Huawei-ni tanqid qilish - Criticism of Huawei

Bu maqola balki juda uzoq qulay o'qish va navigatsiya qilish. Iltimos, ko'rib chiqing bo'linish tarkibni kichik maqolalarga, kondensatsiya uni qo'shish yoki qo'shish pastki sarlavhalar. (Noyabr 2020)

Xitoyning ko'p millatli axborot texnologiyalari va maishiy elektronika kompaniyasi Huawei faoliyatining turli jihatlari, xususan, nisbatan ko'plab tanqidlarga duch keldi kiberxavfsizlik, intellektual mulk va inson huquqlari qoidabuzarliklar.

Huawei, birinchi navbatda, AQSh va uning ittifoqchilarining ayblovlariga duch keldi simsiz tarmoq uskunalar o'z ichiga olishi mumkin orqa eshiklar imkon beruvchi nazorat tomonidan Xitoy hukumati. Huawei o'z mahsulotlarini boshqa sotuvchilardan ko'ra "kiberxavfsizlik uchun katta xavf" tug'dirmasligini va AQSh josuslik da'volariga oid dalil yo'qligini ta'kidladi. Kompaniya ham hamkorlik qilgan Inglizlar uchun laboratoriya tashkil etish uchun mansabdor shaxslar audit uning mahsulotlari.^[1][2]

Bular tashvishlar rivojlantirishda Huawei ishtiroki bilan kuchaygan 5G simsiz tarmoqlar va ba'zi mamlakatlarning ushbu tarmoqlarda Xitoyda ishlab chiqarilgan texnik vositalardan foydalanish bo'yicha cheklovlarni amalga oshirishi yoki o'ylashiga olib keldi. 2019 yil mart oyida Huawei AQSh hukumatini Huawei-dan uskunalar sotib olishni cheklaydigan harbiy xarajatlar to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi bo'yicha sudga berdi. ZTE hukumat tomonidan rad etilganiga asoslanib tegishli jarayon. Huawei AQShni ham tashvishga solgan ushbu xavotirlar tufayli AQSh bozoridan chiqib ketdi. simsiz aloqa operatorlari o'z mahsulotlarini sotishni istamaydi.

Huawei kompaniyasi o'zi bilan shug'ullangan degan da'volarga ham duch keldi korporativ josuslik raqiblarni o'g'irlash intellektual mulk va 2019 yilda AQSh kompaniyalari bilan tijorat faoliyatini amalga oshirish cheklangan edi, chunki u AQShdan kelib chiqqan texnologiyani qasddan eksport qilgani haqidagi da'volar tufayli Eron buzilishi bilan AQSh sanktsiyalari. Shuningdek, kompaniya ommaviy hibsga olishga yordam berganlikda ayblanmoqda Uyg'urlar yilda Shinjonni qayta tarbiyalash lagerlari.^[3][4] va ta'minot zanjirida majburiy uyg'ur mehnatini jalb qilish.^[5]

Intellektual mulk va o'g'irlik

Cisco patentiga oid da'vo

2003 yilda Cisco bosh maslahatchisi Mark Chandler Huawei asoschisi Ren Zhengfei bilan Huawei kompaniyasining Cisco IP o'g'irlanganligini tasdiqlovchi dalillar bilan uchrashish uchun Shenchjenga bordi. Dalillarga Cisco kompaniyasining texnik qo'llanmalaridagi xatoliklar kiritilgan bo'lib, ular Huawei-da paydo bo'lgan, keyin Ren "tasodif" deb javob bergan dalillarni taqdim etgan.^[6]

2003 yil fevral oyida, Cisco tizimlari patentlarini buzganligi va routerlari va kalitlarida ishlatilgan manba kodini noqonuniy nusxa ko'chirgani uchun Huawei Technologies kompaniyasini sudga berdi.^[7] Cisco-ning bayonotiga ko'ra, 2004 yil iyul oyiga qadar Huawei bahsli kodni, qo'llanmalarni va buyruq qatori interfeyslarini olib tashladi va keyinchalik sud sud tartibida hal qilindi.^[8] Hisob-kitoblar doirasida Huawei Cisco-ning ba'zi yo'riqnoma dasturlarini nusxa ko'chirganligini tan oldi.^[6] Ikkala tomon ham muvaffaqiyatga da'vo qilishdi - Cisco "da'vo tugashi intellektual mulk huquqlarini himoya qilish g'alabasini anglatadi" deb ta'kidladi va Huawei sherigi 3Com (bu da'vo tarkibiga kirmagan) sud qarori Cisco-ning Huawei-ga qarshi boshqa ishni qo'zg'atishiga xalaqit berganini ta'kidladi. bir xil yoki deyarli o'xshash talablarni ilgari surish.^[9] Garchi Cisco xodimlari soxta texnologiyalarga guvoh bo'lishgan bo'lsa-da, 2005 yil sentyabr oyining oxirida,^[10] retrospektiv Cisco-ning Korporativ maslahatchisi ta'kidlaganidek, "Cisco Xitoy ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan bezorilik ko'rsatadigan ko'p millatli korporatsiya sifatida tasvirlangan" va "Cisco-ning Xitoydagi obro'siga zarar etkazish sud jarayonida erishilgan foydadan ustunroq bo'lgan".^[11]

Keyinchalik Huawei-ning AQShdagi bosh vakili Huawei-ning Cisco bilan hisob-kitob qilish to'g'risidagi maxfiylik bandini buzgan holda, Huawei ushbu ishda oqlangan deb da'vo qildi. Bunga javoban, Cisco Huawei kompaniyasining Cisco kodini o'g'irlaganligini va ularni o'z mahsulotlariga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ko'chirganligini tasdiqlovchi ish uchun ishlab chiqarilgan mustaqil ekspert xulosasining qismlarini ochib berdi.^[12] Kompaniyaning blog postida Cisco-dan Mark Chandler hal qilingan ishda "manba kodimizni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri, so'zma-so'z nusxalash, bizning buyruq qatori interfeysi, yordam ekranlarimiz, mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan qo'llanmalarimiz va mahsulotimizning boshqa elementlari haqida hech narsa demaslik" haqidagi da'volarni o'z ichiga olganligini aytdi. Huawei tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan va ushbu da'volarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun qo'shimcha ma'lumot taqdim etgan.^[13] 2012 yilda Cisco-dan ishonchli dalillarni taqdim etishdan oldin Huawei-ning ochiqdan-ochiq plagiatligi maqomi olingan folklor marshrutlash va kommutatsiya jamoasida.^[14]

T-Mobile smartfonini sinovdan o'tkazadigan robot

2014 yil sentyabr oyida Huawei sudga murojaat qildi T-Mobile AQSh, Huawei o'zining Bellevue (Vashington) shtab-kvartirasidan texnologiyani o'g'irlagan deb da'vo qilmoqda. T-Mobile o'zining da'vo arizasida Huawei ishchilari 2012-2013 yillar davomida T-Mobile laboratoriyasiga kirib, uning Tappy robotini sinovdan o'tkazgan robotining qismlarini o'g'irlab ketishgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. Keyin Huawei xodimlari ikkala kompaniya imzolagan maxfiylik shartnomalarini buzgan holda, operatsion dasturiy ta'minot va dizayn tafsilotlarini nusxalashdi. Bundan tashqari, Huawei endi o'g'irlangan qismlar va ma'lumotlarni o'z sinov robotini yaratish uchun ishlatmoqda. Huawei vakili aytgan The New York Times shikoyatda biron bir haqiqat borligi, ammo aloqador bo'lgan ikki xodim ishdan bo'shatilganligi. O'shandan beri T-Mobile Huawei-ni yetkazib beruvchi sifatida ishlatishni to'xtatdi, T-Mobile uning telefonlaridan uzoqlashishi bilan unga o'n millionlab dollar tushishi mumkinligini aytmoqda.^[15]

2017 yil may oyida hakamlar hay'ati T-Mobile bilan kelishib, Huawei Qo'shma Shtatlarda sanoat josusligini amalga oshirdi va Huawei 4,8 million dollar miqdorida tovon puli to'lashga majbur bo'ldi. Huawei sudga javoban Tappy tijorat siri emasligini va uni shu narsa qilganligini ta'kidlab javob berdi Epson, T-Mobile emas. Huawei-ning so'zlariga ko'ra, "T-Mobile-ning taxmin qilingan tijorat siri haqidagi bayonoti bu uning robotining deyarli barcha tarkibiy qismlarini qamrab oladigan etarli bo'lmagan, umumiy bayonotdir" va u biron bir tijorat sirini etarlicha aniqlik bilan o'g'irlanganligini ko'rsatmadi. T-Mobile Huawei-ning dalillarini rad etdi va Epson robotning faqat tarkibiy qismini taqdim etgan deb ta'kidladi.^[16][17]

Motorola patentiga oid da'vo

2010 yil iyul oyida Motorola tijorat sirlarini o'g'irlashda ayblanib Lemkoga qarshi ishda Huawei-ni birgalikda ayblanuvchi deb nomlangan o'zgartirilgan shikoyat yubordi.^[18][19]

Motorola - Nokia Siemens Networks savdo mojarosi

2011 yil yanvar oyida Huawei Motorola kompaniyasining intellektual mulkini Nokia Siemens Networks ("NSN") ga noqonuniy ravishda NSN tomonidan Motorola-ning simsiz tarmoq biznesini sotib olish doirasida noqonuniy ravishda o'tkazilishini oldini olish uchun sudga da'vo qo'zg'adi.^{[20][21][22][23]} 2011 yil aprel oyida Motorola va Huawei barcha sud jarayonlarini hal qilish to'g'risida bitim tuzdilar,^{[24][25][26][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]} Motorola NSN-ga sotishning bir qismi bo'ladigan intellektual mulk uchun Huawei-ga ma'lum bo'lmagan summani to'lashi bilan.^{[27][28][29][30][24]}

ZTE patent sud ishi

O'zining intellektual mulkini himoya qilish uchun Huawei 2011 yil aprel oyida Germaniya, Frantsiya va Vengriyada sudga da'vo qo'zg'adi ZTE patent va savdo belgisini buzganlik uchun.^[31][32][33] Ertasi kuni ZTE Huawei-ni Xitoyda patent huquqlarini buzgani uchun qarshi chiqdi.^[34][35]

Nortel

2012 yilda Kanadaning telekommunikatsiya kompaniyasining kiberxavfsizlik bo'yicha katta tahlilchisi bo'lgan Brayan Shilds Nortel, davlat tomonidan boshqariladigan Xitoy tarmoqlari kamida 2000 yildan boshlab, 2009 yilda kompaniya bankrot bo'lgan paytgacha kompaniyaning tarmoqlariga har tomonlama kirib borgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. U Huawei (ilgari u shartnoma ishlab chiqaruvchisi Nortel uchun) hackning asosiy foydasi bo'lgan.^[36][37] 2004 yildayoq Huawei Nortelning texnik va qo'llanmalaridan nusxa ko'chirayotgani gumon qilingan edi.^[38][39][36]

O'chirish platalari

2004 yil iyun oyida Huawei xodimi SuperComm ko'rgazmasida raqobatchilar kabinasidan ish vaqtidan keyingi davrda elektron platalarni diagrammasi va fotosuratlari paytida ushlandi.^[40] Xodim bu ayblovni rad etdi, ammo keyinchalik ishdan bo'shatildi.^[41][42]

Ahkan yarimo'tkazgichli olmosli shisha

Huawei intellektual mulkni o'g'irlash maqsadida mahsulotni sinovdan o'tkazish va yo'q qilish huquqisiz Ahkan Semiconductor kompaniyasi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan olmos shishasining ayrim namunalarini Xitoyga yuborganligi uchun AQShda FBI tomonidan tergov qilinmoqda.^[43]

CNEX laboratoriyalari

CNEX Labs kompaniyasi Huawei rahbariyati Xitoy universiteti yordamida CNEX-ning qattiq diskli kompyuterni saqlash texnologiyasini o'g'irlamoqchi bo'lganligini da'vo qilmoqda.^[44][45]

Ayg'oqchilik va xavfsizlik muammolari

Ushbu bo'lim balki juda uzoq qulay o'qish va navigatsiya qilish. Iltimos, ko'rib chiqing bo'linish tarkibni kichik maqolalarga, kondensatsiya uni qo'shish yoki qo'shish pastki sarlavhalar. (Aprel 2019)

2000-yillar

AQShda federal hukumat doirasidagi amaldorlar va siyosatchilar Huawei tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan telekommunikatsiya uskunalari Xitoy hukumati va xitoyliklar tomonidan ruxsatsiz kirishga ruxsat berish uchun ishlab chiqilgan bo'lishi mumkin degan xavotirni ko'tarishdi. Xalq ozodlik armiyasi,^{[46][47][48][49]} sharti bilan; inobatga olgan holda Ren Chjenfey, kompaniyaning asoschisi, 1980-yillarning boshlarida armiyada muhandis bo'lib xizmat qilgan.^[50] The Qo'shma Shtatlardagi xorijiy investitsiyalar bo'yicha qo'mita tomonidan tuzilgan bitimni sinchkovlik bilan o'rganib chiqdi Bain Capital sotib olmoq 3Kom Huawei bilan ozchilik investor sifatida va 3Leaf Systems virtualizatsiya firmasini sotib olishga urinish, ham xavfsizlik nuqtai nazaridan (Xitoy birinchisi misolida AQShning harbiy texnologiyasiga kirish huquqiga ega bo'lishi mumkinligi bilan). Ikkala kelishuv ham amalga oshmadi.^[47][51][52] 2010 yilda, Sprint Nextel Kompaniya bilan bog'langanidan so'ng, etkazib berish shartnomasi bo'yicha Huawei tomonidan blokirovka qilingan takliflar Savdo kotibi.^{[53][54][55][50][47]}

Buyuk Britaniyada Konservativ partiya Huawei-ning 2005 yilda Marconi-ni sotib olishga da'vogarligi xavfsizligi to'g'risida xavotirni ko'targan,^[48] va kompaniyaning uskunalari 2009 yilgi hukumat brifingida rais Aleks Allan tomonidan potentsial tahdid sifatida tilga olingan Qo'shma razvedka qo'mitasi.^[56] 2010 yil noyabr oyida Huawei mahalliy amaldorlarga o'z mahsulotlarining kiberxavfsizlik ekspertizalarini o'tkazishga faol ravishda ruxsat berishga rozilik berdi, natijada Huawei kiber xavfsizligini baholash markazi (HCSEC) ochildi. Uning kuzatuv kengashi tarkibiga Milliy kiber xavfsizlik markazi va GCHQ.^[57][58]

2009 yil oktyabr oyida hind Telekommunikatsiyalar bo'limi Xabarlarga ko'ra, milliy aloqa operatorlaridan xavfsizlik nuqtai nazaridan Evropa, AQSh va Xitoy telekom ishlab chiqaruvchilarining barcha uskunalaridan foydalanishni "o'z-o'zini tartibga solish" so'ralgan.^[59] Avvalroq, 2005 yilda Huawei-ni Hindistonga uskunalar etkazib berish taqiqlangan edi Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) uyali telefon provayderi.^[60] 2010 yilda hindistonlik Markaziy tergov byurosi (CBI) Huawei-ning BSNL bilan qolgan shartnomasini bekor qilishni talab qildi va BSNLning bir qator yuqori lavozimli xodimlariga "shubhali yaxlitligi va xitoylik firmalar bilan shubhali aloqalari" bo'yicha ayblovlar qo'ydi.^[61][62] 2010 yil iyun oyida Kanadaning Electronic Warfare Associates, AQShda joylashgan Infoguard va Isroilning ALTAL Security Consulting kabi xalqaro xavfsizlik agentliklari tomonidan oldindan sertifikatlangan taqdirda, Xitoyda ishlab chiqarilgan telekommunikatsiya uskunalarini Hindistonga olib kirishga imkon beradigan vaqtinchalik echim joriy etildi.^[63]

2010 yil boshlari

Huawei 2011 yildagi ochiq xatida xavfsizlik bilan bog'liq muammolar "asossiz va isbotlanmagan" ekanligini ta'kidlab, AQSh hukumatini o'z biznesining har qanday tomonini tekshirishga chaqirdi.^[64][65] AQShda joylashgan notijorat tashkilot Osiyo jamiyati AQShga sarmoya kiritmoqchi bo'lgan xitoylik kompaniyalar, shu jumladan Huawei-ni ko'rib chiqishni amalga oshirdi. Tashkilot CFIUS tomonidan noxush xulosalar chiqarilgandan so'ng, faqat bir nechta investitsiya bitimlari bloklanganligini yoki ularga murojaat qilmaslik to'g'risida tavsiyalar berilganligini aniqladi. Biroq, barcha yirik bitimlar AQSh ommaviy axborot vositalari, Kongress a'zolari va xavfsizlik doiralari, shu jumladan guruhlar tomonidan siyosiylashtirildi.^[66] Biroq, Osiyo jamiyati tomonidan e'lon qilingan hisobotga aloqador bo'lmagan yana bir maqolada, "P.R.C. hukumati xususiy yoki aloqasi bo'lmagan xitoylik guruhlarni kiber-sirlardan voz kechish uchun kuchaytirishi mumkinligidan qo'rqish, AQSh hukumatining Xitoy telekommunikatsion kompaniyasi Huawei-ga nisbatan munosabatida aks ettirilganligi" xabar qilingan edi.^[67]

2011 yil dekabrda, Bloomberg AQSh chaqirayotgani haqida xabar berdi Sovuq urush - milliy xavfsizlik vakolatlari - telekommunikatsiya kompaniyalarini, shu jumladan AT&T Inc. va Verizon Communications Inc.ni o'zlarining tarmoqlari haqidagi maxfiy ma'lumotlarni xitoylik kiber-josuslik ovida oshkor qilishga majbur qilish. AQSh Uyning razvedka qo'mitasi Huawei vakili 18-noyabr kuni xorijiy kompaniyalarni tekshirishini aytgan edi va Huawei vakili shuni ta'kidladiki, kompaniya o'z biznesini odatdagi ishbilarmonlik amaliyoti asosida olib boradi va tergovni haqiqatan ham mamnuniyat bilan qabul qiladi.^[68] 2012 yil 8 oktyabrda Qo'mita Huawei va ZTE "milliy xavfsizlikka tahdid" bo'lgan.^[69] Biroq, 2012 yil oq uy -to'ralgan tekshiruv Vakillar palatasi hisobotining josuslik ayblovlarini tasdiqlovchi aniq dalillarni topmadi.^[70]

2012 yil mart oyida Avstraliya ommaviy axborot vositalari manbalari Avstraliya hukumati Huawei-ni shartnomalar tuzish bo'yicha tender savdolaridan chetlashtirgan edi NBN Co., qurilishini boshqaradigan hukumat korporatsiyasi Milliy keng polosali tarmoq,^[71] ning maslahatidan kelib chiqib Avstraliya xavfsizlik razvedka tashkiloti xavfsizlik muammolari bilan bog'liq.^[72] The Bosh prokuratura bo'limi ushbu xabarlarga javoban Milliy keng polosali tarmoq "strategik va muhim hukumat sarmoyasi, [va] biz uning yaxlitligi va u orqali olib borilayotgan ma'lumotlarning daxlsizligini himoya qilish uchun qo'limizdan kelgan barcha ishni qilishga majburmiz" deb ta'kidladi.^[73]

2012 yil 9 oktyabrda bosh vazirning vakili Stiven Xarper Kanada hukumati Huawei-ni xavfsiz hukumat aloqa tarmog'ini barpo etish rejalaridan chetlatish uchun milliy xavfsizlik istisnosini qo'llaganligini ko'rsatdi.^[74]

2013 yil 19-iyulda, Maykl Xeyden, AQShning sobiq rahbari Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi va direktori Motorola echimlari, Huawei-ning tarmoq uskunalarida orqa eshiklarning aniq dalillarini ko'rganini va kompaniya josuslik bilan shug'ullanganini va Xitoy hukumati bilan xorijiy telekommunikatsiya tizimlari to'g'risida yaqin bilimlarni baham ko'rganligini da'vo qildi.^[75] Huawei va Motorola Solutions kompaniyasi ilgari bir necha yil davomida intellektual mulk bilan bog'liq nizolar bilan shug'ullangan. Huawei-ning global kiberxavfsizlik bo'yicha xodimi Jon Suffolk, Xayden tomonidan berilgan sharhlarni "charchagan, asossiz, tuhmat so'zlari" deb ta'rifladi va uni va boshqa tanqidchilarni har qanday dalillarni ommaviy ravishda taqdim etishni talab qildi.^[76][75]

2014 yilda, The New York Times tomonidan e'lon qilingan hujjatlarga asoslanib xabar berilgan Edvard Snouden, bu AQSh Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi 2007 yildan beri Huawei-ga qarshi yashirin dasturni ishlab kelmoqda. Bunga Huawei-ning ichki tarmoqlarini, shu jumladan shtab-kvartirasi tarmoqlari va asoschisi Ren Zhengfeyning aloqalarini buzish kiradi.^[77] 2014 yilda Huawei kompaniyasi bilan homiylik shartnomasini imzoladi NFL "s Vashington Redskins bepul umumiy Wi-Fi-ni o'rnatish uchun FedExField, ammo kelishuv AQSh hukumati maslahatchisining norasmiy harakati tufayli e'lon qilinganidan bir necha hafta o'tgach to'satdan bekor qilindi.^[78][79]

2016 yilda Kanadaning immigratsiya departamenti Huawei-da ishlagan uchta Xitoy fuqarosiga ariza beruvchilarning josuslik, terrorizm va hukumat buzg'unchiligiga aloqadorligi sababli doimiy yashash vizalarini berishni rejalashtirayotganligini aytdi.^[80]

2010 yillarning oxiri

2018 yilda frantsuz gazetasi tomonidan olib borilgan tergov Le Monde Xitoy uni buzish bilan shug'ullangan deb da'vo qilmoqda Afrika ittifoqi 2012 yildan 2017 yilgacha Efiopiya shtab-kvartirasi.^[81] Bino Xitoy pudratchilari, shu jumladan Huawei tomonidan qurilgan va Huawei uskunalari ushbu xakerlar bilan bog'langan.^[82] Xitoy hukumati ular ayblovlar "mutlaqo asossiz va kulgili" ekanligini aytib, binoni buglab qo'yganlarini rad etdi.^[83] Efiopiya Bosh vaziri Xailemariam Desalegn frantsuz ommaviy axborot vositalarining xabarlarini rad etdi.^[84] Mussa Faki Afrika Ittifoqi Komissiyasining rahbari Mahamat, bu da'volarni aytdi Le Monde xabar yolg'on edi. "Bular mutlaqo yolg'on ayblovlar va men ularga umuman e'tibor bermaymiz deb o'ylayman."^[85]

2018 yil 17-aprel kuni Federal aloqa komissiyasi (FCC) milliy xavfsizlik uchun xavfli deb hisoblangan kompaniyalardan telekom uskunalarini sotib olish uchun hukumat tomonidan beriladigan subsidiyalardan foydalanishni taqiqlovchi qoidalar bo'yicha dastlabki 5–0 ovoz berishni o'tkazdi. Siyosat loyihasida Huawei va ZTE maxsus nomlangan.^[86][87] Xuddi shu kuni kompaniya kelajakdagi biznes-rejalari doirasida AQSh bozorini kamaytirish rejalarini oshkor qildi va bunga hukumat nazorati u erdagi biznesiga xalaqit bergani sabab bo'ldi.^[88]

2018 yil avgust oyida AQSh prezidenti Donald Tramp imzolagan 2019 moliya yili uchun milliy mudofaani avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun AQSh hukumati kiberxavfsizlik asosida Huawei yoki ZTE-dan apparat sotib olishini taqiqlovchi qoidani o'z ichiga oladi.^[89] Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan kampaniyalar va kompaniyaga qaratilgan qonunchilik uchun qasos sifatida Huawei 2019 yil mart oyida AQSh hukumatini "bir necha bor o'z cheklovlarini tasdiqlovchi dalillarni keltira olmaganligi" uchun sudga bergan. Kongress uni ta'minlay olmadi tegishli jarayon.^[90]

2019 yil mart oyida HCSEC Kuzatuv kengashi "Huawei-ning dasturiy ta'minotni ishlab chiqishga yondashuvidagi muammolarni aniqlashni davom ettirgani" va Buyuk Britaniyaning operatorlari uchun xavfni sezilarli darajada oshirganligi to'g'risida "hisobotni e'lon qildi. Huawei ushbu asosiy nuqsonlarni bartaraf etish vositasi sifatida taklif qilgan transformatsiya dasturining elementlarini muvaffaqiyatli yakunlash imkoniyatiga ega ". Hisobotda, xususan, eskirgan versiyalaridan foydalanish keltirilgan VxWorks uning tarmoq uskunalarida va nomuvofiq soliq summasi OS tasvirlari o'rtasida va Shanxayda Huawei rivojlanish markaziga tashrif buyurganida, Huawei "boshqarib bo'lmaydigan raqam" dan foydalanganligi aniqlandi OpenSSL individual mahsulotlar orasidagi reviziyalar.^[58]

2019 yil 30 aprelda, Bloomberg yangiliklari 2009 yildan 2011 yilgacha, Vodafone Italiya o'zining Huawei statsionar tarmoq uskunalarida bir nechta xavfsizlik nuqsonlarini, shu jumladan optik tugunlar va keng polosali shlyuzlarning aniqlanmagan orqa eshiklarini va xavfsizligini aniqladi telnet Huawei-ga Vodafone tarmog'iga kirish huquqini beradigan uy routerlarida. Xabarda aytilishicha, ularni yamoqlagan deb da'vo qilishlariga qaramay, ularning ba'zilari 2012 yilgacha saqlanib qolgan va shu kabi zaifliklar Huawei-ning boshqa mintaqaviy qurilmalarida ishlatilishi mumkin Vodafone filiallar. Huawei ham, Vodafone ham bahslashdi Bloomberg'da'volar: Huawei xavfsizlik nuqsonlari aniqlangandan va ularga xabar berilgandan so'ng yamalganligini aytdi va taxmin qilingan "orqa eshiklar" ni "texnik xatolar" deb ta'rifladi. Vodafone telnet tarmog'i odatda diagnostika qilish uchun ishlatilganligini va "Internetdan foydalanish imkoni bo'lmagan bo'lar edi", deb aytdi, bu "rivojlanishdan keyin diagnostika funktsiyasini olib tashlamaslikdan boshqa narsa emas" va hech qanday dalil yo'q haqiqiy buzilishlar.^{[91][92][93][94]}

2019 yil 15-mayda Tramp hukumatga axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan "chet el dushmanlari" bilan har qanday operatsiyalarni cheklash vakolatini beruvchi "Axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari va xizmatlarini etkazib berish zanjirini xavfsizligini ta'minlash to'g'risida" buyruq chiqardi. Xuddi shu kuni, shuningdek, qoidabuzarliklarni keltirib Eronga qarshi iqtisodiy sanktsiyalar, AQSh Savdo vazirligi unga Huawei va uning filiallari qo'shildi Tashkilot ro'yxati ostida Eksportni boshqarish qoidalari. Bu AQSh kompaniyalarining Huawei bilan hukumat ruxsatisiz biznes yuritishni cheklaydi.^[95][96] 2019 yil 19-may kuni, Reuters Google Huawei-ning foydalanish imkoniyatini to'xtatib qo'yganligi haqida xabar berdi Android operatsion tizimi litsenziyaga ega qurilmalarida Google Mobile Services, ushbu cheklovlar tufayli.^[97][98] Ertasi kuni bu haqda xabar berildi Intel, Qualcomm va Xilinx Huawei-ga komponentlarni etkazib berishni to'xtatgan edi.^[99]

2019 yil 16-may kuni Gollandiyaning De Volkskrant gazetasi Gollandiyaning AIVD razvedka agentligi Gollandiyalik aviakompaniyaga tegishli Huawei uskunasidagi orqa eshiklar haqidagi xabarlar to'g'risida xabardor bo'lganligini aytdi. Va hisobotlar noma'lum razvedka manbalaridan kelganligi haqida. AIVD vakili agentlik Volkskrant hisobotiga izoh bermasligini aytdi. Gollandiyalik gazetaning ta'kidlashicha, AIVD ushbu vaziyat Xitoy hukumati tomonidan josuslik uchun ishlatilgan yoki ishlatilmaganligini aniqlaydi^[100]

2019 yilda, tomonidan buyurtma qilingan hisobot Papua-Yangi Gvineya (PNG) Milliy kiber xavfsizlik markazi, tomonidan moliyalashtiriladi Avstraliya hukumati, Huawei tomonidan PNG hukumati uchun qurilgan ma'lumotlar markazida xavfsizlik nuqtai nazaridan foydalanish mumkin bo'lgan kamchiliklar mavjud edi. "Ma'lumot oqimlarini osongina ushlab qolish mumkinligi yuqori ishonch bilan baholanadi", deyiladi PNG Milliy Ma'lumotlar Markazining 2019 yilgi hisobotida. Hisobotda ma'lumot markazining rejasi mo'ljallangan dizaynga mos kelmasligi va katta xavfsizlik kamchiliklarini ochishi qayd etilgan. Loyiha Xitoydan PNG-ga 147 million AQSh dollarlik raqamli qo'llab-quvvatlash paketining bir qismi bo'lib, u milliy keng polosali tarmoqni ham moliyalashtiradi. Huawei AFRga ma'lumot markazining loyihasi "tegishli sanoat standartlari va mijozlar talablariga javob berishini" aytdi. AFRning ta'kidlashicha, xavfsizlik devorlari allaqachon o'z hayotini tugatgan 2016 yilda - markaz ishga tushishidan ikki yil oldin. Gazeta xavfsizlik hisobotini quyidagicha keltiradi: “Asosiy kalitlar xavfsizlik devorlarining orqasida emas. Bu shuni anglatadiki, qurilmalar ichidagi xavfsizlik sozlamalari masofadan turib kirishni aniqlay olmaydi. " Huawei, loyiha "tegishli sanoat standartlariga va mijozning talablariga javob beradi" deb javob berdi.^[101] Papua-Yangi Gvineya hukumati ma'lumotlar markazini "muvaffaqiyatsiz sarmoya" deb atadi va kreditni bekor qilishga urinib ko'rdi.^[102]

2020 yil

2020 yil iyun oyida Frantsiyaning kiberxavfsizlik agentligining rahbari Agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes d 'information, Huawei-ni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri taqiqlamagan holda, aloqa operatorlarini Huawei uskunalarini ishlatmaslikka undashini aytdi.^[103]

2020 yil 28 avgustda Prezident Emmanuel Makron dedi, Frantsiya Xitoy telekom gigantini rasmiy ravishda istisno qilmaydi Huawei uning yaqinlashishi uchun 5G telekommunikatsiya tarmoqlari, ammo xavfsizlik nuqtai nazaridan Evropa provayderlarini afzal ko'rishdi.^[104] Ammo 5G tarmoqlarida ishlatiladigan barcha Huawei komponentlari 2028 yilga kelib Huawei-ga amalda taqiq qo'yilishi bilan tugatilishi kerak edi.^[105]

Xitoy qonunlari talabi

2018 yil dekabrda Germaniyaning rahbari Arne Shonbom Axborot xavfsizligi bo'yicha federal idora (BSI), mamlakatda Huawei o'z uskunalarini Xitoy nomidan josuslik qilish uchun ishlatganligi to'g'risida dalillarni hali ko'rmaganligini ta'kidladi.^[106] O'sha oy, shuningdek, Yaponiya hukumati kelajakda Huawei va ZTE mahsulotlarini sotib olishni to'xtatgan edi.^[107]

Chexiya Respublikasining kiberxavfsizlik agentligi Huawei va ZTE mahsulotlariga qarshi ogohlantirish e'lon qildi, chunki Xitoy qonunchiligi kompaniyalarni "razvedka xizmatlari bilan hamkorlik qilishni talab qiladi, shuning uchun ularni muhim davlat tizimlariga kiritish xavf tug'dirishi mumkin". Huawei o'z mahsulotlariga orqa eshiklarni kiritish shart emasligini va kompaniyaga hech qachon bunday talablar bo'lmaganligini aytib, dalillarni rad etdi. Ko'p o'tmay, bosh vazir Andrey Babish hukumat idoralariga Huawei va ZTE mahsulotlaridan foydalanishni to'xtatishni buyurdi. Biroq, taqiq agentlikning da'volari asossiz deb topilganidan keyin bekor qilindi.^{[108][109][110]}

Huawei foydalanishga topshirildi^[111] Londonda joylashgan yuridik firmaning advokatlari Clifford Chance va Pekindagi "Zhong Lun" yuridik firmasi ushbu ayblovlarda tez-tez keltirilgan ikkita Xitoy qonun loyihalarini ko'rib chiqish uchun (2017 yilgi Milliy razvedka to'g'risidagi qonun va 2014 yilgi josuslikka qarshi qonun). Ular Xitoy qonunchiligida orqa eshiklarni telekommunikatsiya uskunalariga qo'shilishi uchun bunday talab yo'qligi va qonunlar ko'proq aloqa operatorlari tomon yo'naltirilgan, degan xulosaga kelishdi. extraterritorial. Ushbu topilmalar a Simli (jurnal) Chjou Xanxuaning fikri.^[112] Wired-ning xabarlarini kuzatib boring, ushbu topilmalarga shubha tug'dirdi, xususan, Xitoy hukumati milliy xavfsizlik to'g'risida gap ketganda "hukumat qonun aniq belgilab qo'ygan narsalar bilan chegaralanmaydi".^[111]

5G tarmoqlari

Ning to'rt a'zosi Besh ko'z xalqaro razvedka alyansi - Avstraliya, Kanada, Yangi Zelandiya va AQSh - Huawei telekommunikatsion uskunalaridan, ayniqsa, 5G tarmoqlari, "xavfsizlik uchun katta xavf" tug'diradi, shu bilan birga Kanada o'z xavfsizligini tekshirishni amalga oshiradi; faqat Buyuk Britaniya kompaniyaga yangi texnologiyalarni ishga tushirishda ishtirok etishga ruxsat beradi.^[113] 2018 yil noyabr oyi oxirida Yangi Zelandiya razvedka agentligiga signal beradi Hukumat aloqa xavfsizligi byurosi bloklangan telekommunikatsiya kompaniyasi Uchqun rejalashtirilgan 5G yangilanishida Huawei uskunalarini "tarmoq xavfsizligi uchun katta xavf tug'diradi" deb da'vo qilishdan. NZ taqiqlanishi 2018 yil avgust oyida Avstraliyada xuddi shunday taqiqdan keyin.^[114][115]

2018 yil oktyabr oyida, BT guruhi Huawei uskunalarini 5G xizmatlarini o'z ichiga olgan simsiz infratuzilmaning "yadro" qismlaridan (telefon ustunli antennalari kabi qismlardan tashqari) bosqichma-bosqich chiqarib tashlaganligini e'lon qildi;^[116] va shoshilinch xizmatlar tarmog'i loyihasi.^[117]

2018 yil dekabr oyida, Gavin Uilyamson Buyuk Britaniyaning Mudofaa vaziri, Buyuk Britaniyaning xizmatlarini 5G darajasiga ko'tarish uchun texnologiya taqdim etayotgan kompaniya haqida "jiddiy" va "juda chuqur tashvish" bildirdi. U Pekinni "ba'zan yomon xulq-atvorda" harakat qilishda aybladi. Aleks Younger, rahbari MI6, shuningdek, Huawei-ning roli haqida savollar tug'dirdi.^[118]

2019 yil 11 yanvarda Polsha 5G Huawei tarmog'ida ishlaydigan ikki kishi hibsga olinganligini e'lon qildi: Vang Veyzing (Huawei rahbari) va Pyotr Durbaglo, Polshaning ichki xavfsizligi uchun ishlagan, ammo hozirda ishlayotgan maslahatchi apelsin 5G tarmoq sinovlarida.^[119]

2019 yil noyabr oyida Daniyaning Xitoydagi elchisi, yuqori martabali vakillar bilan uchrashuvlarda Faro siyosatchilar, Huawei-ning 5G kengayishini Xitoy savdosi bilan bevosita bog'lashdi Kringvarp Foyya. Ga binoan Berlingske, agar elchi Fareriya telekommunikatsion kompaniyasi Føroya Tele Huawei-ga milliy 5G tarmog'ini qurishga ruxsat bermasa, Farer orollari bilan rejalashtirilgan savdo bitimini bekor qilish bilan tahdid qildi. Huawei uchrashuvlar haqida hech qanday ma'lumotga ega bo'lmaganligini aytdi.^[120]

Maishiy elektronika

2015 yilda Germaniyaning kiberxavfsizlik kompaniyasi G ma'lumotlar Huawei va boshqa bir qator xitoylik ishlab chiqaruvchilar telefonlari qo'ng'iroqlarni yozib olish, foydalanuvchi ma'lumotlariga kirish va yuborish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan qonuniy dasturlarning zararli dasturlari bilan ta'minlangan deb da'vo qilishdi. premium SMS xabarlar. Huawei vakili G Data-ga ushbu buzilishlar ta'minot zanjirining quyi qismida, ishlab chiqarish jarayonidan tashqarida sodir bo'lishi mumkinligini aytdi.^[121]

2018 yil yanvar oyida AQSh hukumatini aloqa to'g'risidagi qonunni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi (AQSh hukumati sub'ektlari tomonidan Huawei va ZTE mahsulotlaridan va uskunalaridan foydalanishni taqiqlovchi) taklifi bilan FCC kompaniyani tekshirishga chaqirdi va hukumatning bosimi bilan AQSh aviakompaniyasi AT & T to'satdan o'z taklifini beradigan kelishuvdan chiqib ketgan edi Mate 10 Pro smartfon, esa Verizon Communications kelajakdagi Huawei mahsulotlarini olib o'tishni rad etgan edi.^[122][123]

2018 yil 14 fevralda AQShning oltita razvedka agentligi rahbarlari guvohlik berishdi Senat Razvedka bo'yicha qo'mitani tanlang Huawei va ZTE kabi AQSh fuqarolari tomonidan Xitoy telekom mahsulotlaridan foydalanishga qarshi. Kristofer A. Ray, FQB direktori, "bizni qadriyatlarni baham ko'rmaydigan chet el hukumatlariga qarashli har qanday kompaniya yoki tashkilotga bizning telekommunikatsiya tarmoqlarimiz ichida hokimiyat mavqeiga ega bo'lishlariga yo'l qo'yib berish xavfi juda xavotirda". Huawei ayblovlarga javoban o'z mahsulotlarini kiberxavfsizlik uchun hech qanday xavf tug'dirmaydi ", deb ta'kidladi. AKT sotuvchisi, biz umumiy global ta'minot zanjirlari va ishlab chiqarish imkoniyatlari bilan o'rtoqlashamiz "va u" AQSh hukumatining AQSh bozoridagi Huawei biznesini inhibe qilishga qaratilgan bir qator faoliyatidan xabardor ".^[124] 2018 yil mart oyida bu haqda xabar berildi Eng yaxshi xarid, mamlakatdagi eng yirik elektronika do'konlari tarmog'i endi Huawei mahsulotlarini sotmaydi.^[125]

2019 yil may oyida a .ga tegishli Huawei Mediapad M5 Kanadalik Yashaydigan IT muhandisi Tayvan hech qachon vakolatga ega bo'lmaganiga qaramay, ma'lumotni Xitoydagi serverlarga yuborayotganligi aniqlandi. Ilovalarni o'chirib bo'lmadi va o'chirilganidan keyin ham maxfiy ma'lumotlarni yuborishda davom etdi.^[126]

Xavfsizlik ekspluatatsiyasi

2012 yil iyul oyida Feliks Lindner va Gregor Kopf Defcon-da konferentsiya o'tkazib, Huawei routerlarida (AR18 va AR29 modellari) bir nechta muhim zaifliklarni aniqladilar.^[127] bu qurilmaga masofaviy kirishni olish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Tadqiqotchilarning ta'kidlashicha, Huawei "zaifliklar haqida xabar berish uchun xavfsizlik aloqasiga ega emas, xavfsizlik bo'yicha tavsiyalar bermaydi va dasturiy ta'minot yangilanishlarida qanday xatolar tuzatilganligini aytmaydi" va natijada bu zaifliklar mavjud emas ommaviy ravishda oshkor qilindi. Huawei ular da'volarni tekshirayotganini aytdi.^[128]

2019 yil yanvar oyida Huawei tomonidan aniqlangan xavfsizlik nuqsoni yamalgan Microsoft noutbuklarida to'plangan "PCManager" dasturida, dasturiy ta'minotga o'xshash xatti-harakatga ega haydovchi ishlatilganligini aniqlagandan so'ng DoublePulsar ekspluatatsiya.^[129]

2019 yil mart oyida Buyuk Britaniyaning Huawei kiber xavfsizligini baholash markazining hukumat tashkiloti Kuzatuv kengashi Huawei dasturiy ta'minotida "jiddiy va tizimli nuqsonlar" va ularning kiberxavfsizlik vakolatlarini topdi va xavfsizlik muammolarini hal qilishda Huawei-ning qobiliyati va vakolatiga shubha tug'dirdi. , garchi ular ushbu kamchiliklar Xitoy hukumatining aralashuvi tufayli yuzaga kelganiga ishonishmasa ham.^[130]

2019 yil oktyabr oyida Jon Vu ismli shaxs Huawei-ning hujjatsiz API-lari haqida batafsil ma'lumot taqdim etdi^[131] bu Huawei mijozlari uchun xavfsizlik xavfini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin (masalan, administrator imtiyozlariga ega dasturlarga Mate 30-ga yangi tizim dasturlarini o'rnatishga ruxsat beradi). Ushbu ruxsatnomalar "LZPlay" ilovasi tomonidan Google ramkasi va xizmatlarini o'rnatish uchun ishlatiladi. Huawei ushbu ilova yoki "LZPlay" saytiga aloqadorligini rad etdi.^[132]

2020 yil fevral oyida, The Wall Street Journal Huawei 2009 yildan beri huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimlari uchun mo'ljallangan orqa eshiklarni yashirincha ekspluatatsiya qilish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lganligi haqida xabar berdi. Ushbu eshik eshiklari antenna va yo'riqnoma kabi tashuvchi qurilmalarda uchraydi. Huawei uskunalari arzonligi sababli butun dunyoda keng qo'llanilmoqda.^[133][134]

AQSh biznesidagi cheklovlar

2018 yil avgust oyida 2019 moliya yili uchun milliy mudofaani avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (NDAA 2019) xavfsizlik nuqtai nazaridan AQSh federal hukumati tomonidan Huawei va ZTE uskunalaridan foydalanishni taqiqlovchi qoidalarni o'z ichiga olgan qonun imzolandi.^[135] Huawei 2019 yil mart oyida ushbu harakat yuzasidan sudga murojaat qildi,^[136] uni konstitutsiyaga zid deb da'vo qilmoqda, chunki u Huawei-ga rad javobini berish imkoniyatini bermasdan maxsus maqsad qilib qo'ygan yoki tegishli jarayon.^[137]

2019 yil 15-may kuni Savdo departamenti Huawei va 70 ta xorijiy sho'ba va "filiallarni" o'z tarkibiga kiritilgan sub'ektlar ro'yxatiga qo'shdi Eksportni boshqarish qoidalari kompaniyani "bila turib va ​​qasddan AQShdan Eronga va hukumatga tovar, texnologiya va xizmatlarni (bank va boshqa moliyaviy xizmatlar) eksport qilish, reeksport qilish, sotish va etkazib berishni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va bilvosita sabab bo'lganligi" uchun ayblangan. Moliya vazirligidan litsenziya olmagan holda Eron Chet el aktivlarini nazorat qilish boshqarmasi (OFAC) "deb nomlangan.^[138] Bu AQSh kompaniyalarining Huawei bilan hukumat litsenziyasiz ish olib borishlarini cheklaydi.^{[139][140][141][142]}

AQShda joylashgan turli kompaniyalar ushbu qoidalarga rioya qilish uchun darhol Huawei bilan o'z bizneslarini muzlatib qo'yishdi,^[143] shu jumladan Google Kelajakdagi qurilmalarni sertifikatlash qobiliyatini va bu uchun yangilanishlarni olib tashlaydi Android operatsion tizimi litsenziyaga ega Google Mobile Services (GMS) kabi Google Play do'koni,^[144][145] shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Broadcom, Intel, Qualcomm, Microsoft, Xilinx^[146] va Western Digital. Nemis chip ishlab chiqaruvchisi Infineon Technologies Huawei bilan o'z biznesini ixtiyoriy ravishda to'xtatib, "baholash" ni kutmoqda.^{[145][147][148]} Ma'lum qilinishicha, Huawei-da sanksiyalardan oldin olingan AQShdan olingan cheklangan "zaxira" mavjud.^[149]

2019 yil 17 mayda Huawei o'z ixtiyori bilan a'zolikni to'xtatdi JEDEC, vaqtinchalik chora sifatida "AQSh hukumati tomonidan o'rnatilgan cheklovlar olib tashlanmaguncha".^[150] Xitoy ommaviy axborot vositalari bilan suhbatda Huawei asoschisi Ren Zhengfei AQSh siyosatchilarini kompaniyaning kuchini past baholashda aybladi va buni " 5G texnologiyalar, boshqalari ikki-uch yil ichida Huawei-ni quvib chiqa olmaydi. Biz idealimiz, dunyo tepasida turishimiz uchun o'zimizni va oilalarimizni qurbon qildik. Ushbu idealga erishish uchun ertami-kechmi AQSh bilan ziddiyat paydo bo'ladi. "^{[151][152][153]}

Xalqaro savdo huquqshunosi va Obama ma'muriyati davrida eksport ma'muriyati bo'yicha tijorat kotibining sobiq yordamchisi Kevin Vulf Huawei hatto undan foydalana olmaydi, deb ta'kidladi. ochiq manba Android Open Source Project (AOSP) kodi, chunki AQSh savdo qoidalariga AQSh kelib chiqishi texnologiyasi tushishi mumkin, chunki Google ko'pchilik ishlab chiqaruvchidir.^[154] Xitoyda Android telefonlarida (shu jumladan Huawei-da) Google Play Store yoki GMS-ni kiritmaslik odatiy holdir, chunki Google mintaqada biznes bilan shug'ullanmaydi. Telefonlar odatda OEMning dasturiy ta'minot to'plami atrofida qurilgan AOSP-ga asoslangan tarqatish bilan ta'minlanadi, shu jumladan OEM tomonidan boshqariladigan birinchi tomon ilovalar do'koni (masalan, Huawei-ning AppGallery) yoki uchinchi tomon xizmati.^{[155][156][157]}

Google mavjud Huawei qurilmalarida foydalanuvchining Google Play-ga kirish huquqi buzilmasligini kafolatlagan bayonot berdi. Huawei mavjud qurilmalarni, shu jumladan xavfsizlik yamoqlarini doimiy ravishda qo'llab-quvvatlashga o'xshash va'da berdi, ammo kelajakdagi Android versiyalarining mavjudligi haqida hech qanday bayonot bermadi (masalan) Android 10 ).^[158][159] 2019 yil 19 mayda Savdo vazirligi Huawei-ga AQSh kompaniyalari bilan mavjud smartfon va telekom mahsulotlarini uzluksiz saqlab turish maqsadida biznesni davom ettirish uchun vaqtinchalik, uch oylik litsenziyani taqdim etdi, shu bilan birga uzoq muddatli echimlar aniqlandi.^{[160][161][162][163]}

2019 yil 22 mayda, Arm Holdings Huawei bilan o'z biznesini, shu jumladan barcha "faol shartnomalar, qo'llab-quvvatlash huquqlari va kutilayotgan shartnomalar" ni to'xtatdi. Garchi u Buyuk Britaniyada joylashgan Yaponiyaga tegishli kompaniya bo'lsa-da, Arm o'zining intellektual mulkida Savdo vazirligi buyrug'i bilan qamrab olingan deb hisoblagan AQShdan kelib chiqqan texnologiyalar mavjudligini ta'kidladi. Bu Huawei-ni ishlatadigan chiplarni ishlab chiqarishiga to'sqinlik qiladi ARM arxitekturasi.^[164] Bundan tashqari, bir nechta Osiyo simsiz aloqa operatorlari, shu jumladan Yaponiya SoftBank va KDDI va Tayvanniki Chunghwa Telecom va Taiwan Mobile, P30 Lite kabi Huawei qurilmalarining sotilishini to'xtatib qo'ygan edi, bunga AQSh sanktsiyalarining Android platformasi mavjudligiga ta'siri bo'yicha noaniqliklarni keltirib chiqardi. NTT docomo shunga o'xshash yangi Huawei telefonlarining oldindan buyurtmalarini hech qanday sabab ko'rsatmasdan to'xtatib qo'ydi.^[165]

2019 yil 23-may kuni SD assotsiatsiyasi Huawei-ni o'z a'zolari ro'yxatidan chiqarib tashlagan edi - bu assotsiatsiyaga a'zoligini bekor qilishni anglatadi.^[166] Xuddi shu kuni, Toshiba Huawei-ga AQSh tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan komponentlar yoki texnologiyalarni sotish yoki sotmasligini aniqlashda vaqtinchalik chora sifatida Huawei-ga etkazib berishni qisqa vaqt ichida to'xtatib qo'ydi.^[167] Panasonic shuningdek, o'z ishbilarmonlik munosabatlarini AQSh qonunlariga muvofiqligini aniqlaganligini va uni to'xtatmasligini bildirdi.^[168] Ertasi kuni Wi-Fi alyansi Huawei-ga a'zolikni "vaqtincha cheklab qo'ydi".^[150][169]

2019 yil 24-may kuni Huawei xabar berdi Reuters bu FedEx Yaponiyadan yuborilgan va Xitoyning Huawei kompaniyasiga yuborilgan ikkita paketni Qo'shma Shtatlarga yo'naltirishga urinib ko'rdi va Vyetnamdan Osiyodagi boshqa joylarga Huawei ofislariga yuborilgan yana ikkita paketni yuborishga harakat qildi, ularning hammasi ularning ruxsatisiz. Avvaliga FedEx China "OAV xabarlari haqiqat emas" deb da'vo qildi. Ammo 28 may kuni ular o'zlarining Xitoy ijtimoiy tarmoqlaridagi akkauntlarida "Huawei-ning ozgina miqdordagi etkazib berilishi buzilganligi" uchun uzr so'rashdi va "FedEx-dan ushbu yuklarni jo'natishni talab qiladigan tashqi tomonlar yo'q" deb da'vo qilishdi.^{[170][171][172]}

On 29 May 2019, it was reported that Huawei was once again listed as member of JEDEC, the SD Association, and Wi-Fi Alliance.^[173] In addition, while the science organization IEEE had initially banned Huawei employees from peer-reviewing papers or handling papers as editors on May 30, 2019, citing legal concerns, that ban was also revoked on June 3, 2019.^[174]

On 31 May 2019, it was reported that Huawei had temporarily stopped its smartphone production lines.^[175] On 17 June 2019, it was reported that Huawei was preparing for a sales drop of US$30 Billion, selling 40 million to 60 million smartphones less than last year in overseas markets.^[176][177]

On 29 June 2019 at the G20 sammiti, Trump and Xitoy prezidenti va bosh kotib Si Tszinpin agreed to resume trade negotiations. Trump made statements implicating plans to ease the restrictions on U.S. companies doing business with Huawei, explaining that they had sold a "tremendous amount of products" to the company, that they "were not exactly happy that they couldn't sell", and that he was referring to "equipment where there's no great national security problem with it." BBC yangiliklari considered this move to be a "significant concession".^{[178][179][180]}

On 25 October 2019, Arm Holdings stated that it would continue to allow Huawei to license its technology, as it determined that its recent architectures were sufficiently considered to be of British origin and not subject to the sanctions.^[181]

On 15 May 2020, the U.S. Department of Commerce extended its export restrictions to bar Huawei from producing semiconductors derived from technology or software of U.S. origin, even if the manufacturing is performed overseas.^{[182][183][184]}

Replacement operating systems

During the sanctions, it was noted that Huawei had been working on its own in-house operating system codenamed "HongMeng OS ": in an interview with Die Welt, executive Richard Yu stated that an in-house OS could be used as a "plan B" if it were prevented from using Android or Windows as the result of U.S. action, but that he would "prefer to work with the ecosystems of Google and Microsoft". Efforts to develop an in-house OS at Huawei date back as far as 2012.^{[185][186][187]} Huawei filed trademarks for the names "Ark", "Ark OS", and "Harmony" in Europe, which were speculated to be connected to this OS.^[188][189]

In June 2019, Huawei communications VP Andrew Williamson told Reuters that the company was testing HongMeng in China, and that it could be ready "in months". However, in July 2019, chairman Liang Xua and senior vice president Catherine Chen stated that Hongmeng OS was not actually intended as a mobile operating system for smartphones, and was actually an o'rnatilgan operatsion tizim uchun mo'ljallangan Internetdagi narsalar (IoT) hardware.^{[190][191][192]}

On 19 August 2019, the BIS added 46 "non-U.S. affiliates of Huawei to the Entity List because they also pose a significant risk of involvement in activities contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States."^[193]

In September 2019, Huawei began offering the Chinese Linux distribution Deepin as an optional pre-loaded operating system on selected Matebook models in China, as an alternative to Windows.^[194]

Support for Huawei from business partners

In September 2019, Microsoft's top lawyer and president Bred Smit expressed concern about the continued US ban of Huawei products and services. Bilan intervyuda Bloomberg Businessweek, he remarked that the ban shouldn't be imposed without a "sound basis in fact, logic, and the rule of law". Microsoft korporatsiyasi, etkazib beradigan narsalar Windows 10 for Huawei PCs, says the allegations by the Tramp ma'muriyati that Huawei is a genuine national security threat to the US are not supported by any evidence.^[195]

Inson huquqlarining buzilishi

Huawei has been alleged to play a role in the Chinese government's persecution of the Uyg'ur aholi Shinjon^[196] and other ethnic and religious groups.^[4][197] It is also alleged to have forced labour by Uyghurs in its supply chain.^[198][5]

On 15 June, 2020, US Secretary of State Mayk Pompeo announced that the country will impose VISA restrictions on Huawei employees as the Chinese company Huawei, provides material support to the Chinese government in carrying human rights abuses.^[199]

Opaque ownership

Huawei claims to be a privately held, employee-owned company: founder Ren Zhengfei retains approximately 1 percent of the shares of Huawei's holding company, Huawei Investment & Holding, with the remainder of the shares held by a trade union committee that also provides services for its staff. This is also due to a limitation in Chinese law preventing limited liability companies from having more than 50 shareholders (the employees' interest is treated as a single share via the union).^[145][200] Although employee shareholders receive dividends, their shares do not entitle them to any direct influence in management decisions. Ren has the power to veto any decision made by the board of directors.^[201]

A 2019 research paper published by Donald Clarke of Jorj Vashington universiteti and Christopher Balding of Fulbright University Vietnam accused Huawei of being "effectively state-owned" due to this structure "if the trade union and its committee function as trade unions generally function in China" (being required to be associated with a labor federation tied to the Communist Party). They also claimed that the arrangement was only a foyda taqsimoti arrangement and not actual ownership. Chief secretary of the board Jiang Xisheng disputed the paper, stating that its authors had "an incomplete understanding of Huawei's corporate policies and a limited knowledge of its ownership structure". Spalding defended the research, telling Nikkei that "believing Huawei would defy Beijing defies credibility. With the Communist Party actively overseeing and enforcing regulations and state interests abroad, it simply does not match the facts of Chinese interest in promoting companies and interests abroad that Huawei could refuse to assist if asked."^{[200][202][201]}

Some Huawei employees initiated legal challenges against the company regarding the employee stock for the year 2003 on a Chinese court, however both the Shenzhen city Oraliq xalq sudi and the Guangdong province Oliy xalq sudi ruled that their stock ownership are for reference only and there are no legal basis to employees' claims on their ownership of Huawei's stock.^[203]

On 7 October 2020, the U.K. Parliament's Defence Committee released a report claiming that there was evidence of collusion between Huawei and Chinese state and the Chinese Communist Party. The U.K. Parliament's Defence Committee said that the conclusion was evidenced by Huawei's ownership model and government subsidies it had received.^[204]

Treatment of workforce and customers

A AQSh armiyasi Strategic Studies Institute report on Argentina published in September 2007 describes Huawei as "known to bribe and trap clients". The report details unfair business practices, such as customers framed by "full-paid trips" to China and monetary "presents" offered and later used by Huawei as "a form of extortion".^[205]

A WikiLeaks cable, in 2006, Michael Joseph, then-CEO of Safaricom Ltd, allegedly struggled to cancel a contract with Huawei due to poor after-sales experience, after which the Kenyan government pressured him to reinstate the contract.^[206] When questioned regarding this incident, Joseph replied, "It [the cable] is not a reflection of the truth as evidenced by Safaricom being a major purchaser of Huawei products including all 3G, switching and the recent OCS billing system upgraded over the weekend."^[207]

In May 2010, it was reported in The Times of India, that security agencies in India became suspicious of Chinese Huawei employees after learning that Indian employees allegedly did not have access to part of Huawei's Bangalor research and development (R&D) office building.^[208] Huawei responded that the company employs over 2,000 Indian engineers and just 30 Chinese engineers in the R&D center in Bangalore, and "both Indian and Chinese staff have equal access rights to all our information assets and facilities".^[209] Ga binoan The Times of India, the intelligence agencies also noted that Chinese employees of Huawei had extended their stay in Bangalore for many months.^[208] Huawei stated that many of these employees were on one-and-a-half-year international assignments to serve as a technical bridge between in-market teams and China, and that "all the Chinese employees had valid visas and did not overstay".^[210]

In October 2007, 7,000 Huawei employees resigned and were then rehired on short-term contracts, thereby apparently avoiding the unlimited contract provisions of the Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China. The company denied it was exploiting loopholes in the law, while the move was condemned by local government and trade unions.^[211][212]

Huawei's treatment of its workforce in Guandun, Southern China also triggered a media outcry after a 25-year-old software engineer, Hu Xinyu, died in May 2006 from bacterial ensefalit, as a result of what is believed^{[kim tomonidan? ]} to have been work-related fatigue.^[213][214]

In its 2010 Corporate Social Responsibility report, Huawei highlighted the importance of employee sog'liq va xavfsizlik. In 2010, Huawei provided annual health checks to all full-time employees and performed 3,200 checks to employees exposed to occupational health risks.^[215][216]

In early 2018, Li Hongyuan was urged to resign by Huawei's HR in Shenchjen. Li asked for compensation based on the Labor Law of China. In late 2018, Huawei's HR transferred 300,000 yuan to Li via a personal account. Then Huawei reported to the police for racketeering and blackmailing because Huawei asserted that Li threatened to "report business fraud" as a condition of resignation. The police then detained Li on 16 December 2018 and arrested him on 22 January 2019. According to a secret recording tape provided by Li's wife, the two-hour negotiation between Li and Huawei's HR did not mention any Huawei's allegations. Li was released after 251 days in prison.^[217] 2019 yil dekabrda, Guardian reported that police are commonly deployed against former employees, thereby raising questions on Huawei's links to the state. Reports and trending hashtags about the detentions have been censored in China, and the Xitoy Kommunistik Yoshlar Ligasi posted an article online da'vo qilish bu Gonkongdagi namoyishchilar had passed information about Li's case to destabilise China after Guardian reported the case.^[218]

State subsidy and dumping

According to a report, Huawei have been working closely with the Xitoy taraqqiyot banki in foreign markets since 2004.^{[219][220][221]}

Huawei has been reported to be a key recipient of Chinese state subsidies, having acquired land for facilities and employee housing at significantly below-market prices, receiving state grants for its R&D activities and being a key recipient of export financing with state loans being granted to overseas customers to fund their purchases of Huawei equipment.^[222] The Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi has claimed that it is in possession of unreleased evidence that confirms that Huawei has been funded by China's military and intelligence agencies.^[223][224]

In year 2011, the U.S. Export-Import Bank President Fred Xochberg alleged the China Development Bank credit as one of the main reason behind Huawei's rapid growth, however Huawei rejected the claim as "fundamentally incorrect" despite admitting the existence of those credits.^[225]

In 2012, Huawei president Ren Zhengfei have stated that, "without government protection, Huawei would no longer be alive."^[226]

In 2013, European Union found that Huawei and ZTE have violated EU's anti-dumping and anti-subsidy guidelines, however Huawei denied the finding and claim they are always playing fairly.^[227]

In 2016, The Indian government found that Chinese telecommunication equipment makers including Huawei have been continually dumping equipment into the Indian market and causing injury to local companies. As a result, the Indian government applied an anti-dumping duty to equipment imported from Chinese equipment makers, including Huawei. The duties applied to Huawei were levied at a rate of 37.73%.^[228]

Alleged violation of economic sanctions and technology theft

Eron

On 25 October 2012, the Reuters news agency published a report, based on documents and interviews, alleging an Iranian-based seller of Huawei (Soda Gostar Persian Vista) tried to sell embargoed American antenna equipment (made by American company Andrew LLC) to an Iranian firm (MTN Irancell ). Specifically, the Andrew antennas were part of a large order for Huawei telecommunications gear that MTN Irancell had placed through Soda Gostar, but the MTN Irancell says it cancelled the deal with Huawei when it learned the items were subject to sanctions and before any equipment was delivered.^[229] Vic Guyang, a Huawei spokesman, acknowledged that MTN Irancell had cancelled the order; Rick Aspan, a spokesman for CommScope, said the company was not aware of the aborted transaction.^[229]

2012 yil dekabr oyida, Reuters reported the "deep links" existed as early as 2010 between Huawei through Men Vanchjou (o'sha paytda kim edi Moliya direktori firmasi) va Skycom nomli Eron telekom importi. At least 1.3 million Euros worth of embargoed Hewlett-Packard computer equipment was sold to "Iran's largest mobile-phone operator in late 2010". The next month, Reuters detailed more Huawei behaviour, including direct governance by Meng of Skycom.^[230] Ayni paytda, US had long-standing sanctions on Iran, including against the importation of US technology goods into Iran. At some point in 2018, the US Attorney-General filed charges in court against Huawei and, in particular, Meng.

In April 2018, it was reported that the AQSh Adliya vazirligi had joined the U.S. Treasury Department's Chet el aktivlarini nazorat qilish boshqarmasi, or OFAC, and the Savdo departamenti, to investigate possible violations of iqtisodiy sanktsiyalar by Huawei for its provision of equipment in Iran, North Korea, Syria, and Venezuela. The U.S. inquiry stems from an earlier sanctions-violation probe that ultimately led to penalties against ZTE.^[231]

On 1 December 2018, Huawei vice-chairwoman and CFO Men Vanchjou,^[232] daughter of company founder Ren Zhengfei, was arrested in Canada at the request of U.S. authorities. She faces extradition to the United States on charges of violating Eronga qarshi sanktsiyalar.^[233] 22 August 2018 arrest warrant was issued by the Nyu-Yorkning Sharqiy okrugi uchun AQSh tuman sudi.^[234]Meng is "charged with conspiracy to defraud multiple international institutions", according to the prosecutor.^[235] The warrant was based on allegations of a conspiracy to defraud banks which were clearing money that was claimed to be for Huawei, but was actually for Skycom, an entity claimed to be entirely controlled by Huawei, which was said to be dealing in Iran, contrary to sanctions. None of the allegations have been proven in court.^[236] On 11 December 2018, Men Vanchjou was released on bail.^[237]

On 28 January 2019, U.S. federal prosecutors formally indicted Meng Wanzhou and Huawei with thirteen counts of bank and wire fraud, obstruction of justice, and misappropriating trade secrets.^[238][239] Departament, shu kuni Kanada hukumatiga Menni ekstraditsiya qilish to'g'risida rasmiy so'rov yubordi. Huawei responded to the charges and that it "denies that it or its subsidiary or affiliate have committed any of the asserted violations", as well as asserted Meng was similarly innocent. Xitoy sanoat va axborot texnologiyalari vazirligi AQSh tomonidan ilgari surilgan ayblovlarni "adolatsiz" deb hisobladi.^[240]

In May 2019, Chinese authorities arrested Canadian former diplomat Maykl Kovrig va maslahatchi Michael Spavor josuslik ayblovlari bilan.^[241][242] This was widely seen as a retaliatory move from the Chinese authorities, and other subsequent arrests were also questioned.^[243] These arrests have been viewed as garovga olingan diplomatiya,^[244] as has the subsequent arrest of Australian Yang Hengjun.^{[245][246][247]}

In November 2019, Huawei announced that it will pay RMB 2 billion (US$286 million) in bonuses to its staff, and double their October salaries, as a reward for their efforts to counter the effect of recent U.S. trade sanctions on their supply chain.^[248]

"Canada is not the only one grappling with the Gordian knot of national security, global alliance and competitive market issues that Huawei represents," wrote the Moliyaviy post in December 2019, noting that Australia and New Zealand have banned Huawei equipment, Britain is weighing its options, and the situation in the United States is "complicated".^[249]

On 27 May 2020, Meng lost her bid for freedom in the Miloddan avvalgi Oliy sud ning Heather Holmes. She remained held in Vancouver on the extradition matter while her file was processed. Miloddan avvalgi Supreme Court judge ruling that extradition proceedings against the Huawei executive should proceed, denying the claim of ikki tomonlama jinoyatchilik Mengning mudofaa jamoasi tomonidan olib kelingan.^[250] It was noted that Meng could appeal to the Kanada Oliy sudi and then finally to the Adliya vaziri.^[251][252]

In June 2020, it came to light that more paper trail existed between Meng and Skycom, the Iranian importer of sanctioned US technology. The paper trail purported to show how Meng attempted to insulate Huawei and herself by fig-leaf from clearly violating the sanctions regime. The charges against Meng include that she met the deputy head at HSBC of global banking for the Asia-Pacific region and that she made "numerous misrepresentations regarding Huawei's ownership and control of Skycom."^[230]

Iroq

According to a report by Iraqi officials Huawei supplied "optic fibre and switching equipment" to the Iraqi military in 2001–2002 during the Baatist period when the country was ruled by Saddam Xuseyn, this was in violation of sanctions imposed by the United Nation on Iraq in 1991.^[253] Huawei denied the claims.^[253]

Suriya

In 2019, Reuters reported that Huawei was linked to a suspicious front company in Mauritius which has conducted operations in Syria - despite Huawei's claim that they are unrelated.^[254]

Toliblar

Qarang #Taliban_2 Bo'lim.

Shimoliy Koreya

2019 yilda, Vashington Post reported that Huawei was linked to a suspicious Chinese state-owned firm which has conducted operations in Shimoliy Koreya.^[255]

Link to surveillance program

Xitoy

Huawei have been reported as one of the key suppliers for China's Xitoyning buyuk xavfsizlik devori internet censorship program.^[256][257] Huawei is also reported to have worked closely with the Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi to enable surveillance of Uyg'urlar yilda Shinjon.^[258] In 2018, Huawei signed an agreement with the Xinjiang jamoat xavfsizligi byurosi for the creation of an "intelligent security industry" hub.^[259]

Eron

2011 yil oktyabr oyida, The Wall Street Journal reported that Huawei had become Iran's leading provider of telecommunications equipment, including monitoring technologies that could be used for surveillance.^[260] Huawei responded with a statement claiming the story misrepresented the company's involvement: "We have never been involved and do not provide any services relating to monitoring or filtering technologies and equipment anywhere in the world".^[261]

Rossiya

According to report, Russian telecom equipment manufacturer Bulat was in talk with Huawei to acquire technology to store user data when they are using the network.^[262]

Toliblar

In 2001, it was alleged that Huawei Technologies India had developed telecommunications surveillance equipment for the Taliban in Afghanistan, and newspapers reported that the Indian government had launched a probe into the firm's operations.^[263][264] Huawei responded, stating that the company did not have "any link with the Taliban", as its only customers are telecommunications carriers^[265] and its facilities "always operate according to U.N. rules and the local laws of each country".^[266] On 15 December 2001, the Indian authorities announced that they had not found any evidence that Huawei India had any connection to the Taliban,^[267] although the U.S. remains suspicious.^[268]

Misleading marketing

Benchmark cheating

2018 yil sentyabr oyida, AnandTech reported that recent Huawei and Honor phones, including the Huawei P20 and Honor Play, had been configured to activate a high-performance mode when certain benchmarking software was detected, causing increased frame rates at the expense of efficiency and battery life. A Huawei executive admitted that the company was attempting to compete with domestic vendors, including one it accused of providing "unrealistic" scores. However, he also expressed an opinion that manufacturers should evaluate their phones on benchmarks that more accurately reflect real-world use, and that the company would vet its benchmark scores via third-parties before publishing them as promotional material.^[269]

After confirming the behavior with a version of its software that could not be easily detected, 3DMark delisted scores for several Huawei and Honor devices from its database.^[270] Huawei subsequently announced that it would add a "Performance Mode" feature to its EMUI 9 software, allowing users to enable this state on-demand to improve performance of apps such as games.^[271][272]

Kameralar

On several occasions, Huawei has issued promotional materials promoting the camera capabilities on its smartphones, that were later found to have actually used professional DSLR cameras instead. In 2015, Huawei posted a promotional photo on Google+ xususiyatli Ella Vudvord bathed in a quyosh chiqishi, asking readers to share their own photos of the sunrise taken with the Huawei P9 —as aided by its low-light capabilities. It was pointed out that Exif metadata on the photo identified it as having been taken with a Canon EOS 5D Mark III, and the wording and intent of the post could potentially mislead readers into believing that the photo itself was also taken with a P9. Huawei pulled the post and apologized, stating that it was meant to "inspire our community", and that the caption should have been more clear.^[273][274]

In 2018, behind-the-scenes photos from the filming of a Nova 3 commercial by Huawei's Egyptian branch revealed that a DSLR had been used for certain scenes, implied to have been taken with the phone itself during the commercial. An actor was seen miming the taking of a selfi, without actually having a phone in his hand. It is not explicitly disclaimed in the ad.^{[275][276][277][278]}

In its promotion of the Huawei P30, the company was caught using aksiyalar fotosuratlari on promotional posts for the device on Sina Veybo. The posts were later amended with nozik bosma stating that they were for "reference" purposes only.^[279][280]

A new AI mode on the P30 is designed for taking photos of the Oy, and states that it can "adequately capture the beauty of the moon along with fine details like moonbeams and shadows". However, it was later discovered that this mode merely composes existing imagery of the moon into the photo.^[281][282]

Milliy siyosat

Xitoy

Huawei Mate 10 Islamic feature dispute

In November 2017, Chinese users discovered the Saloh (Islamic prayer) notification feature in Huawei Mate 10 phone, on the company's website for Mainland China. It was viewed as an unjustified promotion of Islam given that Muslims are a minority religious group in Mainland China that make up only about 1–2% of the population. Significant backlash has formed on the Chinese internet and some have even tried to boycott Huawei phones for including such feature, and make fun of the phone by calling it "the first phone with a Halal prayer feature" and describe the event as the "Islamic conversion of Huawei".^{[283][284][285][286]}

Later, Huawei published an official statement via Sina Veybo,^[287] stating that the feature was only a personalized notification service designed for "certain overseas regions" that was not available in China. Netizens questioned why promotion of that feature was available on the company's Chinese website in the first place if that was not the intended area but those comments were deleted before getting any response. A Taoist priest commented that the mosque-finding service on the device was also available in mainland China, inconsistent with the official explanation about these religious features.^[288] After Huawei published the official statement, many news reports and discussions made on Chinese online media or Chinese discussion platforms were made inaccessible or removed from the internet.^{[289][290][291]}

Chou Tzu-yu Republic of China flag incident

In January 2016, people found out that Chou Tzu-yu, a Taiwanese artist performing in South Korea and endorsed the Huawei Y6 in advertisement beforehand, was displaying the flag of Xitoy Respublikasi in a Korean entertainment show and accused the artist's behavior as supporting Taiwanese independence. As a response to the discovery, Huawei announced on the official forum that the arrangement was decided by their South Korean carrier partner LG U + and they have already told LG U+ to terminate their cooperation with Chou Tzu-yu and her agency company.^[292][293] However LG U+ rejected the statement and claim their contract with the artist are still valid despite disputes.^[294][295] Chinese netizens have called for boycotting Huawei phones as a form of protest.^[296]

P-series phones listing Taiwan as a separate country

In August 2019 Chinese netizens criticized Huawei because their P-series phones listed Taiwan as a separate country when set to use an'anaviy xitoy belgilar.^[297] Chinese netizens called for a boycott of Huawei using the Weibo hashtag #HuaweiGetoutofChina (华为滚出中国) and accused the company of supporting separatism.^[298]

Shuningdek qarang

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