Oltin shafaq (Gretsiya) - Golden Dawn (Greece)

Ushbu maqola Gretsiya siyosiy partiyasi haqida. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Oltin shafaq.
Buni chalkashtirib yubormaslik kerak Afina birjasi, shuningdek qisqartirilgan XA.

Ommabop uyushma - Oltin shafaq

Gáb Σύνδεσmóς - υσήrυσή Αυγή
Bosh kotibNikolaos Mixaloliakos
Ta'sischiNikolaos Mixaloliakos
Tashkil etilgan1 yanvar 1985 yil; 35 yil oldin (1985-01-01)
Bosh ofisMesogeion xiyoboni, 131, Afina, Gretsiya (avvalgi)[1]
GazetaΥσήrυσή Αυγή (Chrysi Avgi)
Yoshlar qanotiYoshlar jabhasi
Mafkura
Siyosiy pozitsiyaJuda o'ng[30][31][32][33][34]
DinYunon pravoslav cherkovi
Evropa parlamenti guruhiYozuvsizlar
Ranglar  Qora,   Qizil,   Oq
ShiorMkma, tímή, rΧ Αυγή
("Qon, sharaf, oltin shafaq")
Madhiya"Νmkνς Χrυσής Αυγής"
"Oltin shafaq madhiyasi"
Yunoniston parlamenti
0 / 300
Evropa parlamenti (Yunoncha o'rindiqlar)
0 / 21
Mintaqaviy hokimlar
0 / 13
Mintaqaviy kengashlar
22 / 703
Partiya bayrog'i
Meandros flag.svg
Veb-sayt
www.xrisiavgi.com (Yunoncha)
xrisiavgi.com/ uz/ (Inglizcha)

The Ommabop uyushma - Oltin shafaq[35][36] (Yunoncha: Gáb Σύνδεσmóς - υσήrυσή Αυγή, Leykos Sindesmos - Chrysí Avgí), odatda sifatida tanilgan Oltin shafaq (Yunoncha: Χrυσή Αυγή, Chrysí Avgí talaffuz qilingan[xriˈsi avˈʝi]), a o'ta o'ng siyosiy partiya Gretsiya uning bosh kotibi va parlamentning bir nechta a'zolari jinoiy tashkilotga rahbarlik qilganlikda aybdor deb topilgan, boshqa bir qator etakchi a'zolar ishtirok etganlikda ayblangan.

Oltin shafaq odatda shunday ta'riflanadi neo-natsistlar[10][37][38][39] va fashist.[40][41][42][43] Guruh ushbu yorliqlarni rad etadi[44] va uning a'zolari sobiq yunon diktatorlariga qoyil qolishdi Ioannis Metaxas ning 4-avgust rejimi (1936–1941)[5] va Georgios Papadopulos ning Polkovniklar rejimi (1967–1974).[45] Shuningdek, ular ramziylikni juda o'xshash ishlatadilar fashistlarning, va raqamlarini maqtaganlar Natsistlar Germaniyasi.[46][47][48] Akademik manbalarga ko'ra, guruh irqchi va ksenofobik,[49][50] va partiya rahbari uni millatchi va irqchi deb ochiqchasiga aniqladi.[51]

Nikolaos Mixaloliakos 1980 yilda "Oltin shafaq" bo'ladigan narsaning asoslarini, shu nom bilan harbiylar tarafdori bo'lgan o'ng qanotli jurnalning birinchi sonini nashr etgandan so'ng boshladi. Shu nuqtai nazardan, Oltin shafaq Yunonistondagi o'ng qanotli harbiy diktaturaga qaytish uchun harakat qilgan harakatdan kelib chiqqan. 2013 yil bo'yicha tergovdan so'ng Pavlos Fyssasni o'ldirish, partiyaning tarafdorlari tomonidan antifashistik reper,[52] Michaloliakos va boshqa bir nechta "Oltin shafaq" deputatlari va a'zolari hibsga olingan va hibsga olingan qamoqqa olish jinoiy tashkilot tuzishda gumon qilinib.[53] Sud jarayoni 2015 yil 20 aprelda boshlangan.[54] Keyinchalik "Oltin shafaq" Yunoniston parlamentidagi qolgan barcha joylarini yo'qotdi 2019 yil Yunoniston qonunchilik saylovlari.[55] 2020 yilgi so'rov natijalariga ko'ra, partiyaning ommaviyligi 1,5 foizga tushib ketgan,[56] O'tgan yilgi saylovlarda 2,9% dan past bo'lgan va 7,0% ni tashkil etgan.

2020 yil 7 oktyabrda Afina apellyatsiya sudi partiyaning siyosiy rahbariyatini ham o'z ichiga olgan 68 ayblanuvchiga nisbatan hukmni e'lon qildi. Nikolaos Mixaloliakos va boshqa olti taniqli a'zolar va jinoiy tashkilotni boshqarishda ayblangan sobiq deputatlar.[57] Qotillik, qotillikka urinish va muhojirlarga va chap qanot siyosiy muxoliflarga qarshi zo'ravonlik hujumlarida ayblangan aybdor hukmlar chiqarildi.[58][57]

Dastur

1985 yilda tashkil etilganidan so'ng,[59] Oltin shafaq birinchi marta 1991 yilda katta e'tiborga sazovor bo'ldi va 1993 yilda siyosiy partiya sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tdi. Shu paytgacha Oltin shafaq bir necha janubiy Bolqonga yo'naltirilgan mintaqaviy maqsadlarni asosiy dastur sifatida qabul qildi: a g'oyasini ilgari surish Buyuk Yunoniston Yunoniston hududini Albaniyaning janubiga kengaytirish orqali (Shimoliy Epirus ), the Shimoliy Makedoniya Respublikasi va janubiy Bolgariya va oxir-oqibat Yunonistonni qayta zabt etish Istanbul va g'arbiy Anadolu Turkiya bilan urush orqali. Ular, shuningdek, to'liq ishni boshlashga chaqirishdi Yunonlashtirish ning Yunoniston Makedoniya va G'arbiy Frakiya chiqarib yuborish orqali Shimoliy Yunonistonniki oxirgi qolgan Makedon tilida so'zlashadigan ozchilik (yoki Slavophone yunonlari deb ataladigan) va Turkiyzabon musulmon ozchilik ning Sharqiy Makedoniya va Trakya Usmonli davrida joylashtirilgan (qarang. qarang.) G'arbiy Frakiya turklari ). Shuningdek, ular "mintaqada Islomga qarshi kurashishga" intilishadi, masalan, jangchilarga yordam berish orqali Yunoniston ko'ngillilari qo'riqchisi bu yordam berdi Srebrenitsani qo'lga olish.[60]

2000-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib, "Oltin shafaq" o'z e'tiborini Evropaga qarshi, xususan musulmonlarga qarshi yo'naltirishga yo'naltirdi. immigratsiya janubiy Gretsiya va Afinaning asosan yunon hududlariga. "Oltin shafaq" 2005 yilda siyosiy operatsiyalarni vaqtincha to'xtatdi va unga singib ketdi Vatanparvarlik ittifoqi. Ittifoq, o'z navbatida, 2007 yil bahorida Michaloliakos qo'llab-quvvatlashni to'xtatgandan so'ng o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi. Oltin shafaq o'zining oltinchi kongressini 2007 yil mart oyida o'tkazdi, u erda partiya rasmiylari siyosiy faoliyatni qayta boshlashlarini e'lon qilishdi. Da mahalliy saylovlar 2010 yil 7 noyabrda "Oltin shafaq" Afina munitsipalitetida 5,3% ovoz to'plab, shahar Kengashida o'rin egalladi. Immigrantlar yashaydigan ba'zi mahallalarda bu 20% ga etdi.[61]

Partiya davomida kampaniyani olib bordi 2012 yil may oyida Gretsiya milliy saylovlari ishsizlik haqidagi xavotirga asoslanib, tejamkorlik, iqtisodiyot va immigratsiya, bu Gretsiya elektorati tomonidan katta qo'llab-quvvatlashga erishdi.[62] Bu partiyaning kirish uchun etarli bo'lgan 7% ovozini oldi Yunoniston parlamenti birinchi marta 21 o'rinli.[63] Keyingi a 2012 yil iyun oyida ikkinchi saylov, bu 18 o'ringa qisqartirildi.[64] Natijada 2015 yil yanvar oyida Yunoniston milliy saylovlari, faqat 17 o'ringa ega bo'lishiga qaramay, partiya parlamentdagi uchinchi o'rinni egalladi.[65]

Partiya qattiq evroseptik[17][18][19][20] va shuningdek anti-globalist.[22]

Milliy reja

2015 yilda "Oltin shafaq" Gretsiyani qayta tiklash bo'yicha "Milliy rejasini" bayon qildi moliyaviy inqiroz quyidagicha:[66]

  • Qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarish va ishlab chiqarishni ko'paytirish.
  • Qattiq mehnatni mukofotlang va amalga oshiring meritokratiya.
  • Yunonistonning neft, gaz va qimmatbaho metall zaxiralarini ekspluatatsiya qiling.
  • Qismini tekshiring va o'chirib tashlang milliy qarz ular noqonuniy deb hisoblashadi.
  • Germaniya hukumatidan qaytarishni talab qilish a kredit davomida Yunonistonga majbur bo'ldi Eksa ishg'oli.
  • Rossiya, Eron va Xitoy bilan erkin savdo shartnomalarini tuzish; va olib tashlang qizil lenta savdoni blokirovka qilish.
  • Yunonistonni e'lon qiling eksklyuziv iqtisodiy zona.
  • Gretsiyaning hududiy suvlarini belgilanganidek 12 dengiz miliga qadar kengaytiring UNCLOS.
  • Parlament a'zolarini jinoiy ta'qib qilish, hibsga olish va hibsga olish daxlsizligini bekor qiling.
  • Partiyalarning soliqlardan olgan mablag'larini olib tashlang va aksincha xayr-ehsonlarga umid qiling.
  • Hajmini kamaytiring Yunoniston parlamenti 180 a'zoga.
  • Mavjud bo'lgan narsalarni tarqatib yuboring plutokratiya.
  • Faqatgina yunon ishchilarini ish bilan ta'minlaydigan va kapitallarini milliy banklarga o'tkazadigan investorlar, ishbilarmonlar va kema egalari uchun soliq imtiyozlarini taqdim eting.
  • Natijada davlat sektoriga noqonuniy yollanganlarni ishdan bo'shatish kronizm.
  • Yunonistonga kirib kelgan barcha noqonuniy muhojirlarni chiqarib yuborish.
  • Onalikda bo'lganlarni subsidiyalash va yosh ota-onalarga va ko'p bolali oilalarga soliq imtiyozlari berish.
  • Milliylashtirish davlat qarzini olgan banklarning.
  • Tabiiy resurslarni milliylashtirish.

Tarix

1980–2005

Birinchi sonining muqovasi Chrysi Avgi jurnal, 1980 yil dekabr

1980 yil dekabrda, Nikolaos Mixaloliakos va bir guruh tarafdorlari ishga tushirildi Chrysi Avgi jurnal. Mixaloliakos faol bo'lgan o'ta o'ng siyosat ko'p yillar davomida uni harbiy xizmatdan bo'shatishga olib kelgan kaltaklash va portlovchi moddalarni noqonuniy saqlash kabi siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra bir necha bor hibsga olingan.[67][68][69] U qamoqda bo'lganida, Mixaloliakos rahbarlari bilan uchrashdi Gretsiya 1967-1974 yillardagi harbiy xunta va "Oltin shafaq" partiyasining asoslarini qo'ydi.[68] Gazetaning yozishicha Elefterotipiya jurnal va tashkilotning xususiyatlari aniq muvofiqlashtirildi Neo-natsizm.[67] Chrysi Avgi jurnali 1984 yil aprelida, Mixaloliakos qo'shilgandan so'ng to'xtadi Milliy siyosiy ittifoq va uning yoshlar bo'limiga rahbarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi.[68] 1985 yil yanvar oyida u Milliy siyosiy ittifoqdan ajralib, 1993 yilda rasman siyosiy partiya sifatida tan olingan Xalq milliy harakati - Oltin shafaqni tashkil qildi.[68]

Oltin shafaq asosan o'ta o'ng siyosatning chetida bo'lib qoldi Makedoniya nizolarni nomlash 1991 va 1992 yillarda.[67] Yunoniston gazetasi Elefterotipiya 1992 yil 10 oktyabrda "Oltin shafaq" ning 30 ga yaqin a'zosi talabalar ustiga hujum qilganligini xabar qildi Afina iqtisodiyot va biznes universiteti ga qarshi ommaviy namoyish paytida ismdan foydalanish Makedoniya o'sha paytgacha Makedoniya Respublikasi.[70] Xuddi shu vaqtda, birinchi o'ta o'ng ko'cha to'dalari Janubiy Afrika bilan aloqador bo'lgan sobiq harbiy ofitser Jannis Jannopulos boshchiligida paydo bo'ldi Afrikaner Weestandsbebeging (AWB) 1980 yillar davomida.[67] 1991 va 1992 yilgi voqealardan so'ng, Oltin shafaq 200 dan ortiq a'zoning barqaror tarkibiga kirdi va Jannopulos partiya ierarxiyasida ko'tarildi.[67] Oltin shafaq yugurdi 1994 yil Evropa parlamentiga saylov, mamlakat miqyosida 7264 ovoz to'plash; 0,1% ovoz berildi.[71]

1980-yillar davomida partiya quchoq ochdi Yunonistonlik Neopagan e'tiqodlari, maqtagan O'n ikki olimpiada ishtirokchisi va tasvirlangan Marksizm va liberalizm "mafkuraviy tashuvchilar sifatida Yahudo-nasroniylik ".[72] Partiya keyinchalik mafkuraviy o'zgarishlarni boshdan kechirdi va mamnuniyat bilan qabul qildi Yunon pravoslav nasroniyligi.[73]

"Oltin shafaq" a'zolari tadbir davomida qatnashdilar Bosniya urushi ichida Yunoniston ko'ngillilari qo'riqchisi Drina Korpusi tarkibiga kirgan (GVG) Srpska Respublikasining armiyasi. Bir necha GVG ko'ngillilari ishtirok etishdi Srebrenitsa davomida Srebrenitsa qirg'ini va ular a Yunoniston bayrog'i shahar qulaganidan keyin vayron qilingan cherkovda.[74] Srebrenitsaga qarshi hujumda qatnashgan GVG serjanti Spiros Tzanopoulosning aytishicha, yunon ko'ngillilarining aksariyati "Oltin shafaq" a'zolari bo'lganligi sababli urushda qatnashgan.[75] GVG-da "Golden Dawn" a'zolari tomonidan bezatilgan Radovan Karadjich, ammo, "Oltin shafaq" ning sobiq a'zosi Charis Kousumvrisning so'zlariga ko'ra, bezatilganlar keyinchalik partiyani tark etishdi.[75]

1996 yil aprelda Jannopulos partiyani Moskvada bo'lib o'tgan o'ta o'ng millatchi partiyalarning umumevropa konvensiyasida namoyish qildi va u erda byustni taqdim etdi Buyuk Aleksandr ga Rossiya Liberal-demokratik partiyasi rahbar Vladimir Jirinovskiy uning tug'ilgan kuni uchun.[67] Oltin shafaq ishtirok etdi 1996 yilgi qonunchilik saylovlari sentyabr oyida, butun mamlakat bo'ylab 4487 ovoz olgan; 0,07% ovoz berildi.[76] 1997 yil oktyabr oyida Jannopulos maqolasini chop etdi Chrysi Avgi millatchilikka chaqiruvchi jurnal hushyorlik muhojirlar va liberallarga qarshi.[77] 1998 yilda taniqli partiya a'zosi Antonios Androutsopoulos chap qanot talabasi faoli Dimitris Kousourisga hujum qildi. Olingan ommaviy axborot vositalarining e'tiborlari partiyadagi ichki mojarolar bilan birga (1996 yildagi saylovlardagi yomon natijalar tufayli) uning eng o'ta a'zolarini rasmiy partiya ishlaridan asta-sekin o'chib ketishiga olib keldi.[67]

Androutsopoulos nihoyat 2005 yilda taslim bo'ldi va Kousouris va yana ikki chap qanot faolini o'ldirishga urinishda ayblanib, u uchun 21 yillik qamoq jazosini oldi. Kousurisni urgan otryadning qolgan a'zolari hech qachon qonuniy javobgarlikka tortilmadilar. 2009 yil mart oyida Androutsopoulos uning hukmidan shikoyat qildi va 12 yilni oldi, bir necha oydan so'ng qamoqdan ozod qilindi. Ayni paytda, Oltin shafaq miting va yurishlarni davom ettirdi va u yugurdi 1999 yil Evropa saylovlari bilan ittifoqda Old chiziq partiya, umummilliy miqyosda 48,532 ovoz to'plagan; 0,75% ovoz berildi.[67][78] 2005 yilda, Elefterotipiya Golden Dawn a'zolari tarqatganligi haqida xabar berishdi gomofob varaqalar birinchi paytida mag'rurlik paradi Afinada bo'lib o'tgan.[79]

2005–2020

2012 yildagi "Oltin shafaq" namoyishi, namoyishchilarning ba'zilari "Meni Gretsiya uchun o'lik deb topasiz! - Bizning o'lganlarimizga hurmat va shon-sharaf -" Stoxos "

"Oltin shafaq" etakchisi Nikolaos Mixaloliakosning so'zlariga ko'ra, partiya 2005 yil 1 dekabrdan keyin o'z avtonom siyosiy faoliyatini to'xtatib qo'ydi. anarxistlar.[80] Golden Dawn a'zolariga o'zlarining faolligini davom ettirish bo'yicha ko'rsatma berildi Vatanparvarlik ittifoqi Oltin shafaq bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lgan partiya.[81][82] Vatanparvarlik alyansining sobiq rahbari Dimitrios Zapiropoulos bir vaqtlar "Oltin shafaq" siyosiy kengashining a'zosi bo'lgan va Mixaloliakos "Vatanparvarlik Ittifoqi" ning etakchi a'zosiga aylangan.[68] "Vatanparvarlik ittifoqi" shunchaki "Oltin shafaq" ning yangi nomi edi, degan ayblovlar bo'lgan.[83] Vatanparvarlik Alyansi a'zolarining faoliyati ko'pincha "Oltin shafaq" ga tegishli edi (hatto o'zlari ham), bu chalkashliklarni keltirib chiqardi.[82] Bu "Oltin Dawn" a'zolarining Vatanparvarlik Ittifoqini qo'llab-quvvatlashdan voz kechganliklarini e'lon qilishining asosiy sababi, natijada "Oltin Dawn" ning siyosiy faoliyati to'xtatilishiga olib keldi.[84][85] 2007 yil mart oyida "Oltin shafaq" o'zining oltinchi kongressini o'tkazdi va ularning siyosiy va mafkuraviy faolligi tiklanganligini e'lon qildi.[86][uchinchi tomon manbai kerak ]

2012 yil may oyida, WordPress jurnalist Kseniya Kounalakiga o'lim tahdidi sababli Golden Dawn rasmiy veb-sayti va blogini yopdi.[87][88][89]

2018 yilda, Ilias Kasidiaris, partiyaning o'sha paytdagi a'zosi, o'zini Italiya Bosh vaziri o'rinbosarining muxlisi deb e'lon qildi Matteo Salvini va ikkiyuzlamachi bo'lmagan Evropaning yagona mamlakatlari bu mamlakatlar ekanligini qo'shib qo'ydi Vishegrad. U nima uchun musulmon migrantlar Saudiya Arabistoniga yoki boshqa islomiy mamlakatlarga bormaganligini so'radi va "Biz Oltin shafaqda xristianlik boshpana izlovchilarga ustuvor ahamiyat berishni istaymiz. Va har qanday holatda ham Gretsiya hammani kutib olishni davom ettira olmaydi. hokimiyat tepasida, biz iqtisodiy muhojirlarni Syriza singari ularni qaynoq nuqtalarda joylashtirish o'rniga ularni qamoqqa tashlaymiz. "[90] Keyinchalik Kasidiaris 2020 yilda partiyani tark etib, yanada mo''tadilroq partiyani shakllantirdi Yunonlar Vatan uchun.[91]

Partiya rahbari 2019 yil martdagi maqolasida, Nikolaos Mixaloliakos, "bizning millatimiz yo'q qilinishini to'xtatishning yagona yo'li - bu bizning Vatanimizni yana greklarga tegishli bo'lgan Gretsiya milliy davlatiga aylantirish uchun qattiq kurashishdir" degan xulosaga keldi.[92]

Davomida 2019 yilgi Evropa parlamenti saylovi Oltin shafaq ovozlarning atigi 4,88 foizini qo'lga kiritdi va 9,4 foizdan 3 o'ringa tushib, atigi 2 o'ringa ega bo'ldi 2014 yilda. Davomida 2019 yil Yunoniston qonunchilik saylovi Oltin shafaq Yunoniston parlamentidagi barcha 18 o'rindig'idan mahrum bo'lib, faqat 2,93% ovozlarni qo'lga kiritdi, 7,0% dan past 2015 yilda. Saylovdan ko'p o'tmay, "Oltin shafaq" ning ikkita MEP a'zosi Jannis Lagos partiyadan voz kechdi va o'z o'rnini topshirishdan bosh tortdi va shu tariqa GDga Evropa Parlamentida atigi 1 o'rin qoldi.[93][94]

2019 yil 8-iyul kuni, saylov natijalaridan so'ng, partiya rahbari Nikolaos Mixaloliakos quyidagi bayonotni berdi: "Biz dushmanlar va do'stlarga xabar yuboramiz." Oltin shafaq "tugamadi. Millatchilik uchun kurash davom etmoqda. Biz qayerga qaytamiz ko'chalarda va maydonlarda kuchli edilar va biz bolshevizm va kelayotgan shafqatsiz kapitalizmga qarshi qattiq kurashamiz ".[95]

2019 yil sentyabr oyida Afinadagi "Oltin shafaq" ning shtab-kvartirasi yopildi va tarqatildi, faqat iyul oyidagi umumiy saylovlarda partiyaning mag'lubiyatidan ikki oy o'tgach. KEERFA nodavlat tashkiloti ushbu rivojlanishni "antifashistik harakatning g'alabasi" deb ta'rifladi. Partiyaning veb-sayti ham ishlamay qoldi.[96]

2020 yil iyul oyida Mixaloliakos olib tashlandi Athanasios Konstantinou, "Oltin Dawn" partiyasidan qolgan oxirgi MEP.[97] Konstantinu Evropa parlamentida mustaqil bo'lib xizmat qilmoqda.[94]

Etakchilikka ishonch

2020 yil 7 oktyabrda Mixaloliakos va yana oltita partiya etakchilari jinoiy tashkilotga rahbarlik qilganliklari uchun hukm qilindi. Qolgan 61 sudlanuvchi jinoiy tashkilotda ishtirok etganlikda aybdor deb topildi.[98] Sud mahkumni "siyosiy partiya mantiyasini kiygan" jinoiy tashkilot deb ta'rifladi.[99]

Sud Mixaloliakosni topdi, Jannis Lagos, Ilias Kasidiaris, Xristos Pappas, Artemios Matthayopulos, Ilias Panagiotaros va Giorgios Germenis jinoiy tashkilotga rahbarlik qilishda aybdor. Sud oltmish sakkiz sudlanuvchining qolgan qismini jinoiy tashkilotda ishtirok etganlikda aybdor deb topish uchun etarli dalillarni topdi. Ushbu sudlanuvchilarning 18 nafari sobiq parlament a'zolari bo'lgan.[100]

Sud Anastasios-Marios Anadiotis, Giorgios Dimou, Elpidoforos Kalaritis, Yoannis Vasilios Komianos, Konstantinos Korkovilis, Anastasios Mixalaros, Giorgios Patelis (Nikiya batalyonining kotibi), Giorgios Skalos, Giorgios Tsvasososvas, Leonardo, Tsvasosvas, Pavlos Fysasni o'ldirishda aybdor bo'lgan Aristotelis Krisafit. Sud avvalroq Giorgios Rupakiasning aybini tan olgan edi.[101]

Faollik

2002 yilda "Oltin shafaq" mahalliy tashkilotlarni Yunonistonning 32 shahrida va boshq Kipr.[102]

Partiya "Milliy Xotira Qo'mitasi" ni yaratdi (Diτros πήiκής Μνήmης, Epitropí Ethnikís Mnímis), ba'zi bir yunon milliy tadbirlarining yubileylarini nishonlaydigan namoyishlarni tashkil etish. 1996 yildan beri Milliy Xotira Qo'mitasi har yili yurishni tashkil qiladi, odatda 31 yanvarda Afina, davomida vafot etgan uchta yunon zobitlari xotirasiga Imia harbiy inqirozi. Oltin Dawn va Evropa milliy jabhasi veb-saytida, 2006 yildagi marshda 2500 kishi qatnashgan,[103][104] garchi hech bir neytral manbalar bu raqamni tasdiqlamagan bo'lsa ham. Milliy xotira qo'mitasi o'z faoliyatini davom ettirdi va yurish 2010 yil 31 yanvarda bo'lib o'tdi.

Milliy Xotira Qo'mitasi har yili 17 iyun kuni har yili mitinglar o'tkazdi Salonika, xotirasiga Buyuk Aleksandr.[105] Politsiya 2006 yildagi miting ishtirokchilariga duch kelib, "Oltin shafaq" va "Vatanparvarlik ittifoqi" a'zolarini chap guruhlar bilan to'qnashuvlardan so'ng hududni tark etishga majbur qildi.[105][106] O'sha kuni, "Oltin shafaq" a'zolari binoga yig'ildilar davlatga tegishli televizion kanal ERT3 va telekanalning translyatsiyasini to'xtatishga urinishganda norozilik namoyishini o'tkazdilar.[106] Politsiya binoni o'rab olib, "Oltin shafaq" ning 48 a'zosini hibsga oldi.[105][106]

2005 yil sentyabr oyida Oltin shafaq Yunoniston yozgi lageri bazasida "Eurofest 2005 - millatchilik yozgi lageri" festivalini tashkil etishga urindi. Rejalashtirilgan festival nemisning ishtirokiga bog'liq edi Germaniya milliy-demokratik partiyasi, italiyalik Forza Nuova va Ruminiya Noua Dreaptu, shuningdek, Ispaniya va boshqa Evropaning o'ta o'ng guruhlari, Evropa milliy frontining festivali sifatida. Festival hukumat tomonidan taqiqlangan edi.[107][108]

2007 yil iyun oyida "Oltin shafaq" o'z vakillarini norozilik namoyishiga yubordi G8 bilan birgalikda Germaniyadagi anjuman Germaniya milliy-demokratik partiyasi va boshqa Evropaning o'ta o'ng tashkilotlari.[109][uchinchi tomon manbai kerak ]

2011 yil iyun oyida, Tashqi siyosat o'rtasida ekanligini xabar qildi 2010–2011 yyunon noroziliklari, Afinaning jinoyatchilik darajasi yuqori bo'lgan hududlarida "Oltin shafaq" a'zolarining to'dalari tobora ko'proq ko'rilmoqda.[110] 2012 yil may oyida Bi-bi-si "Oltin shafaq" qanday qilib mahalliy turga aylangani haqida xabar berdi 'Robin Gud 'Afinaning ba'zi immigratsion hududlarida,[111] chunki partiya ijtimoiy dasturni ishlab chiqardi, unda etnik yunonlarning eng yoqimsiz qatlamlariga oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini minimal yoki hech qanday narxlarda etkazib berish kiradi.[112][113] 2012 yilda, o'tkir ijtimoiy muammolar davrida, partiya jinoyatchilik qurbonlariga yordam taklif qilgani va ular qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi; politsiya hatto ba'zan immigrantlar bilan muammolari bo'lgan odamlarni "Oltin tong" ga yuborgan. Yordam berganlardan partiyaga sadoqat kutilgan edi.[114]

Yoshlar jabhasi

"Oltin shafaq" ning yoshlar jabhasi millatchilik xabarlari bilan varaqalarni tarqatdi Afina maktablari va kontsertlar seriyasini tashkil etdi Kommunizmga qarshi tosh. Bu nashr etadi ultratovushli jurnal Qarshilik Hellas-Antepithesi. Jurnal AQShda joylashgan opa-singillar nashridir Milliy alyans Qarshilik jurnal.[115]

Siyosiy vakillik

2009 yil may oyida "Oltin shafaq" Evropa saylovlarida qatnashdi va 23564 ovoz oldi, bu umumiy ovozlarning 0,5 foizini tashkil etdi.[116] 2010 yilda u ovozlarning 5,3% ini qo'lga kiritdi Afina. O'sha saylovda partiya birinchi munitsipal kengash o'rinlarini qo'lga kiritdi[117] va birinchi marta parlamentga kirdi 2012 yil may oyida bo'lib o'tgan Gretsiya parlament saylovlarida partiya xalq ovozining 6,97 foizini oldi. 2012 yil iyun oyida bo'lib o'tgan saylovlarni takrorlashda,[118] ularning ovozdagi ulushi 6,92% ni tashkil etdi.[119] Bu ularni Gretsiyadan Evropa Parlamentiga qadar eng katta uchinchi guruhga aylantirdi (eng kattasi Syrizaning ittifoqi edi).

Saylov natijalari

Yunoniston parlamenti

SaylovYunoniston parlamentiRankHolatRahbar
Ovozlar%+/- ppO'rindiqlar g'olib bo'ldi+/−
19964,5370.1Yo'q[a]
0 / 300
Yo'q[a]№ 14O'rindiq yo'qNikolaos Mixaloliakos
200919,6360.3Yo'q[a]
0 / 300
Yo'q[a]№ 10O'rindiq yo'qNikolaos Mixaloliakos
2012 yil may440,9667.0+6.7
21 / 300
Kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish21№ 6Qarama-qarshilikNikolaos Mixaloliakos
2012 yil iyun426,0256.9-0.1
18 / 300
Kamaytirish3№ 5Qarama-qarshilikNikolaos Mixaloliakos
2015 yil yanvar388,3876.3-0.6
17 / 300
Kamaytirish1№ 3Qarama-qarshilikNikolaos Mixaloliakos
2015 yil sentyabr379,5817.0+0.7
18 / 300
Kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish1№ 3Qarama-qarshilikNikolaos Mixaloliakos
2019165,7092.9-4.1
0 / 300
Kamaytirish18№ 7O'rindiq yo'qNikolaos Mixaloliakos

Evropa parlamenti

Evropa parlamenti
SaylovOvozlar%±ppO'rindiqlar g'olib bo'ldi+/−RankRahbar
19947,2420.1%Yangi
0 / 25
n / a№ 19Nikolaos Mixaloliakos
200923,5660.5%Yangi
0 / 22
Barqaror№ 12Nikolaos Mixaloliakos
2014536,9139.4%+8.9
3 / 21
Kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish3№ 3Nikolaos Mixaloliakos
2019275,8214.9%-4.51
2 / 21
Kamaytirish1№ 5Nikolaos Mixaloliakos

2014 yilda saylangan bitta vakil, Eleftherios Synadinos, 2018 yilda partiyani tark etdi.

2019 yilda saylangan bitta vakil, Ioannis Lagos, o'sha yili partiyani tark etdi. Boshqa, Athanasios Konstantinou, 2020 yil iyul oyida partiyadan chiqarilgan.[97]

Zo'ravonlik

"Oltin shafaq" a'zolari zo'ravonlik va nafrat jinoyatlari muhojirlarga qarshi, siyosiy muxoliflar, gomoseksuallar va etnik ozchiliklar.[120] Golden Dawn ofislariga bir necha bor hujum qilingan anarxistlar va boshqa chapchilar,[108][121] va "Oltin shafaq" a'zolari va chapchilar o'rtasida to'qnashuvlar odatiy bo'lmagan.[122]

2000 yilda noma'lum gumondorlar yodgorlik bo'lgan Monastirioton ibodatxonasini buzishdi Holokost qurbonlar va yahudiy qabristonlari Saloniki va Afina.[123] Oltin shafaq ramzlari to'rtta saytda ham mavjud bo'lgan degan da'volar mavjud edi.[123] The KIS, Gretsiyadagi yahudiy jamoalari Markaziy kengashi, Chap koalitsiyasi, harakatlar va ekologiya, Yunoniston Xelsinki Monitor va boshqalar ushbu harakatlarni qoralovchi bayonotlar berishdi.[124][125] "Oltin shafaq" ning Kipr bobiga qarshi hujumlarda ayblanmoqda Kiprlik turklar, va bitta a'zosi 2005 yilda Kiprlik turklarga hujum qilgani uchun hibsga olingan.[126]

Futbol bezoriligi

1999 yil 6 oktyabrda, o'rtasidagi futbol uchrashuvi paytida Gretsiya va Albaniya Afinada, Albaniya tarafdorlari Yunoniston bayrog'ini yoqib yubordi ularning stendida. Ushbu harakat yunon ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan qo'lga olindi va keng namoyish etildi, bu esa yunon millatchilarining chet ellik muhojirlarga qarshi g'azabli reaktsiyalariga olib keldi. Muayyan holatda, 22 oktyabrga o'tar kechasi, millatchi va "Oltin shafaq" a'zosi Pantelis Kazakos,[127][128][129] u o'zini "Yunoniston bayrog'ini yoqish bilan haqoratlanganini" his qilganini va Afina markazidagi hujumda ikki kishini otib o'ldirganini va etti kishini yaralaganini aytdi. Qurbonlarning barchasi muhojirlar edi, yaradorlarning to'rttasi falaj bo'lib qolmoqda. Boshqa "Golden Dawn" a'zolari o'zlarini "Yunoniston bayrog'ining yonishi bilan haqoratlangan" deb his qilishgan bezorilar firmasi Galaziya Stratiyasi (Yunoncha "Moviy armiya" ma'nosini anglatadi). U o'zini "Yunoniston terma jamoalarining muxlislar klubi" va uning maqsadi "stadionlar ichida Yunoniston milliy g'ururini himoya qilish" deb ta'riflagan. 2005 yilda "Oltin shafaq" rasmiy ravishda tarqatib yuborilgandan so'ng, partiyaning ko'plab sobiq a'zolari o'zlarining ko'p kuchlarini targ'ib qilish uchun sarflaganlar Galaziya Stratiyasi.[130] Galaziya Stratiyasi Golden Dawn bilan chambarchas bog'liq va ikkala guruh bir xil ko'cha manziliga ega bo'lishdi.[131] "Oltin shafaq" harakatlarini ochiqchasiga maqtab, aloqalarni inkor etishga urinmadi Galaziya Stratiyasi uning gazetasida va firmaning evaziga maqtovni qabul qilish.[132]

Galaziya Stratiyasi va Oltin Tong sport bilan bog'liq turli xil zo'ravonliklarda ayblangan.[131] 2004 yil sentyabr oyida Gretsiya va Albaniya o'rtasidagi futbol uchrashuvidan so'ng Tirana (Yunoniston 2: 1 hisobida yutqazdi), Gretsiyada yashovchi alban muhojirlari g'alaba nishonlash uchun Afina va boshqa shaharlarning ko'chalariga chiqishdi. Yunon bezorilari bundan g'azablandilar va Yunonistonning turli hududlarida alban muhojirlariga qarshi zo'ravonlik avj oldi, natijada Zakintosda bir alban o'ldirildi va boshqa ko'plab odamlar yaralandi. Oltin shafaq va Galaziya Stratiyasi ko'plab hujumlar uchun bevosita javobgar ekanligi isbotlandi. Ga binoan Elefterotipiya, Galaziya Stratiyasi a'zolari qattiq hujum qilgan a Falastin va muvaffaqiyatli bo'lganidan keyin tantanalarda Bangladeshlik Yunoniston basketbol terma jamoasi da 2006 yil FIBA ​​Jahon chempionati.[130]

Periandros ish

Antonios Androutsopulos (aka Periandros), "Golden Dawn" ning taniqli a'zosi, 1998 yildan 16 sentyabrgacha bo'lgan uch nafar chap qanot talabalari, shu jumladan Dimitris Kousurisning og'ir jarohat olganiga qasd qilishda ayblanib, 1998 yildan 2005 yil 14 sentyabrgacha qochgan.[133][134][135] Androutsopulos hukm qilindi sirtdan noqonuniy qurol saqlagani uchun to'rt yilgacha ozodlikdan mahrum qilish, unga qarshi qotillik ayblovi davom etmoqda.[136]

Etti yil davomida Androutsopoulosni hibsga olmaganligi hukumat tomonidan yunon ommaviy axborot vositalarining tanqidiga sabab bo'ldi. Maqola Ta Nea Periandros Yunonistonda qolgan va politsiya bilan aloqasi tufayli hibsdan qochgan deb da'vo qilmoqda.[133] 2004 yilda bergan intervyusida, Mixalis Krisoxoid, sobiq jamoat tartibi vaziri va a'zosi PASOK, bunday ayblovlar asossiz deb da'vo qildi va u Gretsiya politsiyasining samarasizligini aybladi. Ba'zilar, Androutsopoulos hibsga olishdan qochib qutulgan, chunki u u erda yashagan Venesuela u o'zini topshirgan 2005 yilgacha.[137] Uning sud jarayoni 2006 yil 20 sentyabrda boshlangan va u 2006 yil 25 sentyabrda sudlangan; u 21 yilga ozodlikdan mahrum etildi.[138][139] Uning sudida "Oltin shafaq" a'zolari qatnashib, millatchilik shiorlarini baqirishgan; Xabarlarga ko'ra, u ularni ishlatgan Natsist salomi.[138]

Imia 2008 yil

2008 yil 2 fevralda "Oltin shafaq" Imia harbiy inqirozining o'n ikki yilligi uchun yillik yurishni o'tkazishni rejalashtirgan. Anti-fashistik guruhlar marshni bekor qilish maqsadida "Oltin shafaq" a'zolari sabab bo'lgan irqchilik hujumlariga javob sifatida norozilik namoyishini uyushtirdilar. Oltin shafaq a'zolari marsh bo'lib o'tadigan maydonni egallab olishdi va antifashistlar paydo bo'lganda to'qnashuvlar yuz berdi. Keyingi g'alayonlar paytida "Oltin shafaq" a'zolari antifashistlarga politsiya bilan hujum qilib, ularni to'xtatish uchun hech narsa qilmaganliklari va aslida ularni o'z saflaridan o'tqazib yuborganliklari ko'rilgan. Buning oqibatida ikki kishi pichoq bilan jarohatlangan va yana ikki kishi tosh bilan jarohatlangan. "Oltin Dawn" a'zolari hattoki o'zlari bilan politsiya jihozlarini olib yurishgan va "Golden Dawn" ning jihozlari politsiya mikroavtobusi ichida olib ketilgani haqida da'volar bo'lgan.[140][141]

Golden Dawn ofislariga bomba hujumlari

1993 yil 7 sentyabrda Golden Dawn ofislarida bomba portladi. Hujumni o'ta so'l terroristik tashkilotga bog'lashdi Inqilobiy xalq kurashi (ELA).[142]

2005 yil noyabr oyida Oltin Dawnning ofislariga bir guruh anarxistlar hujum qilishdi molotov kokteyllari va toshlar. U erda o'q ovozlari eshitildi va ikki kishi (ular shunchaki o'tib ketayotganini aytgan) jarohat olishdi.[121] Golden Dawn xabariga ko'ra, uch gumondor hibsga olingan va ozod qilingan.[108] Keyingi politsiya tergovi davomida, qoldiqlar molotov kokteyllari Golden Dawn ofislarida topilgan.[121] "Oltin shafaq" bu tashkilotning tarqalishiga sabab bo'lganligini ta'kidladi.[80][81]

2010 yil 19 martda Afina markazida joylashgan Golden Dawn ofisining beshinchi qavatida politsiya tomonidan "o'rtacha kuch" deb ta'riflangan bomba portlatildi. Portlashdan 25 daqiqa oldin, noma'lum qo'ng'iroq qiluvchi hujum haqida xabar berish uchun mahalliy gazetaga murojaat qildi. Bunga javoban maqsadli bino va uning atrofidagi hudud evakuatsiya qilindi. Portlash katta moddiy zarar etkazdi, ammo qurbonlar yo'q. Ofis 2010 yil 10 aprelda qayta ochildi.[143] Hujum uchun javobgarlikni anarxist terror tashkiloti o'z zimmasiga oldi Yong'in yadrosi fitnasi.

2012 yil 4 dekabrda Golden Dawn ofisidagi binoda dinamit bo'lgan vaqtincha bomba portladi Aspropirgos, Afina shahar atrofi. Portlash ikki qavatga katta zarar etkazdi, ammo jabrlanganlar yo'q.[144]

2013 yil 13 fevralda Oltin Dawn mintaqaviy ofisida qo'lbola bomba portladi Pirey. Portlash va undan keyingi yong'in moddiy zarar etkazdi. Ertasi kuni ertalab xuddi shunday qo'lbola bomba shahridagi Golden Dawn ofislari oldida portladi Larissa, Markaziy Yunoniston. Portlash faqat moddiy zarar etkazgan.[145]

Liana Kanelliga hujum va reaktsiyalar

2012 yil 7-iyun kuni "Golden Dawn" vakili Ilias Kasidiaris shapaloq Kommunistik Deputat Liana Kanelli ertalabki shouda jonli debat paytida uch marta bosh haqida Proino ANT1; u avvalgi tijorat tanaffusida unga gazeta va og'zaki haqoratlarni tashlagan edi. Keyinchalik Kasidiaris xodimlari tomonidan xonaga qamalib olindi ANT1 Televidenie, lekin u eshikni qoqib, chiqib ketdi. Yunoniston prokuraturasi hibsga olishga order berdi.[146] Golden Tawn bu voqeada Kanellini aybladi. Ushbu hodisa Afina va Yunonistonning boshqa shaharlarida Oltin Tongga qarshi bir necha norozilik namoyishiga sabab bo'ldi. Bu haqda siyosiy tahlilchi Teodor Kuulumbis aytib o'tdi Reuters Bu hodisa, ayniqsa, ayollar o'rtasida "Oltin shafaq" ovozini talab qilishi mumkin, ammo boshqa mutaxassislar zo'ravonlik tasvirlari ularning foydasiga o'ynashi mumkin degan fikrda bo'lishgan - Facebook-da Kasidiarisga bag'ishlangan sahifa 24 soat ichida 6000 "layk" to'plagan.[147]

Pavlos Fissaning o'ldirilishi

Asosiy maqola: Pavlos Fyssas

2013 yil sentyabr oyida, Oltin Dawn bilan aloqasi borligi aytilgan 35 yoshli erkak, xip-xop ustasi, Killah P nomi bilan tanilgan Pavlos Fissasni janjal ortidan ikki marta pichoqlab o'ldirganidan keyin hibsga olingan edi. Pirey. Keyinchalik politsiya Afinadagi Golden Dawn ofislariga tintuv o'tkazdi. Partiya qotillikka aloqadorligini rad etdi.[148] O'shandan beri olib borilayotgan tergov shuni tasdiqladiki, erkak qotillikdan oldin va vaqtida partiya a'zolari bilan aloqada bo'lgan.[149] Keyinchalik politsiyaning tazyiqi "Oltin Dawn" ofislariga reydlar va qotillik bilan bog'liq deb taxmin qilingan telefon qo'ng'irog'i bo'lgan ofis telefoniga egalik qilish natijasida qamoqqa olingan partiya rahbari Nikolaos Mixaloliakosni ham o'z ichiga olgan bir nechta partiya a'zolarini hibsga olishga olib keldi. qabul qilindi.[150][151]

2013 yil "Oltin shafaq" a'zolarini otish

Asosiy maqola: 2013 yil Neo Irakleio Golden Dawn ofisida suratga olish

2013 yil 1 noyabrda "Oltin shafaq" a'zolari Giorgos Fountoulis va Manos Kapelonis partiyaning ofislari oldida otib o'ldirildi. Neo Irakleio, Afinaning shimoliy chekkasi. Uchinchisi, Aleksandros Gerontas og'ir jarohat oldi. Politsiya ushbu hodisani terakt deb ta'riflagan.[152] Ikki hafta o'tgach, anarxist terroristik guruh "Jang qilayotgan xalq inqilobiy kuchlari" "neo-natsistlar Oltin Tong" partiyasining fashist a'zolarini siyosiy qatl qilish "deb ta'riflaganligi uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi.[153][154]

2016 yilgi muhojirlar va qochqinlar

Aprel oyi davomida tarafdorlari ishtirok etishdi Pirey Qochqinlar tarafdorlari bilan to'qnashuv sodir bo'lgan joyda va qo'shimcha ravishda Xios Bu erda ular Afinadagi politsiya bilan, u erdagi muhojirlar va qochqinlarga hujum qilganlaridan keyin jang qilishgan.[29]

Yunoniston politsiyasiga aloqadorlik haqidagi da'volar

Bilan intervyuda Elefterotipiya 1998 yilda, Jamoat tartibini saqlash vaziri Georgios Romaios (PASOK ) da "fashistik elementlar mavjudligini da'vo qilgan Yunoniston politsiyasi "va ularni bostirishga va'da berdi.[155] O'sha yili televizion intervyusida, Romaios yana politsiya tarkibida fashistlarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi guruh borligini da'vo qildi, garchi u uyushtirilmaganligini va faqat alohida voqealarda qatnashganligini aytgan bo'lsa ham.[156] Xuddi shu yili, Elefterotipiya bilan politsiya o'rtasidagi aloqalarni aks ettirgan maqola chop etildi neofashizm.[157] Dimitris Reppas, PASOK hukumat vakili, bunday aloqalarni qat'iyan rad etdi. Biroq, maqolada PASOKning nutqi keltirilgan Parlament a'zosi Paraskevas Paraskevopoulos o'ng qanot ekstremistlari tomonidan qo'zg'olon haqida:

Salonikida o'ta o'ng tashkilotlar xavfsizlik kuchlarida faol ekanligi keng muhokama qilinmoqda. Bunday tashkilotlarning a'zolari g'alayonning rejalashtiruvchilari va bosh jallodlari bo'lgan va hech kim hibsga olinmagan. Maxsus kuchlar zobiti o'sha kuni navbatchilikda bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan maxsus kuchlar politsiyachilarining brifingida so'zga chiqib, politsiyachilarga hech kimni hibsga olmaslik kerakligini aytdi, chunki tartibsizliklar dushman emas va buni unutmaslik kerak bo'lsa, jazo choralari bo'ladi, deb tahdid qilishgan.[156]

Androutsopoulos taslim bo'lishidan oldin, gazetadagi maqola Ta Nea Oltin shafaq Yunoniston politsiya kuchlari elementlari bilan yaqin aloqada bo'lganligini da'vo qildi.[133] Periandros ishi bilan bog'liq holda, maqolada noma'lum politsiya xodimining so'zlari keltirilgan: "kuchlarning yarmi Periandrosni hibsga olishni xohlagan, qolgan yarmi esa buni istamagan". Maqolada ichki politsiya tomonidan olib borilgan maxfiy tekshiruv o'tkazilgan, deb xulosa qilingan:

  1. Golden Dawn had very good relations and contacts with officers of the force, on and off duty, as well as with rank and file police.
  2. The police provided the group with batons and radio communications equipment during mass demonstrations, mainly during celebrations of the Athens Polytechnic uprising and during rallies by left-wing and anarchist groups, in order to provoke riots.
  3. Periandros and the group's connections with the force largely delayed his arrest.
  4. Periandros's brother, also a member of Golden Dawn, was a security escort of an unnamed Yangi demokratiya MP.
  5. Many Golden Dawn members were illegally carrying an assortment of weapons.

The newspaper published a photograph of a typewritten paragraph with no identifiable insignia as evidence of the secret investigation.[158] The Minister for Public Order, Michalis Chrysochoidis, responded that he did not recollect such an investigation. Chrysochoidis also denied accusations that far-right connections within the police force delayed the arrest of Periandros. He said that leftist groups, including the ultra-left anti-state resistance group 17 noyabr, responsible for several murders, had similarly evaded the police for decades. In both cases, he attributed the failures to "stupidity and incompetence" by the force.[133]

In more recent years, anti-fascist and left-wing groups have claimed that many of Golden Dawn's members have close relationships or collaborated with Greece's Central Intelligence Service (KYP), the predecessor to the National Intelligence Service, and accused Michaloliakos of working for the KYP from the 1980s. One piece of evidence for this, published in a Greek newspaper, was a payslip showing the names of both Michaloliakos and Konstantinos Plevris as operating for the agency, which Golden Dawn claimed was a forgery.[159] The "payslip", which was supposedly "signed" by a "Hellenic army's officer", was a fake, as was proven in court after Golden Dawn's complaint.[160][161][iqtibos kerak ]

In July 2012, it was reported that Nils Muižnieks, Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, had placed the alleged ties of Greek police and Golden Dawn under scrutiny,[162] following reports of the Greek state's continued failure to acknowledge the problem.[163][164] In an interview he gave on 2 February 2013 to Ta Nea, Muižnieks stated that he had collected strong evidence of ties between the police and the party.[165] According to the political analyst Paschos Mandravelis, "A lot of the party's backing comes from the police, young recruits who are apolitical and know nothing about the Nazis or Hitler. For them, Golden Dawn supporters are their only allies on the frontline when there are clashes between riot police and leftists."[114]

Keyin Greek Parliamentary elections of 6 May 2012, it became known that more than one out of two Greek police officers voted for Golden Dawn in some districts.[166] Polling stations surrounding the Attica General Police Directorate in the Athens A constituency, where on-duty police officers are known to have voted, reported slightly more than 20% support for the party, whereas "civilian" polling stations in the constituency reported support of around 6%. The total percentage of Golden Dawn votes in Athens A was 7.8%. A police official stated that support for the party was high and growing among the police, as well as in the branches of the military.[167]

  • A police officer has been suspended pending investigation while seven others have been identified for taking part in Golden Dawn raid against stalls (10 September 2012) operated by migrants at an open-market in Missolonghi.[168]
  • Following repeated attacks against the Tanzanian community around Amerikis Square in Athens, for which the police failed to make any arrests, an anti-fascist protest was held, leading to clashes between anti-fascist groups and Golden Dawn. The police arrested anti-fascists, and it has been reported that the police used torture during their detention in the Central Police Headquarters in Athens. Victims reported that police threatened the protesters that their home addresses would be given to Golden Dawn. (30 September 2012).[169]
  • Members of Golden Dawn, along with priests and ultrareligious Orthodox believers, gathered outside the Chytirio Theatre in Athens to condemn Terrence McNally 's blasphemous play Korpus Kristi, which was due to be performed there. They allegedly chased and beat a journalist for taking pictures of the demonstration, while his call for help went unanswered by police officers who were present.[170][171] According to other reports Golden Dawn lawmaker Christos Pappas entered the police van and released one of four detainees (11 October 2012).[172][173][174]

Allegations of Nazism

The Golden Dawn banner consists of a Greek meander in a style and color scheme which resembles the Nazi Party banner.

The party is regularly described as neo-Nazi by news media and academic sources,[38][40][175] and members are frequently responsible for anti-semitic graffiti.[176]

The party denies that it has any official connection to neo-Nazism. Although it uses the Nazi salute, a salute used by the Italian Fascist and German Nazi movements, it claims to draw its inspiration in this primarily from the 4th of August Regime established by Ioannis Metaxas, the Greek nationalist leader and dictator, whose National Youth Organization (and later, his entire government) adopted upon taking power. Ioannis Metaxas was the dictator of Greece from 1936 to 1941, when he died.

The Golden Dawn's meander symbol (which the party sees as representing bravery and eternal struggle), while based on the traditional "Greek key",[5][177] is seen as "closely resembling a swastika".[178] Both the Golden Dawn symbol and Hitler's NSDAP flag can be described as a meander of black straight lines with right angles (Greek key or swastika) with a white border on a red background.[asl tadqiqotmi? ]

Ilias Kasidiaris, a spokesman for Golden Dawn, wrote an article that was published in Golden Dawn magazine on 20 April 2011, in which he said, "What would the future of Europe and the whole modern world be like if World War II hadn't stopped the renewing route of National Socialism? Certainly, fundamental values which mainly derive from ancient Greek culture, would be dominant in every state and would define the fate of peoples. Romanticism as a spiritual movement and classicism would prevail against the decadent subculture that corroded the white man. Extreme materialism would have been discarded, giving its place to spiritual exaltation". In the same article, Adolf Hitler is characterized as a "great social reformer" and "military genius".[179]

Golden Dawn members hold flags with the meander symbol at rally in Athens, March 2015

In an article published in 1987 in the Golden Dawn magazine titled "Hitler for 1,000 years", its editor Michaloliakos showed his support for Nazism and white supremacy.[180] Specifically he wrote, "We are the faithful soldiers of the National Socialist idea and nothing else" and "[...] WE EXIST, and continue the battle, the battle for the final victory of our race".[180] He ends the article by writing "1987, 42 years later, with our thought and soul given to the last great battle, with our thought and soul given to the black and red banners, with our thought and soul given to the memory of our great Leader, we raise our right hand up, we salute the Sun and with the courage, that is compelled by our military honor and our National Socialist duty we shout full of passion, faith to the future and our visions: HEIL HITLER!".[180] Furthermore, he uses capital letters for pronouns referring to Hitler ("by Himself", "His people").[180]

On 17 August 1987, Rudolf Hess, Adolf Hitler's deputy in the Nazi Party, committed suicide in Spandau Prison. The following day Golden Dawn members distributed proclamations in the center of Athens with the phrase Rudolf Hess Immortal (Yunoncha: RUDOLF HESS ΑΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ).[181]

In pictures taken during the first congress of Golden Dawn in February 1990, the congress hall is decorated with the swastika and the Wolfsangel.[182]

There are many cases in which Golden Dawn members have appeared to give a Nazi salute.[183][184][185] The founder of the party, Nikolaos Michaloliakos, appeared to give a Nazi salute in the Athens city council. He claims that it was merely "the salute of the national youth organisation of Ioannis Metaxas ".[177][186]

In May 2012, Golden Dawn ran in Greek elections under the slogan "So we can rid this land of filth".[187] During his post-election statement the leader, Nikolaos Michaloliakos, had placed a marble eagle on an obvious position on his desk, which was reported to be similar to the eagle of the Nazi Third Reich.[188] After the elections, Eleni Zaroulia, a Golden Dawn MP, wore an iron cross ring during her inauguration, a symbol which has been associated with Nazism.[189] In a picture taken on 14 September 2012, Panagiotis Iliopoulos, another Golden Dawn MP, has a tattoo of the Nazi salute Sieg Heil.[190]

On 23 July 2012, Artemis Matthaiopoulos, a member of Golden Dawn, was elected as MP for the town of Serres. The website left.gr (associated with Syriza ) reported that Matthaiopoulos was the frontman of the Nazi punk band "Pogrom" and pointed to the band's song "Auschwitz" with antisemitik lyrics such as "fuck Anne Frank " and "Juden raus" ("Jews out").[191][192]

Ilias Kasidiaris, who has a swastika tattooed on his left arm,[193] quoted the book The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in a speech to parliament on 23 October 2012. Defending himself in a discussion on whether to lift his parliamentary immunity over his assault of Kanelli, he quoted Protocol 19: "In order to destroy the prestige of heroism we shall send them for trial in the category of theft, murder and every kind of abominable and filthy crime."[194] Golden Dawn's leader, Nikolaos Michaloliakos, denied the existence of gas chambers and ovens at Nazi extermination camps.[195][196] On 6 June 2013, the Golden Dawn MP Ilias Kasidiaris implied during a stormy debate in the Greek Parliament that he was a Holocaust denier.[197]

In April 2014, Golden Dawn MP Ilias Panagiotaros described Hitler as a "great personality, like Stalin" and denounced homosexuality as a "sickness". Panagiotaros also described most immigrant Muslims to Greece as "jihadists; fanatic Muslims" and claimed that he supported the concept of a one-race nation, stating, "if you are talking about nation, it is one race".[198]

Other policy positions

Rejection of same-sex civil partnerships

In December 2015, Golden Dawn was one of the main groups to reject a bill to allow civil partnerships for same-sex couples in Greece. Party leader, Nikolaos Michaloliakos stated, "church bells should toll mournfully across the country".[199][200]

Tashqi ishlar

Nikolaos Michaloliakos supports a revival of the Megali g'oyasi, irredentist concept that guided Greece's foreign policy until the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922:[9]

For two thousand years, the Jews would say a wish during their festivals, "next year in Jerusalem ", and ultimately after many centuries they managed to make it a reality. So I too conclude with a wish: Next year in Konstantinopol, yilda Smirna, yilda Trebizond!

These regions, which in the past were Greek lands, had significant Greek populations until the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the 1920s. Michaloliakos has criticized Thessaloniki mayor Yiannis Boutaris for wanting to name a street after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who was born in the city when it was part of the Ottoman Empire.[51][201]

In January 2013, a group of Golden Dawn supporters attacked the car of Turkish consul-general Osman İlhan Şener in Komotini during an anti-Turkey protest. The party members also insulted Atatürk during the attack.[202]

Golden Dawn promoted a hardline stance on the Macedonia naming dispute, rejecting any compromise solution that would include the term Makedoniya in the name of Shimoliy Makedoniya, on the basis that only Greek Macedonia is entitled to use the name.[203] Mihaloliakos has also called for the "liberation" of Shimoliy Epirus, which is today part of southern Albaniya, has a Greek minority and is claimed by Greek irredentists. Golden Dawn and its Cypriot counterpart ELAM support enosis, the union of Cyprus with Greece.

Election advertisements for Golden Dawn depicted the burning of BIZ va Israeli flags, a reflection of the party's strong anti-American va anti-Zionist pozitsiya.[204] However, in June 2018, the party's MEPs voted in favour of increased security coordination with Israel.[205] Golden Dawn is also staunchly eurosceptic, opposing Greece's participation in the Yevropa Ittifoqi va eurozone.[206][207]

Golden Dawn has spoken out in favor of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad quyidagilarga rioya qilish Syrian Civil War.[208]

Presence outside Greece

Golden Dawn had aims to expand globally, with its spokesman saying in 2013 that the party planned to establish cells "wherever there are Greeks".[209] Since 2012, the party has opened branches in Germany,[209] Kanada (Monreal ),[210] and the United States (primarily Astoria, Queens va Tarpon Springs, Florida ),[211][212][213] and has also aimed to establish a presence in Melburn, Avstraliya.[209] Leaders among the Greek diaspora va Greek Orthodox Church have denounced the group's ideology; they say only a tiny portion of Greeks abroad support the group.[209][211] In 2012, a branch in Italiya deb nomlangan Alba Dorata ("Golden Dawn" in Italian) was formed in Triest.[214]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b v d Golden Dawn had not taken part in the previous saylov, so the collation of each other can not be performed.

Adabiyotlar

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  2. ^ Evdoxios Doxiadis, Aimee Placas as ed. Living Under Austerity: Greek Society in Crisis, Berghahn Books, 2018, ISBN  1785339346, p. 83.
  3. ^ Erik Sjöberg, The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe, Berghahn Books, 2016, ISBN  1785333267, p. 143.
  4. ^ Vasilopolou, Sofia (2015). The Golden Dawn's 'Nationalist Solution': Explaining the Rise of the Far Right in Greece. Springer.
  5. ^ a b v *Renee Maltezou (25 April 2012). "Greece: Secretive far-right party taps into Greeks' anger, fear". Agence France-Presse. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 27 June 2012. Set up in 1992 and relaunched in 2007, the party admires Greek dictator Ioannis Metaxas, who refused to surrender to the Axis powers in 1940. It calls itself nationalist and insists its logo is the ancient Greek meander symbolizing bravery and endless struggle."*Nikos Chasapopoulos (4 August 2012). "Οι φύρερ της διπλανής πόρτας". Step. Ο φασισμός είναι δαιμονολογία. Φασισμός στην Ιταλία σήμαινε ότι πίσω απ' αυτόν βρίσκεται το κράτος. Εμείς εδώ στην Ελλάδα πιστεύουμε στο Εθνος, στο εθνικό κράτος. Αλλωστε δεν χαιρετούσαν και Ελληνες του Μεταξά έτσι; Δεν χαιρετούσε έτσι και ο σερ Οσβαλντ Μόσλεϊ, ηγέτης της Βρετανικής Ενωσης Φασιστών, που όμως πολέμησε τους Γερμανούς;
  6. ^ Tsatsanis, Emmanouil (2011), "Hellenism under siege: the national-populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece", Journal of Political Ideologies, 16 (1): 11–31, doi:10.1080/13569317.2011.540939, S2CID  143633586, ... and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group Chrysi Avgi).
  7. ^ Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth (2006), Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980–2005 (PDF), Nuffield College, University of Oxford, p. 15
  8. ^ On the Road with Golden Dawn, Greece’s Ultra-Nationalist Party. Vaqt. Published 31 October 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
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  10. ^ a b *Wodak, Ruth (2015), The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean, Sage, However, Golden Dawn's neo-Nazi profile is clearly visible in the party's symbolism, with its flag resembling a swastika, Nazi salutes and chant of 'Blood and Honour' encapsulating its xenophobic and racist ideology.
    • Vasilopoulou; Halikiopoulou (2015), The Golden Dawn's 'Nationalist Solution', p. 32, The extremist character of the Golden Dawn, its neo-Nazi principles, racism and ultranationalism, as well as its violence, render the party a least likely case of success...
    • Dalakoglou, Dimitris (2013), "Neo-Nazism and neoliberalism: A Few Comments on Violence in Athens At the Time of Crisis", WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society, 16 (16(2): 283–292, doi:10.1111/wusa.12044
    • Miliopoulos, Lazaros (2011), "Extremismus in Griechenland", Extremismus in den EU-Staaten (in German), VS Verlag, p. 154, doi:10.1007/978-3-531-92746-6_9, ISBN  978-3-531-17065-7, ...mit der seit 1993 als Partei anerkannten offen neonationalsozialistischen Gruppierung Goldene Mörgenröte (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή) kooperierte... [...cooperated with the openly neo-National Socialist group Golden Dawn (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή), which has been recognized as a party since 1993...]
    • Davies, Peter; Jackson, Paul (2008), The Far Right in Europe: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood World Press, p. 173
    • Altsech, Moses (August 2004), "Anti-Semitism in Greece: Embedded in Society", Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism (23): 12, On 12 March 2004, Chrysi Avghi (Golden Dawn), the new weekly newspaper of the Neo-Nazi organization with that name, cited another survey which indicated that the percentage of Greeks who view immigrants unfavorably is 89 percent.
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