Plantagenet uyi - House of Plantagenet

Plantagenet uyi
Qirollik uyi
Armorial of Plantagenet
Mamlakat	Ro'yxat Angliya qirolligi  Frantsiya qirolligi Irlandiya lordligi Uels knyazligi Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi (titulli)
Tashkil etilgan	12-asr
Ta'sischi	Anjoulik Jeoffri V
Yakuniy hukmdor	Angliyalik Richard III
Sarlavhalar	Ro'yxat Angliya qiroli Frantsiya qiroli (Talab ) Rimliklarning shohi (titulli) Irlandiya lord Uels shahzodasi Akvitaniya gersogi Normandiya gersogi Bretaniyalik gersog Anjou grafigi Meyn grafligi Nant graflari Poitou grafi Kipr lord
Eritish	1499 (erkak) 1541 (ayol)
Cho'kma	1485 (1485)
Kadet filiallari	Lankaster uyi York uyi

The Plantagenet uyi^{[nb 1]} (/plænˈtædʒənɪt/) edi a qirollik uyi erlaridan kelib chiqqan Anjou Fransiyada. Plantagenet nomi zamonaviy tarixchilar tomonidan to'rtta alohida qirollik uylarini aniqlash uchun ishlatiladi: The Anjevinlar, ular ham edi Anjou graflari; Anjuuni yo'qotishidan keyin Plantagenetsning asosiy tanasi; va Plantagenetsning ikkitasi kursant filiallari, uylari Lankaster va York. Oila Ingliz taxti 1154 yildan boshlab, qo'shilish bilan Genri II, 1485 yilgacha, qachon Richard III jangda vafot etdi.

Plantagenets davrida Angliya o'zgartirildi - garchi bu qisman qasddan qilingan bo'lsa-da. Plantagenet shohlari ko'pincha murosaga kelish kabi muzokaralar olib borishga majbur bo'ldilar Magna Carta. Ushbu cheklangan qirol hokimiyati moliyaviy va harbiy yordam evaziga. Podshoh nafaqat hukm qilish, feodal o'lponlari va urush huquqiga ega bo'lgan eng qudratli odam edi. Endi u soha oldidagi vazifalarini aniq adolat tizimi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan edi. O'ziga xos milliy o'ziga xoslik frantsuz, shotlandiya, uels va irlandlar bilan ziddiyatlar va ingliz tilining asosiy til sifatida o'rnatilishi bilan shakllandi.

15-asrda Plantagenets mag'lubiyatga uchradi Yuz yillik urush va ijtimoiy, siyosiy va iqtisodiy muammolar. Ko'p sonli erkinliklarning inkor etilishi bilan boshlangan xalq qo'zg'olonlari odatiy hol edi. Ingliz zodagonlari xususiy qo'shinlarni ko'tarib, shaxsiy janjallar bilan shug'ullangan va ochiqchasiga qarshilik ko'rsatgan Genri VI.

Plantagenet uyining York va Lankasterning ikkita kadet filiallari o'rtasidagi raqobat bularni keltirib chiqardi Atirgullar urushi, ingliz vorisligi uchun o'nlab yillik kurash, avjiga chiqqan Bosvort maydonidagi jang 1485 yilda, Plantagenets hukmronligi va Ingliz O'rta asrlari ikkalasi ham oxirini qirol Richard III vafoti bilan kutib olishdi. Genri VII, kelib chiqishi lankastriyalik, Angliya qiroli bo'ldi; besh oydan keyin u turmushga chiqdi Yorklik Yelizaveta Shunday qilib, atirgullar urushlarini tugatish va Tudorlar sulolasi. Tudorlar Angliya qirol hokimiyatini markazlashtirish ustida ish olib borishdi, bu ularga so'nggi Plantagenet hukmdorlarini qiynashgan ba'zi muammolardan qochishga imkon berdi. Natijada paydo bo'lgan barqarorlik Ingliz Uyg'onish davri va paydo bo'lishi erta zamonaviy Britaniya.

Terminologiya

Plantagenet

Genri II (1154–1189) Angliya birinchi Plantagenet qiroli deb ba'zilar nazarida tutilgan.

Yorklik Richard, Yorkning 3-gersogi, 15-asrda Plantagenetni o'z familiyasi sifatida qabul qilgan. Plantegenest (yoki Plante Genest) ajdodi uchun XII asr taxallusi bo'lgan Jefri, Anjou grafigi va Normandiya gersogi. Ko'plab mashhur nazariyalardan biri gullashni taklif qiladi oddiy supurgi, yorqin sariq ("oltin") gullarni o'simlik, genista yilda o‘rta asr lotincha, taxallus manbai sifatida.^[1]

Richard nima uchun bu o'ziga xos nomni tanlaganligi noma'lum, garchi u davomida Atirgullar urushi bu Richardning Geoffrining nasl-nasab avlodlari maqomini ta'kidlagan. Jefrining barcha avlodlari uchun retrospektiv foydalanish keyingi davrda mashhur bo'lgan Tudorlar sulolasi, ehtimol Richardning nabirasiga berilgan yana qonuniylik bilan rag'batlantirgan, Genri VIII.^[2] Faqatgina 17-asrning oxirlarida u tarixchilar orasida odatiy foydalanishga o'tdi.^[3]

Anjevinlar

Anjevin frantsuz tilidan "dan Anjou "Angvinning uchta shohi edi Genri II, Richard I va Jon. "Anjevin" ular hukmronlik qilgan tarix davriga ham murojaat qilishi mumkin. Ko'pgina tarixchilar Angevinlarni aniq Angliya qirollik uyi deb bilishadi. "Anjevin" Anjudan olingan har qanday suveren yoki hukumatga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Ism sifatida u Anjuaning har qanday fuqarosiga yoki Anjevin hukmdoriga, xususan boshqasiga tegishli Anjou graflari va knyazlari jumladan, Angliya qirollik uyini tashkil etgan uchta qirolning ajdodlari; tojini ushlagan ularning amakivachchalari Quddus; va keyinchalik unvonlarga sazovor bo'lgan va turli xil sulolalarni tashkil etgan frantsuz qirollik oilasining aloqasi bo'lmagan a'zolariga Anjou Capetian uyi va Anjou Valois uyi.^[4] Binobarin, ko'rib chiquvchilar o'rtasida kelishmovchiliklar mavjud Genri III birinchi Plantagenet monarxi bo'lish va Angevinlar va Plantagenetsni farqlamaydiganlar va shuning uchun birinchi Plantagenetni Genri II deb hisoblaganlar.^[5][6][7][8]

"Angevin imperiyasi" atamasi tomonidan yaratilgan Kate Norgate 1887 yilda. Angliyaning Anjevin qirollari boshqaruvi ostidagi barcha hududlar uchun ma'lum bo'lgan zamonaviy jamoaviy nom yo'q edi. Bu "bizning shohligimiz va bizning hukmronligimizdagi hamma narsalar" yoki "otasiga tegishli bo'lgan butun shohlik" kabi sunnatlarni buzishga olib keldi. "Anjevin imperiyasi" ning "imperiya" qismi munozarali bo'lib kelgan, ayniqsa bu hududlar hech qanday birlashgan qonunlarga yoki boshqaruv tizimlariga bo'ysunmagan va ularning har biri o'z qonunlari, an'analari va feodal munosabatlarini saqlab qolgan. 1986 yilda tarixchilar konvensiyasida Angevin davlati bo'lmagan va shu sababli yo'q degan xulosaga kelishdi.Angevin imperiyasi ", ammo bu atama espace Plantagenet (Frantsuzcha "Plantagenet maydoni" uchun) maqbul edi.^[9] Shunga qaramay, tarixchilar "Angevin imperiyasi" dan foydalanishda davom etishdi.^{[nb 2]}

Kelib chiqishi

XIII asrda Genri II va uning qonuniy farzandlari tasviri: Uilyam, Genri, Richard, Matilda, Jefri, Eleanora, Joan va Jon

Keyinchalik Anjou graflari, shu jumladan Plantagenets, kelib chiqqan Geoffrey II, Gotinais grafigi va uning rafiqasi Anjoulik Ermengard. 1060 yilda er-xotin bu nomni meros qilib oldi kognatik qarindoshlik dan Angevin oilasi ismli zodagonlardan kelib chiqqan Ingelger, uning yozilgan tarixi 870 yildan boshlangan.^[10]

10-11 asrlarda Frantsiya shimoliy va g'arbiy hukmdorlari, shu jumladan Anju, Normandiya, Bretan, Poitou, Blois, Meyn va Frantsiya qirollari. 12-asrning boshlarida Anjoulik Jefri turmushga chiqdi Empress Matilda, Qirol Genrix I omon qolgan yagona qonuniy bola va ingliz taxtining merosxo'ri. Ushbu nikoh natijasida Jefri o'g'li Genri II Angliya taxtini, shuningdek Norman va Anjevin unvonlarini meros qilib oldi va shu bilan Angevin va Plantagenet sulolalarining boshlanishini belgiladi.^[11]

Nikoh Jefrining otasining uchinchi urinishi edi, Fulk V, Anjou grafigi, Normandiya bilan siyosiy ittifoq tuzish. U birinchi bo'lib qizini qo'llab-quvvatladi, Elis, ga Uilyam Adelin, Genri I merosxo'r. Uilyam halokatga uchraganidan keyin Oq kema Fulk boshqa qizlariga uylandi, Sibilla, ga Uilyam Klito, Genri I ning akasining o'g'li, Robert Kurtoz. Genri I Uilyamning Normandiyaga qarshi raqobatini kuchaytirmaslik uchun nikohni bekor qildi. Nihoyat Fulk o'z maqsadiga Jefri va Matildaning nikohi orqali erishdi. Keyin Fulk o'z unvonlarini Geoffreyga topshirdi va bo'ldi Quddus shohi.^[12]

Angevin shohlari

Angliyaga kelish

Genri II tarkibiga kiruvchi 1154 yilda (turli xil qizil ranglarda) qit'a xoldingi.Angevin imperiyasi "

Xabarlarga ko'ra, Genrix II 1133 yilda tug'ilgan, uning bobosi Genrix I bu bola "qirollikning merosxo'ri" ekanligini aytib, xursand bo'lgan.^[13] Tug'ilish, qirolning shohligi kuyovining oilasiga o'tishi xavfini kamaytirdi, agar bu Matilda va Geoffrining nikohi befarq bo'lib qolganida sodir bo'lishi mumkin edi. Ikkinchi o'g'il tug'ilishi, shuningdek, ism Jefri, frantsuz odatlariga ko'ra, Genri ingliz onalik merosini va Geoffrey Angevin otalik merosini olish ehtimolini oshirdi. Bu Angliya va Anjo shohliklarini ajratib turardi.^[13] Tartibli vorislikni ta'minlash uchun Jefri va Matilda Genrix I-dan ko'proq kuch izladilar, ammo qirol ularga qarshi ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan kuchni berishdan bosh tortgandan keyin u bilan janjallashdi. 1135 yil dekabrda vafot etganida, er-xotin Anjouda bo'lib, Matildaning amakivachchasiga ruxsat berishdi Stiven Angliya tojini egallash. Stivenning bahsli qo'shilishi keyinchalik Anarxiya deb nomlangan keng tarqalgan fuqarolik tartibsizliklarini boshlagan.^[14]

Graf Geoffri Angliyaga unchalik qiziqmagan. Buning o'rniga u Normandiya knyazligi uchun o'n yillik urushni boshladi, ammo bu mojaroni muvaffaqiyatli yakunlash uchun Angliyada Stivenga qarshi chiqish kerakligi aniq bo'ldi, shuning uchun 1139 yilda Matilda va uning ukasi, Robert Angliyani bosib oldi.^[15] To'qqiz yoshidan boshlab Genri bir necha bor Angliyaga kampaniyalarning erkak boshlig'i sifatida yuborildi, chunki Angliya zabt etilsa, u shoh bo'lishi aniq edi. 1141 yilda Stiven qo'lga olindi Linkoln jangi va keyinchalik qo'lga olingan Robertga almashtirildi. Geoffri Normandiyani zabt etishni davom ettirdi va 1150 yilda gersoglik hukumatidagi asosiy rolni saqlab qolgan holda knyazlikni Genriga topshirdi.^[16]

Uch voqea Angevinlarning mojaroni muvaffaqiyatli tugatishiga imkon berdi:

• Graf Geoffrey 1151 yilda Anjuni meros qilib oladigan Genri va Genrining ukasi Geoffri o'rtasidagi shohligining bo'linishini yakunlashdan oldin vafot etdi. Ga binoan Nyuburglik Uilyam, 1190-yillarda yozgan Graf Geoffri, Stivenga qarshi mojaro uchun resurslarga muhtoj bo'lgan paytgacha Genri Angliya va Anjuni qabul qiladi deb qaror qildi. Graf Geoffrey, Genri Angliya va Normandiya xavfsizligi ta'minlanganda, yosh Geoffri Anjuni olaman deb qasamyod qilmaguncha, uning jasadi ko'milmasligi kerakligini buyurdi.^[17] V. L. Uorren keyinchalik bu bitta zamonaviy manbaga asoslanib yozilgan degan asosda ushbu yozuvga shubha tug'dirdi, Jeoffri yoki Genri bunday qasamyodni majburiy deb hisoblashi va bu o'sha davrdagi meros amaliyotini buzishi shubhali edi.^[18] Yosh Geoffrey Anjuni qabul qilishdan oldin 1158 yilda vafot etdi, ammo u bo'ldi Nant graflari Nant fuqarolari o'z hukmdoriga qarshi bosh ko'targanlarida. Genri isyonni qo'llab-quvvatlagan edi.^[19]
• Frantsiya Louis VII bilan nikohini bekor qilish huquqi berilgan Akvitaniya Eleanorasi 1152 yil 18-martda u 1152 yil 18-mayda Genriga (u Genrix II bo'ladi) uylandi. Natijada Angevinlar Akvitaniya gersogligi.^[20]
• Stivenning rafiqasi va katta o'g'li, Yustas, 1153 yilda vafot etdi Uollingford shartnomasi. Shartnoma Matilda 1142 yilda rad etgan tinchlik taklifiga rozi bo'ldi, Genri Stivenning merosxo'ri deb tan oldi, Stivenning ikkinchi o'g'lini kafolatladi Uilyam otasining mulklari va Stivenga umrbod shoh bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ygan. Ko'p o'tmay Stiven vafot etdi va Genri 1154 yil oxirida taxtga o'tirdi.^[21]

Angevin zenit

Genrining birodarlaridan, Uilyam va Jefri turmushga chiqmagan va bolasiz vafot etdi, lekin allaqachon ikki qizi bo'lgan Genri va Eleanoraning shiddatli nikohi (Mari va Aliks ) qirol Lui bilan birinchi nikohi orqali o'n uch yil ichida sakkizta farzand tug'di:^[22]

• Uilyam IX, Poitiers grafigi (1153–1156)
• Genri yosh qirol (1155–1183)
• Matilda, Saksoniya gersoginyasi (1156–1189) - uylangan Arslon Genri, Bavariya gersogi. 1185 yilda Normandiyada bobosi va buvisi bilan birga qoldirilgan va birinchi navbatda Jefri bilan turmush qurgan Matilda ismli er-xotin bolalarining eng kattasi Rixensa, ehtimol qizi Matilda. Perche soni, ikkinchidan Enuerrand de Kuchi. Katta o'g'il, Genri, bo'ldi Saksoniya gersogi va Reynning palatinini hisoblash. Uning akasi Otto amakisi Richard I tomonidan nomzod qilib ko'rsatilgan York grafligi va Poitiers soni saylanishidan oldin imperator ga qarshi Hohenstaufen nomzod. Otto toj kiydi Rim ammo keyinchalik u quvib chiqarilgan va ishdan bo'shatilgan deb e'lon qilingan. Farzandsiz Otto mag'lubiyatdan so'ng kuchini yo'qotdi Welf Buvinlar jangida va Angevin kuchlari. Kichik bola, Vinchesterlik Uilyam uylangan Helena ning qizi Daniyalik Valdemar I. Ularning yagona o'g'li, shuningdek, Otto deb nomlangan, amakisi Genrining yagona erkak merosxo'ri edi. Ning ducal uyi Brunsvik-Lüneburg va Britaniya qiroli Vindzor uyi ikkalasi ham undan kelib chiqadi.^[23]
• Richard I, Angliya qiroli (1157–1199). Uning qonuniy nasli bo'lmagan, ammo Fulk va Fillip, Konyak lordasi deb nomlangan, ularning ikkala noqonuniy o'g'li bo'lgan deb taxmin qilinadi.^[24]
• Jefri II, Bretaniy gersogi (1158–1186) - uylangan Konstans ning qizi Dyuk Konan Bretaniyalik va uning rafiqasi huquqi bilan Bretaniy knyazi bo'ldi. Juftlikning o'g'li Artur Angevin vorisligi uchun Jonga raqib bo'lgan.^[25]
• Eleanor, Kastiliya malikasi (1161-1214) - uylangan Kastiliya qiroli Alfonso VIII. Er-xotinning bolalari ham shu jumladan Kastiliya qiroli Genri va to'rtta malika konsortsiumi - Berengariya, Leon malikasi, Urraka, Portugaliya qirolichasi, Frantsiya qirolichasi Blanche va Aragon malikasi Eleanor.^[26]
• Sitsiliya malikasi Joan (1165–1199) - birinchi navbatda uylangan Sitsiliya qiroli Vilyam II ikkinchidan Tuluzadagi graf Raymond VI. Uning bolalari ham Tuluzalik Raymond VII.^[27]
• Jon, Angliya qiroli (1166–1216)

Ingliz tilidan miniatyura psalter arxiepiskopning o'ldirilishi haqidagi ruhiy xabarni taqdim etish Bket, v. 1250, Uolters san'at muzeyi

Genri, shuningdek, o'n ikki yoshgacha bo'lgan bir nechta metresslar bilan noqonuniy bolalarga ega edi. Ushbu bolalar kiritilgan Jefri, Uilyam, Butrus va yosh bolalar vafot etgan to'rtta bola Alys, Lui VII ning qizi, o'g'li Richard bilan turmush qurgan paytda.^[27] Uilyamning qirollik peshtoqi sifatidagi ko'plab malakalari va ahamiyati uzoq va mashhur martaba olib keldi.^[28]

Genri merosxo'rlik sohasini egallab olish uchun avvalgi suzerlarni qayta tikladi va kengaytirdi.^[29] 1162 yilda u do'stini tayinlash orqali ingliz cherkovi ustidan hokimiyatni qayta tiklamoqchi bo'ldi Tomas Beket kabi Canterbury arxiepiskopi amaldagi arxiyepiskop vafot etgandan so'ng, Theobald. Beketning arxiyepiskopga bo'ysunmasligi qirol va uning maslahatchilarini chetlashtirdi. Genri va Beket cherkov egaligi, Genri akasining turmush qurishi va soliqqa tortish kabi masalalarda bir necha bor tortishib qolishgan. Genri, Bketka va boshqa ingliz episkoplariga o'n birinchi qadimiy urf-odatlarni birinchi marta yozma ravishda yozma ravishda tan olishlariga yordam berdi Klarendon konstitutsiyalari, qirol, uning sudlari va cherkov o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni boshqarish. Beket mamlakatni ruxsatsiz tark etmoqchi bo'lganida, Genri uni ilgari kansler lavozimida ishlashiga oid sud ishlarini yuritib, uni buzishga urindi. Beket qochib ketdi va besh yil davomida surgunda qoldi. Keyinchalik munosabatlar yaxshilandi va Beket qaytib keldi, ammo Genri o'g'li sifatida toj kiyganida ular yana rad etdilar yadro tomonidan York arxiyepiskopi, buni Beket o'z hokimiyatiga qarshi kurash sifatida qabul qildi. Keyinchalik Bket uni xafa qilganlarni quvib chiqardi. Bu xabarni olganida, Genri: "Men o'zimning uyimda xo'jayiniga kambag'al kotib tomonidan bunday sharmandali nafrat bilan qarashga yo'l qo'ygan qanday baxtsiz dronlar va xoinlarni tarbiyaladim va targ'ib qildim" dedi. Genrining to'rtta ritsarlari Bekni o'ldirdilar Canterbury sobori Beket muvaffaqiyatsiz hibsga olishga urinishdan keyin. Genri butun Xristian Evropasida Beketning o'limiga sherik deb hisoblangan. Bu Genrini paria qildi; tavba qilib, u yalangoyoq holda Kanterberi soboriga kirib bordi, u erda uni rohiblar qattiq qamchilashdi.^[30]

1155 yildan Genri buni da'vo qildi Papa Adrian IV unga Irlandiya ustidan nazoratni o'z zimmasiga olgan holda Irlandiya cherkovini isloh qilish vakolatini bergan edi, ammo professor Anne Dugganning tadqiqotlari shuni ko'rsatadiki Laudabiliter mavjud xatni soxtalashtirishdir va bu aslida Adrianning maqsadi emas edi.^[31] Dastlab bu Genrining ukasi Uilyamga ba'zi hududlarga ruxsat berdi. Genri bu haqda 1171 yilgacha shaxsan harakat qilmadi, shu vaqtgacha Uilyam allaqachon o'lgan edi. U Irlandiyani Angliya va Uelsga askarlar jalb qilib, uning ruxsati bilan Irlandiyani mustamlaka qilganidan keyin avtonom hokimiyatni hisoblab topgan ritsarlar ustidan o'z vakolatlarini tasdiqlash uchun bosib oldi. Keyinchalik Genri Irlandiyani kenja o'g'li Jonga berdi.^[32] 1172 yilda Genri Jonga qal'alarni berdi Chinon, Loudun va Miro to'y sovg'asi sifatida. Bu Genrining o'n sakkiz yoshli o'g'lini g'azablantirdi, Genri yosh qirol, bular unga ishongan. A isyon Genri II ning rafiqasi va uchta to'ng'ich o'g'illari tomonidan paydo bo'ldi. Frantsiya Louis VII isyonni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Arslon Uilyam, Shotlandiya qiroli va boshqalar qo'zg'olonga qo'shilishdi. O'n sakkiz oydan keyin Genri isyonchilarni bo'ysundirdi.^[33]

Richard I 1189 yilgi Buyuk muhr; Vendi tarix muzeyi

Yilda Le-Man 1182 yilda Genri II a bolalarini rejalashtirish uchun yig'di bo'linadigan meros: uning omon qolgan to'ng'ich o'g'li Genri Angliya, Normandiya va Anjuni meros qilib oladi; Richard (onasining sevimli) Akvitaniya knyazligini meros qilib oladi; Jefri Bretaniyani meros qilib oladi; va Jon Irlandiyani meros qilib oladi. Bu keyingi nizolarga olib keldi. Kichik Genri yana isyon ko'tardi, ammo vafot etdi dizenteriya. Geoffri 1186 yilda turnirdagi baxtsiz hodisadan so'ng vafot etdi. 1189 yilda Richard va Frantsuz Filipp II keksa yoshdagi Genrining sog'lig'idan foydalangan holda o'zlarining turli da'volarini qayta tasdiqladilar. Genri xorlovchi tinchlik shartlarini qabul qilishga majbur bo'ldi, shu jumladan Richardni uning yagona merosxo'ri deb atashga. Keksa qirol ikki kundan keyin mag'lubiyatga uchragan va baxtsiz vafot etdi. Frantsuz va ingliz zamonaviy axloqshunoslari bu taqdirni Beketning o'ldirilishi uchun qasos sifatida ko'rib chiqdilar;^[34] hatto uning sodiq qonuniy o'g'li Jon ham isyon ko'targan edi, ammo doimiy sodiq o'g'il Geoffri oxirigacha Genri bilan qoldi.^[35]

Richardning tantanali marosimidan so'ng u shohlik ishlarini tezda tartibga keltirdi va Yaqin Sharqqa salib yurishiga yo'l oldi. Richardning fikri o'zgarib ketdi. Garchi u o'zining harbiy rahbarligi va odob-axloqi bilan hurmatga sazovor bo'lsa-da, u Frantsiya qirolining singlisini rad etgan va kamsitgan, Kipr qirolini taxtdan ag'dargan va keyinchalik orolni sotgan, u dushmanlarni dushmanlarga aylantirgan. Uchinchi salib yurishi kabi Leopold V, Avstriya gersogi o'z bannerlariga hurmatsizlik ko'rsatib, shuningdek, o'ljani olishdan bosh tortganligi va qotillikni uyushtirganligi haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi. Montferrat konrad. Uning shafqatsizligini u ko'rsatdi Akrida 2600 mahbusni qatl etish.^[36] U Uchinchi Salib yurishi paytida g'alabalarni qo'lga kiritdi, ammo qo'lga kirita olmadi Quddus. Ga binoan Stiven Runciman Richard "yomon o'g'il, yomon er va yomon qirol" edi.^[37] Jonathan Riley-Smit uni "behuda ... hiyla-nayrang va xudbin" deb ta'riflagan.^[38] Muqobil ko'rinishda Jon Gillingem asrlar davomida Richard namunali qirol deb hisoblanganligini ta'kidlaydi.^[39]

Kichkina izdoshlari bilan salib yurishidan qaytgan Richard Leopold tomonidan asirga olingan va unga topshirilgan Imperator Genri VI. Genri Richardni o'n sakkiz oy davomida asirlikda ushlab turdi (1192–1194), onasi esa to'lovni ko'tarib, 100 000 belgilar. Richard yo'qligida Filipp II Normandiya va Jonning katta qismlarini egallab oldi va Richardning ingliz erlarini boshqarish huquqini qo'lga kiritdi. Angliyaga qaytib kelgach, Richard Jonni kechirdi va Angliyada o'z hokimiyatini tikladi. U 1194 yilda yana jo'nab ketdi va Filipp bilan besh yil davomida kurash olib bordi, asir paytida egallab olingan erlarni qaytarib olishga harakat qildi. To'liq g'alabaga yaqin bo'lganida, u qamal paytida o'qdan yaralanib, o'n kundan keyin vafot etdi.^[40]

Anjuning yo'qolishi va yo'qolishi

Tirik qolgan to'rt kishidan bittasi misollar ning 1215 matnidan Magna Carta, ichida Britaniya kutubxonasi, London.

Richardning merosxo'rni taqdim eta olmaganligi jiyanining da'vosi tarafdorlari o'rtasida vorislik inqirozi va mojaroni keltirib chiqardi, Artur va Yuhanno. Giyom des Roches Arjuni e'lon qilgan Anju, Meyn va Turayn magnatlariga rahbarlik qildi.^[41] Frantsuz Filipp II yana bir bor o'zining vassali Arturning ingliz tojiga da'vosini qo'llab-quvvatlash orqali Evropa materikidagi Plantagenet hududlarini bezovta qilishga urindi. Jon Arturning kuchlarini onasini qo'lga olishiga to'sqinlik qilib, isyonchilarning butun rahbariyatini egallab olib, muhim g'alabani qo'lga kiritdi Miro jangi va uning singlisi Eleanor, Bretaniyaning adolatli xizmatkori.^[42] Tentaklik bilan Jon o'z ittifoqchilarining mahbuslar taqdiri, ularning aksariyati qo'shnilari va qarindoshlari haqidagi fikrlarini e'tiborsiz qoldirdi. Buning o'rniga u o'z mahbuslarini shunchalik shafqatsiz va shiddatli ahvolda ushlab turdiki, yonida bo'lgan va bu shafqatsizlikni ko'rganlar uchun sharmandali va xunuk tuyulardi. L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal.^[41] Jonning xulq-atvori natijasida qudratli Touars, Lusignan va des Roches oilalari isyon ko'tarib, Jon Anju, Meyn, Tureyn va shimoliy Poitu ustidan nazoratni yo'qotdi. Uning o'g'li qirol Genrix III Angvin hududlariga da'voni 1259 yil dekabrgacha saqlab qo'ydi va u ularni rasmiy ravishda topshirdi va buning o'rniga Gasconyga Akvitaniya gersogi va Frantsiya qirolining vassali sifatida berildi.^[43] Da tasvirlangan mish-mishlar tufayli Jonning obro'siga yanada putur etkazdi Margam yilnomalari, mast holda o'zi Arturni o'ldirgan va agar rost bo'lsa, Jon o'ldirishga buyruq bergani aniq.^[41] Jonning pozitsiyasining to'satdan qulab tushishini tushuntiradigan ikkita qarama-qarshi fikr maktablari mavjud. Ser Jeyms Xolt bu yuqori darajadagi frantsuz resurslarining muqarrar natijasidir. Jon Gillingem diplomatik va harbiy boshqaruvni aniqlaydi va Richard Angevin hududini taqqoslanadigan mablag 'bilan ushlab turishga muvaffaq bo'lganligini ta'kidlaydi.^[44] Nik Barratt urushda foydalanish uchun mavjud bo'lgan Angevin resurslari Fillipnikiga qaraganda 22 foizga kam deb hisoblab chiqdi, bu esa Angevinlarni noqulay ahvolga solib qo'ydi.^[45]

1214 yilga kelib Jon Angliyada o'z hokimiyatini tikladi va Gillingem Normandiya va Anjuni qaytarib olish uchun katta strategiya deb atagan.^[46] Rejada Jon frantsuzlarni jalb qilishi kerak edi Parij, boshqa bir qo'shin esa, uning jiyani ostida Otto IV, Muqaddas Rim imperatori va uning o'gay ukasi Uilyam shimoldan hujum qildi. U shuningdek, jiyani Bretaniyalik Eleanorani olib kelib, uni Bretaniyalik Düşes deb tayinlashni maqsad qilgan. Jonning ittifoqchilari mag'lub bo'lgach, reja amalga oshmadi Bovinlar jangi. Otto orqaga chekindi va tez orada ag'darildi, Uilyam frantsuzlar tomonidan qo'lga olindi va Jon besh yillik sulhga rozi bo'ldi.^[28][41] (Shu vaqtdan boshlab Jon ham Eleanoradagi Bretaniga bo'lgan da'vosidan voz kechdi va uni umrbod qamoqqa oldi).^[47] Jonning mag'lubiyati uning Angliyadagi hokimiyatini zaiflashtirdi va baronlari uni bunga rozi bo'lishga majbur qilishdi Magna Carta, bu qirol hokimiyatini cheklagan. Ikkala tomon ham Magna Carta shartlariga rioya qilolmadi, natijada Birinchi baronlar urushi, unda qo'zg'olonchi baronlar taklif qilingan Shahzoda Lui, eri Blanche, Genrix II ning nabirasi, Angliyani bosib olish uchun.^[41] Lui shunday qildi, ammo 1216 yil oktyabrda, to'qnashuv yakuniga etmasdan, Jon vafot etdi.^[48] Britaniya monarxiyasining rasmiy veb-saytida Jonning o'limi Anjevin sulolasining oxiri va Plantagenet sulolasining boshlanishi sifatida taqdim etilgan.^[49]

Asosiy yo'nalish

Baronial ziddiyat va parlamentning tashkil etilishi

Keyingi barcha ingliz monarxlari beshta qonuniy farzandi bo'lgan Jon orqali Angevin naslining avlodlari edi Izabella:^[50]

• Genri III - 13-asrning aksariyat qismida Angliya qiroli
• Richard – Rimliklar shohi ichida Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi^[51]
• Joan - qirolicha konsortsiumi Shotlandiyalik Aleksandr II^[52]
• Izabella - Muqaddas Rim imperatorining rafiqasi, Frederik II^[53]
• Eleanora - xotini Uilyam Marshal o'g'lining (shuningdek, nomi ham berilgan) Uilyam ), keyinroq ingliz isyonchisi Simon de Montfort.^[54]

Jon shuningdek, bir nechta bekalari bilan nikohsiz bolalari bo'lgan. Ushbu bolalar, ehtimol, chaqirilgan to'qqiz o'g'ilni o'z ichiga olgan Richard, Oliver, Genri, Osbert Gifford, Geoffrey, Jon FitsJon yoki Kursi, Odo yoki Eudes FitsRoy, Ivo, Genri, Richard Uollingford qasri va uchta qiz qo'ng'iroq qilishdi Joan, Matilda Barking va Izabella la Blanche abbessi.^[55] Joan bulardan eng taniqli bo'lgan, chunki u shahzodaga uylangan Buyuk Llevelin Uels.^[56]

Aktyorlari maqbaralar ning Genri III yilda Vestminster abbatligi, c.1272

Uilyam Marshal, Pembrokning birinchi grafligi, qirol Jonning o'limida to'qqiz yoshli qirol Genri uchun regent etib tayinlandi. Keyinchalik, Lui uchun qo'llab-quvvatlash pasayib ketdi va u o'z da'volaridan voz kechdi Lambet shartnomasi marshalning janglaridagi g'alabalaridan so'ng Linkoln va Sendvich 1217 yilda.^[43] Marshal rejimi kelajakdagi hukumat uchun asos sifatida o'zgartirilgan Magna Kartani chiqardi.^[43] Lambet shartnomasiga qaramay, jangovar harakatlar davom etdi va Genri yangi toj kiygan fransiyalik Louis VIII va Genrining o'gay otasi bilan murosaga kelishga majbur bo'ldi, Lyusignanlik Xyu X. Ularning ikkalasi ham Genri qolgan kontinental erlarning katta qismini egallab olib, Angevinlarning qit'adagi kuchini yanada yo'qqa chiqardi. O'zining siyosiy kurashlarida Genri o'zi bilan Angliyaning homiysi avliyosi o'rtasidagi ko'plab o'xshashliklarni anglagan, Edward Confessor.^[57] Binobarin, u o'zining birinchi o'g'liga Edvard deb ism qo'ydi va Konfessor uchun mavjud bo'lgan ajoyib ziyoratgohni qurdi.^[58]

1225 yil boshida buyuk kengash Gashkoni tezda qaytarib olgan armiyani jo'natish uchun 40 ming funt sterling miqdorida soliqni tasdiqladi. Yig'ilish paytida qirolning feodal imtiyozlariga baronlar, yepiskoplar va magnatlar qarshi chiqib, qirolni qayta chiqarishni talab qildilar. Magna Carta va qo'llab-quvvatlash evaziga O'rmon Xartiyasi. Genri ushbu nizomlar o'z-o'zidan "o'z-o'zidan va iroda bilan" chiqarilganligini e'lon qildi va ularni qirollik muhri bilan tasdiqlab, yangisini berdi. Buyuk Xartiya va 1225 yilgi O'rmon Xartiyasi oldingi versiyalarga qaraganda ancha ko'p vakolatlarga ega.^[43]

Genri III ning to'qqiz farzandi bor edi:^[59]

• Edvard I (1239–1307)
• Angliyalik Margaret (1240–1275). Uning uch farzandi eridan oldin, Shotlandiyalik Aleksandr III; Binobarin, Shotlandiya toji ularning yagona nabirasi vafot etganidan keyin bo'sh qoldi, Margaret, Norvegiya xizmatkori 1290 yilda.^[60]
• Beatrice, grafinya Richmond (1242–1275). Dastlab u Dreuxlik Jon de Montfortga uylanib, keyinchalik turmushga chiqdi Ioann II, Bretaniy gersogi.
• Edmund Crouchback (1245–1296), kimga unvonlari va mulklari berilgan Simon de Montfort, Lesterning 6-grafligi va "Lester" ning qulog'i Genri Montfortni mag'lubiyatga uchratganidan keyin Ikkinchi baronlar urushi. Keyinchalik Genri Edmundga quloqchinlarni taqdim etdi Lankaster va Ferrers. 1276 yildan, uning rafiqasi orqali Edmund edi Shampan grafigi va Brie.^[61] Keyinchalik lankastriyaliklar Edmundning Edmunddan onalik naslidan foydalanib, taxtga bo'lgan da'vosini qonuniylashtirish uchun, Edmund Genrix III ning to'ng'ich o'g'li, ammo deformatsiya tufayli podshoh bo'lmagani haqida yolg'on gapirishgan.^[62] Ikkinchi nikohi orqali Blanche, ning bevasi Genariya I Navaradan, Edmund Evropa zodagonlarining markazida edi. Blanshning qizi, Joan, edi qirolicha regnant Navarra va Frantsiya qirolichasi bilan turmush qurish orqali Filipp IV. Edmundning o'g'li Tomas Angliyadagi eng qudratli zodagonga aylandi, uning merosiga quloqchinlarni qo'shdi Linkoln va Solsberi merosxo'rga uylanishi orqali Genri de Leysi, Linkolnning 3-grafligi.^[63]
• Bolaligida vafot etgan yana to'rt kishi: Richard (1247-1256), Jon (1250-1256), Uilyam (taxminan 1251 / 1252-1256), Ketrin (taxminan 1252 / 3-1257) va Genri (yozilgan sana yo'q).

Uning harbiy xarajatlari va umumiy isrofgarchiliklari tufayli Genri bankrot bo'lgan. Papa Genrining akasini taklif qildi Richard The Sitsiliya Qirolligi, ammo amaldagi prezidentni ko'chirish uchun harbiy xarajatlar Imperator Frederik taqiqlovchi edi. Metyu Parij Richard shunday deb yozgan edi: "Siz ham aytishingiz mumkin:" Men sizga oyni sovg'a qilaman - osmonga ko'tarilib tushiring "." Buning o'rniga Genri o'g'li Edmund uchun shohlikni sotib oldi, bu ko'plab kuchli baronlarning g'azabiga sabab bo'ldi. Genri qaynonasi Simon de Montfort boshchiligidagi baronlar uni unga rozi bo'lishga majbur qilishdi Oksford qoidalari, uning qarzlari sezilarli islohotlar evaziga to'langan. Frantsiyada, bilan Parij shartnomasi, Genri Angevin ajdodlari hududini rasmiy ravishda topshirdi Frantsiya Louis IX, evaziga Akvitaniya gersogi va Gasconi hududini frantsuz qirolining vassali sifatida oldi.^[43]

Simon de Montfortning o'limi Evesham jangi

Baronlar va qirol o'rtasida kelishmovchiliklar yanada kuchaygan. Baronlar, ostida Simon de Montfort, Lesterning 6-grafligi, Angliyaning janubi-sharqining aksariyat qismini qo'lga kiritdi Ikkinchi baronlar urushi. Da Lyus jangi 1264 yilda Genri va shahzoda Edvard mag'lubiyatga uchradi va asirga olindi. De Montfort yig'ilgan Buyuk parlament, birinchi parlament sifatida tan olingan, chunki bu birinchi marta shahar va tumanlar o'z vakillarini yuborgan edi.^[64] Edvard qochib, qo'shin yig'di va de Montfortni mag'lubiyatga uchratdi Evesham jangi 1265 yilda.^[65] Qo'zg'olonchilarga vahshiy jazo berildi va Genri hokimiyatni tikladi. Hozir tinchlik hukm surayotgan Edvard Angliyani tark etib, Louis IX safiga qo'shildi To'qqizinchi salib yurishi; u so'nggi salibchilardan biri edi. Lui Edvard kelishidan oldin vafot etdi, ammo Edvard davom ettirishga qaror qildi. Natija umidsizlikka uchradi; Edvardning ozgina kuchi uni qo'lga olishga yordam berdi Akr va bir nechta reydlarni boshlash. Suiqasd urinishidan omon qolgan Edvard yil oxirlarida Sitsiliyaga jo'nab ketdi va hech qachon salib yurishlarida qatnashmadi. Genri III vafot etgach, Edvard taxtga o'tirdi; baronlar u ikki yilga qaytib kelmaganiga qaramay, unga sodiqlikka qasamyod qildi.^[65]

Konstitutsiyaviy o'zgarish va feodalizmni isloh qilish

Edvard I uylandi Kastiliya Eleanorasi, qizi Kastiliya qiroli Ferdinand, 1254 yilda ikkinchi qizi Eleanora orqali Genrix II ning nabirasi. Edvard va Eleanoraning o'n olti farzandi bor edi; beshta qiz katta bo'lib omon qoldi, ammo Edvarddan faqat bitta o'g'il omon qoldi:^[66]

• Eleanora, Bar grafinya (1264/69−1298)
• 1265 va 1271 yillarda tug'ilgan uchta qiz (Joan, Elis va Juliana / Ketrin) va ikki o'g'il (Jon va Genri). Ular 1265 va 1274 yillarda ozgina tarixiy iz qoldirmasdan vafot etdilar.
• Joan, Glousester grafinyasi (1272–1307)
• Alphonso, Chester grafligi (1273–1284)
• Margaret, Brabant Düşesi (1275–1333)
• Vudstokdan Maryam (1278-1332), kim a rohiba
• Izabella (1279–1279)
• Elizabeth, birinchi navbatda Gollandiya grafinyasi va beva ayol, ikkinchidan Gereford grafinyasi (1282-11316). Uning o'n bir farzandi orasida ham quloqchalar bor edi Hereford, Esseks va Nortxempton va grafinya Ormond va Devon.
• Edvard II
• Bolaligida vafot etgan yana ikkita qiz (Beatris va Blanche).

1290 yilda Eleanor vafotidan so'ng, Edvard uylandi Frantsuz Margaret, qizi Fransiyalik Filipp III, 1299 yilda. Edvard va Margaretning ikkita o'g'li bor edi, ikkalasi ham voyaga etgan va bolaligida vafot etgan qizi:^[67]

• Tomas (1300-1338), kimning qizi Margaret mulklarini meros qilib oldi. Margaretning nabirasi, Tomas Movbray, birinchi edi Norfolk gersogi, ammo Richard II uni surgun qildi va unvonlaridan mahrum qildi.
• Edmund, Kent grafligi (1301 dan 1330 gacha). Edmundning o'gay ukasi Edvard IIga sodiqligi, uni isyonchi Mortimer va uning sevgilisi Edvard malikasi Izabellaning buyrug'i bilan qatl etishiga olib keldi. Uning qizi Joan o'z mulklarini meros qilib oldi va o'z amakivachchasiga uylandi, Qora shahzoda Edvard; birgalikda, ular bor edi Richard, keyinchalik u ingliz qiroli bo'ldi.
• Eleanor (1306-1311).

Eduardning huquqiy islohotlarga aloqadorligini isbotlovchi dalillarni topish qiyin, ammo uning hukmronligi davrida huquqiy o'zgarishlarning asosiy dasturi ko'rilgan. Ehtiyotkorlik va qat'iyatning katta qismi shoh va uning 1250-yillarning oxiri va 1260-yillarning boshlarida baronial islohotlar harakati tajribasidan kelib chiqqan bo'lishi mumkin. Bilan Mortmain to'g'risidagi nizom, Edvard cherkov ustidan o'z vakolatlarini yukladi; nizomlar cherkovga yer berishni taqiqladi, an'anaviy feodal imtiyozlari hisobiga toj huquqlarini himoya qildi, odil sudlovni yagona idora qilishni qo'llab-quvvatladi, daromadlarni oshirdi va huquqiy tizimni kodlashtirdi. Uning harbiy yurishlari uni og'ir qarzga va qachonga qoldirdi Fransiyalik Filipp IV knyazligini musodara qildi Gascony 1294 yilda Edvard Frantsiyada urush olib borish uchun mablag 'kerak edi. Qachon Edvard presedentni o'rnatishni taklif qildi yig'ilish harbiy moliya uchun ko'proq soliqlarni oshirish uchun uning tarkibiga kam er egalari va savdogarlar kirgan. Yaratilgan parlament tarkibiga baronlar, ruhoniylar, ritsarlar va burgessalar birinchi marta kirdilar.^[65]

Britaniyada kengayish

Uelsdan keyin Montgomeri shartnomasi 1267 yilda

  Gvinedd, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd knyazlik

  Lyvelin tomonidan bosib olingan hududlar

  Llyvlin vassallarining hududlari

  Lordlar Marcher baronlari

  Angliya qirolining lordliklari

Qabul qilinganida, Edvard I o'zining ustunligini da'volarini amalga oshirib, o'z sohasini tartibga solishga intildi Britaniya orollari. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd hukmronlik qilishni da'vo qildi Shimoliy Uels "Angliyadan butunlay ajralib qolgan", ammo Edvard uni "isyonchi va tinchlikni buzuvchi" deb bilgan. Edvardning qat'iyati, harbiy tajribasi va mohir dengiz harakatlari uning isyonini tugatdi. Bosqin Angliya qiroli tomonidan to'plangan eng yirik qo'shinlardan biri tomonidan amalga oshirildi, Anglo-Norman otliqlari va Uels kamonchilaridan iborat bo'lib, Frantsiyada bo'lajak g'alabalarga asos yaratdi. Llivelin tog'larga haydaldi, keyinchalik jangda o'ldi. The Ruddlan to'g'risidagi nizom Uels ustidan Angliyaning hokimiyatini o'rnatdi va Edvardning o'g'li birinchi ingliz deb e'lon qilindi Uels shahzodasi uning tug'ilishidan keyin. Edvard Uelsning ikkita kampaniyasiga katta mablag 'sarfladi, uning katta qismi qasrlar tarmog'iga sarflandi.^[65]

Edvardning ta'kidlashicha Shotlandiya qiroli unga feodal sadoqati uchun qarzdor bo'lib, o'g'lini uylantirish orqali ikki millatni birlashtirishni maqsad qilgan Edvard ga Margaret, Qirolning yagona merosxo'ri Aleksandr III.^[65] Margaret 1290 yilda vafot etganida, Shotlandiya toji uchun raqobat kelib chiqdi. Shotlandiyalik magnatlarning taklifiga binoan Edvard I nizoni hal qilib, foydasiga qaror chiqardi Jon Balliol unga munosib qasamyod qildi va shoh bo'ldi. Edvard uning Shotlandiyaning suveren vakili ekanligini va Balliolning vakolatiga putur etkazgan holda, Balliol hukmlariga qarshi apellyatsiya shikoyatlarini ko'rib chiqish huquqiga ega ekanligini ta'kidladi. Balliol 1295 yilda Frantsiya bilan ittifoqchilik qildi; Keyingi yili Edvard Balliolni taxtdan haydab chiqarib, Shotlandiyaga bostirib kirdi.^[65]

Frantsuzlar bosib olgan Gasconiyada Edvard unchalik muvaffaqiyatli bo'lmagan. O'zining resurslarini yo'qotib qo'yganligi sababli, Edvard Magna Carta-ni ham o'z ichiga olgan zaruriy mablag'ni olish uchun Nizomni qayta tasdiqlashga majbur bo'ldi. 1303 yilda frantsuz qiroli Gasconi-ni Edvardga imzolash orqali qayta tikladi Parij shartnomasi. Ayni paytda, Uilyam Uolles Balliol nomidan ko'tarilib, Shotlandiyaning katta qismini tikladi. Uolles mag'lubiyatga uchradi Falkirk jangi, bundan keyin Robert Bryus isyon ko'targan va Shotlandiya qiroli sifatida toj kiygan. Edvard Shotlandiyaga boshqa kampaniya uchun sayohat qilayotganda vafot etdi.^[65]

Sahna Xolxem Injili dan ritsarlar va piyoda askarlarni ko'rsatish Bannokbern jangi.

1307 yilda Qirol Edvard II ning taxtga o'tirganligi haqidagi qasamyodi birinchi bo'lib qirolning "tanlagan" qonunlarni saqlash bo'yicha javobgarligini aks ettirgan (aura eslu frantsuz tilida).^[68] Dastlab u mashhur bo'lmagan, ammo uchta muammoga duch kelgan: urushlarni moliyalashtirish bo'yicha norozilik; uning uy xarajatlari; va uning roli sevimli Pirs Gaveston.^[69] Parlament Gavestonni surgun qilish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilganida, qirol unga bo'ysunishdan boshqa iloj qolmadi.^[70] Eduard Gavestonning qaytishini ishlab chiqdi, ammo tayinlanishiga rozi bo'lishga majbur bo'ldi Ordainers, amakivachchasi boshchiligida Tomas, Lancasterning ikkinchi grafligi, Pirs Gaveston bilan yana surgun qilingan qirol xonadonini isloh qilish uchun.^[69] Gaveston yana Angliyaga qaytib kelgach, uni o'g'irlab ketishdi va soxta sud jarayonidan so'ng qatl etishdi.^[70] Buning samarasi Tomas va uning tarafdorlarini hokimiyatdan chetlashtirdi. Bryus tomonidan Edvardning sharmandali mag'lubiyati Bannokbern jangi, Bryusning Shotlandiyaning mustaqil qiroli sifatida mavqeini tasdiqlab, Lancasterni qirol kengashining rahbari etib tayinlanishiga olib keldi.^[69] Lancasterni mag'lubiyatga uchratganidan keyin Edvard Ordinances-ni bekor qildi Boroughbridge jangi 1322 yilda.^[69]

Frantsiya monarxiyasi Edvardning Gasconiyadagi qonuniy huquqlariga tajovuz qilish huquqini himoya qildi. Bitta hukmga qarshilik Sankt-Sardos natijada Karl IV knyazlikni musodara qilganligini e'lon qildi. Charlzning singlisi, Qirolicha Izabella, muzokaralarga yuborilgan va Edvardning Frantsiyada Charlzga hurmat ko'rsatishini talab qiladigan shartnomani qabul qilgan. Edvard Akvitaniya va Pontieni o'z o'g'lidan iste'foga chiqardi Edvard, uning o'rniga hurmat qilish uchun Frantsiyaga sayohat qilgan. Angliya merosxo'ri bilan Изабелла, agar Edvard II sevimlilarini ishdan bo'shatmasa, Angliyaga qaytishdan bosh tortdi va u ayolning bekasi bo'ldi Rojer Mortimer.^[69] Er-xotin Angliyani bosib oldi va Genri, Lancasterning 3-grafligi, shohni qo'lga oldi.^[71] Edvard II taxtni Mortimerdan ko'ra o'g'li egallashi sharti bilan taxtdan voz kechdi. Garchi o'lim sabablari to'g'risida tarixiy ma'lumot yo'q bo'lsa-da, u Berkli Qal'asida qizil pokerni ichagiga tiqib, o'ldirgan deb taxmin qilinadi.^[72][73] Edvard III tomonidan amalga oshirilgan to'ntarish Isabella va Mortimer tomonidan to'rt yillik nazoratni tugatdi. Mortimer qatl etildi. Isabella hokimiyatdan chetlatilgan bo'lsa-da, unga yaxshi munosabatda bo'lishdi va keyingi 27 yil davomida hashamatli hayot kechirishdi.^[69]

Valois uyi bilan ziddiyat

Izabella (chapdan uchinchi) otasi bilan, Filipp IV, uning kelajakdagi frantsuz qirol birodarlari va Filipning ukasi, Valois Charlz

1328 yilda Frantsuz Karl IV erkak vorisisiz vafot etdi. Qirolicha Izabello o'g'li Edvard nomidan Frantsiya taxtiga a bo'lganligi sababli da'vo qildi matrilineal fransiyalik Filipp IV ning nabirasi. Biroq, Filipp V ning jiyani ustidan vorisligi bilan belgilanadigan pretsedentlar Joan II Navarre va Karl IV jiyanlari ustidan ketma-ket kelganligi shuni anglatadiki, Filipp III ning erkaklar safidagi katta nabirasi Valois Filippi shoh bo'ldi. Hali hokimiyatda emas, Edvard Filippga Akvitaniya gersogi sifatida hurmat bajo keltirdi.

1337 yilda Filipp Edvarddan Akvitaniya va Pontiyeni Filippning qochoq qarindoshi va dushmaniga berkitib qo'yganlikda ayblab olib qo'ydi, Artoisning Roberti.^[74] Bunga javoban, Eduard flamandlarni frantsuz qiroliga qarshi ochiq isyon ko'tarishga undash uchun o'zini Frantsiya qiroli deb e'lon qildi. Keyinchalik yuz yillik urush deb nom olgan mojaro Angliya dengiz flotida muhim g'alabani o'z ichiga oladi Sluys jangi,^[74] va quruqlikdagi g'alaba Kresi, muhim portini egallash uchun Eduardni bo'sh qoldirdi Calais. A subsequent victory against Scotland at the Nevil xochidagi jang resulted in the capture of Devid II and reduced the threat from Scotland.^[74] The Qora o'lim brought a halt to Edward's campaigns by killing perhaps a third of his subjects.^[74] The only Plantagenet known to have died from the Black Death was Edward III's daughter Joan yilda Bordo.^[74]

The Kresi jangi was an important Plantagenet victory of the Yuz yillik urush Fransiyada. Bibliothèque nationale de France.

Qora shahzoda Edvard resumed the war with destructive chevauchées starting from Bordeaux. His army was caught by a much larger French force at Poitiers, ammo keyingi jang was a decisive English victory resulting in the capture of Frantsuz Ioann II. John agreed a shartnoma promising the French would pay a four million écus ransom. Keyingi Bretiny shartnomasi was demonstrably popular in England, where it was both ratified in parliament and celebrated with great ceremony. To reach agreement, clauses were removed that would have had Edward renounce his claim to the French crown in return for territory in Aquitaine and the town of Calais. These were entered in another agreement to be effected only after the transfer of territory by November 1361 but both sides prevaricated over their commitments for the following nine years. Hostages from the Valois family were held in London while John returned to France to raise his ransom. Edward had restored the lands of the former Angevin Empire holding Normandy, Brittany, Anjou, Maine and the coastline from Flandriya Ispaniyaga. When the hostages escaped back to France, John was horrified that his word had been broken and returned to England, where he eventually died.^[74]

Fighting in the Hundred Years' War spilled from the French and Plantagenet lands into surrounding realms, including the dynastic conflict in Kastiliya between Peter of Castile and Kastiliyadan Genri II. The Black Prince allied himself with Peter, defeating Henry at the Najera jangi. Edward and Peter fell out when Peter was unable to reimburse Edward's military expenses leaving him bankrupt.^[75] The Plantagenets continued to interfere, and Gauntdan Jon, Lankasterning 1 gersogi, the Black Prince's brother, married Peter's daughter Konstans, claiming the Crown of Castile in her name. He invaded with an army of 5000 men. Fighting was inconclusive before Gaunt agreed a treaty with King Juan of Castile.^[76] Terms of the treaty included the marriage of John of Gaunt's daughter Ketrin to Juan's son, Enrike.^[77]

Fransiyalik Karl V maintained the terms of the treaty of Brétigny but encouraged others in Aquitaine to challenge the authority of the Plantagenets in Aquitaine.^[75] The prince, who had suffered a debilitating illness for nearly a decade which often restricted his movement to being carried in a litter,^[75] returned to England, where he soon died.^[78] John of Gaunt assumed leadership in France with limited success, and peace negotiations over several years were inconclusive.^[76]

Descendants of Edward III

Richard II ning isyonchilari bilan uchrashadi Dehqonlar qo'zg'oloni ichida yoritish from Froissart's Solnomalar. Bibliothèque nationale de France.

The marriage of Edward III and Filippa Xaynot produced thirteen children and thirty-two grandchildren:^[79]

• Edvard (1330–1376)—married his cousin Joan of Kent, a granddaughter of Edward I, with whom he had two sons:

• Edward (1365–1371/2)
• Richard (1367–1400)

• Izabella (1332–1382)—married Enguerrand VII, Kuchining Lordi, and had two daughters:

• Mari
• Filippa

• Joan (1335–1348)
• William (1334/6–1337)
• Lionel (1338–1368)—had one daughter with Elizabeth de Burgh:

• Filippa (1355–1378/81)—through Philippa, the House of York, by kognatik qarindoshlik, asserted that its claim to the throne was superior to the House of Lancaster's. Philippa's granddaughter and heir, Anne Mortimer, uylangan Konisburglik Richard, Kembrijning 3-grafligi, the Duke of York's heir. The Northumberland graflari and Clifford, significant supporters of the Lancasters during the Wars of the Roses, were descendants of Philippa through her other daughter, Elizabeth Mortimer.

• Gauntdan Jon (1340–1399)—married Blank of Lancaster, the heiress to the duchy of Lancaster and a direct descendant of Henry III, and had six children with her:

• Filippa (1360–1415)—married Portugaliyalik Jon I.
• John (c. 1362/1364)—died as an infant.
• Yelizaveta (1364–1426)—married Jon Xastings, Pembrokning 3-grafligi, Jon Holland, 1-gersog Exeter va Jon Kornuol, 1-baron Fanxop navbati bilan.
• Edward of Lancaster (1365–1365)
• John of Lancaster (1366)—died as an infant.
• Genri (1367–1413)
• Isabella of Lancaster (b. 1368)—died as a child.

After Blanche's death in 1369, John married Kastiliya, trying unsuccessfully to obtain the throne of Castile. Nikohda ikkita bola tug'ildi:

• Lankasterlik Ketrin (1372–1418)—married Kastiliyalik Genri III, with whom she was a great-grandmother of Aragonlik Ketrin, birinchi xotini Angliyalik Genrix VIII.
• Yuhanno (1374-1375)

Constance died in 1394, after which John married Ketrin Svinford on 13 January 1396. Their four children were born before they married. The pope legitimised them in 1396, as did Richard II by charter, on the condition that their children could not ascend the throne:

• Jon (c. 1371/1372–1410)—grandfather of Margaret Bofort, Genri VII onasi.
• Genri (1375–1447)
• Tomas (1377–1427)
• Joan (1379–1440)—Joan's son, Richard Nevill, Solsberining 5-grafligi va uning nabirasi, Richard Nevill, 16-Uorvik grafligi, were leading supporters of the House of York.

• Edmund (1341–1402)—founder of the House of York. He had three children with Kastiliyalik Izabella:

• Edvard (1373–1415)—killed at the Agincourt jangi.
• Konstans (1374–1416)
• Richard —(1375–1415)

• Blanche (1342)—died as a child.
• Valtamlik Maryam (1344–1362)—married Jon V, Bretaniy gersogi. Muammo yo'q.
• Margaret (1346–1361)—married Jon Xastings, Pembrokning ikkinchi grafligi. Muammo yo'q.
• Joan (b. 1351)
• Tomas (1355–1397)—murdered or executed for treason by order of Richard II; uning qizi, Anne, uylangan Edmund Stafford.

Edward's long reign had forged a new national identity, reinforced by Middle English beginning to establish itself as the spoken and written language of government. As a result, he is considered by many historians in cultural respects the first 'English' post-conquest ruler.^[74]

Demise of the main line

Portreti Richard II (taxminan 1390). Vestminster abbatligi, London.

The Black Prince's ten-year-old son succeeded as Angliyalik Richard II on the death of his grandfather, nominally exercising all the powers of kingship supported by various councils. His government levied so'rovnoma soliqlari to finance military campaigns and combined with the poor state of the economy resulted in the Dehqonlar qo'zg'oloni in 1381, followed by brutal reprisals against the rebels.^[80]

The king's uncle Tomas Vudstok, Glouzesterning 1 gersogi, Richard FitzAlan, Arundelning 11-grafligi va Tomas de Bomamp, Uorvikning 12-grafligi, nomi bilan tanilgan Lordlar apellyatsiyasi when they sought to impeach five of the king's favourites and restrain what was increasingly seen as tyrannical and capricious rule. Keyinchalik ularga qo'shilishdi Genri Bolingbrok, the son and heir of John of Gaunt, and Tomas de Movbray, Norfolkning 1-gersogi. Initially, they were successful in establishing a commission to govern England for one year, but they were forced to rebel against Richard, defeating an army under Robert de Vere, Oksford grafligi, at the skirmish of Radcot ko'prigi.^[80]

Richard was reduced to a figurehead with little power. Natijada Shafqatsiz parlament, de Vere and Maykl de la Pole, Suffolkning birinchi grafligi chet elga qochib ketgan, yo'qligida o'limga mahkum etilgan. Aleksandr Nevill, York arxiyepiskopi, had all his possessions confiscated. Several of Richard's council were executed. On John of Gaunt's return from Spain, Richard was able to re-establish his power, having Gloucester murdered in captivity in Calais. Warwick was stripped of his title. Bolingbroke and Mowbray were exiled.^[80]

When John of Gaunt died in 1399, Richard disinherited John's son, Henry, who invaded England in response with a small force that quickly grew in numbers. Meeting little resistance, Henry deposed Richard to have himself crowned Henry IV of England. Richard died in captivity early the next year, probably murdered, bringing an end to the main Plantagenet line. None of Henry's heirs were free from challenge on the grounds of not being the true heir of Richard II and that the Lancastrian dynasty had gained the throne by an act of usurpation.^[80]

Lankaster uyi

Genri IV

Henry married his Plantagenet cousin Meri de Bohun, who was paternally descended from Edward I and maternally from Edmund Crouchback.^[81] Ularning etti farzandi bor edi:^[82]

• Edward (b. 1382; died as a child)—buried at Monmut qal'asi, Monmut.
• Genri (1386–1422)—had one son:

• Genri (1421–1471)—also had one son:

• Edvard (1453–1471)

• Tomas (1387–1421)—killed at the Bauge jangi. Uning nikohi Margaret Holland proved childless; he had an illegitimate son named John, also known as the Bastard of Clarence.
• Jon (1389–1435)—had two childless marriages: to Burgundiya onasi, qizi Qo'rqmas Yuhanno va Lyuksemburgning Jaketi. John had an illegitimate son and daughter, named Richard and Mary, respectively.
• Xemfri (1390–1447)—died under suspicious circumstances while imprisoned for treason against Henry VI; his death may have been the result of a stroke.
• Blanche (1392–1409)—married Lyudovik III, Reyn graf palatinasi, in 1402.
• Filippa (1394–1430)—married Pomeraniya fuqarosi Erik, qiroli Daniya, Norvegiya va Shvetsiya, in 1406.

Parchment miniature of Henry V's victory at the Agincourt jangi in 1415, from Enguerrand de Monstrelet "s Chronique de France taxminan 1495

Henry went to convoluted legal means to justify his succession. Many Lancastrians asserted that his mother had had legitimate rights through her descent from Edmund Crouchback, who it was claimed was the elder son of Henry III of England, set aside due to deformity.^[83] As the great-grandson of Antverpen Lionel, Klarensning 1 gersogi, Edmund Mortimer, mart oyi boshi, was the heir presumptive to Richard II and Henry used multiple rationales stressing his Plantagenet descent, divine grace, powerful friends, and Richard's misgovernment.^[84] In fact Mortimer never showed interest in the throne. The later marriage of his sister Anne ga Konisburglik Richard, Kembrijning 3-grafligi consolidated this claim to the throne with that of the more junior York uyi. Henry planned to resume war with France, but was plagued with financial problems, declining health and frequent rebellions.^[85] He defeated a Scottish invasion, a serious rebellion by Genri Persi, Northumberlandning 1-grafligi shimolda va Owain Glyndŵr 's rebellion in Wales.^[85] Many saw it as a punishment from God when Henry was later struck down with unknown but chronic illnesses.^[84]

Genri V

Henry IV died in 1413. His son and successor, Angliyalik Genrix V, aware that Fransiyalik Karl VI 's mental illness had caused instability in France, invaded to assert the Plantagenet claims and won a near total victory over the French at the Agincourt jangi.^[86] In subsequent years Henry recaptured much of Normandy and secured marriage to Katolik Valuis. Natijada Troya shartnomasi stated that Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France, but conflict continued with Dofin.

Genri VI

When Henry died in 1422, his nine-month-old son succeeded him as Angliyalik Genrix VI. During the minority of Henry VI the war caused political division among his Plantagenet uncles, Bedford, Lankasterning Xemfri, Glousesterning 1-gersogi va Kardinal Bofort. Humphrey's wife was accused of treasonable nekromaniya after two astrologers in her employ unwisely, if honestly, predicted a serious illness would endanger Henry VI's life, and Humphrey was later arrested and died in prison.^[87]

Depopulation stemming from the Black Death led to increased wages, static food costs and a resulting improvement in the standard of living for the peasantry. However, under Henry misgovernment and harvest failures depressed the English economy to a pitiful state known as the Ajoyib yiqilish. The economy was in ruins by 1450, a consequence of the loss of France, piracy in the channel and poor trading relations with the Hanseatic League.^[88] The economic slowdown began in the 1430s in the north of the country, spreading south in the 1440s, with the economy not recovering until the 1480s.^[89] It was also driven by multiple harvest failures in the 1430s and disease amongst livestock, which drove up the price of food and damaged the wider economy.^[90] Certain groups were particularly badly affected: cloth exports fell by 35 per cent in just four years at the end of the 1440s, collapsing by up to 90 per cent in some parts of the South-West.^[91] The Crown's debts reached £372,000, Henry's deficit was £20,000 per annum, and tax revenues were half those of his father.^[92]

York uyi

Pre-Regnal History

Edward III made his fourth son Edmund the first York gersogi in 1362. Edmund was married to Isabella, a daughter of King Peter of Castile and Mariya de Padilla and the sister of Constance of Castile, who was the second wife of Edmund's brother John of Gaunt. Both of Edmund's sons were killed in 1415. The younger, Richard bilan bog'liq bo'lib qoldi Sautgempton uchastkasi, a conspiracy to depose Henry V in favour of Richard's brother-in-law Edmund Mortimer. When Mortimer revealed the plot to the king, Richard was executed for treason. Richard's childless older brother Edvard was killed at the Battle of Agincourt later the same year.

York shtati was Edmund's only daughter and was an ancestor of Queen Anne Nevill. The increasingly interwoven Plantagenet relationships were demonstrated by Edmund's second marriage to Joan Holland. Uning singlisi Alianore Holland was mother to Richard's wife, Anne Mortimer. Margaret Holland, another of Joan's sisters, married John of Gaunt's son. Keyinchalik u turmushga chiqdi Lancasterlik Tomas, John of Gaunt's grandson by King Henry IV. A third sister, Eleanor Holland, was mother-in-law to Richard Nevill, Solsberining 5-grafligi —John's grandson by his daughter Joan Bofort, Vestmorlend grafinyasi. These sisters were all granddaughters of Joan of Kent, the mother of Richard II, and therefore Plantagenet descendants of Edward I.^[93]

Edmund's son Richard was married to Anne Mortimer, the daughter of Rojer Mortimer, 4 mart boshi va Eleanor Holland and great-granddaughter of Edward III's second surviving son Lionel. Anne died giving birth to their only son in September 1411.^[94] Richard's execution four years later left two orphans: Izabel, who married into the Bourchier family, and a son who was also called Richard.

Although his earldom was forfeited, Richard (the father) was not ifloslangan, and the four-year-old orphan Richard was his heir. Within months of his father's death, Richard's childless uncle, Edward Duke of York, was killed at Agincourt. Richard was allowed to inherit the title of Duke of York in 1426. In 1432 he acquired the earldoms of March and Ulster on the death of his maternal uncle Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, who had died campaigning with Henry V in France, and the earldom of Cambridge which had belonged to his father.

Being descended from Edward III in both the maternal and the paternal line gave Richard a significant claim to the throne if the Lancastrian line should fail, and by kognatik primogenitet arguably a superior claim.^[95] He emphasised the point by being the first to assume the Plantagenet surname in 1448. Having inherited the March and Ulster titles, he became the wealthiest and most powerful noble in England, second only to the king himself. Richard uylandi Sesiliy Nevill, a granddaughter of John of Gaunt, and had thirteen or possibly fifteen children:^[96]

• Joan (b. 1438; died as a child)
• Yorkdagi Anne (1439–1476)—(Mitoxondrial DNK taken from a descendant of her second daughter, Anne St Leger, Baronessa de Ros, was used in the identification of the remains of Richard III, which were found in 2012.^[97])
• Henry (b. 1441; died as a child)
• Edvard (1442–1483)
• Edmund (1443–1460)
• Yelizaveta (1444–1503)—married Jon de la Pole, Suffolkning 2-gersogi; she was the mother of several claimants to the throne.
• Margaret (1446–1503)—married Dadil Charlz, Burgundiya gersogi.
• William (b. 1447; died as a child)
• John (b. 1448; died as a child)
• Jorj (1449–1478)
• Thomas (b. 1450/51; died as a child)
• Richard (1452–1485)
• Ursula (b. 1455; died as a child)
• In her will, Cecily stated that Katherine and Humphrey were her children, but they may have been her grandchildren through de la Pole.

Tewkesbury jangi, as illustrated in the Ghent manuscript

Conflict Over the Crown

When Henry VI had a mental breakdown, Richard was named regent, but the birth of a male heir resolved the question of succession.^[95] When Henry's sanity returned, the court party reasserted its authority, but Richard of York and the Nevilles defeated them at a skirmish called the Birinchi Albans jangi. The ruling class was deeply shocked and reconciliation was attempted.^[95] York and the Nevilles fled abroad, but the Nevilles returned to win the Northempton jangi, where they captured Henry.^[95]

When Richard of York joined them he surprised Parliament by claiming the throne and forcing through the Kelishuv akti, which stated that Henry would remain as king for his lifetime, but would be succeeded by York. Margaret found this disregard for her son's claims unacceptable, and so the conflict continued. York was killed at the Ueykfild jangi and his head set on display at Micklegate Bar bilan birga Edmund, Rutland grafligi, and Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, who had been captured and beheaded.^[95] The Scottish queen Guelderlik Maryam provided Margaret with support but London welcomed York's son Edvard, mart oyi boshi and Parliament confirmed that Edward should be made king. He was crowned after consolidating his position with victory at the Tovton jangi.^[98]

Edward's preferment of the former Lancastrian-supporting Woodville family, following his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, led Warwick and Clarence to help Margaret depose Edward and return Henry to the throne. Edvard va Gloucester gersogi Richard, fled, but on their return, Clarence switched sides at the Barnet jangi, leading to the death of the Neville brothers. Keyingi Tewkesbury jangi brought the demise of the last of the male line of the Beauforts. The battlefield execution of Vestminster Eduard, Uels shahzodasi, and the later probable murder of Henry VI extinguished the House of Lancaster.^[99]

Edvard IV

By the mid-1470s, the victorious House of York looked safely established, with seven living male princes: Edward IV, his two sons, his brother George and George's son, his brother Richard and Richard's son. Edward and Elizabeth Woodville themselves had ten children, seven of whom survived him:^[100]

• Yelizaveta (1466–1503)—malikaning konsortsiumi ga Angliyalik Genrix VII
• Meri (1467–1482)
• Sesiliy (1469–1507)—initially married Jon Uelles, 1-chi Viscount Welles, and later married Thomas Kyme (or Keme) following John's death.
• Edvard (1470–c. 1483)—briefly succeeded his father as King Edward V.
• Margaret (1472; died that year)
• Richard (1473–c. 1483)
• Anne (1475–1511)—married Tomas Xovard
• Jorj (1477–1479)
• Yorklik Ketrin (1479–1527)—married Uilyam Kurten, Devonning birinchi grafligi.
• Bridjet York (1480–1517)—became a nun — possibly had an illegitimate daughter called Elthamning Agnes

Princes in the Tower and Richard III

Dynastic infighting and misfortune quickly brought about the demise of the House of York. Jorj Plantagenet, Klarensning 1 gersogi, plotted against his brother and was executed. Following Edward's premature death in 1483, his brother Richard had Parliament declare Edward's two sons illegitimate on the pretext of an alleged prior pre-contract to Lady Eleanor Talbot, leaving Edward's marriage invalid.^[101]

Richard seized the throne, and the Minoradagi shahzodalar were never seen again. Richard's son predeceased him and Richard was killed in 1485^[102] after an invasion of foreign mercenaries led by Genri Tudor, who claimed the throne through his mother Margaret Bofort.^[103] Tudor assumed the throne as Henry VII, founding the Tudor dynasty and bringing the Plantagenet line of kings to an end.^[104]

House of Tudor and other Plantagenet descendants

Yorklik Yelizaveta

Tudor

When Henry Tudor seized the throne there were eighteen Plantagenet descendants who might today be thought to have a stronger hereditary claim, and by 1510 this number had been increased further by the birth of sixteen Yorkist children.^[105] Henry mitigated this situation with his marriage to Yorklik Yelizaveta. She was the eldest daughter of Edward IV, and all their children were his cognatic heirs. Haqiqatdan ham, Polydore Vergil noted Henry VIII's pronounced resemblance to his grandfather Edward: "For just as Edward was the most warmly thought of by the English people amongst all English kings, so this successor of his, Henry, was very much like him in general appearance, in greatness of mind and generosity and for that reason was the most acclaimed and approved of all."^[106]

This did not deter York Margaret, Burgundiya Düşesi —Edward's sister and Elizabeth's aunt—and members of the de la Pole family—children of Edward's sister and Jon de la Pole, Suffolkning 2-gersogi — from frequent attempts to destabilise Henry's regime.^[107] Henry imprisoned Margaret's nephew Edvard, Uorvik grafligi, the son of her brother George, in the Tower of London, but in 1487 Margaret financed a rebellion led by Lambert Simnel pretending to be Edward. Jon de la Pole, Linkolnning birinchi grafligi, joined the revolt, probably anticipating that it would further his own ambitions to the throne, but he was killed in the suppression of the uprising at the Stok maydonidagi jang 1487 yilda.^[108] Warwick was implicated by two further failed invasions supported by Margaret using Perkin Uorbek pretending to be Edward IV's son Richard of Shrewsbury, and Warbeck's later planned escape for them both; Warwick was executed in 1499. Edward's execution may simply have been a precondition for the marriage of Uels shahzodasi Artur ga Aragonlik Ketrin 1501 yilda.^[109]

De La Pole

John de la Pole's attainder meant that his brother Edmund inherited their father's titles, but much of the wealth of the duchy of Suffolk was forfeit. Edmund did not possess sufficient finances to maintain his status as a duke, so as a compromise he accepted the title of earl of Suffolk. Financial difficulties led to frequent legal conflicts and Edmund's indictment for murder in 1501. He fled with his brother Richard, while their remaining brother, William, was imprisoned in the Tower—where he would remain until his death 37 years later—as part of a general suppression of Edmund's associates Yarmarka Filippi had been holding Edmund and in 1506 he returned him to Henry. Edmund was imprisoned in the Tower. In 1513, he was executed after Richard de la Pole, whom Frantsuz Lyudovik XII had recognised as king of England the previous year, claimed the kingship in his own right.^[110] Richard, known as the White Rose, plotted an invasion of England for years but was killed in 1525 at the Pavia jangi while fighting as the captain of the French landsknechts davomida Frantsuz I Frantsiya 's invasion of Italy.^[111]

Qutb

Kardinal Reginald Pole

Warwick's sister, and therefore Edward IV's niece, Margaret Pole, Solsberi grafinyasi, was executed by Henry VIII in 1541. By then, the cause was more religious and political rather than dynastic. The attainder of her father, Aniqlik, was a legal bar to any claims to the throne by his children. Additionally her marriage, arranged by Henry VII, to Ser Richard Pole, his half-cousin and trusted supporter, was not auspicious. Nevertheless, it did allow the couple to be closely involved in court affairs. Margaret's fortunes improved under Henry VIII and in February 1512 she was restored to the Solsberining gordomi and all the Warwicks' lands. This made her the first and, apart from Anne Boleyn, the only woman in 16th-century England to hold a peerage title in her own right.^[112]

Uning qizi Ursula married the son of Edvard Stafford, Bukingemning 3-gersogi. Buckingham's fall after arguments with the king over property, and Margaret's open support for Aragonlik Ketrin va Malika Maryam began the Poles' estrangement from the king. Hope of reconciliation was dashed by De unitate, the letter that Margaret's son Reginald Pole wrote to Henry VIII, in which Reginald declared his opposition to the royal supremacy. In 1538 evidence came to light that Pole family members in England had been in communication with Reginald. Margaret's sons Jefri va Genri were arrested for treason along with several friends and associates, including Henry's wife and brother-in-law—Edvard Nevill. Among those arrested was the king's cousin Genri Kurten, Exeterning 1-Markizi, his wife and 11-year-old son. Courteney's wife was released two years later, but their son spent 15 years in the Tower until Queen Mary released him. Except for the surviving Geoffrey Pole, all the others implicated were beheaded.^[113]

Margaret was attainted. The possibility of an invasion involving Reginald via her south coast estates and her embittered relationship with Henry VIII precluded any chance of pardon. However, the decision to execute her seems a spontaneous, rather than a premeditated, act. According to the Calendar of State Papers her execution was botched at the hands of "a wretched and blundering youth ... who literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces in the most pitiful manner". In 1886 she was beatified by Pope Leo XIII on the grounds she had laid down her life for the Muqaddas qarang "and for the truth of the orthodox Faith".^[112]

Stafford

Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, combined multiple lines of Plantagenet descent: from Edward III by his son Thomas of Woodstock, from Edward III via two of his Beaufort grandchildren, and from Edward I from Joan of Kent and the Golland oilasi. His father failed in his rebellion against Richard III in 1483 but was restored to his inheritance on the reversal of his father's attainder late in 1485. His mother married Henry VII's uncle Jasper Tudor, and his wardship was entrusted to the king's mother, Xonim Margaret Bofort. In 1502, during Henry VII's illness, there was debate as to whether Buckingham or Edmund de la Pole should act as regent for Henry VIII. There is no evidence of continuous hostility between Buckingham and Henry VIII, but there is little doubt of the duke's dislike of Tomas Volsi, whom he believed to be plotting to ruin the old nobility. Therefore, Henry VIII instructed Wolsey to watch Buckingham, his brother Genri Stafford, 1-Uiltshir grafligi, and three other peers. Neither Henry VIII nor his father planned to destroy Buckingham because of his lineage and Henry VIII even allowed Buckingham's son and heir, Genri Stafford, 1-baron Stafford, to marry Ursula Pole, giving the Staffords a further line of royal blood descent. Buckingham himself was arrested in April 1521; he was found guilty on 16 May and executed the next day. Evidence was provided that the duke had been listening to prophecies that he would be king and that the Tudor family lay under God's curse for the execution of Warwick. This was said to explain Henry VIII's failure to produce a male heir. Much of this evidence consisted of ill-judged comments, speculation and bad temper, but it underlined the threat presented by Buckingham's descent.^[114]

Tudor succession

As late as 1600, with the Tudor succession in doubt, older Plantagenet lines remained as possible claimants to a disputed throne, and religious and dynastic factors gave rise to complications. Tomas Uilson wrote in his report The State of England, Anno Domini 1600 that there were 12 "competitors" for the succession. At the time of writing (about 1601), Wilson had been working on intelligence matters for Lord Bakhurst va Ser Robert Sesil.^[115]The alleged competitors included five descendants of Henry VII and Elizabeth, including the eventual successor Angliyalik Jeyms I, but also seven from older Plantagenet lines:^[116]

• Genri Xastings, Xantingtonning 3-grafligi
• Jorj Xastings, Xantingtonning 4-grafligi
• Charlz Nevill, Vestmorlendning 6-grafligi
• Genri Persi, Nortumberlendning 9-grafligi
• António, Kratoning oldidan
• Ranuccio I Farnese, Parma gersogi
• Ispaniyalik Filipp III and his infant daughter

Ranulf Kri, Qirol skameykasining bosh sudyasi, argued that by 1626 the House of Plantagenet could not be considered to remain in existence in a speech during the Oxford Peerage case, which was to rule on who should inherit the earldom of Oxford. It was referred by Angliyalik Karl I uchun Lordlar palatasi, who called for judicial assistance. Crewe said:

I have labored to make a covenant with myself, that affection may not press upon judgement; for I suppose there is no man that hath any apprehension of gentry or nobleness, but his affection stands to the continuance of a house so illustrious, and would take hold of a twig or twine-thread to support it. And yet time hath his revolutions; there must be a period and an end to all temporal things – finis rerum – an end of names and dignities, and whatsoever is terrene; and why not of de Vere ? For where is Bohun ? Qayerda Mowbray ? Qayerda Mortimer ? Nay, which is more, and most of all, where is Plantagenet? They are entombed in the urns and sepulchres of mortality! yet let the name of de Vere stand so long as it pleaseth God.^[117]

Timeline of Plantagenet monarchs

Nasabnoma

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya