Glenanne to'dasi - Glenanne gang - Wikipedia

Glenanne to'dasi
RahbarlarJon Vayr
Billi Makkey
Billi Xanna
Robin Jekson
Xarris Boyl
Ishlash sanalari1972–1980
Bosh ofisGlenanne, Armag tumani, Shimoliy Irlandiya
Faol hududlarAsosan Armag okrugi va sharq Tайрон okrugi
MafkuraUlster sadoqati
Irlandiyalik ittifoqchilik
Hajmi40 taniqli a'zolar
QismiUlster ko'ngillilar kuchlari
RaqiblarIrlandiyalik millatchilar
Janglar va urushlarmuammolar
Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi Glenanne fermasining joylashishi.
Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi Glenanne fermasining joylashishi.
Glenanne
Glenanne (Shimoliy Irlandiya)

The Glenanne to'dasi yoki Glenanne guruhi ning yashirin norasmiy ittifoqi edi Ulster sodiqlari qarshi otish va bombardimon hujumlarini amalga oshirgan Katoliklar va Irlandiyalik millatchilar 1970-yillarda, paytida muammolar.[1] Hujumlarning aksariyati okruglar hududidagi "qotillik uchburchagi" da sodir bo'lgan Armagh va Tyrone yilda Shimoliy Irlandiya.[2] Shuningdek, Shimoliy Irlandiyaning boshqa joylarida ham ba'zi hujumlar uyushtirildi Irlandiya Respublikasi. Guruh tarkibiga kiritilgan Britaniya askarlari dan Ulster mudofaa polki (UDR), militsiya xodimlari Qirollik Ulster konstitutsiyasi (RUC) va a'zolari O'rta-Ulster brigadasi ning Ulster ko'ngillilar kuchlari (UVF).[3][4] 25 nafar ingliz askarlari va politsiya zobitlari jinoiy guruh a'zolari deb nomlanishdi.[5] Guruh haqida tafsilotlar ko'plab manbalardan, shu jumladan tasdiqnoma sobiq a'zosi va RUC ofitseri Jon Vayr; boshqa sobiq a'zolarning bayonotlari; politsiya, armiya va sud hujjatlari; va bir xil qurollarni turli hujumlarga bog'laydigan ballistik dalillar. 2003 yildan buyon guruh faoliyati 2006 yilga qadar tekshirilib ko'rildi Kassel hisobotiva uchta hisobot Irlandiya Oliy sudi adliya tomonidan topshirilgan Genri Barron deb nomlanuvchi Barron hisobotlari.[6] Guruh faoliyatiga bag'ishlangan kitob, O'ldiruvchi ittifoqchilar: Britaniyaning Irlandiyadagi kelishuvi, Anne Cadwallader tomonidan, 2013 yilda nashr etilgan.[7] Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan barcha manbalarga, shuningdek Tarixiy so'rovlar guruhi tergov. Kitob 2019 yilda hujjatli film uchun asos bo'ldi Tinch bo'lmagan qabrlar, rejissyor Shon Myurrey.

O'ldiruvchi ittifoqchilar guruhning permutatsiyalari 120 ga yaqin odamni o'ldirgan deb da'vo qilmoqda - ularning deyarli barchasi katolik fuqarolari bo'lgan, ular bilan aloqasi yo'q Irlandiya respublikasi harbiy xizmatchilar.[5] The Kassel hisoboti guruhga tegishli 76 ta qotillikni tergov qildi va ularning 74 tasida ingliz askarlari va RUC zobitlari ishtirok etganligini isbotladi.[8] Jon Veyr uning boshliqlari uning sodiq jangarilar bilan ishlayotganini bilishini da'vo qildi, ammo davom etishiga yo'l qo'ydi.[9] The Kassel hisoboti shuningdek, ba'zi yuqori lavozimli ofitserlar jinoyatlar to'g'risida bilishini, ammo oldini olish, tergov qilish yoki jazolash uchun hech narsa qilmaganligini aytdi.[8] Ba'zi asosiy a'zolar bo'lganligi da'vo qilingan er-xotin agentlar uchun ishlash Britaniya harbiy razvedkasi va RUC maxsus bo'limi.[4][10]

Guruhga tegishli bo'lgan hujumlarga quyidagilar kiradi Dublin va Monagandagi portlashlar (1974), the Mayami Showband qotilliklari (1975), Reavey va O'Dowd qotilliklari (1976) va Hillcrest Bar-da portlash (1976).[4] Qurbonlarning aksariyati o'z uylarida yoki katoliklarga tegishli beg'araz hujumlarda o'ldirilgan pablar qurol va / yoki bomba bilan. Ba'zilar soxta Britaniya armiyasida to'xtatilgandan so'ng otib tashlangan nazorat punktlari va bir qator hujumlar muvofiqlashtirildi.[11] O'z hujumlariga "da'vo" qilishni xohlaganda, guruh odatda "Protestant harakat kuchlari "Glenanne to'dasi" nomi 2003 yildan beri qo'llanilgan va Glenannadagi fermadan kelib chiqqan (yaqin Marketill, Armagh okrugi) bu to'daning asosiy "operatsiyalar bazasi" sifatida ishlatilgan.[12][13] Shuningdek, u yaqin fermer xo'jaligidan foydalangan Dungannon.[14]

Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi siyosiy vaziyat

Asosiy maqola: Muammolar

70-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib shiddatli etno-siyosiy mojaro sifatida tanilgan muammolar Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi odamlarning kundalik hayotini tubdan o'zgartirdi; besh yillik notinch fuqarolik tartibsizliklaridan so'ng, portlashlar va otishmalarda pasayish alomatlari yo'q edi. Tomonidan olib borilgan qurolli kampaniya Vaqtinchalik IRA Angliyada portlashlar va Shimoliy Irlandiyada xavfsizlik kuchlariga qarshi hujumlarning kuchayishi bilan avj olgan edi. The Britaniya armiyasi va Qirollik Ulster konstitutsiyasi (RUC) IRA zo'ravonligining og'ir yukini o'z zimmasiga oldi va ko'plab protestantlar o'z xalqlarini hujumga uchragan deb hisoblashdi. Rog'un GES a'zolari RUC maxsus patrul guruhi (SPG) vaziyat tezda yomonlashayotganiga va AIR aslida "urushda g'alaba qozonayotganiga" ishongan. 1973 yil oxirlarida tashkilotni mag'lub etish uchun keskin choralar ko'rish kerakligi haqida fikrlar bildirildi.[15] SPG odatdagi RUC va politsiyaning sezgir joylarini zaxira qilish bilan shug'ullanadigan maxsus politsiya bo'limi edi.[iqtibos kerak ]

1975 yil 10-fevralda Muvaqqat IRA va Buyuk Britaniya hukumati sulh tuzib, muzokaralarni qayta boshlashdi. AIR Britaniya xavfsizlik kuchlariga qarshi hujumlarni to'xtatishga rozi bo'ldi va xavfsizlik kuchlari asosan reyd va tintuvlarni yakunladilar.[16] Biroq, har ikki tomonda ham norozilar bor edi. Ba'zi provayderlar sulhning hech bir qismini xohlamas edilar, britaniyalik qo'mondonlar esa AIRga qarshi operatsiyalarni to'xtatib turishlarini talab qilishganida, ular o'zlarining Provizionlari qochib ketayotgan paytda da'vo qilishgan.[16] Sulh paytida mazhablararo qotilliklarning ko'payishi kuzatildi, bu "rasmiy ravishda" 1976 yil fevralgacha davom etdi. Ulster sodiq Britaniya hukumati ularni tashlab ketishga va majburan a birlashgan Irlandiya,[17] Rim katoliklari va millatchilariga qarshi hujumlarini kuchaytirdi. Sadoqatli qo'rquvlar qisman aslida asoslangan edi Yashirin razvedka xizmati ofitser Maykl Oatli a'zosi bilan muzokaralar olib borgan IRA Armiya Kengashi davomida Irlandiyadan "ajratish tuzilmalari" muhokama qilindi. Bu Britaniya qo'shinlarini Shimoliy Irlandiyadan olib chiqib ketilishini anglatardi.[18] Sadoqatchilar 1975 yilda 120 katolikni, aksariyat tinch aholini o'ldirdilar.[19] Ular IRAni qasos olishga majbur qilishlariga va shu bilan sulhga chek qo'yishga umid qilishdi.[19]

Glenanne to'dasining shakllanishi

Glenanne to'dasi ko'plab a'zolarni UVF o'rta-Ulster brigadasi, boshchiligida Robin "Shoqol" Jekson

Aynan shu zo'ravonlik davrida sodiq ekstremistlar guruhi 2003 yilda "Glenanne bandasi" nomi bilan kechikib bo'shashgan ittifoq tuzdilar.[6] 40 dan ortiq taniqli a'zolarni o'z ichiga olgan to'da Britaniya armiyasining askarlari bor edi Ulster mudofaa polki (UDR), RUC ning yolg'onchi elementlari, O'rta-Ulster brigadasi noqonuniy harbiylashtirilgan Ulster ko'ngillilar kuchlari (UVF) va ba'zilari Ulster mudofaa assotsiatsiyasi (UDA) a'zolari.[3][4]

Ushbu guruh katoliklarga va millatchilarga qarshi Iroqning kuchaytirilgan kampaniyasidan qasos olish uchun o'qqa tutish va bombardimon qilishni boshladi.[20] Ushbu hujumlarning aksariyati Armag okrugi va Mid-Mid okrugida sodir bo'lgan.Olster jurnalist Djo Ternan tomonidan "qotillik uchburchagi" deb nomlanadi.[2] Shuningdek, u Shimoliy Irlandiyaning boshqa joylarida va Irlandiya Respublikasida hujumlar uyushtirdi.[21] "Glenanne to'dasi" nomi Glenannadagi fermadan olingan (yaqin Marketill, Armag County) bu to'daning qo'llarini tashlab yuborish va bomba tayyorlash joyi sifatida ishlatilgan.[12]

2013 yilgi xotiralarida, Jozef Pirs, Britaniyaning sobiq oq supremacisti va katta a'zosi Milliy front keyinchalik katoliklikni qabul qilgan va yozuvchi va akademik Aquinas kolleji (Nashvill, Tennessi, AQSh), NF, Buyuk Britaniya armiyasi va sodiq kishi o'rtasidagi kelishuv to'g'risida bilganlarini ochib berdi o'lim guruhlari. Pirsning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi terroristik operatsiyalarda bevosita ishtirok etishni istamasligimga qaramay, men UVF va UDA rahbarlari kabi Shimoliy Irlandiyada armiya bilan xizmat qilayotgan Milliy front a'zolari haqida juda yaxshi bilardim gumon qilinayotgan IRA a'zolari to'g'risida razvedka ma'lumotlarini sodiq harbiy xizmatchilarga o'tkazib yuborishgan, bu ma'lumotda gumonlanuvchi IRA a'zolarining fotosuratlari, ular haydagan mashinaning turi va uning davlat raqami va boshqa foydali faktlar bo'lgan. Men ushbu ma'lumotdan UVF tomonidan foydalanilganiga shubham yo'q va UDA dushmanlarini nishonga olish va ularga suiqasd qilish. "[22]

Da'vo qilingan a'zolar

Quyidagi odamlarni, shu qatorda, Adliya Barron va professor Duglass Kassel o'zlarining Glenanne to'dasi a'zolari sifatida o'zlarining ma'ruzalarida ishtirok etishgan:

Asosiy raqamlar

  • Jon Oliver Vayr (1950 yilda tug'ilgan, Monaghan okrugi, Irlandiya Respublikasi) - RUC Maxsus patrul guruhining ofitseri ("antiterror" bo'linmasi) va UVF a'zosi. Veyr geymerning o'g'li edi va yaqin atrofda ko'chirilgan Castleblaney. U Dublindagi protestantlar internatiga borgan.[23] 1970 yilda RUCga qo'shilgandan so'ng, Belfastdagi Strandtown RUC stantsiyasida ishlagan. 1972 yilda u Armaghga ko'chirildi va u erda 1973 yil 1 avgustda SPG tomonidan yollandi. Eron 1974 va 1975 yillarda xavfsizlik kuchlarining ikki a'zosini o'ldirganidan so'ng, u o'z xavfsizligi uchun Kastlereadagi SPG bo'limiga yuborildi, Belfast. 1975 yil yanvar va 1976 yil sentyabr oylari orasida aniqlanmagan sanada Glenanne to'dasiga qo'shildi.[24] Keyin Vayr Lisanelly armiyasining bazasida olti hafta yotdi Omag; 1976 yilda serjant unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi va unga topshirildi Newry RUC kazarmalari. U Belleekdagi Tulli baridagi bomba hujumida, Renaghanning barini bombardimon qilishga urinishda bevosita ishtirok etgan deb da'vo qildi. Klontibret, Monagen okrugi va 1976 yil kuzida muntazam ravishda Glenanne fermasiga tashrif buyurgan. 1977 yil noyabr oyida u yuborilgan Newtownhamilton RUC kazarmalari. 1980 yilda u katolik kimyogari Uilyam Strathearnni 1977 yilda o'ldirganlikda aybdor deb topilganidan keyin u RUCni tark etdi. U qamoqdan 1992 yilda ozod qilingan. Qamoq paytida va undan keyin Glenanne to'dasidagi sobiq sheriklarini ayblab bir qator ayblovlarni ilgari surgan. Uning 1999 yilgi bayonoti 2003 yilda e'lon qilingan Barron hisoboti ustida Dublin va Monagandagi portlashlar.[20] Vayr, shuningdek, bosh inspektorni aybladi Garri Brin 1999 yil 3 yanvardagi Affidavitida to'da faoliyati to'g'risida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lish.
    Boshqa da'volar qatorida u "Xulosa qilib, Past apelsin farovonligi Newry RUC stantsiyasida RUC ofitserlari - McBride, Breen, men va boshqa RUC ofitseri, serjant Monty Alexander dan Forxill RUC stantsiyasi - Portadaundagi UVFga qurol etkazib berish. Keyinchalik bilsam, bu qurollar Samuel Makkubri tomonidan Spa, Co Down shahrida ishlab chiqarilgan. "
  • Uilyam "Billi" Makkey (2006 yilda vafot etgan) - Armagh RUC SPG xodimi, u yaqin qo'riqchi sifatida ishlagan Ulster Unionist partiyasi siyosatchi Jon Teylor va UVF a'zosi.[25] U sobiq a'zosi edi Ulster maxsus konstitutsiyasi. McCaugheyga hamkasbi Vayr O'Dowd otishmalari, Rok-Barga hujum kabi ko'plab Glenanna to'dalari hujumlarida aralashgan va u Rim-katolik ruhoniyini o'g'irlab ketganini tan olgan. Makkaugi Veyr bilan birga Uilyam Strathearnni o'ldirganlikda ayblanib, 16 yilga ozodlikdan mahrum etildi. McCaughey Rok Barga hujum paytida Maykl Makgratni yarador qilgani uchun etti yillik qamoq jazosini oldi, portlovchi moddalar va saqlash ayblovi bilan hukm qilindi va Fr Xyu Merfini o'g'irlash uchun uch yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qilindi.[26]
  • Billi Xanna (taxminan 1929 - 1975 yil 27-iyul, Lurgan, Armagh okrugi) - asoschisi UVF o'rta-Ulster brigadasi va uning qo'mondoni 1975 yil iyulgacha; u shuningdek serjant bo'lib xizmat qilgan C kompaniyasi, 11-batalyon UDR UVF-ga aql-idrok berganligi uchun ishdan bo'shatilishidan oldin.[27] U to'da shtabi bo'yicha instruktor bo'lgan. Kolin Uolles Xanna 1974 yil may oyida Dublindagi portlashlarni uyushtirgan.[28]
    Jurnalist Jo Tieran Xannaning razvedka korpusi agenti ekanligini da'vo qildi. U Jeyms Mitchellga mol-mulkni qurol tashlaydigan joy va bomba yasash joyi sifatida foydalanishga ruxsat so'rab murojaat qilgan kishi edi. Xanna 1975 yil iyul oyida Lurgan shahridagi uyi oldida otib o'ldirilgan.[29]
  • Robin "Shoqol" Jekson (1948 yil 27-sentyabr, Donagxmor, County Down - 1998 yil 30-may, Donaghcloney, County Down) - 1975 yil iyuldan 1990 yil boshigacha UVF Mid-Ulster brigadasining qo'mondoni, Ulster mudofaa polkining (UDR) a'zosi va aloqador bo'lgan RUC maxsus bo'limi agenti. harbiy razvedka.[4] U Xanna otib o'ldirilganda brigada rahbarligini o'z zimmasiga oldi, buning uchun u Ternan javobgar deb aytdi.[30] Vayr Robin Jeksonni to'daning qotilligiga aloqador qildi,[31] va uni to'dada "asosiy shaxs" bo'lgan deb nomlagan.[32] 1993 yildagi Yorkshire Television dasturidan so'ng Yashirin qo'l Dublindagi portlashlarda Jeksonga aloqador bo'lgan, ammo uning ismi tilga olinmagan, u so'roq qilingan. U 26 kishining o'limiga sabab bo'lgan uchta avtomobil portlashiga aloqadorligini rad etdi.[33] va Mayami Showband qotilliklari.[4] U faqat bir marta (1981 yilda) .22 avtomat, .38 revolver, jurnal, 13 ta o'q-dorilar va davlumbazlar;[34][35] ammo, u etti yillik qamoq jazosining ikki yilini o'tab bo'lganidan keyin ozod qilindi. Jeksonning barmoq izlari 1976 yilda Ted Sinxlerning fermasida olingan Luger avtomatiga (seriya raqami U 4) uy qurilishi susturucusundan topilgan.[36] Jeksonning ismi Garda Síochana Dublin va Monagandagi portlashlarda gumon qilinuvchilar ro'yxati.[34] Jekson sudda Uilyam Straternni Vayr va Makkuey tomonidan qotillardan biri deb nomlangan. Sudga RUC ofitseri Jekson va Kerr sud oldida "operatsion strategiya" doirasida emasligini aytdi.[37] Jekson 1998 yilda o'pka saratonidan vafot etdi.
  • Robert Makkonnell - UVF a'zosi va 2-batalyon UDR tanani The Barron hisoboti uni Dublindagi portlashlarda gumon qilinuvchilardan biri sifatida qayd etadi. U RUC maxsus bo'limi va razvedka korpusi bilan aloqada bo'lganligi va u portlashlardan oldin va keyin boshqarilganligi da'vo qilingan. Robert Nayrak.[38] Makkonellni Lili Shilds ham, Lorens Makklur ham Donnellidagi Barda sodir etilgan qotillikda qatnashgan deb atashgan. Vayr shtatlari, u Robin Jekson va Xarris Boyl bilan birga Jon Frensis Grinning otishmalarida qatnashgan.[39] U Veyr tomonidan Reavey oilasidagi otishmalarning etakchi qurolbardori sifatida nomlangan.[40] Makkonnell 1976 yil 5 aprelda AIR tomonidan o'ldirilgan.[41]
  • Lorens Makklur - 1975 yil may oyida Armagh SPG tarkibiga kirgan UVF a'zosi va RUC SPG xodimi. U Jeyms Mitchelning yaqin qo'shnisi bo'lgan va fermer xo'jaligiga qo'shni bo'lgan ta'mirlash garajiga ega edi. Makklur Veyr tomonidan bir necha mazhablararo hujumlarda qatnashgan, shu jumladan Donnelly's Bar va Rok Barda qatnashgan deb nomlangan, ikkinchisi u aybdor deb topilgan va ikki yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qilingan, uch yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qilingan. Veyrning ta'kidlashicha, Makklur Dublinda ishlatilgan bombalarni yig'ishda yordam bergan.[42] McClure a ekanligini tan oldi qochib ketadigan haydovchi Donnelly's Bar-da portlashda ishtirok etganlar va Lily Shilds bilan birga mashinada kutganlar uchun; ikkalasi "kurishgan juftlik" vazifasini bajaradi.[43] Makklurga Donnelly's Barga qilingan hujumga oid ma'lumotlarni yashirishda ayblangan. UDR va politsiya bo'yicha advokat ... u a olganini aytdi nolle prozeksi jumla, ayblovga qarshi "ta'qib qilishni xohlamaslik" ("ta'qib qilmang" degan ma'noni anglatadi) ma'nosini anglatuvchi lotincha huquqiy ibora. Nolle prozeskiga mualliflik huquqini beradigan yagona shaxs - bu Bosh prokuror.[26][44]
  • Jeyms Mitchell (taxminan 1920 yil - 2008 yil may) - RUC zaxira xodimi va Glenanne fermasining egasi. U 1974 yil sentyabr oyida RUC zaxirasiga qo'shilgan va Marketillda joylashgan. U 1977 yil 1 iyulda "shaxsiy sabablarga ko'ra" kuchlarni tark etdi.[45] Veyr uni muntazam ravishda harbiylashtirilgan tadbirlarda qatnashgan UVF a'zosi deb nomlagan.[46] Vayr, Mitchellning Dublin va Monagandagi portlashlarga aloqadorligini tan oldi va u Mitchellning bir marta uy hovlisida uyda ishlab chiqarilgan ammiak-nitrat va yoqilg'i-moy portlovchi moddasini aralashtirib yuborganini ko'rganini da'vo qildi.[47] U 1978 yil dekabrda RUC reydidan so'ng o'z eridan topilgan qurol-yarog 'uchun aybdor deb topilgan. 2000 yil 9 avgustda RUC bilan bo'lib o'tgan intervyusida u Veyrning da'volarini qat'iyan rad etdi va unga murojaat qildi "la'nati la'natchi va sudlangan qotil".[48] Mitchell 88 yoshida, 2008 yil may oyida Nyu-Yorkdagi Daisy Hill kasalxonasida vafot etdi. Villi Frazer uning dafn marosimida qatnashdi va ommaviy axborot vositalariga aytdi "Men u nilufar oq edi demayman, lekin u munosib odam edi".[49]
  • Robert Jon "R.J". Kerr (taxminan 1943 - 1997 yil 7-noyabr) - UDA qo'mondon. U 1972 yilda shubhali holatlarda qurol va o'q-dorilarga ega bo'lganlikda ayblangan; Keyinchalik 1973 yil 10 martda qurolli talonchilikda aybdor deb topildi. Kerr 1974 yilda ikki kishini qo'rqitish va unga tajovuz qilish munosabati bilan 1974 yilda hukm qilingan va 18 oylik qamoq jazosini olgan. Kerr Uilyam Strathearnning qotillaridan biri sifatida Vayr va Makkehey tomonidan nomlangan. Sudga RUC xodimi Jekson va Kerr sud oldida "politsiya strategiyasi" doirasida emasligini aytdi.[34] U sirli portlashda vafot etdi, uning jasadi yoqib yuborilgan qayiq yaqinidan topilib, asosiy Nyu-Uorrenport yo'lidagi treylerda tortib olindi.
  • Xarris Boyl (1953, Portadaun - 1975 yil 31-iyul, Buskill, County Down) - UDR askari va UVF a'zosi. Boyl turmushga chiqmagan va telefon simlari sifatida ishlagan. U 1972 yilda shubhali sharoitlarda qurol va o'q-dorilarga ega bo'lganlikda ayblangan. Boyl Mayami Showband avtobusiga joylashtirilgan bomba muddatidan oldin portlashi natijasida o'ldirilgan.[50] U Dublin va Monagandagi portlashlarga aloqador edi,[51] va Monagen okrugida IRA ko'ngillisi Jon Frensis Grinning o'ldirilishi.[52] Janob Adliya Barron tomonidan qabul qilingan ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Monaghan bombasi Portadaun shahridagi Festival yo'lidagi uyida yig'ilgan. Killycomain mulk.[53]
  • Uesli Somervil (County Tyrone tug'ilgan - 1975 yil 31-iyulda vafot etgan, Buskhill, County Down) - UDR askari va UVF leytenanti. U hunari bilan to'qimachilik ishchisi edi. U Mayami Showband avtobusiga joylashtirgan bomba muddatidan oldin portlashi natijasida o'lgan.[50] Uesli Somervilga yana ikki kishi bilan birga ikkita non etkazib beruvchini o'g'irlashda ayblov e'lon qilindi. Odamni o'g'irlash ayblovi Dungannon shahridagi Morne Kresentidagi bomba hujumiga bog'liq edi.[54] Vayr Somervillni 1974 yilda Monagandagi portlashda qatnashgan deb nomlagan.[55]
  • Gari Armstrong - RUC serjanti, politsiyachini o'ldirgani uchun qasos sifatida katolik ruhoniysi, ota Xyu Merfini o'g'irlash munosabati bilan ikki yillik shartli qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi. Armstrong Rok Barga qurol va bomba hujumini uyushtirgan RUC a'zolari guruhidan biri sifatida sudya Barron tomonidan nomlangan.[26]
  • Jozef Styuart Yang - Portadaundan UVF a'zosi. Uning ismi Garda Dublin va Monagandagi portlashlarda gumon qilinuvchilar ro'yxatida mavjud. Jon Vayrning ta'kidlashicha, Yang Monagondagi portlashni amalga oshirgan qismning bir qismi bo'lgan.[55] So'roq qilinganida, Yang ayblovni rad etdi.[56] Shuningdek, u Donnellining bariga qilingan hujumga aloqadorlikda gumon qilingan.[57]

Boshqa a'zolar

  • Kapitan Jon Irvin - UDR razvedkasi xodimi. Veyr o'z arizasida Irvinning Dublin va Monagandagi portlashlar uchun portlovchi moddalarni ta'minlaganligini va ularni Mitchelning fermasiga etkazib berganini, keyinchalik u erda yig'ilganligini e'lon qiladi.[58]
  • Lanser korporativ Tomas Raymond Krozier (1951 yilda tug'ilgan, Lurgan, Armag okrugi) - C kompaniyasi, 11-batalyon UDR va UVF a'zosi, u rasmlarni pudratchi sifatida ishlagan. U 1976 yil oktyabr oyida Mayami Showband qotilligi munosabati bilan sudlangan.[59] Shuningdek, u 1975 yilda Semyuel Fulton Nil va Robin Jekson bilan birga to'rtta miltiq bilan hibsga olingan.[54]
  • Serjant Jeyms Roderik McDowell (Armagh okrugining Lurgan shahridan) - shuningdek, C Company, 11-batalyon UDR,[50] va UVF a'zosi, u optik ishchi edi; 1976 yil oktyabr oyida Mayami Showband qotilligiga nisbatan sudlangan.[59]
  • Jon Jeyms Somervil (2015 yil yanvarida vafot etgan) - sobiq UDR askari Moygashel, Tайрон okrugi; Ueslining ukasi (yuqoriga qarang); yuk mashinasi-yordamchi sifatida ishlagan; Mayami Showband qotilligi munosabati bilan 1981 yil 9 noyabrda sudlangan.[59] Somervilga yana ikki kishi bilan birga ikkita non etkazib beruvchini o'g'irlashda ayblov e'lon qilindi. Odamni o'g'irlash ayblovi Morne Crescent-dagi bomba hujumiga ham bog'liq edi Dungannon. Shuningdek, u qurolli talonchilik uchun sudlangan CIÉ avtobus Afnakloy va avtobusga taxminan 12000 funt sterlingga zarar etkazgan.[54] U Veyr tomonidan Monagandagi portlashda qatnashgan deb nomlangan.[55]
  • Sara Elizabeth "Lily" Shilds - Mitchellning uy bekasi. U Vayr tomonidan McArdle's Bar va Donnelly's Barga hujum qilganlar uchun qochish mashinasini taqdim etgan deb nomlangan.[60] Keyinchalik, so'nggi hujumga oid ma'lumotlarni yashirganligi uchun unga qarshi ayblovlar e'lon qilindi. Biroq, sud sudyasi va DPP olib keldi nolle prozeksi 1981 yil aprelidagi ayblovga qarshi.[61]
  • Norman Grinli - UDR askari va UVF a'zosi. Glenanne guruhining bir qator hujumlarida foydalanilgan Star pistoleti (seriya raqami 344164) Grinlining fermasida topilgan Richhill, Armag okrugi 1979 yilda. Shuningdek, ko'plab boshqa qurollar va o'q-dorilar topilgan. Keyinchalik u qurolga ega bo'lganligi uchun etti yil va UVFga a'zoligi uchun to'rt yillik qamoq jazosini oldi.[59]
  • Jorj Mur Patrik Turlini o'ldirishga urinish, hujum qilish va qurol va o'q-dorilarni saqlashda aybdor deb topildi.[59]
  • Gordon Liggett — Ulster mudofaa assotsiatsiyasi (UDA) qo'mondoni. U Patrik Turleyga og'ir va haqiqiy tan jarohati etkazishda aybdor deb topildi; shuningdek qurolli talonchilik va qurol va o'q-dorilarni saqlash.[41]
  • Uilyam Eshton Rayt - UDR askari. U 1972 yilda shubhali holatlarda qurol-yarog 'va o'q-dorilarga ega bo'lganlikda ayblangan. Keyinchalik 1973 yil 10 martda sodir bo'lgan qurolli talonchilikda aybdor deb topilgan. Rayt 1974 yilda ikki kishini qo'rqitish va ularga hujum qilish munosabati bilan 1973 yilda va olti oylik shartli qamoq jazosini oldi.[59]
  • Jorj Xayd - Patrik Turlini o'ldirishga urinishda ayblanib; keyinchalik u qamoqxonada o'ldirilgan holda topilgan.[59]
  • Edvard "Ted" Sinkler (Dungannondan) a Luger avtomati (seriya raqami U 4), ​​.38 ACP avtomati, uy qurilishi pulemyotlari, gelignit 1976 yilda o'q-dorilar. U 1979 yilda ozod qilingan. Sinkler 1980 yilda yana hibsga olingan va .45 revolver va o'q-dorilarni saqlashda ayblangan. Biroq, ayblovlar DPP tomonidan qaytarib olingan. Sinkler 1976 yilda Piter va Jeyn MakKernining o'ldirilishida ham ayblangan (er-xotin adashib, shu familiya bilan Margaret McKearney ismli AIR ko'ngilli ota-onasi deb ishongan, ammo aloqasi yo'q edi).[62] 1982 yilda (keyingi yil) ushbu ayblovlar DPP tomonidan bekor qilingan.[41]
  • Garnet Jeyms Busbi 1975 yil oktyabr oyida Piter va Jeyn MakKernilarni o'ldirishda aybdor deb topilgan (yuqoriga qarang). U, shuningdek, Dungannondagi Hillcrest barida Endryu Smoll, Jeyms Makkey, Jozef Kelli va Patrik Barnardni o'ldirishda aybdor deb topildi. U bombani Dungannondagi O'Nilning Bariga o'rnatgan. Sud jarayonida RUC inspektori sudga Mayami Showband-ga hujum uchun xuddi shu UVF to'dasi aybdor ekanligini aytdi.[41]
  • Jon Parr Tyron okrugidan Denis Mullenni o'ldirishda aybdor deb topilgan.[41]
  • Billi Korrigan Jon Parr ustidan sud jarayonida Denis Mullenni o'ldirishda ishtirok etgan deb nomlangan. Korrigan 1976 yilda AIR tomonidan o'ldirilgan.[41]
  • Genri Garfild Liggett Patrik Makneysni o'ldirishda aybdor deb topildi.[41]
  • Doroti Mullan avtoulovni Patrik Makneys o'ldirilgan joyga olib borishda aybdor deb topildi.[41]
  • Garfild Jerar Bitti Denis Mullan, Jim McLoughlin va Patrik MakNaytsni Charlemontdagi Eagle Barda o'ldirishda aybdor deb topilgan; shuningdek, Eagle Bar-da boshqa homiylarni o'ldirishga urinishda aybdor deb topilgan.[41]
  • Devid Genri Keyn Jim McLoughlinni o'ldirishda va Eagle Bar-da boshqa homiylarni o'ldirishga urinishda aybdor deb topilgan.[63]
  • Joey Lutton - Charlemontdagi Eagle Bar va Clancy's Barga qilingan hujumlarda aybdor deb topilgan UDR askari.[64]
  • Semyuel Fulton Nil (1976 yil 25 yanvarda vafot etgan) - Robin Jeksonning qaynonasi, 1975 yilda to'rtta miltiqni ushlab turgan Jekson va Tomas Krozier bilan birga hibsga olingan. U Maykl Showbandidagi hujumga aloqador odamlar haqida politsiyaga ma'lumot uzatgani uchun, xuddi Jekson tomonidan portadaunlik pabdan chiqib ketgandan so'ng, uning boshiga besh marta o'q uzishgan.[54][65]
  • Trevor Barnard ikki kishi bilan birga ikkita non etkazib beruvchini o'g'irlashda ayblangan. Odamni o'g'irlash ayblovi Dungannon shahridagi Morne Crescent-da bomba hujumi bilan ham bog'liq edi.[54]
  • Lorens Teyt - UDR askari. U ikki kishi bilan birga Dungannon yaqinidagi bo'sh bungalovni portlatishda aybdor deb topilgan. Shuningdek, u Dungannonda joylashgan Killen's Bar-ni bombalashda aybdor deb topildi. U Mayami Showband tergovi doirasida hibsga olingan.[54]
  • Garold Genri MakKey yana ikki kishi bilan birga Dungannon yaqinidagi bo'sh bungalovni portlatishda aybdor deb topilgan. Dungannon shahridagi Killen's Bar-ni bombalashda ayblangan. U Mayami Showband tergovi doirasida hibsga olingan.[54]
  • Jon Nimmons yana ikki kishi bilan birga Dungannon yaqinidagi bo'sh bungalovni portlatishda aybdor deb topilgan. Dungannon shahridagi Killen's Bar-ni bombalashda ayblangan. U Mayami Showband tergovi doirasida hibsga olingan.[54]
  • Uilyam Tomas Leonard - UDR askari Jeyms va Gertruda Devlinni o'ldirishda ayblanib, er-xotin. U, shuningdek, Dungannondagi Killen's Bar-ni bombalashda va Avnakloyda joylashgan CIÉ avtobusini qurolli ravishda talon-taroj qilishda ayblanib, avtobusga taxminan 12000 funt sterling miqdorida zarar etkazgan.[54]
  • Semmi Makku Makklur va Shilds tomonidan Donnelli bariga qilingan hujumda qatnashgan deb nomlangan. Keyinchalik Makkuoning ismi Garda Dublin va Monagandagi portlashlarda gumon qilinuvchilar ro'yxatida paydo bo'ldi.[66]
  • Yan Mitchell - RUC ofitseri, ikki yillik qamoq jazosini oldi, Rok-Barga qilingan hujumga nisbatan uch yilga chetlatildi. Yan Mitchell Keti, Armag okrugidagi Step Innda Betti Makdonald va Jerald Makglinanning o'ldirilishi bo'yicha tergov xodimlaridan biri bo'lgan.[66]
  • Devid Uilson - RUC ofitseri, bir yillik qamoq jazosini oldi, Rok-Barga qilingan hujumga nisbatan ikki yilga chetlatildi.[66]
  • Aleksandr Makkey - Billi Makkeyning otasi, Fr.ni o'g'irlash munosabati bilan bir yillik shartli qamoq jazosiga mahkum etilgan. Merfi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Ushbu to'da, shuningdek, harbiy razvedka bilan aloqador ofitser kapitan bilan bog'liq bo'lgan Robert Nayrak kim uchun ishlagan 14-razvedka kompaniyasi (Det).[4] Yoqilgan Yashirin qo'l 1993 yilda Yorkshire Television tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan dasturda Robin Jekson Nairac va 14-razvedka tomonidan boshqarilganligi da'vo qilingan.[67] 1977 yil may oyida Nairac IRA tomonidan o'g'irlab ketilgan Dromintee va respublika chegarasidan o'tib, u bir soatdan ko'proq vaqt davomida so'roq qilingan va Ravensdeyl Vudsda avtomat bilan kaltaklangan, Louth okrugi. Keyin Nayrak Liam Taunson tomonidan otib o'ldirilgan.[68]Pte Ian Leonard Prays, 2-batalyon, Queens Reg Merlin Ris, Shimoliy Irlandiya bo'yicha davlat kotibi, 1974 yil 4 aprelda UVFga qarshi prokuraturani bekor qildi,[69] ammo u 1975 yil 3 oktyabrda yana bir bor noqonuniy qilingan; shuning uchun 1974 yil aprelidan 1975 yil oktyabrigacha bo'lgan davrda UVFga a'zolik jinoyat hisoblanmadi. Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi eng katta sodiq harbiylashtirilgan guruh Ulster mudofaa assotsiatsiyasi (UDA) ham o'sha paytda ta'qiqlanmagan.[70]

Hujumlar Glenanne to'dasiga tegishli

2004 yilda, Pat Finucane markazi - deb so'radi professor Duglas Kassel (ilgari Shimoli-g'arbiy universitet yuridik fakulteti Chikagoda) 70-yillarning o'rtalarida sodir etilgan Shimoliy Irlandiyada mazhablararo qotilliklarda Britaniya xavfsizlik kuchlari a'zolari bilan til biriktirilishini tekshirish uchun xalqaro surishtiruvni chaqirish. Jinoiy guruhning qotillikka aloqadorligi, xususan, tekshirilishi kerak edi.[71]

Hay'at qurbonlar va ularning qarindoshlari, shuningdek xavfsizlik kuchlarining to'rt a'zosi bilan suhbat o'tkazdi. Xavfsizlik kuchlarining to'rt a'zosi: RUC SPG ofitserlari Jon Vayr va Billi Makkey; psixologik urush tezkor Kolin Uolles va MI6 tezkor Kapitan Fred Xolroyd. Ularning barchasi Glenanne to'dasini hujumlarga aloqador. Sakkiz holatdan ettitasida ballistik testlar Vayrning qotillikni xavfsizlik kuchlari olib boradigan qurollarga bog'lash haqidagi da'volarini tasdiqladi. Suhbat davomida hujumlar amalga oshirilishining ko'plab o'xshashliklari, turli hujjatlar (shu jumladan Barron hisoboti) qurol va qotilliklarni to'da bilan bog'laydigan ballistik tarix zanjirini yaratdi. Adliya Barron to'da haqida fikr bildirdi

RUC va UDR a'zolarining sodiq harbiylashtirilgan tashkilotlar a'zolari bilan birlashishi ushbu tashkilotlarning aralashgan guruhlari tomonidan bir xil yoki bog'langan qurollardan foydalanish bilan ta'kidlanadi.[72]

Glenanne to'dasi quyidagi hujumlar va / yoki hodisalar bilan bog'liq:[4][73]

1972 va 1973 yillar

  • 1972 yil 4 oktyabr: katolik fuqarosi Patrik Konnolining o'ldirilishi. U o'z uyining derazasidan granata otilishi oqibatida u halok bo'ldi va onasi va akasi jarohat olishdi Portadaun, Armagh okrugi.[74] Oila shaharning aralash hududida yashovchi katoliklar edi.[75] Grenata Buyuk Britaniyada "Buyuk Britaniya qurolli kuchlari tomonidan foydalanish uchun" ishlab chiqarilgan.[74] Sodiq manbalarga ko'ra, UVF a'zolari javobgar edilar.[75]
  • 1973 yil 20 fevral: qurolli talonchilik CIÉ avtobus Afnakloy avtobusga taxminan 12000 funt sterlingga zarar etkazgan.[76]
  • 1973 yil 10 mart: Portadaundagi Patrik Turlini o'ldirishga urinish va qurolli talonchilik, keyinchalik Glenanne to'dasi a'zolari qamoqqa tashlangan.[77]
  • 1973 yil 24-may: Killen Barini bombardimon qilish Dungannon, County Tyrone. UDR askarlari Lorens Teyt va Uilyam Tomas Leonard, yana ikki kishi bilan birga hukm qilindi.[76]
  • 1973 yil 4-avgust: o'ldirishga urinish Bernadette Devlin McAliskey va uning eri o'z uylarida Koalislend, County Tyrone.[76]
  • 1973 yil 5-avgust: katolik fuqarolari Frensis va Bernadet Myulenni o'ldirish. Ularni yaqinidagi Broughadoey shahridagi fermasining uyida ikkita qurolli shaxs otib o'ldirgan Mayli, County Tyrone. Ularning ikki yashar o'g'li ham quroldan yaralangan. "Ulster Freedom Fighters" mas'uliyatni o'z zimmasiga oldi, ammo UVF a'zolari javobgar deb hisoblanmoqda.[78]
  • 1973 yil 28 oktyabr: katolik fuqaro Frensis Makkeyni o'ldirish. U fermada booby-trap bombasi bilan yaralangan Carnteel, Tafon okrugi, Avnakloy yaqinida. U 8-noyabr kuni vafot etdi. "Ulster Freedom Fighters" mas'uliyatni o'z zimmasiga oldi, ammo UVF a'zolari javobgar deb hisoblanmoqda.[79] Keyinroq uning qaynotasi Ouen Boyl Glenanna bandasi tomonidan otib o'ldirilgan.[74]
  • 1973 yil 29 oktyabr: katolik fuqarosi Patrik Kempbellni o'ldirish. U uyining eshigiga etib kelgan qurolli shaxs tomonidan otib o'ldirilgan Banbridj, County Down. "Ulster Freedom Fighters" javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi, ammo keyinchalik UVF a'zolari javobgar ekanligi ma'lum bo'ldi.[80] Garchi Robin Jekson hibsga olingan va Kempbellning bevasi uni shaxsini tasdiqlash paradida qotil sifatida tanlagan bo'lsa-da, tez orada unga qarshi qotillik ayblovlari bekor qilindi.[74]

1974

  • 1974 yil 17-yanvar: Boylning Bariga qurolli hujum Kappag, County Tyrone. Ikkita qurollangan odam pabga kirib, xaridorlarga tartibsiz ravishda o'q uzishdi. Katolik fuqarosi Daniel Xyuz o'ldirilgan va yana uch kishi yaralangan.[81][82]
  • 19 February 1974: bomb attack on Traynor's Bar at Aghinlig, between Blackwatertown and Charlemont, County Armagh. Catholic civilian Patrick Molloy and Protestant civilian John Wylie were killed. Two other civilians were wounded. In 1981 a serving UDR soldier, a former UDR soldier and a former UVF member were convicted of the murders.[82]
  • 7 May 1974: killing of Catholic civilians James and Gertrude Devlin, who were shot dead near their home at Congo Road, near Dungannon, County Tyrone. They were driving home with their 17-year-old daughter. As they neared their house, a man in a military uniform stopped the car and opened fire on them. James and Gertrude were killed outright and their daughter, Patricia, in the back seat, was wounded.[83] UDR soldier William Thomas Leonard was convicted for the killings. His membership in the UDR was withheld from the courts by the police.[84]
  • 17 May 1974: Dublin and Monaghan bombings, in which 33 civilians were killed (pastga qarang ).
  • 3 September 1974: shooting of T.J. Chambers in Mountnorris, County Armagh. The 9 mm Luger pistol used in the incident was the same often used in other Glenanne gang attacks.[85]
  • 27 October 1974: killing of Catholic civilian Anthony Duffy. His body was found at the back of a farmhouse at Mullantine, near Portadown, County Armagh. He had been beaten, strangled and then shot by UVF members after taking a lift from Lurgan to Portadown, together with a friend who managed to escape.[86]
  • 20 November 1974: gun attack on Falls Bar at Aughamullen, near Clonoe, County Tyrone. Catholic civilian Patrick Falls was killed and another wounded. UDR soldier James Somerville was convicted for the attack.[87]
  • 29 November 1974: attacks in Newry va Crossmaglen, County Armagh. A bomb exploded in a hallway of Hughes' Bar in Newry, injuring many people. Catholic civilian John Mallon died of his injuries on 15 December. At the inquest an RUC witness said the pub was used by all sections of the community and had no links with any organization.[88] Another bomb exploded in the hallway of McArdle's Bar, Crossmaglen, injuring six. Catholic civilian Thomas McNamee died from his injuries almost a year later, on 14 November 1975.[89] According to reliable loyalist sources, UVF members were responsible for both attacks.[90]

1975

  • 10 January 1975: killing of IRA volunteer John Francis Green, who was found shot dead at a farmhouse in Tullynageer near Castleblayney, Monaghan okrugi. In his statement, Weir claims that the gunmen were Robin Jackson, Robert McConnell, and Harris Boyle.[39]
  • 10 February 1975: gun attack on Hayden's Bar in Gortavale, near Rok, Tyron okrugi. A gunman entered the pub and opened fire indiscriminately on the customers. Catholic civilians Arthur Mulholland and Eugene Doyle were killed while four others were wounded.[91]
  • 19 February 1975: Civilian Jim Breen shot dead as he answered his front door with his 8-year-old son beside him. Lurgan, Armag okrugi. Gunman named as Robin Jackson.[92]
  • 1 April 1975: killing of Catholic civilian Dorothy Trainor. She and her husband were shot by at least two gunmen as they walked through a park near Garvaghy Road, Portadown. Two of her sons were later killed by loyalists.[93] The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility.[94]
  • 3 April 1975: killing of Catholic civilian Martin McVeigh. He was shot dead near his home at Ballyoran Park, off the Garvaghy Road in Portadown, as he cycled home from work.[95] Robin Jackson was later arrested in possession of the murder weapon, but the RUC did not question or charge him with the murder.[84] The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility.[94]
  • 11 April 1975: killing of Catholic civilian Owen Boyle. Gunmen shot him through the window of his house in Glencull, near Aughnacloy, County Tyrone. He died on 22 April 1975.[96] The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility.[97]
  • 21 April 1975: killing of Catholic civilians Marion Bowen (who was eight months pregnant), and her brothers, Seamus and Michael McKenna, by a booby-trap bomb left in Bowen's house at Killyliss, near Granville, Tyron okrugi. Seamus and Michael were renovating the house, which had been unoccupied for almost a year. The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility.[98][99]
  • 27 April 1975: gun attack on a social club in Bleary, County Down. Gunmen burst into the Catholic-frequented darts club and opened fire indiscriminately. Catholic civilians Joseph Toman, John Feeney and Brendan O'Hara were killed while others were wounded.[100] The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility.[98]
  • 24 May 1975: bomb attack on the home of the Grew family in Moy, Tyron okrugi. Much of the house was destroyed and six children were injured. In 1981 a serving UDR soldier, a former UDR soldier and a former UVF member were convicted of partaking in the attack.[98]
  • 31 July 1975: Miami Showband killings at Buskhill, County Down (pastga qarang )
  • 1 August 1975: gun attack on a minibus near Gilford, County Down. The minibus had been travelling from Banbridge to Bleary with nine people on board; all were Catholics and most had been returning from a regular bingo session.[75] Like the Miami Showband attack, gunmen in British Army uniforms stopped the minibus at a fake military checkpoint.[101] They then opened fire, wounding seven people.[75] Catholic civilian Joseph Toland was killed outright and another Catholic civilian, James Marks, died of his wounds in January 1976. According to loyalist sources, UVF members were responsible.[75]
  • 2 August 1975: shooting at Fane Valley Park, Altnamacken, County Armagh.
  • 22 August 1975: gun and bomb attack on McGleenan's Bar in the city of Armagh. A masked gunman burst into the crowded pub and opened fire while another planted a bomb. It exploded as they ran to a getaway car, causing the building to collapse. Catholic civilians John McGleenan, Patrick Hughes and Thomas Morris were killed while many others were injured. According to reliable loyalist sources, UVF members were responsible.[102]
  • 24 August 1975: killing of Catholic civilians Colm McCartney and Sean Farmer, who were found shot dead at Altnamacken, near Newtownhamilton, County Armagh. They were driving home from a Gal futboli match in Dublin when they were apparently stopped at a fake military checkpoint by men in British Army uniform. They were found shot dead a short distance away.[102] Earlier that night, three RUC officers in an unmarked car had been stopped at the same checkpoint but had been allowed through. However, the officers suspected that the checkpoint had been fake. After receiving radio confirmation that there were no authorised checkpoints in the area that night, they reported the incident and requested help from the British Army to investigate it, but no action was taken. The HET said the original police investigation "barely existed", describing the police's failure to interview eyewitnesses as "inexplicable".[84] Weir claims that an RUC officer confessed to partaking in the attack, alongside a UDR soldier and UVF members.[103] The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility.
  • 1 September 1975: killing of SDLP member Denis Mullen, who was shot dead by two gunmen who called at the door of his home in Kollegeland, faqat tashqarida Charlemont shimoliy-g'arbiy qismida Armag tumani.[104]
  • 4 September 1975: gun and bomb attack on McCann's Bar in Ballyhegan, County Armagh.[105] Eleven people were wounded and Catholic civilian Margaret Hale died of her wounds on 22 September.[106]
  • 23 October 1975: killing of Catholic civilians Peter and Jane McKearney. They were shot dead by gunmen who arrived at the door of their house in Listamlat, near Moy, County Tyrone.[107] The gunmen may have mistaken the couple for the parents of an IRA member with the same surname – Margaret McKearney – but they were not related.[62] Margaret McKearney was wanted by Scotland Yard and the UVF had threatened to "eliminate" her.[107] A contemporary newspaper article reported that "Army issue ammunition" was used.[108] Among the first on the scene were neighbours Charles and Teresa Fox, who were both later killed by the UVF in 1992.[107]
  • 19 December 1975: attacks in Dundalk va Kumush ko'prik. At 6:20pm, a car bomb exploded outside Kay's Tavern in Dundalk, Co Louth on the southern side of the border. Catholic civilians Hugh Watters and Jack Rooney were killed and more than twenty others were injured.[109] Three hours later, gunmen attacked Donnelly's Bar and filling station in Silverbridge, less than ten miles away on the northern side of the border. They fired at people outside the building, then fired on the customers and threw a bomb inside. Two Catholic civilians (Patrick and Michael Donnelly) and an English civilian (Trevor Brecknell, married to a local woman) were killed. The "Red Hand Commando" claimed both attacks and it is believed they were co-ordinated. It is believed the Siverbridge attack was carried out by the Glenanne gang while the Dundalk bombing was carried out by other members of the Mid Ulster UVF, probably with some help from Belfast UVF members.[109] RUC officer Laurence McClure admitted involvement in the Silverbridge attack. UDR Corporal Robert McConnell was also involved, according to John Weir and Lily Shields. Credible evidence from the RUC officer who led the investigation indicates that police believed they knew who the killers were and that the killers included RUC and UDR officers.[109] The RUC refused the Garda Síochána access to a key witness in the Dundalk bombing.[84]
Vallely's pub in Ardress
  • 26 December 1975: car bomb attack on Vallelly's Bar, Ardress, Armag okrugi.[4] Catholic civilian Seamus Mallon was killed and three others injured.[110]

1976

  • 4 January 1976: Reavey and O'Dowd killings. At about 6pm, gunmen broke into the Reavey family home in Whitecross, County Armagh. They shot brothers John, Brian and Anthony Reavey. John and Brian were killed outright while Anthony died of a brain hemorrhage less than a month later. Twenty minutes after the shooting, gunmen broke into the O'Dowd family home in Ballydougan, about twenty miles away. They shot dead Joseph O'Dowd and his nephews Barry and Declan O'Dowd. All three were members of the SDLP. Barney O'Dowd was wounded by gunfire. RUC officer Billy McConnell admitted taking part in the Reavey killings and accused RUC Reserve officer James Mitchell of being involved too. According to Weir, UDR Corporal Robert McConnell was the lead gunman in the Reavey killings and Robin Jackson was the lead gunman in the O'Dowd killings. The "Protestant Action Force" claimed responsibility for the two co-ordinated attacks.[94]
  • 7 March 1976: car bomb attack on the Three Star Inn, Castleblayney, Monaghan okrugi. Civilian Patrick Mone was killed and 26 others were injured. The main target of the bomb may have been the Derry to Dublin bus, which was due to arrive when the bomb detonated and stop where the car bomb was parked. However, the bus was delayed by a Garda checkpoint.[111] According to Weir, the attack was carried out by RUC officer Laurence McClure and UDR soldier Robert McConnell, using explosives provided by UDR Captain John Irwin and stored beforehand at James Mitchell's farmhouse. A memorial to Patrick Mone is near the site of the bombing in Castleblayney.[112]
  • 8 March 1976: bomb and gun attack on Tully's Bar in Belleeks, County Armagh. RUC officer John Weir admitted helping to plan the attack and accused RUC Reserve officer James Mitchell of being the mastermind.
  • 17 March 1976: car bomb attack on the Hillcrest Bar in Dungannon on Saint Patrick's Day. Four Catholic civilians – Joseph Kelly, Andrew Small and 13-year-olds Patrick Bernard and James McCaughey – were killed. Yana 12 kishi jarohat olgan.[112]
  • 15 May 1976: attacks in Charlemont, County Armagh. Gunmen detonated a bomb in the hallway of Clancy's Bar, killing three Catholic civilians (Felix Clancy, Sean O'Hagan and Robert McCullough) and injuring many others. They then shot into the nearby Eagle Bar, killing a Catholic civilian, Frederick McLaughlin, and wounding several others. Locals claimed that the UDR had been patrolling the village for a number of nights beforehand, but were absent the night of the attacks. UDR soldier Joey Lutton was later convicted of partaking in both attacks.[113] His status as a member of the security forces was withheld from the courts by the police.[84]
  • 5 June 1976: attack on the Rock Bar near Kedi, County Armagh. Gunmen arrived at the pub and shot Catholic civilian Michael McGrath in the street outside. They then fired at customers through the windows and threw a nail bomb inside, but it only partially exploded.[64] The HET said the RUC investigation is "cursory, ineffective and even fails to interview the only witness, who survived being shot down".[114] RUC officers William McCaughey, Laurence McClure and Ian Mitchell confessed and were convicted for the attack, while RUC officer David Wilson was convicted for withholding knowledge that the attack was to take place. However, only McCaughey served time in prison.[115] Kitobga ko'ra Lethal Allies, the officers were wearing their police uniforms underneath boiler suits.[114]
  • 25 July 1976: killing of Catholic civilian Patrick McNeice, shot dead at his home in Ardress, County Armagh.[116]
  • 16 August 1976: car bomb attack on the Step Inn, Keady, County Armagh. Catholic civilians Elizabeth McDonald and Gerard McGleenon were killed and others were injured. Ten days before the bombing, the RUC asked the Army to put Mitchell's farmhouse under surveillance because they had intelligence that a bomb was being stored there. According to Weir, the bomb was to be detonated at Renaghan's Bar across the border in Clontibret, County Monaghan. On 15 August, Weir scouted the route to the pub but was stopped by Gardaí, who told him they were mounting extra security due to a warning from the RUC. Weir told the rest of the gang and they decided to attack Keady instead. The Army surveillance operation was ended and the bomb attack went ahead. Weir, Mitchell and the others involved were not arrested by the RUC and were allowed to remain in the force.[84]

1977 onward

  • 25 February 1977: killing of Catholic RUC officer Joseph Campbell, who was shot dead outside the RUC base in Kushendal, Antrim okrugi. Weir claims that the killers were alleged RUC Special Branch agent Robin Jackson, RUC officer William McCaughey, and R.J. Kerr.[117]
  • 19 April 1977: killing of Catholic civilian William Strathearn, a chemist, who was shot dead at his shop in Ahoghill, Antrim okrugi. RUC SPG officers John Weir and Billy McCaughey were convicted for the killing.
  • 18 June 1978: kidnapping of Father Hugh Murphy in Ahoghill. This was in retaliation for the IRA's kidnapping and killing of an RUC officer the day before.[118] Murphy was eventually released unharmed after appeals from a number of Protestant ministers, including Ian Paisley.[119] Sergeant Gary Armstrong and Constable Billy McCaughey, both of the RUC (along with the latter's father, Alexander McCaughey), were convicted for the kidnapping.
  • 29 February 1980: killing of Catholic civilian Brendan McLaughlin, who was killed in a drive-by-shooting on Clonard Street, Belfast.[120] He was killed with the same Sterling submachine gun used in the Miami Showband, O'Dowd family and Devlin family killings.[121]
Glenanne gang weapons linked to attacks[121]
HujumSana.455 Webley revolver (1)9 mm Luger pistol Serial No. U 4 (1)9mm Luger pistol (2).38 ACP pistol.455 Webley revolver (2)9 mm Sterling SMG (1)9 mm Sterling SMG (2)9 mm SMG (3)9mm SMG (4)Star pistol9 mm Emra SMG.45 ACP Colt pistol
Patrick Turley1973 yil 10 martX
Loughgall shooting1973 yil 24 martX
Argory shooting13 June 1973X
McAliskey family4 August 1973
Mullan family1973 yil 5-avgustX
Boyle's Bar17 January 1974X
Devlin family1974 yil 7-mayXX
T.J. Palatalar1974 yil 3 sentyabrXX
Otishma hodisasi1974 yil 3 sentyabrX
Falls Bar1974 yil 20-noyabrX
Newtownhamilton shooting8 December 1974XX
John Francis Green10 January 1975XXX
Trainor family1 April 1975X
Owen Boyle1975 yil 11 aprelX
Glenside Bar7 May 1975X
Miami Showband1975 yil 31-iyulXXX
Altnamacken shooting1975 yil 2-avgustX
McCartney/Farmer1975 yil 24-avgustXXX
Denis Mullen1975 yil 1 sentyabrX
McKearney family23 October 1975XXX
Donnelly's Bar1975 yil 19-dekabrX
O'Dowd family4 January 1976X
Reavey family4 January 1976XXXX
Eagle Bar15 May 1976X
Rock Bar1976 yil 5-iyunXX
Patrick McNeice25 July 1976X
William Strathearn1977 yil 19 aprelX
Ahoghill shooting23 June 1977X
Brendan McLaughlin29 February 1980X

The Glenanne farm and the Dublin and Monaghan bombings

James Mitchell, RUC reserve officer and owner of the Glenanne farm

It is claimed in the Barron Report that Billy Hanna had asked James Mitchell for permission to use his farm as a UVF arms dump and bomb-making site.[122] Information that loyalist paramilitaries were regularly meeting at the farm appeared on British Intelligence Corps documents from late 1972.[123] According to submissions received by Mr Justice Barron, the Glenanne farm was used to build and store the bombs that exploded in Dublin and Monaghan. The report claims they were placed onto Robin Jackson's poultry lorry, driven across the border to a carpark, then activated by Hanna and transferred to three allocated cars. These cars exploded almost simultaneously in Dublin's city centre at about 5.30pm during evening rush hour, killing 26 civilians. Ninety minutes later a fourth car bomb exploded in Monaghan, killing another seven civilians.

Mitchell and his female housekeeper, Lily Shields both denied knowledge that the farm was used for illicit paramilitary activity. They also denied partaking in any UVF attacks.[124] In his affidavit, John Weir affirms that the farmhouse was used as a base for UVF operations that included the Dublin and Monaghan bombings.[125] Weir also stated that on one occasion an RUC constable gave him two weapons to store at the Glenanne farm:

He then offered me the two sub-machine guns because he knew about my connection to Loyalist paramilitaries. I accepted them and took them to Mitchell's farmhouse.[126]

In his affidavit, Weir recounted when in March 1976 he had gone to the farm where between eight and ten men dressed in kamuflyaj had been parading in the farmyard. Inside he had discussed with Mitchell and others the details of a planned bombing and shooting attack against a nationalist pub, Tully's in Belleeks. Mitchell had shown him the floor plans of the pub's interior which he had drawn up highlighting the lack of escape routes for the pub's patrons. The plan was temporarily called off when it was discovered that the British Army's Parashyut polki was on patrol that evening in the area. Weir returned to Belfast the next day and the attack went ahead that evening, 8 March. There were no casualties, however, as Mitchell's floor plans had been inaccurate, and the customers had fled into the pub's living quarters for safety once the shooting had commenced outside, and the bomb only caused structural damage to the building.[40]

Mr. Justice Barron concluded in his report:

It is likely that the farm of James Mitchell at Glenanne played a significant part in the preparation for the attacks [Dublin and Monaghan bombings]. It is also likely that members of the UDR and RUC either participated in, or were aware of those preparations.[127]

Miami Showband massacre

Sayt Miami Showband killings, in which the Glenanne gang was implicated

On 31 July 1975, four days after Hanna's shooting and Jackson's assumption of leadership of the Mid-Ulster brigade,[128] the Miami Showband's minibus was flagged-down outside Newry by armed UVF men wearing British Army uniforms at a bogus military nazorat punkti. Two UVF men (Harris Boyle and Wesley Somerville) loaded a time delay bomb on the minibus but it exploded prematurely and killed them.[129] The remaining UVF gunmen then opened fire on the bandmembers, killing three (Brian McCoy, Anthony Geraghty and Fran O'Toole) and wounding two (Stephen Travers and Des McAlea).[130] Two of the three men convicted of the killings and sentenced to life imprisonment were serving members of the UDR, and the third was a former member.[130][131] The Lyuger pistol used in the attack was found to have been the same one used to kill Vaqtinchalik IRA member John Francis Green in January 1975 and was also used in the O'Dowd killings of January 1976.[39][130] The following May, the security forces found Jackson's fingerprints on a home-made silencer attached to a Luger. Although charged, Jackson avoided conviction.[132] A Sterling 9mm submachine gun was also used in the Miami Showband killings.[133] The 2003 Barron Report suggests that the guns were taken from the stockpile of weapons at the Glenanne farm.[134] The Luger pistol used in the Green, Miami Showband, and O'Dowd attacks was later destroyed by the RUC on 28 August 1978.[135]

Liaison officer Captain Robert Nairac has been linked to the Miami Showband killings and the killing of John Francis Green.[136] Miami Showband survivors Stephen Travers and Des McAlea both testified in court that a man with a "crisp, clipped English accent, and wearing a different uniform and beret" had been at the scene of the explosion and subsequent shootings.[136] Martin Dillon yilda The Dirty War, however, adamantly states that Nairac was not involved in either attack.[137] The Cassel Report concluded that there was "credible evidence that the principal perpetrator [of the Miami Showband attack] was a man who was not prosecuted – alleged RUC Special Branch agent Robin Jackson".[138] Although Jackson had been questioned by the RUC following the Showband attack, he was released without having been charged.[139]

Reavey and O'Dowd killings and the Kingsmill massacre

The co-ordinated sectarian shootings of the Reavey and O'Dowd families, allegedly perpetrated by the Glenanne gang and organised by Robin Jackson, was followed the next day by the Kingsmill massacre. On 5 January 1976, gunmen from the Vaqtinchalik IRA stopped a minibus carrying eleven Protestant men home from their workplace in Glenanne.[140][141] The gunmen lined them up alongside it and shot them, killing ten. The "South Armagh Republican Action Force" claimed responsibility, saying that the shooting was retaliation for a string of attacks on Catholic civilians in the area by loyalists, particularly the Reavey and O'Dowd killings. 2011 yil Historical Enquiries Team (HET) report however found that Kingsmill had been planned in advance of these killings.[140]

In 2001, an unidentified former Glenanne gang member (a former RUC officer sentenced to life imprisonment for his part in the gang's killings) revealed that the gang had planned to kill thirty Catholic schoolchildren as revenge for Kingsmill.[142] It planned to attack St Lawrence O'Toole Primary School in the South Armagh village of Belleeks.[142][143] The attack was allegedly called off because the UVF leadership ruled it would be "morally unacceptable" and would lead to a harsh IRA response and likely civil war.[142] Allegedly, the leadership also suspected that the member who suggested the attack was working with British Military Intelligence,[142] and that Military Intelligence were seeking to provoke a civil war.[143] Former Glenanne gang member Billy McCaughey admitted the plot in a 2004 documentary.[143][144]

Sudlanganlik

The Cassel Report states that convictions were obtained in only nine of the 25 cases it investigated and that several of those convictions are suspect as erroneous and incomplete.[145] A month before Nairac's killing, a Catholic chemist, William Strathearn, was gunned down at his home in Ahoghill, Antrim okrugi. SPG officers Weir and McCaughey were charged and convicted for the killing. Weir named Jackson as having been the gunman but Jackson was never interrogated for "reasons of operational strategy".[146] The Special Patrol Group was disbanded in 1980 by the RUC after the convictions of Weir and McCaughey for the Strathearn killing.[147]

In December 1978 the authorities raided the Glenanne farm and found weapons and ammunition. This made it necessary for the gang to seek an alternative base of operations and arms dump.[148] James Mitchell was charged and convicted of storing weapons on his land.[115] Northern Ireland's Lord Chief Justice Robert Lowry presided over his trial on 30 June 1980.[149] The farm had been under RUC observation for several months before the raid.[150]

On 16 October 1979, Robin Jackson was arrested when he was found with a number of weapons and hoods. In January 1981 he was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for possession of guns and ammunition, but was then released in May 1983.[35] John Weir stated that the Glenanne gang usually did not use the name "UVF" whenever it claimed its attacks; instead it typically employed the cover names of Red Hand Commando, Red Hand Brigade or Protestant Action Force.[47]

Keyinchalik rivojlanish

The circumstances of a number of the murders attributed to the Glenanne gang were re-investigated by the PSNI Historical Enquiries Team, established in 2005 to investigate unsolved murders committed between 1968 and 1998, with a particular brief to investigate any evidence of state involvement in such killings. In addition to reports on individual murders, assurances were given that the HET would also produce an overarching report into the pattern of activities of the gang as a whole. By May 2010 about 80% of this report had been completed.

However, in early 2014 it became clear that the HET was no longer proceeding with the broader review, and later that year due to budget cuts the HET was wound up altogether, with its remaining activities absorbed back into the PSNI with a much narrowed remit.

In February 2015 relatives of victims of the gang won an application for a sud nazorati of this decision at the High Court in Belfast.[151] This review found, in July 2017,[152][153] that the decision by PSNI Chief Constable Matt Baggott had effectively prevented an "overarching thematic report"[152] into the activities of the Glenanne gang had breached the victims' families' rights as defined in Inson huquqlari to'g'risidagi Evropa konvensiyasining 2-moddasi.

The Court had been told that there was evidence of collusion by elements of the British state in at least three of the cases and Mr. Justice Treacy said that there was a "credible expectation of collusion" in the remaining cases. Therefore, he concluded, the decision of the Chief Constable to end the broader review into the activities of the Glenanne gang and the alleged collusion of elements of the British state in those murders had resulted in a "real risk that this will fuel in the minds of the families the fear that the state has resiled from its public commitments because it is not genuinely committed to addressing the unresolved concerns that the families have of state involvement".[152] Mr Justice Treacy gave the parties until the start of September 2017 to try to reach an agreement on the appropriate form of relief. In November 2017 Mr Justice Treacy gave further judgement, confirming that he would be issuing an order of mandamus that would require compliance by the Chief Constable and the PSNI.[154][155]

An appeal by the Chief Constable against the decision was heard in April 2018,[156][157] amid claims that an outsourced investigation would cost £60 million.[158]

In 2018, the documentary film Unquiet Graves was released, with testimony from several people involved. It came to wider public attention after being shown on RTÉ One (Republic of Ireland state television) in 2020.[159][160][161]

In July 2019 the Apellyatsiya sudi ruled that a full, independent inquiry into allegations of collusion between security services and the Glenanne gang should be held.[162]

In February 2020 the terms of reference for a review into the activities of the gang were agreed.[163] Avvalgi Bedfordshir politsiyasi chief Jon Boutcher is heading the review.[163] Boutcher had previously headed an inquiry into allegations that multiple murders had been committed by the British agent known as Stakeknife.[164][165]

Shuningdek qarang

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Bibliografiya

  • Tieran, Djo (2000). Dublindagi portlashlar va qotillik uchburchagi. Irlandiya: Mercier Press. ISBN  1856353206