr). "Demokratlar DACA dasturida amal qilish muddatini qo'ygandan so'ng, Trampga DREAM qonuniga qarashmoqda". Milliy radio. Olingan 26 avgust, 2018.
  166. ^ "16 foydasiz yildan so'ng Kongress" xayolparastlarni "qonuniylashtirish uchun yana urinib ko'radi'". Nyu-York Tayms. 2017 yil 5-sentabr. Olingan 13 fevral, 2018.
  167. ^ "2017 yilgi orzular to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi qisqacha bayoni | Milliy immigratsiya forumi". Milliy immigratsiya forumi. 2017 yil 21-iyul.
  168. ^ "Amerikaning bolalarini tan olish to'g'risida". 2017 yil 22 mart.
  169. ^ "Amerikaning umid qonuni". 2017 yil 6-sentabr.
  170. ^ "BRIDGE Act". 2017 yil 5-sentabr.
  171. ^ Stolberg, Sheril Gay (12.02.2018). "Senat immigratsiya bo'yicha" yovvoyi "munozaralar haftaligini boshladi, natijasi noma'lum". The New York Times. Olingan 15 fevral, 2018.
  172. ^ Kollinz, Eliza; Sheshgreen, Deirdre (2018 yil 15-fevral). "Senat Tramp tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan immigratsiya rejasini va stol ustidagi hamma narsani bloklaydi". USA Today. Olingan 26 avgust, 2018.
  173. ^ Gomes, Alan; Kaplan, Sofi (2018 yil 5 mart). "DACA dushanba kuni tugashi kerak edi. Bu tugamadi, ammo DREAMERs xavotirda qolmoqda". USA Today. Olingan 26 avgust, 2018.
  174. ^ Bernal, Rafael (2020 yil 25-iyun). "The Hill intervyusi: NAACP prezidenti Trumpni DACA harakatlarini Dred Skott qarori bilan bir qatorda qo'ydi". Tepalik. Olingan 25 iyun, 2020.
  175. ^ Barns, Robert. "Oliy sud Trampning hujjatsiz" xayolparastlarning yutug'i bo'lgan DACA ni tugatish to'g'risidagi taklifini bloklaydi'". Washington Post. Olingan 25 iyun, 2020.
  176. ^ Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi. "Milliy xavfsizlik departamenti va boshqalarga qarshi. Kaliforniya universiteti regentslari va boshqalar. Sertiorari AQSh apellyatsiya sudiga to'qqizinchi davr uchun". Olingan 24 iyun, 2020 - orqali Washington Post.
  177. ^ Acevedo, Nikol (2020 yil 12-noyabr). "Xayolparastlar Baydenning g'alabasini olqishlashadi - lekin uning DACA, immigratsiya va'dalari to'g'risida hushyor bo'lib turishadi". NBC News. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2020.

Tashqi havolalar