Mahalliy marketing shartnomasi - Local marketing agreement

Yilda Shimoliy Amerika eshittirish, a mahalliy marketing shartnomasi (LMA), yoki mahalliy boshqaruv shartnomasi, a shartnoma qaysi birida kompaniya ishlashga rozi radio yoki televizion stantsiya boshqa tomonga tegishli. Aslida, bu bir xil ijara yoki vaqtni sotib olish.

Ostida Federal aloqa komissiyasi (FCC) qoidalariga binoan, mahalliy marketing shartnomasi stantsiyani boshqaradigan kompaniyaga ("katta" sherikga) shartnoma asosida stantsiyaning barcha binolari, shu jumladan stantsiyaning moliyaviy, xodimlar va dasturiy ta'minotini nazorat qilishi kerak. Uning asl nusxasi litsenziat ("kichik" sherik) hanuzgacha stansiya va uning faoliyati uchun qonuniy javobgar bo'lib qolmoqda, masalan, tarkibga oid tegishli qoidalarga rioya qilish. Ba'zida "mahalliy marketing shartnomasi" faqat ma'lum funktsiyalarni, xususan reklama sotuvlarini taqsimlash yoki shartnoma tuzishni nazarda tutishi mumkin. Bu, shuningdek, a deb nomlanishi mumkin vositachilik shartnomasi (TBA), mahalliy savdo shartnomasi (LSA), boshqaruv xizmatlari shartnomasi (MSA), yoki odatda, a qo'shma savdo shartnomasi (JSA) yoki umumiy xizmatlar shartnomasi (SSA). JSA televidenie va radiostansiyalar uchun egalik chegaralari bo'yicha hisoblanadi.[1][2] Kanadada mahalliy stantsiyalar o'rtasidagi mahalliy marketing shartnomalari uchun roziligi talab qilinadi Kanada radio-televizion va telekommunikatsiya komissiyasi (CRTC), garchi Rojers Media chegaradagi AQShdagi radiostansiyani boshqarish uchun xuddi shunday kelishuvdan foydalangan bozor.

Media kompaniyalari tomonidan aktsiyalarni taqsimlash to'g'risidagi bitimlardan foydalanish shakllanishi birlashtirilgan, "virtual" ikki qavatli uylar 2009 yildan 2014 yilgacha munozarali bo'lib qoldi, ayniqsa, kompaniya televizion stantsiya ob'ektlari va mol-mulkini sotib oladigan, lekin litsenziyani affillangan uchinchi tomon "qobiq" korporatsiyasiga sotadigan va keyinchalik ushbu ob'ekt egasi bilan stansiyani boshqarish bo'yicha shartnomalar tuzadigan shartnomalar. ularning nomidan. Faollarning ta'kidlashicha, teleradiokompaniyalar ushbu kelishuvlardan a sifatida foydalangan teshik FCC-ning mulkchilik to'g'risidagi qoidalari uchun, ular mahalliy ommaviy axborot vositalarining sonini kamaytiradi bozor yangiliklar dasturlarini birlashtirish yoki to'g'ridan-to'g'ri konsolidatsiya qilish orqali va stantsiya egalariga muzokaralar olib borishda ko'proq foydalanishga imkon beradi qayta uzatish roziligi mahalliy bilan obuna televizion provayderlar. Stansiya egalari ushbu almashish shartnomalari past darajadagi va / yoki moliyaviy jihatdan zaifroq stantsiyalarning doimiy ishlashi uchun foydali bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan soddalashtirilgan va tejamkor operatsiyalarni amalga oshirishga imkon beradi, ayniqsa kichik bozorlarda.[3]

2014 yilda rais rahbarligida Tom Uiler, FCC o'z siyosatidan qochish uchun bunday kelishuvlardan, xususan qo'shma savdolardan foydalanish bo'yicha tekshirishni kuchaytira boshladi. 2014 yil 31 martda komissiya, agar katta sherik o'z sherigi uchun reklama vaqtining 15% yoki undan ko'pini sotsa, qo'shma savdo shartnomalarini egalik sifatida hisoblash va bozorning eng yaxshi to'rtta stantsiyasining ikkitasi o'rtasida kelishilgan retranslyatsiya kelishuvi bo'yicha muzokaralarni taqiqlash uchun ovoz berdi. . Uiler kelajakda mahalliy marketing va birgalikda xizmatlar shartnomalarini hal qilishni rejalashtirganligini ta'kidladi. O'zgarish, shuningdek, keyinchalik taklif qilingan sotib olishni o'zgartirishga undadi Kulrang televizor va Sinclair Broadcast Group, kim ularni boshqarish uchun almashish kelishuvlaridan foydalanish o'rniga, mavjud dasturlash va tarmoq aloqalarini ko'chirgan raqamli subkanallar bozorda mavjud bo'lgan kompaniyalarga tegishli stantsiyalar yoki kam quvvatli stantsiya (ular egalik chegaralariga bo'ysunmaydi), so'ngra litsenziyalarni uchinchi tomonlarga, masalan, ozchiliklarga tegishli bo'lgan translyatorlarga sotish orqali dastlabki stantsiyalar ustidan nazoratni bekor qilishdi

Tarix va tarix

FCC-ning o'sha paytdagi stantsiyani egalik qilish bo'yicha cheklovlari (bu bir nechta radiostansiyalarning umumiy egalik qilishiga to'sqinlik qilganligi) sababli, kichikroq stantsiya vaqtni sotib olish uchun uchinchi tomonga butun efir vaqtini sotadigan radioda mahalliy marketing shartnomalari tuzildi. 1970-yillar va 1990-yillarning boshlari orasida keng tarqalgan.[4] Ushbu alyanslar yirik translyatorlarga o'z imkoniyatlarini kengaytirish yo'lini, kichikroq translyatorlarga esa barqaror daromad oqimini olish imkoniyatini berdi.[4] 1992 yilda FCC radioeshittirish kompaniyalariga bitta bozorda bir nechta radiostansiyalarga egalik qilishga ruxsat berishni boshladi. Ushbu o'zgarishlardan so'ng, mahalliy marketing shartnomalari asosan radio uchun foydasiz bo'lib qoldi, chunki endi radioeshittirishchilar boshqa stantsiyani ijaraga emas, balki to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sotib olishlari mumkin edi - natijada radio sanoatida ommaviy konsolidatsiya to'lqini paydo bo'ldi.[4] Biroq, teleradiokompaniyalar sotib olingan stantsiyalarni yangi egalariga o'tkazishda yordam berish uchun mahalliy marketing shartnomalaridan foydalanishda davom etishdi.[4]

Birinchi mahalliy marketing shartnomasi Shimoliy Amerika televizor Sinclair Broadcast Group sotib olgan 1991 yilda tashkil topgan Tulki sherik WPGH-TV yilda Pitsburg, Pensilvaniya. Sinkler allaqachon egalik qilgan mustaqil stansiya WPTT (hozir MyNetworkTV sherik WPNT ) o'sha paytdagi televizion stantsiya dopoliyalarini taqiqlagan FCC qoidalarini buzgan bozorda Sinclair past darajadagi WPTT-ni stantsiya menejeri Eddi Edvardsga sotishga qaror qildi, ammo LMA (Sinclair oxir-oqibat qayta sotib olindi) orqali stantsiyani boshqarishda davom etdi. Stantsiya - keyin WCWB chaqiruv harflarini tayinlashdi - 2000 yilda, Federal Aloqa Komissiyasi bitta bozorda ikkita televizion stantsiyaning umumiy egaligiga ruxsat berishni boshlaganidan so'ng, qonuniy ikkilamchi huquqni yaratdi).[5]

Sinclairning mahalliy marketing shartnomalaridan foydalanishi 1999 yilda Glencairn, Ltd (keyinchalik qayta tuzilganligi sababli) bilan bog'liq huquqiy muammolarga olib keladi. Cunningham Broadcasting ) Fox filialini sotib olishini e'lon qildi KOHH-TV yilda Oklaxoma Siti, Oklaxoma Sallivan Broadcasting-dan; Keyinchalik Glencairn, Sinclair tomonidan LMA-lar ostida ishlaydigan 11 mavjud stansiyalarning beshtasini ushbu kompaniyaga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sotish rejalarini e'lon qildi. Sinclair Broadcast Group asoschisi Julian Smitning oilasi Glencairn aktsiyalarining 97 foizini nazorat qilar ekan (bu uning Kanningem tuzilmasida saqlanib qolmoqda) va sotib olish uchun kompaniya o'z navbatida Sinclair aktsiyalari bilan to'lashi kerak edi, KOKH va Sinclairga tegishli. JB sherik KOCB (endi a CW affiliate) samarali tashkil etadi ikkilamchi FCC qoidalarini buzgan holda. The Rainbow / PUSH koalitsiya (boshchiligida Jessi Jekson ) FCC bilan sotuvga qarshi kurash olib bordi va bitta bozorda ikkita translyatsiya litsenziyasiga ega bo'lgan bitta kompaniyadan xavotirlarni keltirib chiqardi va Glencairnning ozchiliklarga tegishli alohida kompaniya sifatida maskaradlashayotganini ta'kidladi (Glencairn prezidenti sifatida ishlagan Edvards) Afroamerikalik ) haqiqatan ham Sinclairning qo'li bo'lganida, kompaniya LMAlar orqali stantsiyalarni nazorat qilishni qo'lga kiritgan.[6][7] 1999 yil avgust oyida FCC ommaviy axborot vositalariga egalik qilish qoidalarini bitta kompaniyaning bitta bozorda ikkita televizion stantsiyaga egalik qilishiga ruxsat berishini yangilagandan so'ng, Sinkler KOKH ni to'liq sotib olish uchun shartnomani qayta tuzdi. 2001 yilda FCC Glencairn-ni noqonuniy nazorat qilgani uchun Sinklerga qarshi 40 ming dollar miqdorida jarima to'lagan.[8]

1999 yilda FCC ommaviy axborot vositalariga egalik qilish qoidalarini 1996 yil 5-noyabrdan keyin tashkil etilgan LMA-larni brokerlik stantsiyasi egasining egalik qilish chegaralariga qarab efir kunining 15% dan ortig'ini hisobga olgan holda o'zgartirdi.[9] Hali ham, 2000-yillarda qo'shma savdo va birgalikda xizmatlarni ko'rsatish to'g'risidagi bitim tuzilmalari tobora keng tarqalgan bo'lib qoldi; ushbu autsorsing shartnomalari Sinkler va The kabi stantsiyalar egalari bo'lgan 2011-2013 yillarda ko'paygan Nexstar Broadcasting Group haydash maqsadida qo'shimcha stantsiyalar sotib olish orqali o'z portfellarini kengaytira boshladi o'lchov shuningdek, retranslyatsiyaga rozilik berish bo'yicha muzokaralarda ta'sirchan kuchga ega bo'lish kabel va sun'iy yo'ldosh televideniesi provayderlar.

Foydalanadi

Mustahkamlash

Televizion eshittirishda LMA-dan eng ko'p foydalaniladigan narsa "virtual dupopoliya" ni yaratishdir, bu erda shartnoma asosida ishlaydigan stantsiyalar yagona tashkilotga birlashtiriladi. Imkoniyatlar, reklama savdosi, xodimlar va dasturiy ta'minot kabi resurslarni taqsimlash orqali stansiyalarning ishi iqtisodiy samaradorligi uchun soddalashtirilishi mumkin.[10] Amaliyot bilan shug'ullanadigan ko'plab telekompaniyalar bunday kelishuvlar televizion stantsiyalarning omon qolishi uchun foydalidir, deb hisoblashadi - ayniqsa kichikroq bozorlarda, bu erda tomoshabinlarning soni aholi zich joylashgan markazlarga qaraganda ancha kam. metropoliten joylar va resurslarni va xodimlarni birlashtirish natijasida erishilgan xarajatlarni tejash stansiyaning doimiy ishlashini moliyalashtirish uchun zarur bo'lishi mumkin.[10][11]

Birgalikda foydalanish to'g'risidagi bitimlar televizion stantsiyalarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri egalik qilishning iloji bo'lmagan holatlarda boshqarish uchun bo'shliq sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin. Masalan, FCC qoidalari bitta kompaniyaga ma'lum bozorda kamida bitta sakkizta alohida stantsiya egasi bo'lgan taqdirda bir nechta to'liq quvvatli televizion stantsiyani egalik qilish huquqini beradi va shuningdek, eng yuqori reytingga ega to'rtta stantsiyaning ikkitasiga yoki undan ko'piga egalik qilishni taqiqlaydi. (kunlik tomoshabinlarning umumiy soni asosida) bozorda. LMA yoki shunga o'xshash shartnoma stantsiya litsenziyasining egaligiga ta'sir qilmaydi, ya'ni ular tashkil etish uchun FCC tomonidan tasdiqlanishini talab qilmaydi va ikkala stantsiya hanuzgacha litsenziyalash nuqtai nazaridan alohida operatsiyalar deb hisoblanadi.[11] Ikkalasi ham Tribuna media va Gannett kompaniyasi 2013 yilgi xaridlarni amalga oshirishda ayrim stantsiyalarni nazorat qilishni o'z zimmasiga olish uchun shu kabi bo'shliq sifatida umumiy xizmatlar to'g'risidagi bitimlardan foydalanishni talab qilishgan Mahalliy televidenie va Belo, chunki ularda FCC imtiyozlari bo'lmagan gazetalarning o'zaro egalik qilishiga cheklovlar ta'sirlangan bozorlarda.[12][13] O'shandan beri ikkala kompaniya ham o'zlarining nashriyotlarini mustaqil kompaniyalar sifatida tarqatdilar; The Tribune nashriyot kompaniyasi va Gannett kompaniyasi. Tegna Sobiq Gannettning radioeshittirish va raqamli media xususiyatlariga ega bo'lgan, bo'linishdan keyin ta'sirlangan stansiyalarning aksariyati uchun litsenziyalarni qayta sotib olgan.[14][15] 2017 yil 16-noyabr kuni, ostida Tramp ma'muriyati, FCC dupoliga ruxsat berish uchun bozorda hanuzgacha sakkizta alohida stantsiya egalariga ega bo'lish talabini olib tashlashni yoqlab ovoz berdi, ammo bozorda eng yaxshi to'rtta stantsiyadan ikkitasiga egalik qilish taqiqlari saqlanib qolmoqda.[16]

Teleradiokompaniyalar o'zlarining stantsiyalari uchun o'zlarining egalari nomidan birgalikda foydalanadigan stantsiyalar uchun transport to'lovlarini to'plashlari mumkin, ko'pincha ularning tashish shartnomalari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri o'zlarining stantsiyalari bilan birlashtiriladi. Bu, ayniqsa, "yirik" tarmoqlarga bog'liq bo'lgan ikkita stantsiya orasidagi LMA-larda, teleradiokompaniyaga yuqori to'lovlarni to'lashga imkon berishi mumkin. qayta uzatish roziligi televidenie provayderlariga stantsiyalarni tashish uchun, bu esa kichikroq kabel kompaniyalarining yuqori to'lovlarni to'lay olmasligiga olib kelishi mumkin. Kabel televideniesi provayderlari aynan shu sababga ko'ra televizion stantsiyalar o'rtasida taqsimot bitimlarini taqiqlash tarafdori. Qo'shma Shtatlarda FCC endi translyatsiyaning rozilik to'lovlari bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishda teleradiokompaniyalarning bir-biri bilan til biriktirishiga yo'l qo'ymaydi.[3][10][11]

Uchinchi tomon egasi nomidan operatsiya

Garchi LMAlarning aksariyati bitta televizion stantsiyani boshqasiga autsorsing bilan bog'liq bo'lsa-da, ba'zida kompaniya LMA, JSA yoki SSA ostida ushbu stantsiyani ushbu bozorda allaqachon mavjud bo'lmasa ham boshqarishi mumkin. Bir misol, 2013 yil dekabr oyida, Luiziana Media kompaniyasi (egasi bo'lgan) Nyu-Orlean avliyolari va Yangi Orlean Hornets egasi Tom Benson ) bilan birgalikda xizmat ko'rsatish shartnomasini tuzgan Raycom Media sobiq kompaniyani boshqarish uchun Tulki filiali Yangi Orlean, Luiziana, WVUE-DT; Louisiana Media Company stantsiyaning egalik huquqini va litsenziyasini saqlab qolgan holda, boshqa aktivlarni Nyu-Orleanga tutashgan bozorlardagi stantsiyalarga ega bo'lgan Raycom (shu jumladan) o'z zimmasiga oldi. Baton-Ruj, Jekson, Biloxi, Charlz ko'li va Shreveport ) lekin Nyu-Orleanning o'zida emas. Bensonga Raycom va boshqalardan stantsiyani sotib olish bo'yicha takliflar kelib tushgan, ammo WVUE-ni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sotishga tayyor emas edi.[17][18] 2017 yil 4 aprelda Raycom ushbu stantsiyani 51,8 million dollarga sotib oldi.[19]

Radioeshittirish shoxobchalarining chet el nazorati

Shuningdek qarang: Chegarani portlatuvchi

LMA kompaniyalarga o'z mamlakatlaridan tashqarida joylashgan xorijiy stantsiyalarni boshqarish huquqini berishlari mumkin; Kanada media kompaniyasi Rojers Media ishlash uchun qo'shma savdo shartnomasidan foydalanadi Keys Vinsent, Nyu York radiostansiya WLYK yaqinidagi Kanada bozoriga yo'naltirilgan stantsiya sifatida Kingston, Ontario qaerga egalik qiladi CKXC-FM va CIKR-FM. Rojers WLYK litsenziati Border International Broadcasting-ning 47 foiz ulushiga egalik qiladi.[20][21]

Xuddi shunday, Entravision Communications Corporation boshqaruv elementlari XHDTV-TDT, a Tixuana, Televizora Alco kompaniyasiga qarashli Meksikada joylashgan stantsiya, chegara bozoriga xizmat ko'rsatuvchi ingliz tilidagi stantsiya sifatida ishlaydi San-Diego.[22]

LMAlarning ta'siri

Umumiy studiya jihozlari WBFF va WNUV yilda Baltimor; WBFF egasi Sinclair Broadcast Group kompaniyasi tegishli bo'lgan WNUV-ni boshqaradi Cunningham Broadcasting.

Jamiyat manfaatlari tashkilotlari FCC qoidalarini chetlab o'tuvchi virtual dupoliya uchun LMA-lardan foydalanishni rad etishdi, chunki ularning radioeshittirish sohasiga ta'siri, xususan LMA-lardan tartibsiz foydalanish orqali konsolidatsiya natijalari.[10][11] Qonuniy ravishda dopoliya qilish mumkin bo'lmagan bozorlarda kompaniya stantsiyaning "litsenziyasiz" aktivlarini (masalan, ularning jismoniy imkoniyatlari, dasturlash huquqlari va boshqalarni) sotib olish yo'li bilan uni tashkil etishni tanlashi mumkin. intellektual mulk ) va litsenziyaning o'zini uchinchi tomon "sidecar" kompaniyasiga (ko'pincha xaridor bilan bog'liq bo'lgan) sotish, bu esa o'z navbatida katta sherik bilan LMA yoki shunga o'xshash shartnomani tuzadi. FCC televidenie stantsiyalariga egalik huquqini faqat ularning litsenziyalari egaligi bilan tan oladi muassasa identifikatori va ushbu "litsenziyasiz" aktivlarga egalik huquqi bilan emas; bu degani katta sherik bo'ladi amalda stantsiyaning egasi va operatori, ammo yon yo'l hali ham qonuniy egadir.[10][11][23] Garchi FCC yon xizmat ko'rsatuvchi firmani kompaniyadan litsenziyalash maqsadida stantsiya ishlarini autsorsingga topshirishda foydalanadigan mustaqil korxona sifatida belgilasa ham, Qimmatli qog'ozlar va birja komissiyasi telekompaniyaning moliyaviy hisobotiga qo'shimcha vositalar haqidagi hisobotlarni kiritishni talab qilib, bunday belgini qo'ymaydi.[24][25]

Sinkler va Nexstar ikkalasi ham Cunningham Broadcasting kabi kompaniyalar bilan hamkorlik qilib, kengaytirish va konsolidatsiya taktikasi doirasida yonma-yon yo'llardan tez-tez foydalanishlari bilan shuhrat qozondilar. Deerfield Media, Missiya eshittirishlari, va hatto virtual dupolyatsiya holatida ham bir-biriga Harrisburg, Pensilvaniya Sinclair-ga tegishli CBS filiali o'rtasida WHP-TV va Nexstar-ga tegishli CW filiali WLYH-TV va sobiq virtual dupolyatsiya Rochester, Nyu-York Nexstar-ga tegishli CBS filiali o'rtasida WROC-TV va Sinclair-ga qarashli Fox filiali WUHF (Sinkler va Deerfildning ABC filialini sotib olishidan keyin WHAM-televizor, ushbu maxsus kelishuv 2014 yil yanvar oyida tugagan).[10][11][26]

Sinclair va Nexstar singari keng miqyosda bo'lmasa-da, ba'zi telekompaniyalar ushbu shartnomalar bo'yicha sherik sifatida ma'lum yon kompaniyalar bilan o'xshash ishbilarmonlik aloqalariga ega:

Dasturlashga ta'siri

Umumiy foydalanish to'g'risidagi kelishuv asosida hamkorlik qilgan stantsiyalar o'zlarining dasturlash ishlarini ham birlashtirishi mumkin: agar LMA tashkil etilishidan oldin alohida yangiliklar bo'limi faoliyat ko'rsatgan bo'lsa, LMA-dagi kichik sherikning mahalliy yangiliklari, boshqa vaqtga o'tkazilishi yoki kamaytirilishi mumkin, bu to'g'ridan-to'g'ri efirga uzatiladigan yangiliklar bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri raqobatni oldini oladi. katta sherik vazifasini bajaruvchi stantsiya (oxirgi jihat faqat bitta stantsiyani o'z ichiga olgan LMAlarda kamroq uchraydi. uchta eng yirik televizion tarmoq ). Stantsiyalar birgalikda foydalanishi mumkin yangiliklar yig'ish manbalar, lekin efirga uzatilishi, langarlari va umumiy formati bilan ajralib turadigan, turli darajadagi avtonomiyalar bilan ajralib turadigan alohida yangiliklar teleko'rsatuvlarini olib boring;[37] bu holatlarda, ikkilamchi davlatdagi vositachilik stantsiyasida alohida ko'rinadigan yangitdan tarqatish, oxir-oqibat boshqa stantsiyaning qayta paketlangan yangiliklar tarkibidan iborat bo'lishi mumkin.[11] Shu bilan bir qatorda, stantsiyalar yangiliklar dasturlarini bitta qo'shma brend ostida birlashtirishi mumkin.[23][38]

Ishdan bo'shatilgan xodimlar ko'pincha ishdan bushash konsolidatsiya jarayonining bir qismi sifatida va yangiliklar tarkibini almashish bozorda noyob tahririyat ovozlari sonini kamaytiradi. Bu, xususan, ommaviy axborot vositalarini konsolidatsiya qilish bo'yicha tanqidchilar tomonidan autsorsing shartnomalarini taqiqlash bo'yicha ogohlantirishlardan biri bo'lib, ular LMA-lar vositachilik stantsiyasida mahalliy yangiliklarning kamayib ketishiga olib keladi.[10][11][39]

Autsorsing shartnomasi qanday tuzilganiga, shuningdek, vositachilik stantsiyasining qanday dasturlashtirilganiga, stantsiyalar qanday birlashtirilganligi va vositachilik stantsiyasida namoyish etiladigan yangiliklar dasturining miqdori o'zgarishi mumkinligiga qarab, masalan:

  • 2008 yil oktyabr oyida Tribune Broadcasting va Mahalliy televidenie MChJ o'zlarining tegishli CW va Fox filiallarining ishlarini birlashtirdilar Denver va Sent-Luis, ikkala kompaniya o'rtasida guruh bo'yicha boshqarish shartnomasi natijasida.[40][41] Denverda, CW filiali KWGN-TV Fox filialiga ko'chib o'tdi KDVR ning imkoniyatlari Tezroq Turar joy dahasi; St Louisda, Foxning filiali KTVI - CW filiali bilan LMA-ning katta sherigi bo'lishiga qaramay KPLR - oxirgi stantsiyaga ko'chib o'tdi Merilend Xayts studiyalar. Ikkala shahar ham Denver va Sent-Luisni eng yirik 25 ta bozor edi (ingliz tilidagi stantsiyalar LMA bilan shug'ullanadigan eng yirik shahar). ammo, ikkala shaharda ham qonuniy dupolyatsiyani ta'minlash uchun etarli stantsiyalar mavjud edi (KPLR va KTVI bilan bu mumkin emas edi, chunki ikkalasi ham o'sha paytda Sent-Luisdagi eng yuqori reytingga ega stantsiyalar qatoriga kirgan va reytinglar ostida bo'lgan ABC filiali oldida turgan. KDNL-TV ) va kamida to'rtta televizion yangiliklar operatsiyasini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun etarlicha katta edi (Denverda beshta, Sent-Luisda esa LMA tashkil topguncha to'rtta yangiliklar ishlab chiqaruvchi stantsiyalar mavjud edi).
KWGN va KPLR CW-ning boshlang'ich tarkibini bir soat o'tgach (soat 20:00 gacha) tarmoq tomonidan tavsiya etilgan vaqt oralig'idan ko'chirishdi va kechki yangiliklarini soat 19: 00ga o'tkazdilar. (Kechki yangiliklar dasturining dam olish kunlari nashrlari to'xtatildi; KPLR shundan beri soat 19: 00-ni shanba va yakshanba oqshomlariga kengaytirdi) KDVR va KTVI kanallari bilan raqobatlashmaslik uchun. yangiliklar; KWGN ish kunidagi ertalabki yangiliklarini saqlab qoldi (to'g'ridan-to'g'ri KDVR-ning ertalabki yangiliklari bilan raqobatdosh), ammo soat 17:30 da bekor qilindi. - va keyinroq, soat 11:00 da - yangiliklar. Aksincha, KPLR (o'z tarixining ko'p qismida birlamchi yangiliklarni olib borgan) oxir-oqibat bir soat davomida peshin va kechqurun yangiliklarini qo'shdi.[42][43][44][45][46] Ikki LMA kelishuvi 2013 yil dekabr oyida Tribune Mahalliy televidenieni sotib olishni yakunlagandan so'ng, qonuniy dopopiliyaga aylandi.[47][48]
  • 2009 yilda Raycom Media (egasi Honolulu asoslangan NBC va MyNetworkTV filiallari, KHNL va KFVE ) mahalliy operatsiyalarni o'z zimmasiga olishini e'lon qildi CBS sherik KGMB (keyinchalik MCG Capital korporatsiyasiga tegishli), unga uchta televizion stantsiyani boshqarish huquqini bergan Gavayi. Ushbu bitim KFVE-ning litsenziyasiz aktivlarini (shu kabi) sotishni o'z ichiga olgan murakkab kelishuv edi qo'ng'iroq belgisi, dasturlash va tarmoq mansubligi ) KGMB uchun (stantsiyani Raycom egaligiga samarali joylashtiradi, lekin KFVE-dan foydalanadi) litsenziya, signal va virtual kanal 5) va birgalikda xizmat ko'rsatish shartnomasi bo'yicha KFVE-ni (MCG Capital-ga tegishli 9-kanal litsenziyasiga o'tgan) egallab olish. O'zining mohiyatiga ko'ra, svop chaqiruv belgilarini o'zgartirishdan tashqari, FCC aralashuvini talab qiladigan bitim emas edi. Keyin uchta stantsiya umumiy markali yangiliklar operatsiyasiga qo'shildi Gavayi yangiliklari. Uchta stansiyadan jami 198 ta taxminiy 68 ta pozitsiya shartnoma doirasida bekor qilinadi.[23][38] 2013 yil 20-noyabrda MCG Capital KFVE-ni yuqorida aytib o'tilgan American Spirit Media-ga sotish to'g'risida ariza berdi.[49]
  • 2010 yilda Schurz Communications taniqli NBC filiali WAGT yilda Augusta, Gruziya tomonidan qabul qilingan Ommaviy axborot vositalari taniqli ABC filiali WJBF-TV. Ikkala stantsiya ham yangi, yuqori aniqlik birinchisining o'rnida qurilgan qobiliyatli inshootlar Barnes va Noble do'kon, har bir stantsiya uchun alohida studiyalar va uchinchi umumiy studiya. Konsolidatsiyaga qaramay, ikkita stantsiya bir-biridan biroz avtonomiyani saqlab qolishni maqsad qilgan: WAGT ham, WJBF ham o'zlarining shaxsiy identifikatorlarini, yangiliklar xonalarini va muassasa ichidagi savdo bo'limlarini saqlab qolishgan. Ikkala stantsiyadagi yangiliklar bir nechta "haqiqiy" videokontentlarni bo'lishgan bo'lsa-da, ular boshqacha tarzda bir-biridan mustaqil ravishda ishlab chiqarilgan. Biroq, konsolidatsiyadan so'ng, WAGT rahbariyatining ko'p qismi ishdan bo'shatildi va boshqa xodimlar boshqa lavozimlarga tayinlandi.[37][50][51] Grey stantsiyani sotib olganidan so'ng, kelishuv bekor qilindi, ammo keyin qisqacha tiklandi Media General tomonidan qonuniy harakatlar.[52] Buyruq bekor qilingandan so'ng, Grey 2016 yil 28 martda soat 17:30 qo'shib, WAGT boshqaruvini qayta qabul qildi. va soat 19:00. Stantsiyaga eksklyuziv yangiliklar, qolganlari esa WRDW-dan simulcast.[53][54]
  • 2010 yilda Nexstar konsolidatsiyalangan klaster uchun yangi qo'shma yangiliklar operatsiyasini e'lon qildi Utica /Rim, Nyu-York, Nexstar-ga tegishli Fox va MyNetworkTV filiallaridan iborat WFXV va WPNY-LP, va Missiyaga tegishli ABC filiali WUTR. Boshqa misollardan farqli o'laroq, o'sha paytda na stantsiyada, na avvalgi yangiliklari mavjud edi; WUTR-ning asl yangiliklar bo'limi 2003 yilda avvalgi egasi tomonidan yopilgan Kanal aloqalarini tozalash xarajatlarni tejash chorasi sifatida va WFXV hech qachon mahalliy yangiliklar dasturini hech qachon efirga uzatmagan edi. Uning shiferida WUTR-da erta va kechqurun yangiliklar, WUTNning WPNY-da kechki yangiliklari to'plami va 22:00 da mavjud edi. WFXV-da tezroq, yoshroq skewing formatidagi yangiliklar. Stansiya ijrochi vitse-prezident, Stiv Merren (u NBC filialidan kelgan WKTV, Nexstar's tashkil etilishidan oldin bozorda yagona televizion yangiliklar operatsiyasi bo'lgan Guvohlarning yangiliklari operatsiya) "jamiyatning yana bir yangilik manbasiga ega bo'lishi juda muhim edi. Bizda bitta gazeta va bitta yangiliklar stantsiyasi va jamiyat boshqa ovozdan foyda ko'rishlari mumkin. "[55][56][57]
  • Yilda Evansvill, Indiana, Mission Broadcasting o'sha paytdagi mustaqil stantsiyani sotib oldi WTVW (hozirda CW filiali) 2011 yilda sobiq egasi Nexstar Broadcasting bilan SSA operatsion vazifalarini saqlab qolgan. WTVW ABC filiali bilan birlashtirilgan yangiliklar operatsiyalari WEHT, buning uchun Nexstar WTVW-ni Missiyaga Gilmore Broadcasting Corporation-dan WEHT sotib olish evaziga oldi-sotdi qildi va yangi chiqadigan mahsulotni ish kunidagi ertalabki eshittirishni to'rt soatdan ikkitagacha va soat 18:00 ga qisqartirish evaziga kamaytirdi. yangiliklar - yakshanba kunlari bundan mustasno, u erda bir soat qoldi - bir soatdan 30 daqiqagacha (faqat ikki soatlik ertalab, yarim soat va 18: 30da, soat 21: 00da esa bir soat davom etadigan yangiliklarni qoldiring) . Keyin ikkala stantsiya ham markali umumiy yangiliklar operatsiyasiga qo'shildi Guvohlarning yangiliklari.[58][59]
  • 2011 yil noyabr oyida Tusson, Arizona, bozor, Belo Fox va MyNetworkTV dupolyatsiyasi faoliyatidan voz kechdi KMSB va KTTU Raycom Media-ga. Ikki stantsiyaning ishlashi va KMSB soat 21:00 da ishlab chiqarish. Yangiliklar Raycomning CBS stantsiyasi tomonidan qabul qilingan KOLD-TV. "Belo Media Operations" prezidenti Piter L. Dias konsolidatsiya natijasida "Tusson bozori uchun yangiliklar ishlab chiqarilishi yanada yaxshilanadi va ko'payadi" deb ta'kidlab, Raycomning KMSB-ga mahalliy ishlab chiqarilgan ertalabki xabarni qo'shganini va KMSB yangiliklar dasturini yuqori aniqlikka ko'targanini ta'kidladi. o'tish qismi sifatida. Boshqa bozorlarda buni amalga oshirish zarurligini istisno qilsa-da, Diaz "kelishuvlar biz boshqacha imkoniyatga ega bo'lmagan yangiliklar mahsulotimizni ko'paytirishga imkon berdi". Konsolidatsiya natijasida "Belo" da ishlaydigan, ammo "KOLD" korxonalarida ishlaydigan reklama sotuvchisi xodimlaridan tashqari, deyarli ikkita stantsiya ishchilari ishdan bo'shatildi.[60] Gannett tomonidan 2013 yilda Beloning sotib olinishi virtual triopoliyaga ozgina ta'sir ko'rsatdi; garchi stantsiyalarning litsenziyalari gazetalarning o'zaro egalik qilishidagi cheklovlarni qondirish uchun uchinchi shaxslarga sotilgan bo'lsa-da, Raycom hanuzgacha stantsiyalarni boshqaradi, ammo ularning savdo bo'limlari Gannett tomonidan boshqarilib turiladi.[61] Litsenziyalar, o'z navbatida, sotilgan Tegna - Gannettning radioeshittirish bo'linmasi, 2015 yil dekabrida.[14]
  • 2012 yil sotuvi Newport Television ikkita to'liq quvvatli virtual kvadropoliyaning shakllanishiga olib keldi. Yilda Kichik Rok, Arkanzas, Nexstar va Mission Broadcasting ikkita dupoldan tashkil topgan virtual kvadropoliya tashkil qildi; NBC stantsiyasi KARK-TV va MyNetworkTV stantsiyasi KARZ-TV (Nexstarga tegishli), Fox stantsiyasi bilan birga KLRT-TV va CW stantsiyasi KASN (Missiyaga tegishli, Nexstar tomonidan mahalliy marketing shartnomasi asosida boshqariladi). To'rtta stantsiya ham KARK korxonalariga birlashtirildi; Konsolidatsiya doirasida 30 nafar xodim ishdan bo'shatildi.[62] Natijada, KLRT haftaning tuni soat 17:00 ni qisqartirdi. yangiliklar bir soatdan 30 daqiqagacha (yarim soat 5: 30gacha cheklangan) va 22:00 da tushdi. Yangiliklar, ish kuni davomida ikki soatlik ertalabki yangiliklarni qo'shganda va soat 21.00 da mavjud bo'lgan bir soatlik yangiliklarini saqlab turganda.[62]
Sinkler xuddi shunday tartibni tashkil etdi Mobil, Alabama mavjud bo'lgan o'rtasida Pensakola ABC filialining dupolyatsiyasi WEAR-TV va MyNetworkTV filiali WFGX, va NBC filialining yangi sotib olingan Mobil dupoli WPMI va mustaqil stantsiya WJTC (Deerfield Media-ga tegishli). Biroq, stantsiyalar birlashtirilmagan va o'zlarining studiyalari, yangiliklar bo'limlari va xodimlarini saqlab qolishgan. WEAR va WPMI shuningdek raqobatdosh soat 21:00 da ishlab chiqarishadi. o'zlarining ikki tomonlama sheriklari uchun yangiliklar.[63][64][65]

Reaksiya va hukumat harakati

2001 yil fevral oyida Clear Channel Communications filiali Citicasters vaqtinchalik vositachilik shartnomalaridan foydalangani va noqonuniy nazorat uchun sud jarayonlari uchun 25000 dollar miqdorida jarimaga tortildi Youngstown, Ogayo shtati WBTJ mintaqaviy radiostansiyasi (101.9 FM, hozir WYLR ); kompaniyadan foydalanish bo'yicha shikoyatlar ob'ekti bo'lgan KFJO (FM) qayta translyatsiya qilish KSJO nominal ravishda KFJOni ozchiliklarga tegishli bo'lgan manfaatlarga sotganidan keyin.[66][67][68][69]

2009 yilda Gavayi OAV Kengashi FCCga Raycom kompaniyasidan shikoyat qildi Gavayi yangiliklari "vositachilik stantsiyasidagi mustaqil xabarlarni vositachilik stantsiyasiga almashtirish orqali jamoadagi mahalliy ovozlarning xilma-xilligini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kamaytiradi" degan bayonot bilan. Bunga javoban, FCC ushbu masalani o'rganishni boshlashini aytdi.[11][23]

2011 yilda, vaqtincha yo'qotilgandan so'ng Tulki uchun mansubligi WFFT-TV ning subkanaliga Aqlli televizor teskari kompensatsiya mojarosi tufayli Nexstar (istehzo bilan, boshqa bozorlarda shunga o'xshash amaliyotlardan foydalangan holda)[11] stansiyaning boshqaruvchi hamkori Granite Broadcasting-ga qarshi antitrestli sudga murojaat qildi, u beshta yirik tarmoq uchun savdo shoxobchalarini samarali nazorat qilib, mahalliy reklama savdosida monopoliya qurganini ta'kidlab (ABC va MyNetworkTV kuni WPTA va NBC, Tulki va CW kuni Aqlli televizor; tegishli Malara Broadcast Group va Granit shartnomalari asosida ishlaydi).[70] Sud jarayoni 2013 yil fevral oyida o'zaro kelishuv asosida hal qilindi, shundan so'ng Foksga tegishli bo'lish WFFTga qaytarildi.[71]

Sotib olish

Gannett Beloning sotib olinishi

Belo Minora ichkarida Dallas, Texas.

Gannett Kompaniyasining 2013 yilda Beloni sotib olishiga Amerika Kabel Uyushmasi va Bepul matbuot, Gannettning LMA va sobiq Belo-ga tegishli ikkita qobiq kompaniyalaridan foydalanish rejalari tufayli Fisher Communications menejerlar (navbati bilan Sander Media va Tucker Operating Co.) FCC gazetasining o'zaro egalik qilish cheklovlaridan qochish uchun Louisville, Feniks, Portlend, Oregon va Tusson. Garchi Gannett kelishuvlar qonuniy ekanligini ta'kidlagan bo'lsa-da, "Free Press" prezidenti Kreyg Aaron "FCC Gannettning qoidalarni buzishiga yo'l qo'ymasligi kerak. Ommaviy axborot vositalarining konsolidatsiyasi natijasida jurnalistlar soni kamroq va efirdagi fikrlar kamayadi. Ommaviy axborot vositalari qo'lida faqat bir nechta kompaniyalarning foydasi faqat kompaniyalarning o'zlariga foyda keltiradi. " Bitim Gannettga Feniksdagi NBC stantsiyasidan iborat virtual triopoliyani berishi mumkin edi KPNX, mustaqil stantsiya KTVK va CW filiali KASW. Tucsonda Fox filiali KMSB va MyNetworkTV filiali KTTU Rayom Media-ning CBS filiali KOLD-TV tomonidan Belo egaligida tashkil etilgan umumiy xizmatlar shartnomasi asosida faoliyat yuritgan, ammo Gannett hali ham stantsiyalar uchun reklama savdosi bilan shug'ullanadi.[61]

2013 yil dekabr oyida AQSh Adliya vazirligi Gannettning SBS Media-ni boshqarish uchun Sander Media bilan kelishuvdan foydalanishiga to'sqinlik qildi KMOV o'zining NBC stantsiyasi bilan bir qatorda Sent-Luisda KSDK va Gannettga KMOVni sotishni buyurdi. Garchi Gannett KMOVni KSDKdan alohida ishlashni rejalashtirgan bo'lsa ham, Departament shartnomani buzgan deb topdi monopoliyaga qarshi qonun, chunki bu reklama savdosi uchun raqobatni kamaytiradi.[72] Belo sotib olinishi yopilgandan so'ng, Meredith korporatsiyasi KTVK va KASW bilan birgalikda KMOV sotib olish bo'yicha kelishuvni e'lon qildi. Meredith KTVK va uning Feniks CBS filiali o'rtasida ikki tomonlama huquqqa ega bo'lar edi KPHO-TV, KASW SagamoreHill Broadcasting-ga sotilishi va LMA ostida Meredith tomonidan boshqarilishi kerak edi.[12][61][73] FCC tomonidan har qanday yangi stansiyalarni taqsimlash bo'yicha kelishuvlarni tekshirish natijasida, 2014 yil 23 oktyabrda Meredit ushbu rejadan qaytadi va o'rniga KASWni KTVK va KPHO-dan mustaqil ravishda ishlaydigan Nexstar Broadcasting Group kompaniyasiga sotadi.[74]

Gannett mustaqil radioeshittirish va nashriyot kompaniyalariga bo'linib ketganidan so'ng, Tegna, Inc. - bo'linishdan keyin Gannettning stantsiyalari egasi Sander Media stantsiyalariga litsenziyalarni qaytarib oldi va ularni to'liq nazorat ostiga oldi.[14]

Allbritton-ning Sinkler tomonidan sotib olinishi

Uni rejalashtirilgan sotib olishning bir qismi sifatida Allbritton Communications, Dastlab Sinkler uchta stantsiyada mavjud stantsiyalarini sotishni rejalashtirgan - Charlston, Janubiy Karolina, Birmingem, Alabama va Harrisburg, Pensilvaniya - Allbritton allaqachon stantsiyalarga egalik qilgan, ammo ularni mahalliy marketing shartnomalari asosida ishlatishda davom etmoqda. WABM va JST Birmingemda va WHP-TV Harrisburgda sotilishi kerak edi Deerfield Media va Charlstondagi WMMP konservativ mutaxassisi bo'lgan Howard Stirk Holdings - translyatsiya kompaniyasiga sotilishi kerak edi. Armstrong Uilyams.[75] Howard Stirk Holdings, shuningdek, Sinclairning avvalroq sotib olinishida qarama-qarshi bo'lgan ikkita stantsiya uchun yo'l sifatida ishlatilgan. Barrington Broadcasting.[76]

2013 yil dekabr oyida FCC Video bo'limi boshlig'i Barbara Kreisman Sinclair Broadcast Group-dan o'zining "yonma-yon" operatsiyalarining moliyaviy jihatlari to'g'risida ma'lumot talab qilib, xat yubordi va yuqorida aytib o'tilgan uchta bozorda "taklif qilingan bitimlar bekor qilinishiga olib keladi" deb ogohlantirdi. The bobosi ba'zi bir mahalliy marketing shartnomalarining holati va shu bilan tranzaktsiyalar bizning mahalliy televizorga egalik qilish qoidalarini buzishiga olib keladi. "[75] Ta'sir qilingan stansiyalar birgalikda xizmat ko'rsatish shartnomalari asosida ishlagan taqdirdagina, bitim qonuniy bo'lishi mumkinligi ta'kidlandi.[75][77] Sinclair 2014 yil mart oyida WHP-TV, WMMP va WABM-ni sotishni tanlagan va Kanningemga tegishli Fox filiali bilan SSA-ni bekor qilgan holda bitimni qayta tuzdi. WTAT Charlestonda ushbu bozorlarda Allbrittonga tegishli stantsiyalarni sotib olish (WCIV, WHTM-TV va WBMA-LD, shuningdek, o'rtasida yangi dupolyatsiya yaratish ABC va CW Birmingemdagi filiallar), shuningdek boshqa tomonlarga sotilayotgan stantsiyalar xaridorlari bilan har qanday operatsion yoki moliyaviy shartnomalar.[78][79]

2014 yil may oyida Sinclair FCC plombasida uchta zarar ko'rgan stantsiya uchun xaridor topa olmaganligi va uning operatsiyasini o'zgartirishni talab qilganligi haqida ma'lumot berdi.[80] Harrisburgda Sinkler WHP-TV-ni saqlab qolishni va WHTM-ni Media General-ga topshirishni tanladi.[81] Biroq, Charleston va Birmingemda kompaniya stansiyalarni butunlay yopib qo'yishni taklif qildi (ularni boshqa operatsion majburiyatlarini bajaradigan xaridorlarga sotishdan ko'ra), shuning uchun u qonuniy dopoliyani saqlab qolishi mumkin edi; WCIV va WBMA-LD (WJSU va WCFT) to'liq quvvatli repetitorlari uchun litsenziyalarni topshirish va ularning ABC dasturlarini navbati bilan Sinclairning mavjud WMMP va WABM stantsiyalariga ko'chirish - bu MyNetworkTV dasturlarini raqamli subkanallarga o'tkazadi.[80] Taxminan bir yillik kechikishlardan so'ng, Sinklerning Allbrittonni sotib olish bo'yicha shartnomasi 2014 yil 24 iyulda FCC tomonidan tasdiqlangan.[82]

FCC televizion stantsiyalar uchun qo'shma savdo shartnomalari bo'yicha cheklovlar

Virtual dopoliyalar tanqidiga va almashinuv bo'yicha kelishuvlarga javoban, FCC ushbu bo'shliqlarni bartaraf etish uchun mumkin bo'lgan o'zgarishlarni ko'rib chiqishni boshladi. 2013 yil mart oyida Komissiya birinchi bo'lib qo'shma savdo shartnomalarini egalik huquqi bilan tenglashtiradigan taklif kiritdi.[83]

2014 yil yanvar oyida shahar hokimi yig'ilishida FCC raisi Tom Uiler LMA uslubidagi kelishuvlar va qobiq ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyalardan foydalanishda ko'proq tekshiruv o'tkazishni rejalashtirayotganligini aytib, "biz yaqinda qabul qilingan bir nechta qarorlarda bir nechta ma'lumot berilganligini" aytdi. Va biz ushbu qobiq korporatsiyalari deb nomlangan narsalar bo'yicha oldinga siljish bilan boshqacha ishlarni qilishimiz kerakligini aytdi. " O'sha oyning oxirida FCC qobiq kompaniyalaridan foydalanish bilan bog'liq barcha kutilayotgan sotib olishlarni joylashtirgani haqida xabar berildi, shuning uchun Komissiya o'z siyosatidagi o'zgarishlarni muhokama qilishi mumkin edi. Ushbu qaror ta'sir qilgan bitimlar qatoriga yuqorida aytib o'tilgan Sinclair / Allbritton sotib olish kiradi.[84][85]

2014 yil 6 martda FCC 31 mart kuni televizion stantsiyalar ishtirokidagi qo'shma savdo shartnomalarini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri taqiqlash to'g'risidagi taklifga ovoz berishni e'lon qildi, agar ularni katta sherik reklama vaqtining 15% va undan ko'pini sotsa, ularni FCC egalik qilish chegaralari bilan bog'laydi. JSAda raqobatdosh kichik sherik stantsiyasining; the ban applies to both existing sharing agreements under such a structure as well as pending station transactions that include a JSA. Station owners would be given a two-year grace period to unwind or modify joint sales agreements in violation of the policy; coordinated retransmission consent negotiations between two of the four highest-rated stations in a single market would also be barred under the proposal. Wheeler also proposed an expedited process to review joint sales agreements on a case-by-case basis, granting a waiver of the rules if a broadcaster can prove a particular joint sales agreement arrangement serves the public interest.[86][87]

On March 12, 2014, the FCC Media Bureau released a notice that it would further analyze television station transactions that include sharing agreements, particularly those that include a purchase option that "may counter any incentive the licensee has to increase the value of the station, since the licensee may be unlikely to realize that increased value."[88] Under the new provisions, broadcasters must demonstrate in their transaction applications as to how such deals would serve the public interest.[88] The Teleradiokompaniyalar milliy assotsiatsiyasi (NAB) – which, along with station groups such as Sinclair Broadcast Group, have disapproved of the proposal to ban JSAs – presented a compromise proposal, in which the brokered licensee in a sharing agreement would retain control over at least 85 percent of the station's programming, maintain at least 70 percent of ad sales revenue and "maintain at least 20 percent of station value in the license itself".[89] FCC komissari Ajit Pay, and Gordon Smith, president of the NAB, were also opposed to the new rules on joint sales agreements, believing that they would discourage the ownership of television stations by minority-owned companies.[82][90] Tom Wheeler, however, proposed the restrictions in the hopes of encouraging more women and minorities to own stations, due to the ongoing consolidation in the television industry through company mergers and sharing agreements.[91]

On March 31, 2014, the FCC voted 3–2 to approve the proposed ban on joint sales agreements and voted 5–0 to approve the proposed ban on coordinated retransmission consent negotiations between two of the four highest-rated stations within a given market; the JSA ban went into effect on June 19, 2014.[92] Under the restrictions, the FCC would rule on waivers to maintain select existing JSAs within 90 days of the application's filing. The FCC also began a request for comment on policies to address other agreements, such as shared services agreements.[2][3][93] The prohibition on television JSAs had been proposed as early as 2004, a year after the FCC voted to treat JSAs between radio stations as duopolies. Despite this fact, broadcasting companies criticized the ban, accusing the Commission of using it as a move to encourage participation in a spectrum incentive auction then set to occur in 2015, and stating that the ban would place them at a disadvantage during retransmission consent negotiations with pay television providers.[94][95]

On December 19, 2015, as a chavandoz to the federal budget, the grace period for unwinding or modifying existing JSAs was extended to 10 years.[96] 2016 yil 25-may kuni Qo'shma Shtatlarning Uchinchi davri bo'yicha apellyatsiya sudi struck down the restrictions on joint sales agreements, ruling that the FCC cannot manipulate its ownership rules without "[in] the previous four years, [fulfilling] its obligation to review [the] rule and determine whether it is in the public interest".[97] On November 16, 2017, under the Tramp ma'muriyati, the FCC voted in favor of no longer having JSAs attributable to ownership.[16]

Divestment and subchannel consolidation of stations

The increased scrutiny being imposed by the FCC regarding local marketing, shared services, and joint sales agreements have led to more drastic measures by broadcasting companies attempting to use them in acquisitions; in 2014, two broadcasting companies declared intents to shut acquired stations down entirely and consolidate their programming onto existing stations through multicasting, rather than attempting to use sidecars and sharing agreements or selling them to other parties that would assume full responsibility of their day-to-day operations.[98][99]

In May 2014, Sinclair informed the FCC that it was unable to find buyers for WABM or WMMP – the company's MyNetworkTV stations in Birmingham, Alabama, and Charleston, South Carolina, that it planned to sell in its purchase of Allbritton Communications. In Birmingham, the company proposed surrendering the licenses of WCFT-TV and WJSU-TV – the two full-powered sun'iy yo'ldoshlar of ABC affiliate WBMA-LD, converting WABM into a full-powered satellite of WBMA-LD – and moving its existing MyNetworkTV programming to a digital subchannel of WABM (although the WBMA-LD simulcast was placed on WABM's subchannel instead while MyNetworkTV programming was retained on its main channel). Similarly, in Charleston, Sinclair planned to surrender WCIV's license and move its ABC affiliation and programming to WMMP. In both cases, Sinclair believed that its own stations had superior technical facilities than those of the stations it intends to surrender.[80][99] Sinclair was able to retain WBMA-LD in any event as the FCC does not impose any ownership limits on low-power stations.[100]

On June 13, 2014, Gray Television announced that it would shutter six stations and consolidate existing programming onto subchannels of Gray-owned stations in their respective market. Unlike Sinclair, however, Gray stated that it would sell the licenses of the shuttered stations to minority-owned broadcasters in collaboration with the Minority Media and Telecommunications Council – under the condition that they would operate them independently from other stations in the market, and without the use of any sharing agreements. All six of the stations were owned by companies other than Gray, but their non-license assets are either owned by Gray, or were operated by stations now owned by Gray under agreements. Gray would operate the affected stations under LMAs until the sales and consolidation are complete. Aside from one, most of the stations involved in these changes were related to Gray's acquisition of stations from Hoak Media. Three of these stations were immediately shut down the same day, while the remainder remained operated by Gray until the sales were completed.[98][101][102] Gray announced buyers for the stations on August 27, 2014.[103]

The six stations affected by Gray's move included:

  • KHAS-TV (Xastings /Linkoln, Nebraska ), previously owned by Hoak. On June 13, 2014, KHAS-TV was shut down and its NBC programming was moved to the primary channel of KSNB-TV (kanal 4). Gray had bought KSNB under a failing station waiver to form a duopoly with CBS station KOLN/KGIN, and operated the station as a MyNetworkTV /MeTV affiliate with local programming focused on central Nebraska; this existing programming was moved to KSNB-DT2 upon the transition.[104][105] On August 27, 2014, the station was sold to Legacy Broadcasting.[103] On May 21, 2018, Gray agreed to acquire KNHL from Legacy Broadcasting for $475,000, becoming a satellite station of KSNB-TV.[106]
  • KNDX / KXND (Bismark /Minot, Shimoliy Dakota ), owned by Prime Cities Broadcasting, which asked the FCC to dismiss the sale of the stations to Excalibur Broadcasting (a sidecar owned by former Gray executive Don Ray),[30] which would have made them sisters to the Shimoliy Dakota shtatidagi NBC chain being acquired from Hoak by Gray.[107] Gray acquired the stations' non-license assets on May 1, 2014;[108] both stations were then taken off the air on June 13, 2014, with Fox programming being moved to subchannels of the NBC North Dakota stations (KMOT, KQCD-televizor va KFYR-TV ).[102] On August 27, 2014, the stations were sold to Legacy Broadcasting.[103]
  • KXJB-TV va KAQY (Fargo, Shimoliy Dakota va Kolumbiya /Monro, Luiziana –El-Dorado, Arkanzas ), both owned by Parker Broadcasting and operated by Hoak (now Gray) stations. Both were originally to be sold to Excalibur Broadcasting.[108] On August 27, 2014, KXJB-TV was sold to Major Market Broadcasting, and KAQY to Legacy Broadcasting.[103]
  • KJCT (Grand Junction, Kolorado ), acquired by Excalibur in August 2013 from News-Press & Gazette kompaniyasi, and taken over by Gray-owned KKCO sotib olinganidan keyin.[30] On August 27, 2014, the station was sold to Chang Media Group, and was later re-launched as Cozi TV stantsiya KGBY.[103][109]

Following the approval of Sinclair's purchase of Allbritton, commissioner Ajit Pai further criticized the FCC's new policies and its endorsement of Sinclair's proposal to shut down stations to comply with them. Describing the three Allbritton stations as being "victims" of the "crackdown" against joint sales agreements, he stated regarding WCIV that "apparently the Commission believes that it is better for that station to go out of business than for Howard Stirk Holdings to own the station and participate in a joint sales agreement with Sinclair. I strongly disagree. And so too, I'll bet, would consumers in Charleston."[82] In September 2014, Sinclair backtracked on its original plans, and reached deals to sell WCIV, WCFT and WJSU's license assets to Howard Stirk Holdings for $50,000 each and lease them studio space, pending FCC approval. Unlike Howard Stirk Holdings' other stations, they are operated and programmed independently, and Sinclair did not enter into any agreements to operate the stations on HSH's behalf.[110][111][112][113]

In Quincy Newspapers' acquisition of Granite Broadcasting's remaining stations, the acquisition was briefly re-structured to have Malara Broadcast Group —which served as a virtual duopoly partner for Granite with Aqlli televizor (NBC) Fort Wayne and KDLH-TV Duluth (CBS), retain the stations and their current agreements with WPTA va KBJR-TV in lieu of having them sold to SagamoreHill Broadcasting. The acquisition was restructured in July 2015 to, again, have SagamoreHill Broadcasting acquire the two stations, but have their current SSAs wound down within nine months. Following the end of the SSA, the two stations retained The CW as independently run stations, with their remaining affiliations moved to subchannels of KBJR and WPTA.[114][115][116] Quincy similarly wound down an SSA in Peoria, Illinoys with Sinclair-owned JSST by trading its South Bend Fox affiliation (previously held by WSJV-TV ) to Sinclair (where it moved to a subchannel of WSBT-TV ), in exchange for WHOI's ABC and CW affiliations, which moved to subchannels of HAFTA-TV.[117][118] In 2018, Quincy re-purchased WISE and KDLH, under an assertion that both stations were not within the top 4 of their respective markets.[119][120]

WAGT dispute

Outside Television Park, the facilities which were shared by WJBF va WAGT.

In February 2016, Gray Television acquired Schurz Communications ' stations, including Augusta, Gruziya "s WAGT. As Gray could not own both WAGT and its existing CBS sherik WRDW-TV as a legal duopoly, Gray proposed the sale of WAGT's broadcast spectrum during the incentive auction, and for WAGT to go silent upon completion of the deal so the company would not be running more than one of the top four stations in the market.[121] Gray also requested special temporary authority for WAGT's signal to be replaced on its existing technical facilities and UHF channel 30 by the co-owned low-power station, WRDW-CD (low-power stations are not subject to ownership caps or the duopoly rule).[100][122]

The FCC, however, required that Gray continue to operate WAGT as a separate station through the end of the auction, and not enter into any joint sales agreements.[121] Upon the closure of the sale, Gray unwound the shared services and joint sales agreements that Schurz had established with WJBF-TV va Ommaviy axborot vositalari, and replaced its previous news programs with simulcasts from WRDW.[123][124] Gray also accused WJBF of "[refusing] to agree to a smooth transition of personnel [from WAGT]", as WAGT's employees fall under the employment of Media General due to the SSA.[125]

On February 26, 2016, Media General obtained a preliminary injunction against Gray for violating the SSA and JSA, which required that Gray return control of WAGT to Media General, and forbade Gray from selling WAGT in the spectrum incentive auction. The company accused Gray of using the spectrum auction and sale of the station to exit the agreements illegitimately, as they were to last through 2020, and apply to any future owner of WAGT. Gray attempted to block the injunction by arguing that its actions were required in order to comply with the FCC's prohibition of joint sales agreements, but was denied.[126][127] Media General took back control of WAGT on March 7, 2016.[52]

On March 10, 2016, FCC Deputy General Counsel David Gossett announced that the Commission would investigate Media General's actions as possibly being in violation of Section 310(d) of the Aloqa to'g'risidagi qonun. Gossett argued that by legally blocking Gray's participation in the spectrum auction, Media General had "[sought] injunctive relief that interferes with a licensee's ultimate control of a station". He also stated that the FCC could consider a license revocation hearing against Media General under Section 312 of the Communications Act.[128][129] On March 23, 2016, the Supreme Court of Georgia struck down the injunction without addressing the litigation, and Gray took back control of WAGT.[130] On July 13, 2016, Media General was issued a $700,000 fine by the FCC.[131] WAGT's spectrum sold for $40,763,036.[132]

Xalqaro miqyosda

In a 2005 Canadian dispute, Rogers Media and Newcap Broadcasting maintained a joint sales agreement pertaining to CHNO-FM yilda Sudberi, Ontario, but community interests and the lobby group Kanadalik eshittirish do'stlari presented substantial evidence to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission that in practice, the agreement was a amalda LMA, going significantly beyond advertising sales into program production and news-gathering. LMAs in Canada cannot be implemented without the CRTC's approval, and in early 2005, the CRTC ordered the agreement to cease.[133]

2008 yilda, Filippin Associated Broadcasting Company leased its airtime to the Malayziya teleradiokompaniyasi Media Prima (through the local subsidiary MPB Primedia) similar to an LMA – with MPB Primedia providing entertainment programming, and ABC handling news programming and operations. Soon afterward, ABC and Media Prima were sued by rival media company GMA for attempting to use the partnership to skirt laws requiring domestic ownership of broadcasters. In response, ABC's media relations head Pat Marcelo-Magbanua reiterated that the subsidiary was a Filipino company which was self-registered and Filipino-run.[134] The concerns became moot in 2010, when Media Prima announced it would divest its ownership in the network to PLDT 's broadcasting subsidiary MediaQuest Holdings.[135]

Shuningdek qarang

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