Angliyalik Genri I - Henry I of England

Genri I
Miniatyura Metyu Parij "s Historia Anglorum, v. 1253. Portret umumiy va Genri cherkovini ushlab turgan tasvirlangan Abbeyni o'qish, u qaerga dafn etilgan.
Angliya qiroli (Ko'proq ...)
Hukmronlik	1100 yil 5-avgust - 1135 yil 1-dekabr
Taqdirlash	1100 yil 5-avgust
O'tmishdosh	Uilyam II
Voris	Stiven
Normandiya gersogi
Egalik	1106 - 1135 yil 1-dekabr
O'tmishdosh	Robert Kurtoz
Voris	Stiven
Tug'ilgan	v. 1068 Ehtimol Selbi, Yorkshire, Angliya
O'ldi	1135 yil 1-dekabr (66-67 yosh) Sent-Denis-an-Lion, Normandiya, Frantsiya
Dafn	Abbeyni o'qish
Turmush o'rtog'i	Shotlandiyalik Matilda ​ ​ (m. 1100; vafot etdi 1118)​ Luvaynlik Adeliza ​ ​ (m. 1121)​
Nashr Ko'proq ...	Matilda, Muqaddas Rim imperatori Uilyam Adelin Robert, Glouzesterning birinchi grafligi Elis FitzRoy Gilbert FitsRoy Matilda FitzRoy, Perche grafinya Fulk FitzRoy Sybilla, Shotlandiya malikasi Reginald de Dunstanvill, Kornuolning 1-grafligi Robert FitzEdit Genri FitsRoy Matilda FitzRoy, Montvilliers Abbessi
Uy	Normandiya
Ota	Angliyalik Uilyam I
Ona	Flandriya matilda

Genri I (taxminan 1068 - 1135 yil 1-dekabr), shuningdek ma'lum Genri Boklerk, edi Angliya qiroli 1100 yildan 1135 yilda vafot etdi. U to'rtinchi o'g'li edi Uilyam Fath va ta'lim olgan Lotin va liberal san'at. 1087 yilda Uilyamning o'limi to'g'risida, Genri akalari Robert Kurtoz va Uilyam Rufus meros qilib olingan Normandiya mos ravishda va Angliya, ammo Genri ersiz qoldi. U okrugini sotib oldi Kotentin G'arbiy Normandiyada Robertdan, ammo uning akalari uni 1091 yilda hokimiyatdan chetlashtirdilar. U asta-sekin Kotentindagi kuch bazasini tikladi va Uilyam bilan Robertga qarshi ittifoq qildi.

1100 yilda uning ukasi Uilyam ovda halokatda vafot etgan joyda hozir bo'lgan Genri ingliz taxtini egallab oldi va Uilyamning unchalik mashhur bo'lmagan ko'plab siyosatini tuzatishga va'da berdi. U turmushga chiqdi Shotlandiyalik Matilda va ularning tirik qolgan ikkita farzandi bor edi, Uilyam Adelin va Empress Matilda; shuningdek, uning ko'plab bekalari tomonidan ko'plab noqonuniy bolalar bo'lgan. 1101 yilda bostirib kirgan Robert Angliyani Genri ustidan nazorat qilish to'g'risida bahslashdi; ushbu harbiy kampaniya Anri qirol sifatida tasdiqlangan muzokarali kelishuv bilan yakunlandi. Tinchlik uzoqqa cho'zilmadi va Genri 1105 va 1106 yillarda Normandiya knyazligiga bostirib kirib, nihoyat Robertni Robertni mag'lubiyatga uchratdi. Tinchebray jangi. Genri Robertni umrining oxirigacha qamoqda ushlab turdi. Genri Normandiyani boshqarishiga qarshi chiqdi Frantsiyalik Lui VI, Baldvin VII va Anjou vakili Fulk V, Robertning o'g'lining raqib da'volarini ilgari surgan, Uilyam Klito 1116 yildan 1119 yilgacha knyazlikda katta isyonni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Genri g'alaba qozonganidan keyin Bremule jangi, qulay tinchlik kelishuvi 1120 yilda Lui bilan kelishilgan.

Zamonaviylar tomonidan qo'pol, ammo samarali hukmdor deb hisoblangan Genri Angliya va Normandiyadagi baronlarni mohirlik bilan boshqargan. Angliyada u mavjud narsalarga e'tibor qaratdi Angliya-sakson adliya tizimi, mahalliy boshqaruv va soliqqa tortish, shuningdek uni qo'shimcha muassasalar, shu jumladan qirol bilan mustahkamladi xazina va sayohat odil sudlovlar. Normandiya, shuningdek, tobora rivojlanib borayotgan odil sudlov tizimi va qazib olish tizimi orqali boshqarilardi. Genri tizimini boshqargan mansabdor shaxslarning aksariyati ma'mur sifatida yuqori martabaga ko'tarilgan yuqori mavqega ega oilalardan emas, balki mavhum "yangi odamlar" edi. Genri dalda berdi cherkov islohoti, lekin 1101 yilda arxiepiskop bilan jiddiy tortishuvlarga duch keldi Anselm of Canterbury, 1105 yilda murosaga kelish yo'li bilan hal qilindi. U qo'llab-quvvatladi Klyunyak Buyurtma va Angliya va Normandiyada katta ruhoniylarni tanlashda katta rol o'ynagan.

Genrining o'g'li Uilyam cho'kib ketdi Oq kema 1120 yilgi falokat, shohlik vorisligini shubha ostiga qo'ydi. Genri ikkinchi xotin oldi, Luvaynlik Adeliza, boshqa o'g'il tug'ilishi umidida, lekin ularning nikohi farzandsiz edi. Bunga javoban u qizi Matildani merosxo'r deb e'lon qildi va unga uylandi Anjoulik Jefri. Genri va er-xotin o'rtasidagi munosabatlar keskinlashdi va Anju bilan chegarada janglar boshlandi. Genri 1135 yil 1-dekabrda bir haftalik kasallikdan so'ng vafot etdi. Matilda uchun rejalariga qaramay, shohning o'rniga jiyani o'tirdi Bloislik Stiven natijasida fuqarolik urushi davri paydo bo'ldi anarxiya.

Ilk hayoti, 1068-1099

Bolalik va tashqi ko'rinish, 1068–86

Genri, ehtimol Angliyada 1068 yilda, yozda yoki yilning so'nggi haftalarida, ehtimol shaharchasida tug'ilgan Selbi yilda Yorkshir.^{[1][nb 1]} Uning otasi edi Uilyam Fath, Normandiya gersogi kim bor edi 1066 yilda Angliyani bosib oldi bo'lish Angliya qiroli ga cho'zilgan erlarni barpo etish Uels. Bosqin Angliya-Normanni yaratdi hukmron sinf, ko'plari mulkning ikkala tomonida joylashgan Ingliz kanali.^[2] Ushbu Anglo-Norman baronlari odatda Frantsiya qirolligi O'sha paytda u faqat qirolning nominal nazorati ostida bo'lgan okruglar va kichik politsiyalarning erkin to'plamidir.^[3] Genrining onasi, Flandriya matilda, nabirasi edi Frantsuz Robert II va, ehtimol u Genrini amakisi Shoh nomi bilan nomlagan Frantsiyalik Genri I.^[4]

Genri Uilyam va Matildaning to'rt o'g'lining kenjasi edi. Jismoniy jihatdan u katta akalariga o'xshardi Robert Kurtoz, Richard va Uilyam Rufus, tarixchi Devid Karpenter ta'riflaganidek, "kalta, bo'yli va bochkali", qora sochlari bilan.^[5] Ularning yoshidagi farqlar va Richardning erta o'limi natijasida Genri katta akalarini nisbatan kamroq ko'rgan bo'lishi mumkin edi.^[6] Ehtimol u singlisini bilar edi Adela yaxshi, chunki ikkalasi yoshga yaqin edi.^[7] Uning dastlabki yillari uchun ozgina hujjatli dalillar mavjud; tarixchilar Uorren Xollister va Ketlin Tompson ta'kidlashicha, u asosan Angliyada tarbiyalangan Judit Grin u dastlab knyazlikda tarbiyalangan deb ta'kidlaydi.^{[8][nb 2]} U, ehtimol, cherkov tomonidan ta'lim olgan, ehtimol Episkop Osmund, qirolniki kantsler, da Solsberi sobori; agar bu uning ota-onasi tomonidan Genrining ruhoniy a'zosi bo'lish niyatini ko'rsatgan bo'lsa, bu noaniq.^{[10][nb 3]} Bundan tashqari, Genri ta'limi qanchalik uzoqqa cho'zilganligi noma'lum, ammo u o'qiy olishi mumkin edi Lotin va ba'zi bir ma'lumotlarga ega edi liberal san'at.^[11] Unga Robert Axard ismli o'qituvchi tomonidan harbiy tayyorgarlik berilgan va Genri otasi tomonidan 1086 yil 24 mayda ritsar bo'lgan.^[12]

Meros, 1087–88

XIII asrda Genri tasviri

1087 yilda Uilyam kampaniyada katta jarohat oldi Vexin.^[13] Genri yaqinda o'layotgan otasiga qo'shildi Ruan sentyabr oyida, Qirol o'z mollarini o'g'illari o'rtasida taqsimlagan.^[14] O'sha paytda g'arbiy Evropada vorislik qoidalari noaniq edi; Frantsiyaning ba'zi qismlarida, primogenizatsiya Katta o'g'li unvonga ega bo'ladigan mashhurligi tobora ortib bormoqda.^[15] Evropaning boshqa joylarida, shu jumladan Normandiya va Angliyada, urf-odatlar erlarni bo'linishga, to'ng'ich o'g'li esa oilaviy erlarni olib, odatda eng qimmat deb hisoblangan va kichik o'g'illarga kichikroq yoki yaqinda sotib olingan qismlar yoki mulk.^[15]

O'z erlarini taqsimlashda Uilyam Norman an'analariga rioya qilgan ko'rinadi, u meros qilib olgan Normandiya va urush orqali olgan Angliya o'rtasidagi farqni ajratib ko'rsatdi.^[16] Uilyamning ikkinchi o'g'li Richard ovda baxtsiz hodisa tufayli vafot etgan va Genri va uning ikki ukasi Uilyamning mulkini meros qilib olishgan. To'ng'ichi Robert, o'limida otasiga qarshi qurolli isyonda bo'lganiga qaramay, Normandiyani qabul qildi.^[17] Angliya Vilyam Rufusga berildi, u o'layotgan qirolning foydasiga edi.^[17] Genriga katta miqdordagi pul berildi, odatda 5000 funt sterlingni tashkil etdi, chunki unga ham onasining kamtarona erlari berilishini kutgan edi Bukingemshir va Gloucestershire.^{[18][nb 4]} Uilyamning dafn marosimi Kan mahalliy odamning g'azablangan shikoyatlariga duch keldi va Genri mitingni kumush bilan sotib olib, nizoni hal qilish uchun javobgardir.^[20]

Robert Uilyam Rufus Kanaldan o'tib, qirollik taxtiga sazovor bo'lganini bilib, unga ham gersoglik, ham Angliya berilishini kutgan holda Normandiyaga qaytib keldi.^[21] Ikki aka-uka meros masalasida tubdan kelishmovchiliklarga duch kelishdi va Robert tez orada Angliyaga qirollikni egallash uchun bostirib kirishni rejalashtira boshladi, bu ba'zi etakchi zodagonlarning Uilyam Rufga qarshi isyoni bilan yordam berdi.^[22] Genri Normandiyada qoldi va Robert sudida rol o'ynadi, ehtimol u Uilyam Rufus bilan ochiqchasiga birga bo'lishni istamagani uchunmi yoki agar u ketishga harakat qilgan bo'lsa, Robert Genrining meros pulini tortib olish imkoniyatidan foydalangan bo'lishi mumkin.^{[21][nb 5]} Uilyam Ruf Angliyadagi Genrining yangi mulklarini sekvestr qilib, Genrini uysiz qoldirdi.^[24]

1088 yilda Robertning Angliyaga bostirib kirish rejalari puchga chiqa boshladi va u Genriga murojaat qilib, akasiga unga merosning bir qismini qarz berishni taklif qildi, Genri rad etdi.^[25] Keyin Genri va Robert muqobil kelishuvga kelishdilar, unda Robert Genri g'arbiy Normandiya grafiga aylantiradi, buning o'rniga 3000 funt sterling evaziga.^{[25][nb 6]} Genri erlari dukal hokimiyati delegatsiyasi tomonidan yaratilgan yangi graflik edi Kotentin, lekin u bo'ylab tarqaldi Avranchin, ikkala episkopiya ustidan nazorat bilan.^[27] Bu, shuningdek, Genrining ikki yirik Norman rahbarlari ustidan ta'sirini o'tkazdi, Xyu d'Avranches va Richard de Redvers va abbatligi Mont-Mishel, uning erlari gersoglik bo'ylab yanada keng tarqaldi.^[28] Robertning bosqinchi kuchi Normandiyani tark eta olmadi va Vilyam Rufusni Angliyada xavfsiz holatga keltirdi.^[29]

Kotentinlar soni, 1088-90

Tasvirlash Episkop Odo 1088–89 yillarda Anrini qamoqqa tashlagan (markazda yurish klubi). Dan Bayeux gobelenlari.

Genri tezda o'zini g'arbiy Normandiya va sharqiy Bretaniydan izdoshlar tarmog'ini yaratib, tarixchi sifatida tan oldi Jon Le Patourel "Genri to'dasi" sifatida tavsiflangan.^[30] Uning dastlabki tarafdorlari Mandevildan Rojer, Redversdan Richard, Richard d'Avranches va Robert Fitzhamon, cherkov xodimi bilan birga Solsberidan Rojer.^[31] Robert Genri bilan tuzilgan shartnomadan qaytishga va okrugni qayta jihozlashga urinib ko'rdi, ammo Genri buni oldini olishga etarlicha mahkam edi.^[32] Robert knyazligi hukmronligi tartibsiz edi va Genri erlarining bir qismi Ruandan markaziy nazoratdan deyarli mustaqil bo'lib qoldi.^[33]

Bu davrda na Uilyam, na Robert Genriga ishonmaganga o'xshaydi.^[34] Uilyam Rufusga qarshi isyon xavfsiz tarzda tugashini kutib, Genri 1088 yil iyul oyida Angliyaga qaytib keldi.^[35] U Qirol bilan uchrashdi, lekin unga onalik mulklarini berishga ishontira olmadi va kuzda Normandiyaga qaytib ketdi.^[36] U yo'q bo'lganida, ammo Odo, Bayo episkopi Genrini potentsial raqib deb bilgan Robert Robertni Genri Uilyam Rufus bilan gertsogga qarshi fitna uyushtirayotganiga ishontirgan edi.^[37] Hodisa paytida Odo Genrini ushlab, qamoqqa tashladi Noyilli-la-Foret va Robert Kotentin okrugini qaytarib oldi.^[38] Genri u erda qishda ushlab turilgan edi, ammo 1089 yil bahorida Normandiya dvoryanlarining yuqori darajadagi elementlari Robertni ozod qilish uchun ustunlik qildilar.^[39]

Garchi endi rasmiy ravishda Kotentin grafi bo'lmaganda ham, Genri Normandiya g'arbini nazorat qilishni davom ettirdi.^[40] Akalari o'rtasidagi kurash davom etdi. Uilyam Ruf Angliyada o'z hukmronligiga qarshilik ko'rsatishni davom ettirdi, ammo Normandiyada va qo'shni Pontieda baronlar bilan Robertga qarshi bir qator ittifoqlar tuzishni boshladi.^[41] Robert o'zi bilan ittifoqdosh edi Fransiyalik Filipp I.^[42] 1090 yil oxirida Uilyam Ruf Ruandagi kuchli burger Konan Pilatusni Robertga qarshi isyon ko'tarishga undadi; Konanni Ruanning aksariyati qo'llab-quvvatladilar va qo'shni gertsal garnizonlariga ham sadoqatni o'zgartirish uchun murojaat qilishdi.^[43]

Robert o'zining baronlariga yordam so'rab murojaat qildi va Genri birinchi bo'lib noyabr oyida Ruanga etib keldi.^[44] Zo'ravonlik boshlanib, ikkala tomon ham shaharni o'z qo'liga olishga harakat qilganda, vahshiy va chalkash ko'chalardagi kurashlarga olib keldi.^[44] Robert va Genri jangga qo'shilish uchun qasrni tark etishdi, ammo keyinchalik Robert orqaga chekinib, jangni davom ettirish uchun Anrini qoldirdi.^[45] Jang ikki tomonlama kuchlar foydasiga o'tdi va Genri Konanni asirga oldi.^[45] Konan o'zining feodaliga qarshi chiqqanidan Genri g'azablandi. U uni Rouen qal'asining tepasiga olib chiqishga majbur qildi va keyin Konanning katta to'lovni to'lashni taklif qilganiga qaramay, uni o'ldirish uchun qal'aning tepasidan tashladi.^[46] Zamonaviylar Genrini Konanga misol keltirishda munosib harakat qilgan deb hisoblashgan va Genri jangdagi jasoratlari bilan mashhur bo'lgan.^[47]

Yiqilish va ko'tarilish, 1091–99

Mont-Mishel, 1091 qamal qilingan joy

Shundan so'ng, Robert Genrini Ruanni tark etishga majbur qildi, ehtimol Genrining jangdagi roli unikidan ko'ra muhimroq edi va ehtimol Genri Kotentinlar grafligi sifatida rasmiy ravishda qayta tiklanishini so'ragan.^[48] 1091 yil boshlarida Uilyam Rufus Robertni muzokaralar stoliga olib kelish uchun etarlicha katta qo'shin bilan Normandiyaga bostirib kirdi.^[49] Ikki aka-uka Ruanda Uilyam Rufusga Normandiyada bir qator erlar va qasrlarni berish to'g'risida shartnoma imzoladilar. Buning evaziga Uilyam Rufus bir vaqtlar Norman nazorati ostida bo'lgan qo'shni Meyn okrugi ustidan nazoratni qayta tiklashga urinishlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashga va knyazlik, shu jumladan Genri erlari ustidan nazoratni tiklashga yordam berishga va'da berdi.^[49] Ular bir-birlarini Angliya va Normandiya merosxo'rlari sifatida ko'rsatdilar, Genrini har ikkalasi ham yashagan paytda merosxo'rlardan tashqari.^[50]

Endi Genri va uning ukalari o'rtasida urush boshlandi.^[51] Genri Normandiyaning g'arbiy qismida yollanma qo'shinni safarbar qildi, ammo Uilyam Rufus va Robertning kuchlari ilgarilab borgan sari uning baronial qo'llab-quvvatlash tarmog'i erib ketdi.^[52] Genri qolgan kuchlarini, ehtimol 1091 yil mart oyida qamal qilingan Mont-Mishelga yo'naltirdi.^[53] Saytni himoya qilish oson edi, ammo toza suv yo'q edi.^[54] Xronikachi Malmesburylik Uilyam Genri suvi kam bo'lib qolganda, Robert akasiga yangi zahiralarni etkazib berishga ruxsat berdi, bu esa Robert va Uilyam Rufus o'rtasidagi namoyishga olib keldi.^[55] Qamalning so'nggi kunlarida sodir bo'lgan voqealar noaniq: qamalchilar kampaniyaning kelajakdagi strategiyasi to'g'risida bahslasha boshladilar, ammo keyinchalik Genri Mont-Sen-Mishelni, ehtimol kelishilgan holda taslim bo'lish uchun tark etdi.^{[56][nb 7]} U Bretaniyaga jo'nab ketdi va Frantsiyaga o'tdi.^[57]

Genrining keyingi qadamlari yaxshi hujjatlashtirilmagan; bitta xronikachi, Vitalis ordeni, u frantsuz Veksinida, Normandiya chegarasi bo'ylab, bir yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida izdoshlarining kichik guruhi bilan sayohat qilganligini ko'rsatadi.^[58] Yil oxiriga kelib, Robert va Uilyam Ruflar yana bir bor tushib qolishdi va Rouen shartnomasidan voz kechishdi.^[59] 1092 yilda Genri va uning izdoshlari Normandiya shahrini egallab olishdi Domfront.^[60] Domfront ilgari tomonidan boshqarilgan Bellemening Roberti, ammo aholisi uning hukmronligini yoqtirmadilar va Genrini shaharni egallab olishga taklif qilishdi, u buni qonsiz to'ntarish bilan amalga oshirdi.^[61] Keyingi ikki yil ichida Genri g'arbiy Normandiya bo'ylab o'z tarafdorlari tarmog'ini tikladi va Judit Grin "sud kutmoqda" degan so'zni shakllantirdi.^[62] 1094 yilga kelib, u xuddi Normandiya gersogi kabi o'z izdoshlariga erlar va qasrlar ajratgan.^[63] Uilyam Rufus Genriga pul bilan yordam berishni boshladi, uning Robertga qarshi kampaniyasini rag'batlantirdi va Genri bulardan ba'zilarini qurish uchun ishlatdi muhim qal'a Domfrontda.^[64]

Uilyam Rufus 1094 yilda Robertga urush olib borish uchun Normandiyaga o'tdi va taraqqiyot to'xtab qolgach, Genrini yordamga chaqirdi.^[65] Genri javob berdi, lekin har qanday holatda ham kampaniyani tark etib, Angliyaga qaytib kelgan qirolning iltimosiga binoan Normandiyada sharqdagi asosiy kampaniyaga qo'shilish o'rniga Londonga sayohat qildi.^{[66][nb 8]} Keyingi bir necha yil ichida Genri g'arbiy Normandiyada kuch bazasini mustahkamlaganga o'xshaydi va vaqti-vaqti bilan Uilyam Rufus sudida qatnashish uchun Angliyaga tashrif buyurgan.^[68] 1095 yilda Papa Urban II deb nomlangan Birinchi salib yurishi, Evropaning ritsarlarini qo'shilishga undaydi.^[67] Robert salib yurishlariga qo'shildi, buning uchun Uilyam Rufusdan qarz oldi va evaziga qirolga gersoglik qismini vaqtincha saqlash huquqini berdi.^[69] Qirol Normandiyaning qolgan qismini Robertdan qaytarib olishga ishonch hosil qildi va Genri Uilyam Rufga yaqinroq bo'lib ko'rindi. Ular 1097 va 1098 yillarda Norman Veksinda birgalikda kampaniya o'tkazdilar.^[70]

Dastlabki hukmronlik, 1100-06

Taxtga o'tirish, 1100 yil

17-asr qo'lyozmasi Genrining toj marosimini o'tkazish.

1100 yil 2-avgust kuni tushdan keyin Qirol Yangi o'rmon, ovchilar jamoasi va bir qator Norman zodagonlari, shu jumladan Genri bilan birga.^[71] Baron Valter Tirel tomonidan o'qqa tutilgan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan o'q Uilyam Rufni urib o'ldirgan.^[72] Qirol qasddan o'ldirilgan degan ko'plab fitna nazariyalari ilgari surilgan; aksariyat zamonaviy tarixchilar bularni rad etishadi, chunki ov qilish xavfli bo'lgan va bunday baxtsiz hodisalar odatiy hol edi.^{[73][nb 9]} Xaos boshlandi va Tirel o'limga olib kelgan o'qni o'q uzgani uchun yoki uni noto'g'ri ayblashgani va uni qirolning o'limi uchun gunoh echkisi bo'lishidan qo'rqib, voqea joyidan Frantsiyaga qochib ketdi.^[72]

Genri Vinchesterga otlandi, u erda hozirda kim taxtga eng yaxshi da'vogar bo'lganligi to'g'risida bahs boshlandi.^[75] Bretuillik Uilyam salib yurishidan qaytgan va hali ham chet elda bo'lgan va Genri va baronlar bergan Robertning huquqlarini himoya qildi. hurmat oldingi yillarda.^[76] Genri, Robertdan farqli o'laroq, u hukmron qirol va malika tug'ilganligi va shu tariqa unga da'vo berib, porfirogenizatsiya.^[77] Vaqtinchalik alangalar yonib ketdi, lekin Genri de Bomont va Meulanlik Robert tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan Genri chayqalib, baronlarni unga ergashishga ishontirdi.^[78] U ishg'ol qildi Vinchester qasri va qirol xazinasini egallab oldi.^[79]

Genri shoshilib shohlik tojini kiydi Vestminster abbatligi 5 avgust kuni Moris, London episkopi, kabi Anselm, Canterbury arxiepiskopi, Uilyam Rufus tomonidan surgun qilingan va Tomas, York arxiyepiskopi, Angliyaning shimolida bo'lgan Ripon.^[80] Angliya an'analariga muvofiq va o'z hukmronligini qonuniylashtirish uchun Genri a toj marosimi to'g'risidagi nizom turli majburiyatlarni qabul qilish.^[81] Yangi podshoh o'zini bezovtalikka duchor bo'lgan mamlakatdagi tartibni tiklagan deb ko'rsatdi.^[82] U Uilyam Rufusning cherkovga nisbatan siyosatidan voz kechishini e'lon qildi, bu ruhoniylar tomonidan zulm sifatida ko'rilgan; u baronlarning mulk huquqlarini qirollik tomonidan buzilishining oldini olishga va'da bergan va yumshoq urf-odatlarga qaytishini kafolatlagan Edward Confessor; u Angliya bo'ylab "qat'iy tinchlik o'rnataman" deb ta'kidladi va "bu tinchlik bundan buyon saqlanib qolinishini" buyurdi.^[83]

O'zining mavjud tarafdorlari doirasidan tashqari, ularning aksariyati yangi erlar bilan boyitilgan, Genri tezda mavjud bo'lgan ma'muriyatning ko'p qismini yangi qirollik uyiga qo'shib qo'ydi.^[84] Uilyam Giffard, Uilyam Rufusning kansleri, qilingan Vinchester episkopi va taniqli sheriflar Urse d'Abetot, Xaymo Dapifer va Robert Fitzhamon hukumatda katta rol o'ynashni davom ettirdi.^[84] Aksincha, mashhur emas Ranulf Flambard, Durham episkopi va avvalgi tuzumning muhim a'zosi bo'lgan London minorasi va korrupsiyada ayblangan.^[85] Marhum podshoh cherkovning ko'plab lavozimlarini bo'sh qoldirgan edi va Genri yangi hukumati uchun qo'shimcha qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun bu nomzodlarni ilgari surishga kirishdi.^[86] Uchrashuvlarni muqaddas qilish kerak edi va Genri Anselmga xat yozib, arxiyepiskop hali Frantsiyada bo'lganida toj kiyganligi uchun uzr so'radi va darhol qaytib kelishini so'radi.^[87]

Matilda bilan nikoh, 1100 yil

Genrining birinchi rafiqasi, Shotlandiyalik Matilda

1100 yil 11-noyabrda Genri uylandi Matilda, qizi Shotlandiyalik Malkom III.^[88] Genri endi 31 yoshda edi, ammo XI asrda dvoryanlar uchun kech nikohlar g'ayrioddiy emas edi.^[89] Bu juftlik avvalgi o'n yillikning boshida, ehtimol Solsberi episkopi Osmund orqali tanishgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[90] Tarixchi Uorren Xollisterning ta'kidlashicha, Genri va Matilda hissiy jihatdan yaqin bo'lganlar, ammo ularning ittifoqi ham siyosiy sababga ega edi.^{[91][nb 10]} Matilda dastlab Edit deb nomlangan, ingliz-sakson nomi va G'arbiy Sakson qirol oilasining a'zosi, jiyani bo'lgan. Edgar, nabirasi Edmund Ironsayd va avlodlari Buyuk Alfred.^[93] Genri uchun Matilda bilan turmush qurish uning hukmronligining qonuniyligini oshirdi va Matilda, shuhratparast ayol uchun bu Angliyada yuqori mavqe va hokimiyat uchun imkoniyat edi.^[94]

Ammo Matilda konventsiyalar ketma-ketligida ta'lim olgan va rasmiy ravishda rohiba bo'lishga va'da berib, nikohning rivojlanishiga to'siq bo'lgan.^[95] U rohiba bo'lishni xohlamadi va Anselmdan Genriga uylanish uchun ruxsat so'radi va arxiyepiskop kengash tuzdi Lambet saroyi masalani hukm qilish.^[95] Ba'zi bir xil fikrlarga qaramay, kengash Matilda monastirda yashagan bo'lsa-da, u aslida rohiba bo'lmagan va shu sababli turmush qurishga haqli, degan xulosaga keldi, keyin Anselm qarorini tasdiqladi va nikohni davom ettirishga imkon berdi.^{[95][nb 11]} Matilda Genri uchun samarali qirolichani isbotladi, u ba'zida Angliyada regent vazifasini bajardi, kengashlarga murojaat qildi va ularga raislik qildi va san'atni keng qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[97] Tez orada er-xotin ikkita farzand ko'rdi, Matilda, 1102 yilda tug'ilgan va Uilyam Adelin, 1103 yilda tug'ilgan; Ehtimol, ularning ikkinchi o'g'li Richard ham bo'lgan, u yosh vafot etgan.^{[98][nb 12]} Ushbu bolalar tug'ilgandan keyin, Matilda Westminsterda qolishni afzal ko'rdi, Genri esa diniy sabablarga ko'ra yoki qirollik boshqaruvida ishtirok etishdan zavq olgani sababli Angliya va Normandiya bo'ylab sayohat qildi.^[100]

Genri sezilarli darajada ishtaha ochgan va ko'plab jinsiy sheriklardan bahramand bo'lgan, natijada ko'plab noqonuniy bolalar, kamida to'qqiz o'g'il va 13 qiz paydo bo'lgan, ularning aksariyati u tanigan va qo'llab-quvvatlagan.^[101] Turmush qurmagan Anglo-Norman zodagonlari fohishalar va mahalliy ayollar bilan jinsiy aloqada bo'lishlari odatiy hol edi, shuningdek, podshohlarning bekalari ham bo'lishi kutilgan edi.^{[102][nb 13]} Ushbu munosabatlarning ba'zilari Genri turmushga chiqmasdan oldin sodir bo'lgan, ammo boshqalari Matilda bilan turmush qurgandan keyin sodir bo'lgan.^[103] Genri turli xil kelib chiqadigan turli xil metreskalarga ega edi va munosabatlar nisbatan ochiq o'tkazilganga o'xshaydi.^[100] U siyosiy maqsadlar uchun ba'zi zodagon mistresslarni tanlagan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo bu nazariyani tasdiqlovchi dalillar cheklangan.^[104]

Alton shartnomasi, 1101-02

XIV asrning boshlarida Genri tasvirlangan

1101 yil boshiga kelib Genrining yangi rejimi o'rnatildi va faoliyat ko'rsatdi, ammo Angliya-Normand elitasining aksariyati uning ukasi Robertni qo'llab-quvvatladilar yoki agar Robert Angliyada hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritishi mumkin bo'lsa, tomonlarni almashtirishga tayyor edi.^[105] Fevral oyida Flambard London minorasidan qochib, Kanaldan o'tib Normandiya tomon yo'l oldi va u erda Robertning bosqinchi kuchlarini safarbar qilishga urinishlariga yangi yo'nalish va kuch bag'ishladi.^[106] Iyulga kelib, Robert Angliyada Genriga qarshi harakat qilishga tayyor bo'lgan armiya va flot tuzdi.^[107] Mojaroda ulushni ko'targan Genri Flambardning erlarini egallab oldi va Anselmning ko'magi bilan Flambard episkop lavozimidan chetlashtirildi.^[108] Qirol aprel va iyun oylarida sudni o'tkazdi, u erda dvoryanlar unga sodiqlik qasamlarini yangilashdi, ammo ularni qo'llab-quvvatlash hali ham qisman va qaltiroq bo'lib qoldi.^[109]

Bosqin yaqinlashganda, Genri kuchlari va flotini tashqariga safarbar qildi Pevensey, Robert kutilgan qo'nish maydonchasiga yaqin bo'lib, ularning ba'zilarini otliqlar ayblovlariga qarshi qanday kurashishni shaxsan o'rgatdi.^[110] Cherkovga harbiy xizmatni o'tashga majbur bo'lgan ingliz soliqlari va ritsarlariga qaramay, uning ko'pgina baronlari paydo bo'lmadi.^[111] Anselm ba'zi shubhalarga aralashib, ularning Genriga sodiq bo'lishlarining diniy ahamiyatini ta'kidladi.^[112] Robert kutilmaganda qirg'oqning narigi tomoniga tushdi Portsmut 20 iyulda bir necha yuz kishilik kamtarona kuch bilan, ammo tezda Angliyadagi baronlarning ko'pchiligi ularga qo'shilishdi.^[113] Biroq, yaqin atrofdagi Vinchesterga yurish va Genri xazinasini egallab olish o'rniga, Robert to'xtab qoldi, Genriga g'arbga yurish va bosqin kuchini ushlab turish uchun vaqt berdi.^[114]

Ikki qo'shin uchrashdi Alton, Xempshir, unda tinchlik muzokaralari boshlandi, ehtimol Genri yoki Robert tomonidan boshlangan va ehtimol Flambard tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan.^[114] Keyin aka-ukalar kelishuvga kelishdilar Alton shartnomasi, uning ostida Robert Genrini hurmat qasamyodidan ozod qildi va uni qirol deb tan oldi; Genri Domfrontdan tashqari g'arbiy Normandiya haqidagi da'volaridan voz kechdi va Robertga hayot uchun yiliga 2000 funt to'lashga rozi bo'ldi; agar biron bir akasi erkak merosxo'ri bo'lmasdan vafot etsa, ikkinchisi uning erlarini meros qilib oladi; raqibini qo'llab-quvvatlagani uchun qirol yoki gersog tomonidan erlari tortib olingan baronlar ularni qaytarib berishlari va Flambard episkop sifatida qayta tiklanishi kerak edi; ikki aka-uka Normandiyada o'z hududlarini himoya qilish uchun birgalikda kampaniya olib borishadi.^{[115][nb 14]} Robert Normandiyaga qaytib kelguniga qadar Anri bilan yana bir necha oy Angliyada qoldi.^[117]

Shartnomaga qaramay, Genri bosqinchilik paytida o'ziga qarshi bo'lgan baronlarga qattiq jazo berishni boshladi.^[118] Uilyam de Uoren, Surrey grafligi, Alton amnistiyasi bilan qamrab olinmagan yangi jinoyatlarda ayblanib, Angliyadan chiqarib yuborilgan.^[119] 1102 yilda Genri keyinchalik Bellem va uning baronlari ichida eng qudratlisi bo'lgan Robertga qarshi chiqdi va uni 45 xil huquqbuzarlikda aybladi.^[120] Robert qochib qutuldi va Genriga qarshi qurol oldi.^[121] Genri Robertning qasrlarini qamal qildi Arundel, Tickhill va Shrewsbury qal'alari, hujum qilish uchun janubiy-g'arbiy tomon pastga itarish Bridgnort.^[122] Uning Angliyadagi quvvat bazasi buzildi, Robert Genrining surgun qilish taklifini qabul qildi va mamlakatni Normandiyaga jo'nab ketdi.^[123]

Normandiyani zabt etish, 1103–06

Qishloq Tinchebray 2008 yilda

Genrining Normandiyadagi ittifoqchilari tarmog'i 1103 yil davomida kuchaygan.^[124] U noqonuniy qizlarining nikohlarini uyushtirdi, Juliane va Matilda, Breteuilning Eustasiga va Rotrou III, Perche grafigi navbati bilan, Norman chegarasini ta'minlovchi so'nggi ittifoq.^[125] Genri Norman dvoryanlarining boshqa a'zolarini mag'lub etishga urinib ko'rdi va boshqa ingliz mulklari va asosiy Normand lordlariga foydali takliflar berdi.^[126] Dyuk Robert Bellemening Robertiga qarshi kurashni davom ettirdi, ammo Dyukning mavqei yomonlashdi, 1104 yilgacha u tirik qolish uchun Bellem bilan rasmiy ravishda ittifoqlashishi kerak edi.^[127] Gersog ularning shartnomasi shartlarini buzganligini ta'kidlab, Kanaldan o'tib Domfront tomon o'tdi, u erda u bilan ittifoqdosh bo'lishni istagan Normandiya bo'ylab katta baronlar bilan uchrashdi.^[128] U Dyuk bilan to'qnashdi va Angliyaga qaytib kelishdan oldin uni dushmanlari tomonida bo'lganlikda aybladi.^[129]

Normandiya parchalanishda davom etdi.^[130] 1105 yilda Genri o'z do'sti Robert Fitsamonni va ritsarlar kuchini knyazlikka yubordi, shekilli, Dyuk Robert bilan to'qnashuvni keltirib chiqardi.^[131] Fitzhamon qo'lga olindi va Genri bunga hujum qilish uchun bahona qilib, tinchlik va tartibni tiklashga va'da berdi.^[130] Genri Normandiya chegaralari atrofidagi qo'shni graflarning ko'pchiligining qo'llab-quvvatlashiga ega edi va Frantsiya qiroli Filipp betaraf bo'lishga ishontirildi.^[132] Genri g'arbiy Normandiyani egallab oldi va sharq tomon Fitzhamon joylashgan Bayoda ko'tarildi.^[133] Shahar taslim bo'lishni rad etdi va Genri uni qurshovga oldi va uni yerga yoqib yubordi.^[133] Xuddi shu taqdirni kutib olishdan qo'rqib, Kan shahri yon tomonga o'girilib, taslim bo'ldi va Genriga ilgarilashga imkon berdi Falaise, Kalvados, u ba'zi qurbonlar bilan olib ketgan.^[134] Uning saylovoldi kampaniyasi to'xtadi va buning o'rniga qirol Robert bilan tinchlik muhokamalarini boshladi.^[135] Muzokaralar natija bermadi va janjal Rojdestvoga qadar davom etdi, Genri Angliyaga qaytib keldi.^[136]

Genri 1106 yil iyul oyida hal qiluvchi jangni boshlashiga umid qilib yana bostirib kirdi.^[137] Dastlabki taktik yutuqlardan so'ng u janubi-g'arbiy tomon qal'a tomon burildi Tinchebray.^[138] U qal'ani qamal qildi va Dyuk Robert, Bellemening Robert tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, Falezadan yengilishga o'tdi.^[138] Muzokara urinishlari muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagandan so'ng Tinchebray jangi bo'lib o'tdi, ehtimol 28 sentyabrda.^{[139][nb 15]} Jang bir soat atrofida davom etdi va Dyuk Robertning otliq qo'shinlari zaryadidan boshlandi; keyin ikkala tomonning piyoda va otdan tushgan ritsarlari jangga qo'shilishdi.^[141] Boshchiligidagi Genri zaxiralari Elias I, Meyn grafligi va Alan IV, Bretaniyalik gersog, avval Belléme qo'shinlarini, so'ngra gersogol kuchlarining asosiy qismini yo'naltirib, dushman qanotlariga hujum qildi.^[142] Dyuk Robert asirga olindi, ammo Bellem qochib qoldi.^[142]

Genri Normandiyada qolgan qarshilikni kuchaytirdi va Dyuk Robert o'zining so'nggi garnizonlariga taslim bo'lishni buyurdi.^[143] Ruanga etib borgan Genri Normandiya qonunlari va urf-odatlarini yana bir bor tasdiqladi va etakchi baronlar va fuqarolardan hurmat oldi.^[144] Tinchebrayda olib borilgan ozroq mahbuslar ozod qilindi, ammo Dyuk va boshqa bir qator etakchi zodagonlar muddatsiz qamoqqa tashlandilar.^[145] Dyukning o'g'li, Uilyam Klito, atigi uch yoshda bo'lgan va uning qaramog'iga berilgan Saint-Saens geliyasi, Normand baroni.^[146] Genri egallab olgan dukal erlaridan voz kechib, shoh saroyiga qaytadan qo'shilgan Belmelik Robert bilan yarashdi.^[147] Genri knyazlikni birodaridan qonuniy ravishda olib tashlashning iloji yo'q edi va dastlab Genri "knyazlik" unvonidan foydalanishdan umuman qochib, Angliya qiroli sifatida u faqat tashvishga tushgan knyazlikning qo'riqchisi sifatida harakat qilayotganini ta'kidladi.^[148]

Hukumat, oila va uy xo'jaligi

Hukumat, qonun va sud

Genri shohning otda (l) va taxtida o'tirganini ko'rsatgan qirollik muhri (r)

Genri Angliya qirolligini Uilyam Rufdan meros qilib oldi va unga da'vo berdi suzerainty Uels va Shotlandiya ustidan o'tib, Normandiya knyazligini, chegaralari notinch bo'lgan murakkab tashkilotni qo'lga kiritdi.^[149] Angliya va Shotlandiya o'rtasidagi chegaralar Anri hukmronligi davrida hali ham noaniq bo'lib, Angliya-Norman ta'siri shimolga qarab itarildi. Kumbriya, lekin uning Qirol bilan bo'lgan munosabati Shotlandiyalik Devid I qisman Genri singlisiga uylanganligi sababli umuman yaxshi edi.^[150] Uelsda Genri o'z kuchidan mahalliy uelslik knyazlarni majburlash va o'ziga jalb qilish uchun ishlatgan, Norman esa Marcher Lordlar Janubiy Uels vodiylarini bosib o'tdi.^[151] Normandiya chegara bo'ylab muhim ducal qal'alarining tobora ko'payib borayotgan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan dukal, cherkov va oilaviy aloqalarning turli xil o'zaro bog'liq tarmoqlari orqali boshqarilardi.^[152] Norman chegarasida joylashgan qo'shni okruglar bilan ittifoqlar va aloqalar gersoglik barqarorligini saqlab qolish uchun ayniqsa muhimdir.^[153]

Genri Angliya va Normandiyadagi turli baron va lordlar orqali hukmronlik qilgan, ularni siyosiy ta'sir ko'rsatish uchun mohirlik bilan boshqargan.^[154] Muddatli siyosiy do'stlik tinchlik Lotin tilida 12 asrda muhim bo'lgan va Genri bularning keng doirasini saqlab qolgan, kerak bo'lganda uning sohasidagi turli guruhlardagi do'stlari o'rtasida vositachilik qilgan va unga sodiq bo'lganlarni mukofotlagan.^[155] U, shuningdek, o'ziga qarshi bo'lgan baronlarni jazolash uchun obro'ga ega edi va u voqealar to'g'risida hisobot bergan informatorlar va josuslarning samarali tarmog'ini qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[156] Genri qo'pol, qat'iyatli hukmdor edi, ammo kun me'yorlariga ko'ra unchalik emas.^[157] Vaqt o'tishi bilan u baronlar ustidan nazorat darajasini oshirdi, dushmanlarini olib tashladi va do'stlarini "qayta qurilgan baronaj" ga qadar kuchaytirdi, chunki tarixchi Uorren Xollister ta'riflaganidek, asosan qirolga sodiq va qaram bo'lgan.^[158]

Genrining sayohati saroyi turli qismlardan iborat edi.^[159] Uning markazida uning deb nomlangan uy xo'jaligi bo'lgan domus; kengroq guruhlash deb nomlandi familia regis va sudning rasmiy yig'ilishlari tugatildi kuriya.^[160] The domus bir necha qismlarga bo'lingan edi. Kantsler boshchiligidagi ibodatxonada qirol hujjatlari ko'rib chiqilgan, palata moliyaviy ishlar bilan shug'ullangan va master-marshal sayohat va turar joy uchun javobgardir.^[161] The familia regis tarkibiga bir necha yuz kishigacha bo'lgan Genri uy-ro'zg'or askarlari kiradi, ular keng ijtimoiy qatlamlardan kelib chiqqan va kerak bo'lganda Angliya va Normandiya bo'ylab joylashtirilishi mumkin edi.^[162] Dastlab Genri o'zining otasida muntazam ravishda toj kiyish marosimlarini davom ettirdi kuriya, ammo yillar o'tishi bilan ular kamroq bo'ldi.^[163] Genri sudi ulug'vor va ko'rkam bo'lib, katta yangi binolar va qasrlar qurilishini bir qator qimmatbaho sovg'alar bilan ta'minladi, shu jumladan u o'zida saqlagan ekzotik hayvonlarning shaxsiy menejeri. Woodstock saroyi.^[164] Jonli jamoat bo'lishiga qaramay, Genri sudi avvalgi qirollarga qaraganda qattiqroq nazorat ostida edi.^[165] Qattiq qoidalar shaxsiy xatti-harakatlarni nazorat qildi va sud a'zolariga qo'shni qishloqlarni talon-taroj qilishni taqiqladi, chunki Uilyam Rufus odat qilgan edi.^[165]

Genri qirol adliya tizimining sezilarli darajada kengayishi uchun javobgardir.^{[166][nb 16]} Angliyada Genri mavjud narsalardan foydalangan Anglo-sakson tizimi adliya, mahalliy hukumat va soliqlar, lekin uni qo'shimcha markaziy hukumat institutlari bilan mustahkamladi.^[168] Solsberilik Rojer 1110 yildan keyin qirolning qazifini ishlab chiqara boshladi, undan qirol sheriflaridan shiralardagi daromadlarni yig'ish va tekshirish uchun foydalangan.^[169] Genri davrida sayohat odillari paydo bo'lib, butun mamlakat bo'ylab sayohat qilishdi qirg'oq sudlari va yana ko'plab qonunlar rasmiy ravishda qayd etildi.^[170] Genri qirol adolatining kengayishidan jarimalardan ham, to'lovlardan ham ortib borayotgan daromadlarni yig'di.^[171] Birinchi Quvurlar rulosi 1130 yildan beri saqlanib qolganligi ma'lum bo'lib, qirollik xarajatlarini qayd etdi.^[172] Genri 1107, 1108 va 1125 yillarda tangalarni isloh qilib, valyutani tushirishda aybdor deb topilgan ingliz tangachilariga qattiq jismoniy jazolarni berdi.^{[173][nb 17]} Normandiyada u 1106 yildan keyin Norman odillari tanasi va Angliyadagi kabi xazina tizimi orqali faoliyat yuritib, qonun va tartibni tikladi.^[175] Norman muassasalari Angliyaga qaraganda kamroq bo'lsa-da, Genri davrida miqyosi va ko'lami bo'yicha o'sib bordi.^[176] Genri tizimini boshqargan ko'plab amaldorlar "yangi odamlar" deb nomlangan, nisbatan past tug'ilgan shaxslar, ma'mur darajasiga ko'tarilib, adolatni yoki qirollik daromadlarini boshqargan.^{[177][nb 18]}

Cherkov bilan aloqalar

Cherkov va qirol

Arxiyepiskopning muhri Anselm of Canterbury

Henry's ability to govern was intimately bound up with the Church, which formed the key to the administration of both England and Normandy, and this relationship changed considerably over the course of his reign.^[179] William the Conqueror had reformed the English Church with the support of his Archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfrank, who became a close colleague and advisor to the King.^{[180][nb 19]} Under William Rufus this arrangement had collapsed, the King and Archbishop Anselm had become estranged and Anselm had gone into exile. Henry also believed in Church reform, but on taking power in England he became embroiled in the investitsiya qarama-qarshiliklari.^[182]

The argument concerned who should invest a new bishop with his staff and ring: traditionally, this had been carried out by the King in a symbolic demonstration of royal power, but Pope Urban II had condemned this practice in 1099, arguing that only the papacy could carry out this task, and declaring that the clergy should not give homage to their local temporal rulers.^[183] Anselm returned to England from exile in 1100 having heard Urban's pronouncement, and informed Henry that he would be complying with the Pope's wishes.^[184] Henry was in a difficult position. On one hand, the symbolism and homage was important to him; on the other hand, he needed Anselm's support in his struggle with his brother Duke Robert.^[185]

Anselm stuck firmly to the letter of the papal decree, despite Henry's attempts to persuade him to give way in return for a vague assurance of a future royal compromise.^[186] Matters escalated, with Anselm going back into exile and Henry confiscating the revenues of his estates. Anselm threatened excommunication, and in July 1105 the two men finally negotiated a solution.^[187] A distinction was drawn between the secular and ecclesiastical powers of the prelates, under which Henry gave up his right to invest his clergy, but retained the custom of requiring them to come and do homage for the vaqtinchaliklik, the landed properties they held in England.^[188] Despite this argument, the pair worked closely together, combining to deal with Duke Robert's invasion of 1101, for example, and holding major reforming councils in 1102 and 1108.^[189]

A long-running dispute between the Archbishops of Canterbury and York flared up under Anselm's successor, Ralf d'Escures.^[190] Canterbury, traditionally the senior of the two establishments, had long argued that the Archbishop of York should formally promise to obey their Archbishop, but York argued that the two episcopates were independent within the English Church and that no such promise was necessary. Henry supported the primacy of Canterbury, to ensure that England remained under a single ecclesiastical administration, but the Pope preferred the case of York.^[190] The matter was complicated by Henry's personal friendship with Turkiya, the Archbishop of York, and the King's desire that the case should not end up in a papal court, beyond royal control.^[190] Henry needed the support of the Papacy in his struggle with Louis of France, however, and therefore allowed Thurstan to attend the Council of Rheims in 1119, where Thurstan was then consecrated by the Pope with no mention of any duty towards Canterbury.^[191] Henry believed that this went against assurances Thurstan had previously made and exiled him from England until the King and Archbishop came to a negotiated solution the following year.^[192]

Even after the investiture dispute, Henry continued to play a major role in the selection of new English and Norman bishops and archbishops.^[193] He appointed many of his officials to bishoprics and, as historian Martin Brett suggests, "some of his officers could look forward to a mitre with all but absolute confidence".^[194] Henry's chancellors, and those of his queens, became bishops of Durham, Hereford, London, Lincoln, Winchester and Salisbury.^[195] Henry increasingly drew on a wider range of these bishops as advisors – particularly Roger of Salisbury – breaking with the earlier tradition of relying primarily on the Archbishop of Canterbury.^[196] The result was a cohesive body of administrators through which Henry could exercise careful influence, holding general councils to discuss key matters of policy.^[197] This stability shifted slightly after 1125, when he began to inject a wider range of candidates into the senior positions of the Church, often with more reformist views, and the impact of this generation would be felt in the years after Henry's death.^[198]

Personal beliefs and piety

The ruined chapter house of Abbeyni o'qish 2008 yilda

Like other rulers of the period, Henry donated to the Church and patronised various religious communities, but contemporary chroniclers did not consider him an unusually pious king.^[199] His personal beliefs and piety may, however, have developed during the course of his life. Henry had always taken an interest in religion, but in his later years he may have become much more concerned about spiritual affairs.^[200] If so, the major shifts in his thinking would appear to have occurred after 1120, when his son William Adelin died, and 1129, when his daughter's marriage teetered on the verge of collapse.^{[201][nb 20]}

As a proponent of religious reform, Henry gave extensively to reformist groups within the Church.^[203] U buni qattiq qo'llab-quvvatlagan Cluniac order, probably for intellectual reasons.^[204] He donated money to the abbey at Cluny itself, and after 1120 gave generously to Abbeyni o'qish, a Cluniac establishment.^[204] Construction on Reading began in 1121, and Henry endowed it with rich lands and extensive privileges, making it a symbol of his dynastic lines.^[205] He also focused effort on promoting the conversion of communities of clerks into Augustinian canons, the foundation of leper hospitals, expanding the provision of nunneries, and the charismatic orders of the Savigniacs va Tironensians.^[206] He was an avid collector of relics, sending an embassy to Constantinople in 1118 to collect Byzantine items, some of which were donated to Reading Abbey.^[207]

Later reign, 1107–35

Continental and Welsh politics, 1108–14

Normandy faced an increased threat from France, Anjou and Flanders after 1108.^[208] Qirol Lui VI succeeded to the French throne in 1108 and began to reassert central royal power.^[208] Louis demanded Henry give homage to him and that two disputed castles along the Normandy border be placed into the control of neutral castellans.^[209] Henry refused, and Louis responded by mobilising an army.^[210] After some arguments, the two kings negotiated a truce and retreated without fighting, leaving the underlying issues unresolved.^{[210][nb 21]} Fulk V assumed power in Anjou in 1109 and began to rebuild Angevin authority.^[212] He inherited the county of Maine, but refused to recognise Henry as his feudal lord and instead allied himself with Louis.^[213] Robert II of Flanders also briefly joined the alliance, before his death in 1111.^[214]

Denier coin of Henry's rival, Frantsiyalik Lui VI

In 1108, Henry betrothed his six-year-old daughter, Matilda, to Genri V, Kelajak Muqaddas Rim imperatori.^[215] For King Henry, this was a prestigious match; for Henry V, it was an opportunity to restore his financial situation and fund an expedition to Italy, as he received a dowry of £6,666 from England and Normandy.^{[216][nb 22]} Raising this money proved challenging, and required the implementation of a special "aid", or tax, in England.^[218] Matilda was crowned Germaniya malikasi 1110 yilda.^[219]

Henry responded to the French and Angevin threat by expanding his own network of supporters beyond the Norman borders.^[220] Some Norman barons deemed unreliable were arrested or dispossessed, and Henry used their forfeited estates to bribe his potential allies in the neighbouring territories, in particular Maine.^[221] Around 1110, Henry attempted to arrest the young William Clito, but William's mentors moved him to the safety of Flanders before he could be taken.^[222] At about this time, Henry probably began to style himself as the duke of Normandy.^{[223][nb 23]} Robert of Bellême turned against Henry once again, and when he appeared at Henry's court in 1112 in a new role as a French ambassador, he was arrested and imprisoned.^[225]

Rebellions broke out in France and Anjou between 1111 and 1113, and Henry crossed into Normandy to support his nephew, Count Theobald II, shampan grafigi, who had sided against Louis in the uprising.^[226] In a bid to isolate Louis diplomatically, Henry betrothed his young son, William Adelin, to Fulk's daughter Matilda, and married his illegitimate daughter Matilda Dyukka Bretaniyalik Konan III, creating alliances with Anjou and Brittany respectively.^[227] Louis backed down and in March 1113 met with Henry near Gisors to agree a peace settlement, giving Henry the disputed fortresses and confirming Henry's overlordship of Maine, Bellême and Brittany.^[228]

Meanwhile, the situation in Wales was deteriorating. Henry had conducted a campaign in South Wales in 1108, pushing out royal power in the region and colonising the area around Pembroke with Flemings.^[229] By 1114, some of the resident Norman lords were under attack, while in Mid-Wales, Owain ap Cadwgan blinded one of the political hostages he was holding, and in North Wales Gruffudd ap Sinan threatened the power of the Earl of Chester.^[230] Henry sent three armies into Wales that year, with Gilbert Fitz Richard leading a force from the south, Alexander, King of Scotland, pressing from the north and Henry himself advancing into Mid-Wales.^[230] Owain and Gruffudd sued for peace, and Henry accepted a political compromise.^[231] He reinforced the Welsh Marches with his own appointees, strengthening the border territories.^[232]

Rebellion, 1115–20

Kumush pennies of Henry I, struck at the Oksford yalpiz

Concerned about the succession, Henry sought to persuade Louis VI to accept his son, William Adelin, as the legitimate future Duke of Normandy, in exchange for his son's homage.^[233] Henry crossed into Normandy in 1115 and assembled the Norman barons to swear loyalty; he also almost successfully negotiated a settlement with Louis, affirming William's right to the Duchy in exchange for a large sum of money. However, Louis, backed by his ally Baldwin of Flanders, instead declared that he considered William Clito the legitimate heir to the Duchy.^[234]

War broke out after Henry returned to Normandy with an army to support Theobald of Blois, who was under attack from Louis.^[235] Henry and Louis raided each other's towns along the border, and a wider conflict then broke out, probably in 1116.^{[235][nb 24]} Henry was pushed onto the defensive as French, Flemish and Angevin forces began to pillage the Normandy countryside.^[237] Montfortning Amauri III and many other barons rose up against Henry, and there was an assassination plot from within his own household.^[237] Henry's wife, Matilda, died in early 1118, but the situation in Normandy was sufficiently pressing that Henry was unable to return to England for her funeral.^[238]

Henry responded by mounting campaigns against the rebel barons and deepening his alliance with Theobald.^[239] Baldwin of Flanders was wounded in battle and died in September 1118, easing the pressure on Normandy from the north-east.^[240] Henry attempted to crush a revolt in the city of Alencon, but was defeated by Fulk and the Angevin army.^[241] Forced to retreat from Alençon, Henry's position deteriorated alarmingly, as his resources became overstretched and more barons abandoned his cause.^[242] Early in 1119, Eustace of Breteuil and Henry's daughter, Juliana, threatened to join the baronial revolt.^[243] Hostages were exchanged in a bid to avoid conflict, but relations broke down and both sides mutilated their captives.^[244] Henry attacked and took the town of Breteuil, Eure, despite Juliana's attempt to kill her father with a kamar.^{[244][nb 25]} In the aftermath, Henry dispossessed the couple of almost all of their lands in Normandy.^[246]

Henry's situation improved in May 1119 when he enticed Fulk to switch sides by finally agreeing to marry William Adelin to Fulk's daughter, Matilda, and paying Fulk a large sum of money.^[247] Fulk left for the Levant, leaving the County of Maine in Henry's care, and the King was free to focus on crushing his remaining enemies.^[248] During the summer Henry advanced into the Norman Vexin, where he encountered Louis's army, resulting in the Battle of Brémule.^[249] Henry appears to have deployed scouts and then organised his troops into several carefully formed lines of dismounted knights.^[250] Unlike Henry's forces, the French knights remained mounted; they hastily charged the Anglo-Norman positions, breaking through the first rank of the defences but then becoming entangled in Henry's second line of knights.^[251] Surrounded, the French army began to collapse.^[250] In jang, Henry was hit by a sword blow, but his armour protected him.^[252] Louis and William Clito escaped from the battle, leaving Henry to return to Rouen in triumph.^[253]

The war slowly petered out after this battle, and Louis took the dispute over Normandy to Papa Kallikt II 's council in Reyms oktabr.^[254] Henry faced a number of French complaints concerning his acquisition and subsequent management of Normandy, and despite being defended by Jefri, the Archbishop of Rouen, Henry's case was shouted down by the pro-French elements of the council.^[255] Callixtus declined to support Louis, however, and merely advised the two rulers to seek peace.^[256] Amaury de Montfort came to terms with Henry, but Henry and William Clito failed to find a mutually satisfactory compromise.^[257] In June 1120, Henry and Louis formally made peace on terms advantageous to the King of England: William Adelin gave homage to Louis, and in return Louis confirmed William's rights to the Duchy.^[258]

Succession crisis, 1120–24

Early 14th-century depiction of the sinking of the White Ship da Barflyur on 25 November 1120

Henry's succession plans were thrown into chaos by the sinking of the White Ship on 25 November 1120.^[259] Henry had left the port of Barflyur for England in the early evening, leaving William Adelin and many of the younger members of the court to follow on that night in a separate vessel, the White Ship.^[260] Both the crew and passengers were drunk and, just outside the harbour, the ship hit a submerged rock.^{[261][nb 26]} The ship sank, killing as many as 300 people, with only one survivor, a butcher from Rouen.^[261] Henry's court was initially too scared to report William's death to the King. When he was finally told, he collapsed with grief.^[263]

The disaster left Henry with no legitimate son, his various nephews now the closest possible male heirs.^[264] Henry announced he would take a new wife, Luvaynlik Adeliza, opening up the prospect of a new royal son, and the two were married at Vindzor qasri in January 1121.^{[265][nb 27]} Henry appears to have chosen her because she was attractive and came from a prestigious noble line. Adeliza seems to have been fond of Henry and joined him in his travels, probably to maximise the chances of her conceiving a child.^[267] The White Ship disaster initiated fresh conflict in Wales, where the drowning of Richard, Earl of Chester, encouraged a rebellion led by Maredudd ap Bleddin.^[268] Henry intervened in North Wales that summer with an army and, although he was hit by a Welsh arrow, the campaign reaffirmed royal power across the region.^[268]

Henry's alliance with Anjou – which had been based on his son William marrying Fulk's daughter Matilda – began to disintegrate.^[269] Fulk returned from the Levant and demanded that Henry return Matilda and her dowry, a range of estates and fortifications in Maine.^[269] Matilda left for Anjou, but Henry argued that the dowry had in fact originally belonged to him before it came into the possession of Fulk, and so declined to hand the estates back to Anjou.^[270] Fulk married his daughter Sibilla to William Clito, and granted them Maine.^[271] Once again, conflict broke out, as Amaury de Montfort allied himself with Fulk and led a revolt along the Norman-Anjou border in 1123.^[271] Amaury was joined by several other Norman barons, headed by Valeran de Bomont, one of the sons of Henry's old ally, Robert of Meulan.^{[272][nb 28]}

Henry dispatched Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf le Meschin to Normandy and then intervened himself in late 1123.^[274] He began the process of besieging the rebel castles, before wintering in the Duchy.^[275] In the spring of 1124, campaigning began again. In battle of Bourgthéroulde, Odo Borleng, castellan of Bernay, Eure, led the King's army and received intelligence that the rebels were departing from the rebel base in Bomont-le-Rojer allowing him to ambush them as they traversed through the Brotonne o'rmon. Waleran charged the royal forces, but his knights were cut down by Odo's archers and the rebels were quickly overwhelmed.^[276] Waleran was captured, but Amaury escaped.^[276] Henry mopped up the remainder of the rebellion, blinding some of the rebel leaders – considered, at the time, a more merciful punishment than execution – and recovering the last rebel castles.^[277] He paid Pope Callixtus a large amount of money, in exchange for the Papacy annulling the marriage of William Clito and Sibylla on the grounds of qarindoshlik.^{[278][nb 29]}

Planning the succession, 1125–34

Henry and Adeliza did not conceive any children, generating prurient speculation as to the possible explanation, and the future of the dynasty appeared at risk.^{[280][nb 30]} Henry may have begun to look among his nephews for a possible heir. He may have considered Bloislik Stiven as a possible option and, perhaps in preparation for this, he arranged a beneficial marriage for Stephen to a wealthy heiress, Matilda.^[282] Theobald of Blois, his close ally, may have also felt that he was in favour with Henry.^[283] William Clito, who was King Louis's preferred choice, remained opposed to Henry and was therefore unsuitable.^[284] Henry may have also considered his own illegitimate son, Robert of Gloucester, as a possible candidate, but English tradition and custom would have looked unfavourably on this.^[285]

Henry's plans shifted when the Empress Matilda's husband, the Emperor Henry, died in 1125.^[286] The King recalled his daughter to England the next year and declared that, should he die without a male heir, she was to be his rightful successor.^[287] The Anglo-Norman barons were gathered together at Westminster at Christmas 1126, where they swore to recognise Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have.^{[287][nb 31]} Putting forward a woman as a potential heir in this way was unusual: opposition to Matilda continued to exist within the English court, and Louis was vehemently opposed to her candidacy.^[289]

Fresh conflict broke out in 1127, when the childless Charlz I, Flandriya grafligi, was murdered, creating a local succession crisis.^[290] Backed by King Louis, William Clito was chosen by the Flemings to become their new ruler.^[291] This development potentially threatened Normandy, and Henry began to finance a proxy war in Flanders, promoting the claims of William's Flemish rivals.^[292] In an effort to disrupt the French alliance with William, Henry mounted an attack into France in 1128, forcing Louis to cut his aid to William.^[293] William died unexpectedly in July, removing the last major challenger to Henry's rule and bringing the war in Flanders to a halt.^[294] Without William, the baronial opposition in Normandy lacked a leader. A fresh peace was made with France, and Henry was finally able to release the remaining prisoners from the revolt of 1123, including Waleran of Meulan, who was rehabilitated into the royal court.^[295]

Meanwhile, Henry rebuilt his alliance with Fulk of Anjou, this time by marrying Matilda to Fulk's eldest son, Jefri.^[296] The pair were betrothed in 1127 and married the following year.^[297] It is unknown whether Henry intended Geoffrey to have any future claim on England or Normandy, and he was probably keeping his son-in-law's status deliberately uncertain. Similarly, although Matilda was granted a number of Normandy castles as part of her dowry, it was not specified when the couple would actually take possession of them.^[298] Fulk left Anjou for Jerusalem in 1129, declaring Geoffrey the Count of Anjou and Maine.^[299] The marriage proved difficult, as the couple did not particularly like each other and the disputed castles proved a point of contention, resulting in Matilda returning to Normandy later that year.^[300] Henry appears to have blamed Geoffrey for the separation, but in 1131 the couple were reconciled.^[301] Much to the pleasure and relief of Henry, Matilda then gave birth to a sequence of two sons, Genri va Jefri, in 1133 and 1134.^[302]

O'lim va meros

O'lim

Early 14th-century depiction of Henry mourning the death of his son

Relations between Henry, Matilda, and Geoffrey became increasingly strained during the King's final years. Matilda and Geoffrey suspected that they lacked genuine support in England. In 1135 they urged Henry to hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda whilst he was still alive, and insisted that the Norman nobility swear immediate allegiance to her, thereby giving the couple a more powerful position after Henry's death.^[303] Henry angrily declined to do so, probably out of concern that Geoffrey would try to seize power in Normandy.^[304] A fresh rebellion broke out amongst the barons in southern Normandy, led by Uilyam III, Pontye grafi, whereupon Geoffrey and Matilda intervened in support of the rebels.^[305]

Henry campaigned throughout the autumn, strengthening the southern frontier, and then travelled to Lyons-la-Foret in November to enjoy some hunting, still apparently healthy.^[306] There he fell ill – according to the chronicler Huntingdon Genri, he ate too many ("a surfeit of") lampalar against his physician's advice – and his condition worsened over the course of a week.^[307] Once the condition appeared terminal, Henry gave confession and summoned Archbishop Amyens Xusi, who was joined by Robert of Gloucester and other members of the court.^[308] In accordance with custom, preparations were made to settle Henry's outstanding debts and to revoke outstanding sentences of forfeiture.^[309] The King died on 1 December 1135, and his corpse was taken to Rouen accompanied by the barons, where it was embalmed; his entrails were buried locally at the ustuvorlik of Notre-Dame du Pré, and the preserved body was taken on to England, where it was interred at Reading Abbey.^[310]

Despite Henry's efforts, the succession was disputed. When news began to spread of the King's death, Geoffrey and Matilda were in Anjou supporting the rebels in their campaign against the royal army, which included a number of Matilda's supporters such as Robert of Gloucester.^[15] Many of these barons had taken an oath to stay in Normandy until the late king was properly buried, which prevented them from returning to England.^[311] The Norman nobility discussed declaring Theobald of Blois king.^[312] Theobald's younger brother, Stephen of Blois, quickly crossed from Boulogne to England, however, accompanied by his military household.^[313] Hugh Bigod dubiously testified that Henry, on his deathbed, had released the barons from their oath to Matilda,^[314] and with the help of his brother, Blois Genri, Stephen seized power in England and was crowned king on 22 December.^[315] Matilda did not give up her claim to England and Normandy, appealing at first to the Pope against the decision to allow the coronation of Stephen,^[314] and then invading England to start a prolonged civil war, known as anarxiya, between 1135 and 1153.^[316]

Tarixnoma

Part of the Welsh Brut y Tywysogion, lardan biri tarixchi sources for Henry's reign

Historians have drawn on a range of sources on Henry, including the accounts of chroniclers; other documentary evidence, including early quvur rulonlari; and surviving buildings and architecture.^[317] The three main chroniclers to describe the events of Henry's life were Malmesburylik Uilyam, Vitalis ordeni, and Henry of Huntingdon, but each incorporated extensive social and moral commentary into their accounts and borrowed a range of literary devices and stereotypical events from other popular works.^[318] Other chroniclers include Eadmer, Hugh Chanter, Abbot Suger, and the authors of the Welsh Brut.^[319] Not all royal documents from the period have survived, but there are a number of royal acts, charters, writs, and letters, along with some early financial records.^[320] Some of these have since been discovered to be forgeries, and others had been subsequently amended or tampered with.^[321]

Late medieval historians seized on the accounts of selected chroniclers regarding Henry's education and gave him the title of Henry "Beauclerc", a theme echoed in the analysis of Viktoriya davri va Edvardian kabi tarixchilar Frensis Palgreyv va Henry Davis.^[322] The historian Charles David dismissed this argument in 1929, showing the more extreme claims for Henry's education to be without foundation.^[323] Modern histories of Henry commenced with Richard Janubiy 's work in the early 1960s, followed by extensive research during the rest of the 20th century into a wide number of themes from his reign in England, and a much more limited number of studies of his rule in Normandy.^[324] Only two major, modern biographies of Henry have been produced, C. Uorren Xollister 's posthumous volume in 2001, and Judith Green's 2006 work.^[325]

Interpretation of Henry's personality by historians has altered over time. Kabi oldingi tarixchilar Austin Poole and Richard Southern considered Henry as a cruel, draconian ruler.^[326] More recent historians, such as Hollister and Green, view his implementation of justice much more sympathetically, particularly when set against the standards of the day, but even Green has noted that Henry was "in many respects highly unpleasant", and Alan Cooper has observed that many contemporary chroniclers were probably too scared of the King to voice much criticism.^[327] Historians have also debated the extent to which Henry's administrative reforms genuinely constituted an introduction of what Hollister and John Baldwin have termed systematic, "administrative kingship", or whether his outlook remained fundamentally traditional.^[328]

Henry's burial at Abbeyni o'qish is marked by a local cross and a plaque,^[329] but Reading Abbey was slowly demolished during the Monastirlarning tugatilishi XVI asrda.^[330] The exact location is uncertain, but the most likely location of the tomb itself is now in a built-up area of central Reading, on the site of the former abbey choir.^[330] A plan to locate his remains was announced in March 2015, with support from Ingliz merosi va Philippa Langley, who aided with the successful discovery and Richard III eksgumatsiyasi.^[331]

Oila va bolalar

Qonuniy

Normandiya uyi
Uilyam Fath Angliyani bosib oladi
Uilyam I Robert Kurtuz, Normandiya gersogi Richard, "Bernay gersogi" Uilyam II Sesiliya, Muqaddas Uch Birlik Abbessasi Adela, Blois grafinya Genri I
Uilyam II
Genri I Empress Matilda Uilyam Adelin Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester
Stiven Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne William I, Count of Boulogne Mari I, Bulon grafinya
Buyuk Britaniya monarxiyasi

In addition to Matilda and William,^[88] Henry possibly had a short-lived son, Richard, with his first wife, Matilda of Scotland.^[99] Henry and his second wife, Adeliza of Louvain, had no children.

Noqonuniy

Henry had a number of illegitimate children by various mistresses.^{[nb 32]}

O'g'illar

1. Robert of Gloucester, born in the 1090s.^[333]
2. Richard, born to Ansfride, brought up by Robert Bloet, Linkoln episkopi.^[334]
3. Reginald de Dunstanvill, Kornuol grafligi, born in the 1110s or early 1120s, possibly to Sibyl Corbet.^[335]
4. Robert FitzEdit, tug'ilgan Edith Forne.^[336]
5. Gilbert FitsRoy, possibly born to an unnamed sister or daughter of Walter of Gand.^[337]
6. William de Tracy, possibly born in the 1090s.^[337]
7. Genri FitsRoy, possibly born to Rhys fermasi.^{[336][nb 33]}
8. Fulk FitzRoy, possibly born to Ansfride.^[336]
9. William, the full brother of Sybilla of Normandy, probably also of Reginald de Dunstanville.^[338]

Qizlari

1. Matilda FitzRoy, Countess of Perche.^[339]
2. Matilda FitzRoy, Bretan gersoginyasi.^[339]
3. Juliane, wife of Eustace of Breteuil, possibly born to Ansfrida.^[340]
4. Mabel, wife of William Gouet.^[341]
5. Constance, Viscountess of Beaumont-sur-Sarthe.^[342]
6. Aline, wife of Matthew de Montmorency.^[343]
7. Isabel, daughter of Isabel de Beaumont, Pembrok grafinyasi.^[343]
8. Sybilla de Normandy, Queen of Scotland, probably born before 1100.^{[343][nb 34]}
9. Matilda Fitzroy, Abbess of Montivilliers.^[343]
10. Gundrada de Dunstanville.^[343]
11. Possibly Rohese, wife of Henry de la Pomerai.^{[343][nb 35]}
12. Emma, wife of Guy of Laval.^[344]
13. Adeliza, the King's daughter.^[344]
14. Elizabeth Fitzroy, the wife of Gallowayning Fergyusi.^[344]
15. Ehtimol Sibyl of Falaise.^{[344][nb 36]}

Oila daraxti

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya