Internetdagi narsalar - Internet of things

The Internetdagi narsalar (IoT) boshqa qurilmalar va tizimlar bilan ma'lumotlarni ulash va almashish maqsadida datchiklar, dasturiy ta'minot va boshqa texnologiyalar bilan o'rnatilgan jismoniy narsalar tarmog'ini - "narsalar" ni tasvirlaydi Internet.^[1][2][3][4]

Narsalar Internetining ta'rifi real vaqt rejimida ko'plab texnologiyalarning yaqinlashishi tufayli rivojlandi tahlil, mashinada o'rganish, tovar sensorlar va o'rnatilgan tizimlar.^[1] Ning an'anaviy maydonlari o'rnatilgan tizimlar, simsiz sensorli tarmoqlar, boshqaruv tizimlari, avtomatlashtirish (shu jumladan uy va binolarni avtomatlashtirish ) va boshqalarning barchasi narsalarning Internetini yoqishga yordam beradi.^[5] Iste'mol bozorida IoT texnologiyasi eng ko'p "" tushunchasiga tegishli mahsulotlar bilan sinonim hisoblanadi.aqlli uy ", shu jumladan qurilmalar va texnika (masalan, yoritish moslamalari, termostatlar, uy xavfsizlik tizimlari bir yoki bir nechta umumiy ekotizimni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan va ushbu ekotizim bilan bog'liq bo'lgan qurilmalar orqali boshqarilishi mumkin bo'lgan kameralar va boshqa maishiy texnika). smartfonlar va aqlli karnaylar.

IOT o'sishining xavfliligi, ayniqsa, mintaqalarda bir qator jiddiy xavotirlar mavjud maxfiylik va xavfsizlik va natijada sanoat va hukumat tomonidan ushbu muammolarni hal qilishga qaratilgan harakatlar, shu jumladan xalqaro standartlarni ishlab chiqish boshlandi.

Tarix

Tarmoqning asosiy tushunchasi aqlli qurilmalar 1982 yilda o'zgartirilgan holda muhokama qilingan Coca Cola savdo avtomati da Karnegi Mellon universiteti Internetga ulangan birinchi uskunaga aylanib,^[6] uning inventarizatsiyasi va yangi yuklangan ichimliklar sovuqmi yoki yo'qmi haqida xabar berishga qodir.^[7] Mark Vayzer 1991 yilgi qog'oz hamma joyda hisoblash, "XXI asr kompyuteri", shuningdek UbiComp va PerCom kabi akademik joylar IOTning zamonaviy ko'rinishini yaratdi.^[8][9] 1994 yilda Rza Raji ushbu kontseptsiyani tasvirlab berdi IEEE Spektri "maishiy texnikadan tortib to butun fabrikalarga qadar bo'lgan narsalarni birlashtirish va avtomatlashtirish uchun" [ko'chirish] ma'lumotlar to'plamini katta tugunlar to'plamiga ko'chirish ”.^[10] 1993-1997 yillarda bir nechta kompaniyalar o'xshash echimlarni taklif qilishdi Microsoft "s ishda yoki Novell "s NEST. Qachon maydon tezlashdi Bill Joy nazarda tutilgan qurilmadan qurilmaga 1999 yilda Davosda bo'lib o'tgan Butunjahon iqtisodiy forumida taqdim etilgan "Olti veb" tizimining bir qismi sifatida aloqa.^[11]

"Internet narsalar" atamasi tomonidan yaratilgan Kevin Eshton ning Procter & Gamble, keyinroq MIT "s Avtomatik identifikatsiya qilish markazi, 1999 yilda,^[12] garchi u "Internet uchun narsalar ".^[13] O'sha paytda u ko'rib chiqdi radiochastota identifikatsiyasi (RFID) narsalar uchun Internet uchun zarur bo'lgan,^[14] bu kompyuterlarga barcha individual narsalarni boshqarish imkoniyatini beradi.^[15][16][17]

Narsalar Internetini "odamlarga qaraganda ko'proq" narsalar yoki narsalar "Internetga ulangan vaqt nuqtasi" deb ta'riflash, Cisco tizimlari IOT 2008-2009 yillarda "tug'ilgan" deb taxmin qildi, bu narsa / odamlarning nisbati 2003 yildagi 0,08 dan 2010 yilda 1,84 ga o'sdi.^[18]

Ilovalar

IOT qurilmalari uchun keng dasturlar to'plami^[19] ko'pincha iste'mol, savdo, sanoat va infratuzilma maydonlariga bo'linadi.^[20][21]

Iste'molchilar uchun arizalar

IOT qurilmalarining o'sib borayotgan qismi iste'molchilar, shu jumladan ulangan transport vositalari uchun foydalanish uchun yaratilgan, uy avtomatizatsiyasi, kiyiladigan texnologiya, ulangan sog'liqni saqlash va masofadan nazorat qilish qobiliyatiga ega qurilmalar.^[22]

Aqlli uy

IOT qurilmalari bu katta tushunchaning bir qismidir uy avtomatizatsiyasi yorug'lik, isitish va konditsioner, ommaviy axborot vositalari va xavfsizlik tizimlari va kamera tizimlarini o'z ichiga olishi mumkin.^[23][24] Uzoq muddatli imtiyozlar chiroqlarni va elektronikani avtomatik ravishda o'chirishni ta'minlash yoki uy aholisidan foydalanish to'g'risida xabardor qilish orqali energiya tejashni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin.^[25]

Aqlli uy yoki avtomatlashtirilgan uy aqlli qurilmalar va jihozlarni boshqaradigan platforma yoki uyalarga asoslangan bo'lishi mumkin.^[26] Masalan, foydalanish olma "s HomeKit, ishlab chiqaruvchilar o'zlarining uy mahsulotlari va aksessuarlarini dastur tomonidan boshqarilishi mumkin iOS kabi qurilmalar iPhone va Apple Watch.^[27][28] Bu maxsus dastur yoki iOS kabi mahalliy dasturlar bo'lishi mumkin Siri.^[29] Buni Lenovoning Smart Home Essentials misolida ko'rsatish mumkin, bu Wi-Fi ko'prigiga ehtiyoj sezmasdan Apple Home App yoki Siri orqali boshqariladigan aqlli uy qurilmalari qatori.^[29] Shuningdek, turli xil aqlli uy mahsulotlarini ulash uchun mustaqil platformalar sifatida taqdim etiladigan aqlli uy markazlari mavjud va ular orasida quyidagilar mavjud Amazon Echo, Google Home, Olmalar HomePod, va Samsungniki SmartThings uyasi.^[30] Tijorat tizimlaridan tashqari, ko'pgina mulkiy bo'lmagan, ochiq manbali ekotizimlar mavjud; Home Assistant, OpenHAB va Domoticz, shu jumladan.^[31][32]

Keksalarga g'amxo'rlik

Aqlli uyning muhim dasturlaridan biri bu ta'minlashdir nogironlar va keksa odamlarga yordam. Ushbu uy tizimlari egasining o'ziga xos nogironligini ta'minlash uchun yordamchi texnologiyadan foydalanadi.^[33] Ovozni boshqarish ogohlantirish tizimlari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ulanishi mumkin bo'lgan paytda foydalanuvchilarga ko'rish va harakatlanish cheklovlarida yordam berishi mumkin koklear implantatlar eshitish qobiliyati past foydalanuvchilar tomonidan kiyiladi.^[34] Ular qo'shimcha xavfsizlik funktsiyalari bilan jihozlanishi mumkin. Ushbu xususiyatlar tibbiy favqulodda vaziyatlarni, masalan, qulash yoki tutilishlarni kuzatuvchi sensorlarni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin.^[35] Shu tarzda qo'llaniladigan aqlli uy texnologiyasi foydalanuvchilarga ko'proq erkinlik va yuqori hayot sifatini ta'minlashi mumkin.^[33]

"Enterprise IoT" atamasi biznes va korporativ sharoitlarda ishlatiladigan qurilmalarni anglatadi. 2019 yilga kelib, EIoT 9,1 milliard qurilmani tashkil qilishi taxmin qilinmoqda.^[20]

Tashkiliy dasturlar

Tibbiy va sog'liqni saqlash

The Tibbiy narsalar Internet (IoMT) tibbiyot va sog'liqni saqlash bilan bog'liq bo'lgan ma'lumotni yig'ish va tadqiq qilish uchun ma'lumotlarni yig'ish va tahlil qilish uchun IOT dasturidir.^{[36][37][38][39][40]} IoMT "Smart Healthcare" deb nomlangan,^[41] mavjud tibbiy resurslar va sog'liqni saqlash xizmatlarini birlashtirgan raqamli sog'liqni saqlash tizimini yaratish texnologiyasi sifatida.^{[iqtibos kerak ][42]}

IOT qurilmalarini yoqish uchun ishlatish mumkin masofaviy sog'liqni saqlash monitoringi va favqulodda holatlarda xabar berish tizimlari. Ushbu sog'liqni nazorat qilish moslamalari qon bosimi va yurak urish tezligi monitorlaridan tortib, yurak stimulyatori, Fitbit elektron bilaguzuklari yoki ilg'or eshitish apparatlari kabi ixtisoslashtirilgan implantlarni kuzatishga qodir bo'lgan zamonaviy qurilmalarga qadar bo'lishi mumkin.^[43] Ba'zi shifoxonalar qachon ishg'ol qilinganligini va bemor o'rnidan turmoqchi bo'lgan vaqtni aniqlaydigan "aqlli ko'rpa" larni joriy etishni boshladi. Shuningdek, u hamshiralarning qo'l bilan o'zaro ta'sirisiz bemorga tegishli bosim va yordam qo'llanilishini ta'minlash uchun o'zini sozlashi mumkin.^[36] 2015 yilgi Goldman Sachs hisobotida sog'liqni saqlashga mo'ljallangan IoT qurilmalari "daromadlarni oshirish va xarajatlarni pasaytirish orqali Qo'shma Shtatlarning sog'liqni saqlashga yillik xarajatlarini 300 milliard dollardan ko'proq tejashga qodir".^[44] Bundan tashqari, tibbiy kuzatuvni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun mobil qurilmalardan foydalanish "m-salomatlik" ni yaratishga olib keldi, tahlil qilingan sog'liqni saqlash statistikasi. "^[45]

Keksa odamlarning sog'lig'i va umumiy farovonligini nazorat qilish uchun yashash joylarida ixtisoslashgan sensorlar ham jihozlanishi mumkin, shu bilan birga tegishli davolanish ta'minlanadi va odamlarga terapiya orqali yo'qolgan harakatchanligini tiklashga yordam beradi.^[46] Ushbu datchiklar aqlli sensorlar tarmog'ini yaratadi, ular qimmatli ma'lumotlarni to'plash, qayta ishlash, uzatish va har xil muhitda tahlil qilish imkoniyatiga ega, masalan, uy sharoitida kuzatuv moslamalarini kasalxonalarga asoslangan tizimlarga ulash.^[41] Sog'lom hayotni rag'batlantirish uchun boshqa iste'molchi qurilmalar, masalan, ulangan tarozilar yoki kiyiladigan yurak monitorlari, shuningdek, IoT bilan imkoniyat mavjud.^[47] Endotal va surunkali bemorlar uchun sog'liqni nazorat qilishning IoT platformalari ham mavjud bo'lib, ular sog'liqni saqlash vitallarini boshqarishda yordam beradi va takroriy dori-darmonlarga bo'lgan ehtiyojni qondiradi.^[48]

Plastmassa va mato elektronikasini ishlab chiqarish usullarining yutuqlari o'ta arzon narxlardagi IoMT datchiklarini ishlatish va tashlab yuborishga imkon berdi. Kerakli RFID elektroniği bilan bir qatorda ushbu sensorlar ishlab chiqarilishi mumkin qog'oz yoki elektron to'qimachilik simsiz ishlaydigan bir martalik sezgir qurilmalar uchun.^[49] Uchun arizalar tuzildi tibbiy yordam diagnostikasi, bu erda portativlik va tizimning past murakkabligi juda muhimdir.^[50]

2018 yildan boshlab^[yangilash] IoMT nafaqat klinik laboratoriya sanoat,^[38] sog'liqni saqlash va tibbiy sug'urta sohalarida ham. Sog'liqni saqlash sohasidagi IoMT endi shifokorlar, bemorlar va boshqalarga, masalan, bemorlar, hamshiralar, oilalar va boshqa shu kabi shaxslarning vasiylari tizimning bir qismi bo'lishiga ruxsat bermoqda, bu erda bemorlarning yozuvlari ma'lumotlar bazasida saqlanib, shifokorlar va qolganlarga ruxsat beriladi. tibbiy xodimlar bemorlar haqidagi ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lishlari uchun.^[51] Bundan tashqari, IOT asosidagi tizimlar bemorga yo'naltirilgan bo'lib, u bemorning tibbiy sharoitlariga moslashuvchanlikni o'z ichiga oladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Sug'urta sohasidagi IoMT dinamik va yangi turdagi ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lish imkoniyatini beradi. Bunga xaridorlarning xatti-harakatlarini kuzatish uchun biosensorlar, taqiladigan narsalar, ulangan sog'liqni saqlash vositalari va mobil ilovalar kabi sensorlarga asoslangan echimlar kiradi. Bu aniqroq anderrayting va narxlashning yangi modellariga olib kelishi mumkin.^[52]

IOTni sog'liqni saqlashda qo'llash surunkali kasalliklarni boshqarish va kasalliklarning oldini olish va nazorat qilishda asosiy rol o'ynaydi. Masofaviy monitoring kuchli simsiz echimlarni ulash orqali amalga oshiriladi. Ulanish tibbiyot mutaxassislariga bemor ma'lumotlarini olish va sog'liqni saqlash ma'lumotlarini tahlil qilishda murakkab algoritmlarni qo'llashga imkon beradi.^[53]

Transport

Raqamli o'zgaruvchan tezlik chegarasi belgisi

IOT turli xil aloqa vositalari, boshqarish va ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlashga integratsiyalashishda yordam berishi mumkin transport tizimlari. IOTni qo'llash transport tizimlarining barcha jihatlariga (ya'ni transport vositasi,^[54] infratuzilma va haydovchi yoki foydalanuvchi). Transport tizimining ushbu tarkibiy qismlari o'rtasidagi o'zaro ta'sir o'zaro va transport vositalararo aloqani ta'minlaydi,^[55] trafikni aqlli boshqarish, aqlli otopark, elektron to'lovlarni yig'ish tizimlari, logistika va parkni boshqarish, transport vositasini boshqarish, xavfsizlik va yo'lda yordam.^[43][56]

V2X aloqa

Yilda transport vositalarining aloqa tizimlari, hamma narsadan transport vositasi aloqa (V2X), uchta asosiy komponentdan iborat: transport vositasidan transport vositasiga (V2V), transport vositasidan infratuzilma aloqasiga (V2I) va transport vositasidan piyodalarga (V2P). V2X - bu birinchi qadam avtonom haydash va ulangan yo'l infratuzilmasi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Qurilish va uylarni avtomatlashtirish

IOT qurilmalari har xil turdagi binolarda (masalan, davlat va xususiy, sanoat, muassasalar yoki turar-joylarda) ishlatiladigan mexanik, elektr va elektron tizimlarni nazorat qilish va boshqarish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.^[43] yilda uy avtomatizatsiyasi va binolarni avtomatlashtirish tizimlar. Shu nuqtai nazardan adabiyotda uchta asosiy yo'nalish yoritilgan:^[57]

• Energiya tejaydigan va IOT boshqariladigan "aqlli binolar" yaratish maqsadida Internetni energiya boshqaruv tizimlari bilan birlashtirish.^[57]
• Energiya sarfini kamaytirish uchun real vaqt rejimida kuzatiladigan vositalar^[25] va yo'lovchilarning xatti-harakatlarini kuzatish.^[57]
• Aqlli qurilmalarning qurilgan muhitga qo'shilishi va ularni kelgusi dasturlarda qanday ishlatish mumkinligi.^[57]

Sanoat dasturlari

IIoT deb ham ataladigan sanoat IoT qurilmalari ulangan uskunalar, operatsion texnologiyalar (OT), joylashuv va odamlar ma'lumotlarini oladi va tahlil qiladi. Operatsion texnologiya (OT) monitoringi qurilmalari bilan birgalikda IIoT sanoat tizimlarini tartibga solish va nazorat qilishga yordam beradi. Shu bilan bir qatorda, sanoat omborlarida aktivlarni joylashtirishni avtomatlashtirilgan rekord yangilanishlari uchun ham amalga oshirish mumkin, chunki aktivlar hajmi kichik vintdan butun dvigatelning ehtiyot qismigacha o'zgarishi mumkin va bunday aktivlarning noto'g'ri joylashishi ishchi kuchining foizli yo'qotilishiga olib kelishi mumkin. vaqt va pul.

Ishlab chiqarish

IoT sezish, identifikatsiya qilish, qayta ishlash, aloqa, ishga tushirish va tarmoq qobiliyatlari bilan jihozlangan turli xil ishlab chiqarish moslamalarini ulashi mumkin.^[58] Tarmoqni boshqarish va boshqarish ishlab chiqarish uskunalari, aktiv va vaziyatni boshqarish, yoki ishlab chiqarish jarayonni boshqarish sanoat dasturlari va aqlli ishlab chiqarish uchun IoT-dan foydalanishga ruxsat berish.^[59] IoT aqlli tizimlari tezkor ishlab chiqarish va yangi mahsulotlarni optimallashtirish va mahsulot talablariga tezkor javob berish imkoniyatini beradi.^[43]

Raqamli boshqaruv tizimlari O'simliklar xavfsizligi va xavfsizligini optimallashtirish uchun jarayonlarni boshqarish vositalarini avtomatlashtirish, operatorlar vositalari va xizmat ko'rsatuvchi axborot tizimlari IIoT.^[60] IoT aktivlarni boshqarish orqali ham qo'llanilishi mumkin bashoratli texnik xizmat, statistik baholash, va ishonchliligini maksimal darajada oshirish uchun o'lchovlar.^[61] Sanoatni boshqarish tizimlari bilan birlashtirilishi mumkin aqlli tarmoqlar, energiyani optimallashtirishga imkon beradi. O'lchovlar, avtomatlashtirilgan boshqaruv, o'simliklarni optimallashtirish, sog'liq va xavfsizlikni boshqarish va boshqa funktsiyalar tarmoqqa ulangan sensorlar tomonidan ta'minlanadi.^[43]

Qishloq xo'jaligi

Dehqonchilikda ko'plab IOT dasturlari mavjud^[62] masalan, harorat, yog'ingarchilik, namlik, shamol tezligi, zararkunandalarning yuqishi va tuproq tarkibiga oid ma'lumotlarni yig'ish. Ushbu ma'lumotlar qishloq xo'jaligi texnikasini avtomatlashtirish, sifat va miqdorni yaxshilash, xavf va isrofgarchilikni minimallashtirish va ekinlarni boshqarish uchun sarflanadigan harakatlarni kamaytirish bo'yicha qarorlar qabul qilish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Masalan, endi fermerlar tuproq harorati va namligini uzoqdan kuzatishi, hatto IoT orqali olingan ma'lumotlarni o'g'itlashning aniq dasturlariga tatbiq etishi mumkin.^[63]

2018 yil avgust oyida, Toyota Tsusho bilan hamkorlikni boshladi Microsoft yaratmoq baliq etishtirish yordamida asboblar Microsoft Azure suvni boshqarish bilan bog'liq IoT texnologiyalari uchun dastur to'plami. Qisman tadqiqotchilar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Kindai universiteti, suv nasos mexanizmlaridan foydalanish sun'iy intellekt a sonidagi baliqlar sonini hisoblash konveyer lentasi, baliqlar sonini tahlil qiling va baliqlar bergan ma'lumotlardan suv oqimi samaradorligini aniqlang. O'ziga xos kompyuter dasturlari jarayonda ishlatiladigan Azure Machine Learning va Azure IoT Hub platformalariga to'g'ri keladi.^[64]

Infratuzilma dasturlari

Shahar va qishloq infratuzilmalarining barqarorligi, ko'priklar, temir yo'l yo'llari va ichki va tashqaridagi shamol elektr stantsiyalari ishlarini nazorat qilish va nazorat qilish IoT-ning asosiy qo'llanilishidir.^[60] IoT infratuzilmasi har qanday hodisalarni yoki tuzilish sharoitidagi o'zgarishlarni xavfsizlikni buzishi va xavfni oshirishi mumkin bo'lgan narsalarni kuzatish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. IOT qurilish xarajatlari tejash, vaqtni qisqartirish, ish kunini sifatli o'tkazish, ishsiz qog'ozsiz ishlash va ish unumdorligini oshirish orqali qurilish sanoatiga foyda keltirishi mumkin. Bu tezkor qarorlarni qabul qilishga yordam beradi va Real-Time Data Analytics yordamida pulni tejashga yordam beradi. Bundan tashqari, turli xil xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayderlar va ushbu ob'ektlarning foydalanuvchilari o'rtasida vazifalarni muvofiqlashtirish orqali ta'mirlash va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish ishlarini rejalashtirish uchun samarali foydalanish mumkin.^[43] IOT qurilmalari kemalarga kirishni ta'minlash uchun ko'priklar kabi muhim infratuzilmani boshqarish uchun ham ishlatilishi mumkin. IoT qurilmalarini infratuzilmani kuzatish va ishlatish uchun ishlatish, hodisalarni boshqarish va favqulodda vaziyatlarda harakatlarni muvofiqlashtirishni yaxshilaydi va xizmat ko'rsatish sifati, ish vaqti va infratuzilma bilan bog'liq barcha sohalarda ekspluatatsiya xarajatlarini kamaytirish.^[65] Hatto chiqindilarni boshqarish kabi sohalar ham foyda keltirishi mumkin^[66] dan avtomatlashtirish va IoT tomonidan olib kelinadigan optimallashtirish.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Metropolitan miqyosidagi joylashuvlar

Shaharlarni va tizimlarni yaxshiroq boshqarish uchun IOTni rejalashtirilgan yoki davom etayotgan bir necha yirik tarqatish mavjud. Masalan, Songdo, Janubiy Koreya, bu birinchi bo'lib to'liq jihozlangan va simli aqlli shahar, bosqichma-bosqich qurib borilmoqda, biznes tumanining taxminan 70 foizi 2018 yil iyun oyiga qadar yakunlandi^[yangilash]. Shaharning katta qismi simsiz va avtomatlashtirilishi rejalashtirilgan, bunda odamlarning aralashuvi yo'q yoki umuman bo'lmaydi.^[67][68]

Boshqa dastur - bu hozirda amalga oshirilayotgan loyihadir Santander, Ispaniya. Ushbu tarqatish uchun ikkita yondashuv qabul qilindi. 180,000 aholisi bo'lgan ushbu shahar o'zining shahar smartfon dasturini 18 mingta yuklab olishni allaqachon ko'rgan. Ilova avtoturargohni qidirish, atrof-muhit monitoringi, shaharning raqamli kun tartibi va boshqa xizmatlarni taqdim etadigan 10 000 datchikka ulangan. Shaharning kontekst ma'lumotlari ushbu tarqatishda har bir bildirishnomaning ta'sirini maksimal darajada oshirishga qaratilgan shahar xatti-harakatlariga asoslangan uchqun bitimlari mexanizmi orqali foyda olish uchun ishlatiladi.^[69]

Amalga oshirilayotgan keng ko'lamli joylashuvlarning boshqa misollari orasida Xitoy-Singapur Guanchjou Bilim Siti;^[70] Kaliforniyaning San-Xose shahrida havo va suv sifatini yaxshilash, shovqin ifloslanishini kamaytirish va transport samaradorligini oshirish bo'yicha ishlar;^[71] va g'arbiy Singapurda trafikni aqlli boshqarish.^[72] RPMA (Random Phase Multiple Access) texnologiyasidan foydalangan holda, San-Diegoda joylashgan Ingenu umummilliy jamoat tarmog'ini qurdi^[73] Wi-Fi kabi bir xil litsenziyasiz 2,4 gigagerts spektridan foydalangan holda past tarmoqli kenglikdagi ma'lumotlarni uzatish uchun. Ingenu-ning "Mashina tarmog'i" AQSh aholisining uchdan bir qismidan ko'prog'ini qamrab oladi 35 yirik shaharlar, shu jumladan San-Diego va Dallas.^[74] Frantsiya kompaniyasi, Sigfox, qurishni boshlagan Ultra tor tarmoqli simsiz ma'lumotlar tarmog'i San-Frantsisko ko'rfazi hududi 2014 yilda AQShda bunday joylashuvga erishgan birinchi biznes.^[75][76] Keyinchalik u jami 4000 tashkil etishini e'lon qildi tayanch stantsiyalar 2016 yil oxiriga qadar AQShda jami 30 ta shaharni qamrab olish va shu paytgacha mamlakatdagi IOT tarmog'ini qamrab oluvchi eng yirik provayderga aylantirish.^[77][78] Cisco shuningdek, aqlli shaharlar loyihalarida ishtirok etadi. Cisco kompaniyasi Smart Wi-Fi, Smart Safety & Security, Smart Lighting, Smart Parking, Smart Transports, Smart avtobus bekatlari, Smart Kiosklar, Davlat xizmatlari uchun masofaviy ekspert (REGS) va Smart Education uchun texnologiyalarni joriy etishni besh km masofada boshladi. Vijayvada shahri.^[79]

Katta joylashuvning yana bir misoli - bu Nyu-York shahridagi Nyu-York suv yo'llari tomonidan shaharning barcha kemalarini bir-biriga bog'lab qo'yish va ularni 24/7 jonli ravishda kuzatib borish imkoniyatiga ega. Tarmoq tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va ishlab chiqilgan Fluidmesh Networks, Chikagodagi muhim dasturlar uchun simsiz tarmoqlarni ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniya. Hozirda NYWW tarmog'i Hudson daryosi, Ist-daryo va Yuqori Nyu-York ko'rfazida yoritishni ta'minlaydi. Simsiz tarmoq mavjud bo'lganda, NY Waterway o'z parki va yo'lovchilarini ilgari iloji bo'lmagan tarzda boshqarish imkoniyatiga ega. Yangi dasturlarga xavfsizlik, energiya va parkni boshqarish, raqamli imo-ishora, ommaviy Wi-Fi, qog'ozsiz chiptalar va boshqalar kiradi.^[80]

Energiya menejmenti

Energiya iste'mol qiladigan qurilmalarning muhim soni (masalan, lampalar, maishiy texnika, dvigatellar, nasoslar va boshqalar) Internetga ulanishni birlashtirgan bo'lib, bu ularga nafaqat muvozanatni saqlash uchun, balki kommunal xizmatlar bilan aloqa o'rnatishga imkon beradi. elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish shuningdek, umuman energiya sarfini optimallashtirishga yordam beradi.^[43] Ushbu qurilmalar foydalanuvchilar tomonidan masofadan boshqarish yoki a orqali markaziy boshqaruvga imkon beradi bulut - interfeysga asoslangan va rejalashtirish kabi funktsiyalarni yoqish (masalan, isitish tizimlarini masofadan yoqish yoki o'chirish, pechlarni boshqarish, yorug'lik sharoitlarini o'zgartirish va hk).^[43] The aqlli tarmoq yordamchi IoT dasturi; tizimlar elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish va taqsimlash samaradorligini oshirish uchun energiya va energiya bilan bog'liq ma'lumotlarni to'playdi va ishlaydi.^[81] Foydalanish rivojlangan o'lchov infratuzilmasi (AMI) Internetga ulangan qurilmalar, elektr tarmoqlari nafaqat oxirgi foydalanuvchilardan ma'lumotlarni yig'ibgina qolmay, balki transformatorlar kabi tarqatish avtomatizatsiyasini boshqaradi.^[43]

Atrof-muhit monitoringi

Atrof-muhit monitoringi IOT dasturlari odatda atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilishda yordam berish uchun sensorlardan foydalanadi^[82] havoni kuzatib borish orqali yoki suv sifati,^[83] atmosfera yoki tuproq sharoitlari,^[84] va hatto monitoringi kabi sohalarni ham o'z ichiga olishi mumkin yovvoyi hayotning harakatlari va ularning yashash joylari.^[85] Internetga ulangan resurslarni cheklaydigan qurilmalarni ishlab chiqish, boshqa dasturlarning ham yoqishini anglatadi zilzila yoki tsunami haqida ogohlantirish tizimlari favqulodda xizmatlar tomonidan yanada samarali yordam ko'rsatish uchun foydalanishlari mumkin. Ushbu dasturdagi IOT qurilmalari odatda katta geografik hududni qamrab oladi va mobil ham bo'lishi mumkin.^[43] IoTni simsiz tekshirishga olib keladigan standartlashtirish ushbu sohada inqilobni keltirib chiqaradi deb ta'kidladilar.^[86]

Yashash laboratoriyasi

IOTni integratsiyalashtirishning yana bir misoli - bu davlat-xususiy shaxs-odamlar sherikligi doirasida tashkil etilgan tadqiqot va innovatsion jarayonlarni birlashtirgan va birlashtirgan Living Lab.^[87] Hozirgi vaqtda innovatsion va texnologik mahsulotlarni yaratish uchun manfaatdor tomonlar o'rtasida hamkorlik qilish va bilim almashish uchun IoT-dan foydalanadigan 320 ta yashash laboratoriyalari mavjud. Kompaniyalar aqlli shaharlar uchun IOT xizmatlarini joriy qilishlari va rivojlantirishlari uchun ular rag'batlantirishi kerak. Hukumatlar aqlli shaharlar loyihalarida muhim rol o'ynaydi, chunki siyosatdagi o'zgarishlar shaharlarga foydalanilayotgan resurslarning samaradorligi, samaradorligi va aniqligini ta'minlaydigan IOTni amalga oshirishda yordam beradi. Masalan, hukumat soliq imtiyozlari va arzon ijara haqini beradi, jamoat transportini yaxshilaydi va boshlang'ich kompaniyalar, ijodiy sohalar va ko'p millatli kompaniyalar birgalikda yaratishi, umumiy infratuzilma va mehnat bozorlarini baham ko'rishi va mahalliy o'rnatilgan texnologiyalarning afzalliklaridan foydalanishi mumkin. , ishlab chiqarish jarayoni va tranzaksiya xarajatlari.^[87] Texnologiyalarni ishlab chiquvchilar va shahar aktivlarini boshqaradigan hukumatlarning o'zaro aloqasi foydalanuvchilarga resurslardan samarali foydalanish usullarini samarali ravishda ta'minlash uchun kalit hisoblanadi.

Harbiy dasturlar

The Harbiy narsalar Internet (IoMT) razvedka, kuzatuv va boshqa jangovar maqsadlar uchun harbiy sohada IOT texnologiyalarini qo'llash. Bunga shahar sharoitida olib boriladigan urushning istiqbollari katta ta'sir ko'rsatadi va datchiklar, o'q-dorilar, transport vositalari, robotlar, odam kiyadigan biometriya va boshqa jang maydoniga tegishli bo'lgan aqlli texnologiyalardan foydalanishni o'z ichiga oladi.^[88]

Battlefield Things Internet

The Battlefield Things Internet (IoBT) tomonidan boshlangan va bajarilgan loyihadir AQSh armiyasining tadqiqot laboratoriyasi (ARL) armiya askarlarining imkoniyatlarini oshiradigan IOT bilan bog'liq asosiy fanlarga e'tibor qaratadi.^[89] 2017 yilda ARL Battlefield Internet hamkorlikdagi tadqiqot alyansi (IoBT-CRA) IoT texnologiyalarining nazariy asoslarini va ularni armiya operatsiyalariga tatbiq etish uchun sanoat, universitet va armiya tadqiqotchilari o'rtasida amaliy hamkorlikni yo'lga qo'yish.^[90][91]

Narsalar okeani

The Narsalar okeani loyiha a DARPA atrof-muhit va kemalar faoliyati to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni to'plash, kuzatish va tahlil qilish uchun yirik okean mintaqalari bo'ylab narsalar Internetini yaratishga mo'ljallangan dastur. Loyiha bulutga asoslangan tarmoqning bir qismi sifatida harbiy va tijorat kemalarini avtonom ravishda aniqlaydigan va kuzatib boradigan passiv sensorli to'plamni joylashtiradigan 50 mingga yaqin suzuvchi vositalarni joylashtirishni o'z ichiga oladi.^[92]

Mahsulotni raqamlashtirish

Bir nechta smart yoki dasturlari mavjud faol qadoqlash unda a QR kod yoki NFC yorlig'i mahsulotga yoki uning qadoqlariga yopishtirilgan. Tegning o'zi passiv, ammo unda a mavjud noyob identifikator (odatda a URL manzili ) bu foydalanuvchiga mahsulot haqidagi raqamli tarkibga smartfon orqali kirish imkoniyatini beradi.^[93] To'liq aytganda, bunday passiv narsalar Thing Internet-ning bir qismi emas, ammo ularni raqamli ta'sir o'tkazish imkoniyatlari sifatida ko'rish mumkin.^[94] "Qadoqlash Internet" atamasi noyob identifikatorlardan foydalaniladigan, ta'minot zanjirlarini avtomatlashtiradigan va iste'molchilar tomonidan raqamli tarkibga kirish uchun keng miqyosda skanerlanadigan dasturlarni tavsiflash uchun ishlab chiqilgan.^[95] Noyob identifikatorlarning autentifikatsiyasi va shu bilan mahsulotning o'zi nusxaga sezgir bo'lishi mumkin raqamli suv belgisi yoki nusxani aniqlash naqshlari QR kodini skanerlashda skanerlash uchun,^[96] NFC teglari aloqani shifrlashi mumkin.^[97]

Yo'nalishlar va xususiyatlar

So'nggi yillarda IOT-ning muhim tendentsiyasi - bu Internet tomonidan ulangan va boshqariladigan qurilmalarning portlovchi o'sishi.^[98] IoT texnologiyasi uchun qo'llaniladigan dasturlarning keng doirasi shuni anglatadiki, xususiyatlar har bir qurilmadan ikkinchisiga juda farq qilishi mumkin, ammo ko'pchilik tomonidan umumiy xususiyatlar mavjud.

IOT fizik olamni kompyuterga asoslangan tizimlarga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri integratsiyalash uchun imkoniyatlar yaratadi, natijada samaradorlik yaxshilanadi, iqtisodiy foyda keltiradi va odamlarning mashaqqatlari kamayadi.^{[99][100][101][102]}

IOT qurilmalari soni o'tgan yilga nisbatan 31 foizga o'sib, 2017 yilda 8,4 milliardga etdi^[103] va 2020 yilga kelib 30 milliard qurilmalar bo'lishi taxmin qilinmoqda.^[98] IOTning global bozor qiymati 2020 yilga kelib 7,1 trln.^[104]

Aql

Atrof-muhit razvedkasi va avtonom boshqarish narsalar Internetining asl tushunchasining bir qismi emas. Atrof-muhit razvedkasi va avtonom boshqaruv ham Internet-tuzilmalarni talab qilmaydi. Biroq, tadqiqotlarda o'zgarish mavjud (masalan, kompaniyalar tomonidan) Intel ) ushbu yo'nalish bo'yicha dastlabki natijalar bilan ob'ektlarni avtonom IOT uchun harakatlantiruvchi kuch deb hisoblagan holda, IOT va avtonom boshqaruv tushunchalarini birlashtirish.^[105] Ushbu kontekstda istiqbolli yondashuv chuqur mustahkamlashni o'rganish bu erda IOT tizimlarining aksariyati dinamik va interaktiv muhitni ta'minlaydi.^[106] Agentni (ya'ni IoT qurilmasini) bunday muhitda o'zini oqilona tutishga o'rgatish odatiy mashina o'rganish algoritmlari bilan hal etilmaydi. nazorat ostida o'rganish. Ta'limni kuchaytirish yondashuvi yordamida o'quv agenti atrof-muhit holatini sezishi mumkin (masalan, uy haroratini sezish), harakatlarni amalga oshirish (masalan, burilish HVAC yoqish yoki o'chirish) va uzoq muddatli mukofotlarni maksimal darajaga ko'tarish orqali o'rganing.

IoT razvedkasini uchta darajada taklif qilish mumkin: IOT qurilmalari, Yon / tuman tugunlari va Bulutli hisoblash.^[107] Har bir darajadagi aqlli boshqaruv va qarorga bo'lgan ehtiyoj IoT dasturining vaqtni sezgirligiga bog'liq. Masalan, avtonom transport vositasining kamerasi real vaqt rejimida ishlashi kerak to'siqlarni aniqlash baxtsiz hodisani oldini olish uchun. Ushbu tezkor qaror qabul qilish transport vositasidan bulutli nusxalarga ma'lumotlarni uzatish va bashoratlarni transport vositasiga qaytarish orqali mumkin bo'lmaydi. Buning o'rniga, barcha operatsiyalar mahalliy vositada amalga oshirilishi kerak. Mashinani o'qitishning zamonaviy algoritmlarini, shu jumladan chuqur o'rganish IoT qurilmalariga aqlli moslamalarni haqiqatga yaqinlashtirish uchun faol tadqiqot yo'nalishi kiradi. Bundan tashqari, IoT ma'lumotlarini tahlil qilish, yashirin ma'lumotlarni chiqarib olish va boshqaruv qarorlarini bashorat qilish orqali IoT-ning joylashtirilishidan maksimal qiymatni olish mumkin. IOT domenida an'anaviy usullardan tortib turli xil mashinalarni o'rganish texnikasi qo'llanilgan regressiya, qo'llab-quvvatlash vektor mashinasi va tasodifiy o'rmon kabi rivojlanganlarga konvolyutsion asab tarmoqlari, LSTM va variatsion avtoekkoder.^[108][107]

Kelajakda narsalar interneti deterministik bo'lmagan va ochiq tarmoq bo'lishi mumkin, unda avtomatik ravishda tashkil etilgan yoki aqlli tashkilotlar (veb-xizmatlar, SOA komponentlar) va virtual ob'ektlar (avatarlar) o'zaro ta'sir o'tkazadigan va kontekstga, sharoitga yoki muhitga qarab mustaqil ravishda (o'z maqsadlari yoki umumiy maqsadlarini ko'zlab) harakat qilish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ladi. Kontekstli ma'lumotlarni to'plash va mulohaza yuritish orqali avtonom xatti-harakatlar, shuningdek ob'ektning atrof-muhitdagi o'zgarishlarni (sensorlarga ta'sir qiladigan nosozliklar) aniqlash qobiliyati va yumshatishning tegishli choralarini joriy etish qobiliyati asosiy tadqiqot tendentsiyasini tashkil etadi,^[109] IoT texnologiyasiga ishonchni ta'minlash uchun aniq zarur. Bozordagi zamonaviy IoT mahsulotlari va echimlari ularni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun turli xil texnologiyalardan foydalanadi kontekstdan xabardor avtomatlashtirish, ammo aql-idrokning yanada takomillashtirilgan shakllaridan sensorli birliklar va aqlli kiber-fizik tizimlarning haqiqiy muhitda joylashishiga ruxsat berish talab qilinadi.^[110]

Arxitektura

Ushbu bo'lim texnologiya mutaxassisining e'tiboriga muhtoj. Muayyan muammo: Ma'lumot qisman eskirgan, tushunarsiz va ko'rsatilmagan. Tafsilotlarni talab qiladi, ammo boshqalar tushunmasligi uchun texnik emas. WikiProject texnologiyasi mutaxassisni jalb qilishga yordam berishi mumkin. (2018 yil iyul)

IoT tizimi arxitekturasi sodda ko'rinishda uchta sathdan iborat: 1-darajali qurilmalar, 2-darajali: Yon Gateway va 3-darajali: bulut.^[111] Qurilmalar tarmoqqa ulangan narsalarni o'z ichiga oladi, masalan, IIoT uskunasida topilgan sensorlar va aktuatorlar, ayniqsa protokollardan foydalanadigan qurilmalar. Modbus, Bluetooth, Zigbi yoki Edge Gateway-ga ulanish uchun mulkiy protokollar.^[111] Edge Gateway, ma'lumotni oldindan qayta ishlash, bulutga ulanishni ta'minlash, WebSockets, hodisalar markazi va hatto ba'zi holatlarda chekka tahlillar kabi tizimlardan foydalangan holda funksionallikni ta'minlaydigan Edge Gateways deb nomlangan ma'lumotlarni yig'ish tizimlaridan iborat. tumanni hisoblash.^[111] Edge Gateway qatlami, shuningdek, boshqaruvni osonlashtirish uchun yuqori qatlamlarga qurilmalarning umumiy ko'rinishini berishi kerak. Yakuniy darajaga IIoT uchun mikroservislar arxitekturasidan foydalangan holda qurilgan bulutli dastur kiradi, ular odatda poliglot va tabiatan HTTPS yordamida xavfsizdir.OAuth. U turli xillarni o'z ichiga oladi ma'lumotlar bazasi vaqtni ketma-ket ma'lumotlar bazalari yoki orqa tomon ma'lumotlarni saqlash tizimlaridan foydalangan holda aktivlar do'konlari kabi sensor ma'lumotlarini saqlaydigan tizimlar (masalan, Cassandra, PostgreSQL).^[111] Ko'pgina bulutga asoslangan IoT tizimidagi bulutlar darajasi barcha darajalarda o'tadigan aloqalarni boshqaradigan voqealar navbatida va xabar almashish tizimida mavjud.^[112] Ba'zi ekspertlar IIoT tizimidagi uch pog'onani chekka, platforma va korxona deb tasnifladilar va ular mos ravishda yaqinlik tarmog'i, kirish tarmog'i va xizmat ko'rsatish tarmog'i bilan bog'langan.^[113]

Internetda narsalar yaratish, narsalar tarmog'i - bu IOT qurilmalaridagi ma'lumotlarning veb-dasturlarga yaqinlashishini ko'rib chiqadigan narsalarning Internet-dastur qatlami uchun innovatsion foydalanish holatlarini yaratish uchun arxitektura. Internetdagi narsalar oqimini dasturlash va boshqarish uchun taxmin qilingan me'moriy yo'nalish chaqirilmoqda Hamma joyda BPM bu an'anaviy jarayonlarni boshqarish jarayonlarni qazib olish va ko'p miqdordagi muvofiqlashtirilgan qurilmalarni boshqarishni avtomatlashtirish uchun maxsus imkoniyatlar bilan aralashtirishdir.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Tarmoq arxitekturasi

Narsalarning Internet tarmog'i qurilmalarning kuchlanishini boshqarish uchun tarmoq maydonida ulkan miqyosga ega bo'lishni talab qiladi.^[114] IETF 6LoWPAN qurilmalarni IP tarmoqlariga ulash uchun foydalaniladi. Milliardlab qurilmalar bilan^[115] Internet maydoniga qo'shilish, IPv6 tarmoq sathining ko'lamini kengaytirishda katta rol o'ynaydi. IETFning cheklangan dastur protokoli, ZeroMQ va MQTT ma'lumotlarning engil transportini ta'minlaydi.

Tumanni hisoblash Internet orqali ma'lumot oqimining bunday katta yorilishini oldini olish uchun munosib alternativa.^[116] The chekka qurilmalar 'ma'lumotlarni tahlil qilish va qayta ishlash uchun hisoblash kuchi juda cheklangan. Cheklangan qayta ishlash quvvati IoT qurilmalarining asosiy atributidir, chunki ularning maqsadi jismoniy narsalar haqida ma'lumot berishdir. Og'ir ishlov berish talablari IOTning ishlash qobiliyatiga zarar etkazadigan ko'proq batareya quvvatidan foydalanadi. Miqyoslash oson, chunki IOT qurilmalari Internet orqali ma'lumotlarni etarli darajada qayta ishlash quvvatiga ega bo'lgan serverga etkazib beradi.^[117]

Murakkablik

Yarim ochiq yoki yopiq tsikllarda (masalan, qiymat zanjirlari, global yakuniylikni aniqlash mumkin bo'lganda), IOT ko'pincha ko'rib chiqiladi va o'rganiladi murakkab tizim^[118] juda ko'p sonli turli xil havolalar, avtonom aktyorlarning o'zaro ta'siri va yangi aktyorlarni birlashtirish qobiliyatiga bog'liq. Umumiy bosqichda (to'liq ochiq tsikl), ehtimol a tartibsiz atrof-muhit (beri tizimlar Amaliy yondashuv sifatida Internetdagi narsalarning hammasi ham global, ommaviy maydonda ishlamaydi. Ichki tizimlar ko'pincha shaxsiy hayot, boshqaruv va ishonchlilik xavfini kamaytirish uchun amalga oshiriladi. Masalan, aqlli uy ichida ishlaydigan mahalliy robototexnika (domotika) faqat ma'lumotlar bilan bo'lishishi va a orqali mavjud bo'lishi mumkin mahalliy tarmoq.^[119] IoT narsalar / qurilmalar yuqori dinamik dinamikasini boshqarish va boshqarish an'anaviy tarmoq arxitekturasi uchun juda qiyin vazifadir, Software Defined Networking (SDN) innovatsion IoT dasturlarining xilma-xilligining maxsus talablariga javob beradigan tezkor dinamik echimini taqdim etadi.^[120]

Hajmi bo'yicha fikrlar

Narsalar Internetida 50 dan 100 trilliongacha ob'ektlar kodlangan bo'lar edi va ushbu ob'ektlarning harakatini kuzatib borishi mumkin edi. So'ralgan shahar muhitidagi odamlar har biri 1000 dan 5000 gacha kuzatiladigan narsalar bilan o'ralgan.^[121] 2015 yilda odamlar uylarida 83 million aqlli qurilmalar mavjud edi. Ushbu raqam 2020 yilga kelib 193 million qurilmaga ko'payishi kutilmoqda.^[24]

Onlayn ishlaydigan qurilmalar ko'rsatkichi 2016 yildan 2017 yilgacha 31 foizga o'sib, 8,4 milliardga etdi.^[103]

Kosmik fikrlar

Narsalar Internetida narsaning aniq geografik joylashuvi, shuningdek narsaning aniq geografik o'lchamlari juda muhimdir.^[122] Shu sababli, biror narsa haqidagi faktlar, masalan, uning vaqt va makonda joylashganligi, kuzatib borish uchun unchalik muhim bo'lmagan, chunki ma'lumotni qayta ishlaydigan shaxs ushbu ma'lumot qabul qilinayotgan harakat uchun muhim yoki muhim emasligini hal qilishi mumkin va agar shunday bo'lsa, yo'qolganlarni qo'shib qo'ying. ma'lumot (yoki chora ko'rmaslikka qaror qiling). (Shuni esda tutingki, Internetdagi ba'zi narsalar sensorlarga aylanadi va sensorning joylashuvi odatda muhimdir.^[123]) GeoWeb va Raqamli Yer narsalar joylashuvi bo'yicha birlashtirilishi va bog'lanishi mumkin bo'lgan istiqbolli dasturlardir. Shu bilan birga, o'zgaruvchan kosmik miqyosdagi cheklovlar, katta miqdordagi ma'lumot bilan ishlash zarurati va tezkor qidiruv va qo'shni operatsiyalar uchun indeksatsiya mavjud bo'lib qolmoqda. Narsalar Internetida, agar narsalar o'z tashabbusi bilan harakatlarni amalga oshirishga qodir bo'lsa, ushbu insonparvarlik vositachilik roli yo'q qilinadi. Shunday qilib, biz odamlar sifatida qabul qiladigan vaqt-makon kontekstiga ushbu axborot ekotizimida asosiy rol berilishi kerak. Internet va Internetda standartlar muhim rol o'ynaganidek, geo-fazoviy standartlar narsalar Internetida ham muhim rol o'ynaydi.^[124][125]

"Masofadagi qo'riqchilar savati" ga echim

Ko'pgina IOT qurilmalari ushbu bozorning bir qismini olish imkoniyatiga ega. Jan-Lui Gassi (Apple-ning boshlang'ich bitiruvchilari jamoasi va BeOS asoschilaridan biri) ushbu maqolaga bag'ishlangan maqolada murojaat qildi Dushanba kuni eslatma,^[126] where he predicts that the most likely problem will be what he calls the "basket of remotes" problem, where we'll have hundreds of applications to interface with hundreds of devices that don't share protocols for speaking with one another.^[126] For improved user interaction, some technology leaders are joining forces to create standards for communication between devices to solve this problem. Others are turning to the concept of predictive interaction of devices, "where collected data is used to predict and trigger actions on the specific devices" while making them work together.^[127]

Enabling technologies for IoT

There are many technologies that enable the IoT. Crucial to the field is the network used to communicate between devices of an IoT installation, a role that several wireless or wired technologies may fulfill:^{[128][129][130]}

Manzil

The original idea of the Avtomatik identifikatsiya qilish markazi is based on RFID-tags and distinct identification through the Elektron mahsulot kodi. This has evolved into objects having an IP address or URI.^[131] An alternative view, from the world of the Semantik veb^[132] focuses instead on making all things (not just those electronic, smart, or RFID-enabled) addressable by the existing naming protocols, such as URI. The objects themselves do not converse, but they may now be referred to by other agents, such as powerful centralised servers acting for their human owners.^[133] Integration with the Internet implies that devices will use an IP-manzil as a distinct identifier. Tufayli limited address space ning IPv4 (which allows for 4.3 billion different addresses), objects in the IoT will have to use the next generation of the Internet protocol (IPv6 ) to scale to the extremely large address space required.^{[134][135][136]}Internet-of-things devices additionally will benefit from the stateless address auto-configuration present in IPv6,^[137] as it reduces the configuration overhead on the hosts,^[135] va IETF 6LoWPAN sarlavhani siqish. To a large extent, the future of the Internet of things will not be possible without the support of IPv6; and consequently, the global adoption of IPv6 in the coming years will be critical for the successful development of the IoT in the future.^[136]

Ilova qatlami

• ADRC^[138] defines an application layer protocol and supporting framework for implementing IoT applications.

Short-range wireless

• Bluetooth tarmog'i – Specification providing a mesh networking variant to Bluetooth kam energiya (BLE) with increased number of nodes and standardized application layer (Models).
• Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi) – Wireless communication technology similar to the Wi-Fi standard, but using ko'rinadigan yorug'lik aloqasi for increased bandwidth.
• Dala yaqinidagi aloqa (NFC) – Communication protocols enabling two electronic devices to communicate within a 4 cm range.
• Radiochastotani identifikatsiyalash (RFID) – Technology using electromagnetic fields to read data stored in tags embedded in other items.
• Wi-fi – Technology for local area networking asosida IEEE 802.11 standard, where devices may communicate through a shared access point or directly between individual devices.
• ZigBee – Communication protocols for personal area networking based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, providing low power consumption, low data rate, low cost, and high throughput.
• Z-to'lqin – Simsiz asosan uchun ishlatiladigan aloqa protokoli uy avtomatizatsiyasi and security applications

Medium-range wireless

• LTE-Advanced – High-speed communication specification for mobile networks. Provides enhancements to the LTE standard with extended coverage, higher throughput, and lower latency.
• 5G - 5G wireless networks can be used to achieve the high communication requirements of the IoT and connect a large number of IoT devices, even when they are on the move.^[139]

Long-range wireless

• Low-power wide-area networking (LPWAN) – Wireless networks designed to allow long-range communication at a low data rate, reducing power and cost for transmission. Available LPWAN technologies and protocols: LoRaWan, Sigfox, NB-IoT, Weightless, RPMA.
• Juda kichik diafragma terminali (VSAT) – Sun'iy yo'ldosh communication technology using small piyola antennalari uchun tor tarmoqli va keng polosali ma'lumotlar.

Simli

• Ethernet – General purpose networking standard using o'ralgan juftlik va optik tolali links in conjunction with markazlar yoki kalitlar.
• Elektr tarmog'idagi aloqa (PLC) – Communication technology using electrical wiring to carry power and data. Specifications such as HomePlug yoki G.hn utilize PLC for networking IoT devices.

Standards and standards organizations

Ushbu bo'lim kengayishga muhtoj. Siz yordam berishingiz mumkin unga qo'shilish. (2016 yil sentyabr)

Bu ro'yxat texnik standartlar for the IoT, most of which are ochiq standartlar, va standartlar tashkilotlari that aspire to successfully setting them.^[140][141]

Politics and civic engagement

Some scholars and activists argue that the IoT can be used to create new models of civic engagement if device networks can be open to user control and inter-operable platforms. Filipp N. Xovard, a professor and author, writes that political life in both democracies and authoritarian regimes will be shaped by the way the IoT will be used for civic engagement. For that to happen, he argues that any connected device should be able to divulge a list of the "ultimate beneficiaries" of its sensor data and that individual citizens should be able to add new organisations to the beneficiary list. In addition, he argues that civil society groups need to start developing their IoT strategy for making use of data and engaging with the public.^[146]

Government regulation on IoT

One of the key drivers of the IoT is data. The success of the idea of connecting devices to make them more efficient is dependent upon access to and storage & processing of data. For this purpose, companies working on the IoT collect data from multiple sources and store it in their cloud network for further processing. This leaves the door wide open for privacy and security dangers and single point vulnerability of multiple systems.^[147] The other issues pertain to consumer choice and ownership of data^[148] and how it is used. Though still in their infancy, regulations and governance regarding these issues of privacy, security, and data ownership continue to develop.^{[149][150][151]} IoT regulation depends on the country. Some examples of legislation that is relevant to privacy and data collection are: the US Privacy Act of 1974, OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data of 1980, and the EU Directive 95/46/EC of 1995.^[152]

Current regulatory environment:

Tomonidan chop etilgan hisobot Federal savdo komissiyasi (FTC) in January 2015 made the following three recommendations:^[153]

• Ma'lumotlar xavfsizligi – At the time of designing IoT companies should ensure that data collection, storage and processing would be secure at all times. Companies should adopt a "defence in depth" approach and encrypt data at each stage.^[154]
• Data consent – users should have a choice as to what data they share with IoT companies and the users must be informed if their data gets exposed.
• Data minimisation – IoT companies should collect only the data they need and retain the collected information only for a limited time.

However, the FTC stopped at just making recommendations for now. According to an FTC analysis, the existing framework, consisting of the FTC qonuni, Adolatli kredit hisoboti to'g'risidagi qonun, va Bolalarning Internetdagi shaxsiy hayotini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, along with developing consumer education and business guidance, participation in multi-stakeholder efforts and advocacy to other agencies at the federal, state and local level, is sufficient to protect consumer rights.^[155]

A resolution passed by the Senate in March 2015, is already being considered by the Congress.^[156] This resolution recognized the need for formulating a National Policy on IoT and the matter of privacy, security and spectrum. Furthermore, to provide an impetus to the IoT ecosystem, in March 2016, a bipartisan group of four Senators proposed a bill, The Developing Innovation and Growing the Internet of Things (DIGIT) Act, to direct the Federal aloqa komissiyasi to assess the need for more spectrum to connect IoT devices.

Approved on 28 September 2018, Senate Bill No. 327^[157] goes into effect on 1 January 2020. The bill requires "a manufacturer of a connected device, as those terms are defined, to equip the device with a reasonable security feature or features that are appropriate to the nature and function of the device, appropriate to the information it may collect, contain, or transmit, and designed to protect the device and any information contained therein from unauthorized access, destruction, use, modification, or disclosure,"

Several standards for the IoT industry are actually being established relating to automobiles because most concerns arising from use of connected cars apply to healthcare devices as well. Aslida Milliy avtomobil yo'llari harakati xavfsizligi boshqarmasi (NHTSA) is preparing cybersecurity guidelines and a database of best practices to make automotive computer systems more secure.^[158]

A recent report from the World Bank examines the challenges and opportunities in government adoption of IoT.^[159] Bunga quyidagilar kiradi:

• Still early days for the IoT in government
• Underdeveloped policy and regulatory frameworks
• Unclear business models, despite strong value proposition
• Clear institutional and capacity gap in government AND the private sector
• Mos kelmaydi data valuation va menejment
• Infrastructure a major barrier
• Government as an enabler
• Most successful pilots share common characteristics (public-private partnership, local, leadership)

Criticism, problems and controversies

Platformaning parchalanishi

The IoT suffers from platformaning parchalanishi, lack of interoperability and common texnik standartlar^{[160][161][162][163][164][165][166][haddan tashqari iqtiboslar ]} a situation where the variety of IoT devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently between different inconsistent technology ekotizimlar qiyin.^[1] For example, wireless connectivity for IoT devices can be done using Bluetooth, Zigbi, Z-to'lqin, LoRa, NB-IoT, Cat M1 as well as completely custom proprietary radios – each with its own advantages and disadvantages; and unique support ecosystem.^[167]

The IoT's amorphous computing nature is also a problem for security, since patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower-price devices.^{[168][169][170]} One set of researchers say that the failure of vendors to support older devices with patches and updates leaves more than 87% of active Android devices vulnerable.^[171][172]

Privacy, autonomy, and control

Filipp N. Xovard, a professor and author, writes that the Internet of Things offers immense potential for empowering citizens, making government transparent, and broadening axborotga kirish. Howard cautions, however, that privacy threats are enormous, as is the potential for social control and political manipulation.^[173]

Concerns about privacy have led many to consider the possibility that big data infrastructures such as the Internet of things and ma'lumotlar qazib olish are inherently incompatible with privacy.^[174] Key challenges of increased digitalization in the water, transport or energy sector are related to privacy and kiberxavfsizlik which necessitate an adequate response from research and policymakers alike.^[175]

Yozuvchi Adam Grinfild claims that IoT technologies are not only an invasion of public space but are also being used to perpetuate normative behavior, citing an instance of billboards with hidden cameras that tracked the demographics of passersby who stopped to read the advertisement.

The Internet of Things Council compared the increased prevalence of digital surveillance due to the Internet of things to the conceptual panoptikon tomonidan tasvirlangan Jeremi Bentham 18-asrda.^[176] The assertion was defended by the works of French philosophers Mishel Fuko va Gilles Deleuze. Yilda Intizom va jazo: Qamoqxonaning tug'ilishi Foucault asserts that the panopticon was a central element of the discipline society developed during the Sanoat davri.^[177] Foucault also argued that the discipline systems established in factories and school reflected Bentham's vision of panopticism.^[177] In his 1992 paper "Postscripts on the Societies of Control," Deleuze wrote that the discipline society had transitioned into a control society, with the kompyuter almashtirish panoptikon as an instrument of discipline and control while still maintaining the qualities similar to that of panopticism.^[178]

Piter-Pol Verbek, a professor of philosophy of technology at the Tvente universiteti, Netherlands, writes that technology already influences our moral decision making, which in turn affects human agency, privacy and autonomy. He cautions against viewing technology merely as a human tool and advocates instead to consider it as an active agent.^[179]

Justin Brookman, of the Demokratiya va texnologiyalar markazi, expressed concern regarding the impact of the IoT on iste'molchining shaxsiy hayoti, saying that "There are some people in the commercial space who say, 'Oh, big data – well, let's collect everything, keep it around forever, we'll pay for somebody to think about security later.' The question is whether we want to have some sort of policy framework in place to limit that."^[180]

Tim O'Rayli believes that the way companies sell the IoT devices on consumers are misplaced, disputing the notion that the IoT is about gaining efficiency from putting all kinds of devices online and postulating that the "IoT is really about human augmentation. The applications are profoundly different when you have sensors and data driving the decision-making."^[181]

Editorials at Simli have also expressed concern, one stating "What you're about to lose is your privacy. Actually, it's worse than that. You aren't just going to lose your privacy, you're going to have to watch the very concept of privacy be rewritten under your nose."^[182]

The Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi (ACLU) expressed concern regarding the ability of IoT to erode people's control over their own lives. The ACLU wrote that "There's simply no way to forecast how these immense powers – disproportionately accumulating in the hands of corporations seeking financial advantage and governments craving ever more control – will be used. Chances are big data and the Internet of things will make it harder for us to control our own lives, as we grow increasingly transparent to powerful corporations and government institutions that are becoming more opaque to us."^[183]

In response to rising concerns about privacy and aqlli texnologiyalar, in 2007 the Britaniya hukumati stated it would follow formal Privacy by Design principles when implementing their smart metering program. The program would lead to replacement of traditional power meters with smart power meters, which could track and manage energy usage more accurately.^[184] Ammo Britaniya Kompyuter Jamiyati is doubtful these principles were ever actually implemented.^[185] 2009 yilda Gollandiya parlamenti rejected a similar smart metering program, basing their decision on privacy concerns. The Dutch program later revised and passed in 2011.^[185]

Ma'lumotlarni saqlash

A challenge for producers of IoT applications is to toza, process and interpret the vast amount of data which is gathered by the sensors. There is a solution proposed for the analytics of the information referred to as Wireless Sensor Networks.^[186] These networks share data among sensor nodes that are sent to a distributed system for the analytics of the sensory data.^[187]

Another challenge is the storage of this bulk data. Depending on the application, there could be high data acquisition requirements, which in turn lead to high storage requirements. Currently the Internet is already responsible for 5% of the total energy generated,^[186] and a "daunting challenge to power" IoT devices to collect and even store data still remains.^[188]

Xavfsizlik

Security is the biggest concern in adopting Internet of things technology,^[189] with concerns that rapid development is happening without appropriate consideration of the profound security challenges involved^[190] and the regulatory changes that might be necessary.^[191][192]

Most of the technical security concerns are similar to those of conventional servers, workstations and smartphones,^[193] and include weak authentication, forgetting to change default credentials, unencrypted messages sent between devices, SQL injections and poor handling of security updates.^[194] However, many IoT devices have severe operational limitations on the computational power available to them. These constraints often make them unable to directly use basic security measures such as implementing firewalls or using strong cryptosystems to encrypt their communications with other devices^[195] - and the low price and consumer focus of many devices makes a robust security patching system uncommon.^[196]

Internet of Things devices also have access to new areas of data, and can often control physical devices,^[197] so that even by 2014 it was possible to say that many Internet-connected appliances could already "spy on people in their own homes" including televisions, kitchen appliances,^[198] cameras, and thermostats.^[199] Computer-controlled devices in automobiles such as brakes, engine, locks, hood and trunk releases, horn, heat, and dashboard have been shown to be vulnerable to attackers who have access to the on-board network. In some cases, vehicle computer systems are Internet-connected, allowing them to be exploited remotely.^[200] By 2008 security researchers had shown the ability to remotely control pacemakers without authority. Later hackers demonstrated remote control of insulin pumps^[201] and implantable cardioverter defibrillators.^[202]

Poorly secured Internet-accessible IoT devices can also be subverted to attack others. 2016 yilda, a distributed denial of service attack powered by Internet of things devices running the Mirai zararli dastur took down a DNS provider and major web sites.^[203] The Mirai Botnet had infected roughly 65,000 IoT devices within the first 20 hours.^[204] Eventually the infections increased to around 200,000 to 300,000 infections.^[204] Brazil, Colombia and Vietnam made up of 41.5% of the infections.^[204] The Mirai Botnet had singled out specific IoT devices that consisted of DVRs, IP cameras, routers and printers.^[204] Top vendors that contained the most infected devices were identified as Dahua, Huawei, ZTE, Cisco, ZyXEL and MikroTik.^[204] In May 2017, Junade Ali, a Computer Scientist at Cloudflare noted that native DDoS vulnerabilities exist in IoT devices due to a poor implementation of the Publish–subscribe pattern.^[205][206] These sorts of attacks have caused security experts to view IoT as a real threat to Internet services.^[207]

AQSh Milliy razvedka kengashi in an unclassified report maintains that it would be hard to deny "access to networks of sensors and remotely-controlled objects by enemies of the United States, criminals, and mischief makers... An open market for aggregated sensor data could serve the interests of commerce and security no less than it helps criminals and spies identify vulnerable targets. Thus, massively parallel sensorning birlashishi may undermine social cohesion, if it proves to be fundamentally incompatible with Fourth-Amendment guarantees against unreasonable search."^[208] In general, the intelligence community views the Internet of things as a rich source of data.^[209]

On 31 January 2019, the Washington Post wrote an article regarding the security and ethical challenges that can occur with IoT doorbells and cameras: "Last month, Ring got caught allowing its team in Ukraine to view and annotate certain user videos; the company says it only looks at publicly shared videos and those from Ring owners who provide consent. Just last week, a California family’s Nest camera let a hacker take over and broadcast fake audio warnings about a missile attack, not to mention peer in on them, when they used a weak password"^[210]

There have been a range of responses to concerns over security. The Internet of Things Security Foundation (IoTSF) was launched on 23 September 2015 with a mission to secure the Internet of things by promoting knowledge and best practice. Its founding board is made from technology providers and telecommunications companies. In addition, large IT companies are continually developing innovative solutions to ensure the security of IoT devices. In 2017, Mozilla launched Project Things, which allows to route IoT devices through a safe Web of Things gateway.^[211] As per the estimates from KBV Research,^[212] the overall IoT security market^[213] would grow at 27.9% rate during 2016–2022 as a result of growing infrastructural concerns and diversified usage of Internet of things.^[214][215]

Governmental regulation is argued by some to be necessary to secure IoT devices and the wider Internet – as market incentives to secure IoT devices is insufficient.^{[216][191][192]} It was found that due to the nature of most of the IoT development boards, they generate predictable and weak keys which make it easy to be utilized by MiTM attack. However, various hardening approaches were proposed by many researchers to resolve the issue of SSH weak implementation and weak keys.^[217]

Xavfsizlik

IoT systems are typically controlled by event-driven smart apps that take as input either sensed data, user inputs, or other external triggers (from the Internet) and command one or more actuators towards providing different forms of automation.^[218] Misollari sensorlar include smoke detectors, motion sensors, and contact sensors. Examples of actuators include smart locks, smart power outlets, and door controls. Popular control platforms on which third-party developers can build smart apps that interact wirelessly with these sensors and actuators include Samsung's SmartThings,^[219] Apple's HomeKit,^[220] and Amazon's Alexa,^[221] Boshqalar orasida.

A problem specific to IoT systems is that buggy apps, unforeseen bad app interactions, or device/communication failures, can cause unsafe and dangerous physical states, e.g., "unlock the entrance door when no one is at home" or "turn off the heater when the temperature is below 0 degrees Celsius and people are sleeping at night".^[218] Detecting flaws that lead to such states, requires a holistic view of installed apps, component devices, their configurations, and more importantly, how they interact. Recently, researchers from the University of California Riverside have proposed IotSan, a novel practical system that uses model checking as a building block to reveal "interaction-level" flaws by identifying events that can lead the system to unsafe states.^[218] They have evaluated IotSan on the Samsung SmartThings platform. From 76 manually configured systems, IotSan detects 147 vulnerabilities (i.e., violations of safe physical states/properties).

Dizayn

Given widespread recognition of the evolving nature of the design and management of the Internet of Things, sustainable and secure deployment of IoT solutions must design for "anarchic scalability."^[222] Application of the concept of anarchic scalability can be extended to physical systems (i.e. controlled real-world objects), by virtue of those systems being designed to account for uncertain management futures. This hard anarchic scalability thus provides a pathway forward to fully realize the potential of Internet-of-things solutions by selectively constraining physical systems to allow for all management regimes without risking physical failure.^[222]

Brown University computer scientist Michael Littman has argued that successful execution of the Internet of Things requires consideration of the interface's usability as well as the technology itself. These interfaces need to be not only more user-friendly but also better integrated: "If users need to learn different interfaces for their vacuums, their locks, their sprinklers, their lights, and their coffeemakers, it's tough to say that their lives have been made any easier."^[223]

Environmental sustainability impact

A concern regarding Internet-of-things technologies pertains to the environmental impacts of the manufacture, use, and eventual disposal of all these semiconductor-rich devices.^[224] Modern electronics are replete with a wide variety of heavy metals and rare-earth metals, as well as highly toxic synthetic chemicals. This makes them extremely difficult to properly recycle. Electronic components are often incinerated or placed in regular landfills. Furthermore, the human and environmental cost of mining the rare-earth metals that are integral to modern electronic components continues to grow. This leads to societal questions concerning the environmental impacts of IoT devices over its lifetime.^[225]

Although IoT devices can help in some cases to reduce the energy consumption of certain applications, the impact of having billions of devices connected and consuming power from batteries and from the grid will have a huge impact on energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The technology developed by Omniflow ^[226] can house all kinds of DC powered IoT devices inside the protective shell that also integrates power generation from integrated vertical wind turbine and solar photovoltaic as well as energy storage using built-in batteries.

Intentional obsolescence of devices

The Elektron chegara fondi has raised concerns that companies can use the technologies necessary to support connected devices to intentionally disable or "g'isht " their customers' devices via a remote software update or by disabling a service necessary to the operation of the device. In one example, uy avtomatizatsiyasi devices sold with the promise of a "Lifetime Subscription" were rendered useless after Nest Labs acquired Revolv and made the decision to shut down the central servers the Revolv devices had used to operate.^[227] As Nest is a company owned by Alifbo (Google-ning parent company), the EFF argues this sets a "terrible precedent for a company with ambitions to sell self-driving cars, medical devices, and other high-end gadgets that may be essential to a person's livelihood or physical safety."^[228]

Owners should be free to point their devices to a different server or collaborate on improved software. But such action violates the United States DMCA section 1201, which only has an exemption for "local use". This forces tinkerers who want to keep using their own equipment into a legal grey area. EFF thinks buyers should refuse electronics and software that prioritize the manufacturer's wishes above their own.^[228]

Examples of post-sale manipulations include Google Nest Revolv, disabled privacy settings on Android, Sony disabling Linux kuni PlayStation 3, enforced EULA kuni Wii U.^[228]

Confusing terminology

Kevin Lonergan at Axborot asri, a business technology magazine, has referred to the terms surrounding the IoT as a "terminology zoo".^[229] The lack of clear terminology is not "useful from a practical point of view" and a "source of confusion for the end user".^[229] A company operating in the IoT space could be working in anything related to sensor technology, networking, embedded systems, or analytics.^[229] According to Lonergan, the term IoT was coined before smart phones, tablets, and devices as we know them today existed, and there is a long list of terms with varying degrees of overlap and texnologik yaqinlik: Internet of things, Internet of everything (IoE), Internet of Goods (Supply Chain), industrial Internet, keng tarqalgan hisoblash, pervasive sensing, hamma joyda hisoblash, kiber-fizik tizimlar (CPS), simsiz sensorli tarmoqlar (WSN), smart objects, raqamli egizak, cyberobjects or avatars,^[118] cooperating objects, mashinadan mashinaga (M2M), ambient intelligence (AmI), Operatsion texnologiyasi (OT), and axborot texnologiyalari (IT).^[229] Regarding IIoT, an industrial sub-field of IoT, the Sanoat Internet konsortsiumi 's Vocabulary Task Group has created a "common and reusable vocabulary of terms"^[230] to ensure "consistent terminology"^[230][231] across publications issued by the Industrial Internet Consortium. IoT One has created an IoT Terms Database including a New Term Alert^[232] to be notified when a new term is published. 2020 yil mart oyidan boshlab^[yangilash], this database aggregates 807 IoT-related terms, while keeping material "transparent and comprehensive."^[233][234]

IoT adoption barriers

GE Digital CEO William Ruh speaking about GE's attempts to gain a foothold in the market for IoT services at the first IEEE Kompyuter Jamiyati TechIgnite conference

Lack of interoperability and unclear value propositions

Despite a shared belief in the potential of the IoT, industry leaders and consumers are facing barriers to adopt IoT technology more widely. Mike Farley argued in Forbes that while IoT solutions appeal to erta qabul qiluvchilar, they either lack interoperability or a clear use case for end-users.^[235] A study by Ericsson regarding the adoption of IoT among Danish companies suggests that many struggle "to pinpoint exactly where the value of IoT lies for them".^[236]

Privacy and security concerns

As for IoT, information about a user's daily routine is collected so that the “things” around the user can cooperate to provide better services that fulfill personal preference.^[237] When the collected information which describes a user in detail travels through multiple otquloq in a network, due to a diverse integration of services, devices and network, the information stored on a device is vulnerable to shaxsiy hayotning buzilishi by compromising nodes existing in an IoT network.^[238]

For example, on 21 October 2016, a multiple xizmat ko'rsatishni tarqatish (DDoS) attacks systems operated by domen nomlari tizimi provider Dyn, which caused the inaccessibility of several websites, such as GitHub, Twitter va boshqalar. This attack is executed through a botnet consisting of a large number of IoT devices including IP cameras, shlyuzlar, and even baby monitors.^[239]

Fundamentally there are 4 security objectives that the IOT system requires:(1)data maxfiylik: unauthorized parties cannot have access to the transmitted and stored data.(2)data yaxlitlik: intentional and unintentional korruptsiya of transmitted and stored data must be detected.(3)rad qilmaslik: the sender cannot deny having sent a given message.(4)data availability: the transmitted and stored data should be available to authorized parties even with the xizmat ko'rsatishni rad etish (DOS) attacks.^[240]

Information privacy regulations also require organizations to practice "reasonable security". California's SB-327 Information privacy: connected devices. "would require a manufacturer of a connected device, as those terms are defined, to equip the device with a reasonable security feature or features that are appropriate to the nature and function of the device, appropriate to the information it may collect, contain, or transmit, and designed to protect the device and any information contained therein from unauthorized access, destruction, use, modification, or disclosure, as specified."^[241] As each organization's environment is unique, it can prove challenging to demonstrate what "reasonable security" is and what potential risks could be involved for the business. Oregonniki HB 2395 also "Requires person that manufactures, sells or offers to sell connected device] ishlab chiqaruvchi to equip connected device with reasonable security features that protect connected device and information that connected device collects, contains, stores or transmits] do'konlar from access, destruction, modification, use or disclosure that consumer does not authorize."^[242]

Traditional governance structure

Town of Internet of Things in Hangzhou, China

A study issued by Ericsson regarding the adoption of Internet of things among Danish companies identified a "clash between IoT and companies' traditional boshqaruv structures, as IoT still presents both uncertainties and a lack of historical precedence."^[236] Among the respondents interviewed, 60 percent stated that they "do not believe they have the organizational capabilities, and three of four do not believe they have the processes needed, to capture the IoT opportunity."^[236] This has led to a need to understand tashkiliy madaniyat in order to facilitate tashkiliy dizayn processes and to test new innovatsiyalarni boshqarish amaliyotlar. A lack of digital leadership in the age of raqamli transformatsiya has also stifled innovation and IoT adoption to a degree that many companies, in the face of uncertainty, "were waiting for the market dynamics to play out",^[236] or further action in regards to IoT "was pending competitor moves, customer pull, or regulatory requirements."^[236] Some of these companies risk being 'kodaked' – "Kodak was a market leader until digital disruption eclipsed film photography with digital photos" – failing to "see the disruptive forces affecting their industry"^[243] and "to truly embrace the new business models the disruptive change opens up."^[243] Scott Anthony has written in Garvard biznes sharhi that Kodak "created a digital camera, invested in the technology, and even understood that photos would be shared online"^[243] but ultimately failed to realize that "online photo sharing edi the new business, not just a way to expand the printing business."^[243]

Business planning and models

According to 2018 study, 70–75% of IoT deployments were stuck in the pilot or prototype stage, unable to reach scale due in part to a lack of business planning.^{[244][sahifa kerak ][245]}

Studies on IoT literature and projects show a disproportionate prominence of technology in the IoT projects, which are often driven by technological interventions rather than business model innovation.^{[246][247][noto'g'ri sintezmi? ]}

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• Narsalar interneti da Britannica entsiklopediyasi
• Acharjya, D.P.; Geetha, M.K., nashr. (2017). Internet narsalar: yangi yutuqlar va ko'zda tutilgan dasturlar. Springer. p. 311. ISBN  9783319534725.
• Li, S .; Xu, LD, nashr. (2017). Internetning xavfsizligini ta'minlash. Sinxronizatsiya. p. 154. ISBN  9780128045053.
• Rowland, C .; Gudman, E .; Oldin M.; va boshq., tahr. (2015). Bog'langan mahsulotlarni loyihalash: Iste'molchilar uchun Internet narsalar uchun UX. O'Reilly Media. p. 726. ISBN  9781449372569.
• Tomas, Jayant; Traukina, Alena (2018). Sanoat Internet dasturlarini ishlab chiqish: Public Cloud va Native Cloud Services egiluvchanligi yordamida IIoT ishlab chiqarishni soddalashtiring. Packt Publishing. p. 25. ISBN  978-1788298599.
• Stivenson, V. Devid. (2018). Kelajak aqlli: sizning kompaniyangiz narsalar Internetida qanday qilib kapitallashishi va ulangan iqtisodiyotda g'alaba qozonishi mumkin. HarperCollins rahbariyati. p. 250. ISBN  9780814439777.