Marshall kosmik parvoz markazi - Marshall Space Flight Center

Koordinatalar: 34 ° 38′49 ″ N. 86 ° 40′27 ″ Vt / 34.64688 ° N 86.67416 ° Vt / 34.64688; -86.67416

Marshall kosmik parvoz markazi

MSFC ning havodan ko'rinishi
Agentlik haqida umumiy ma'lumot
Shakllangan	1960 yil 1-iyul
Oldingi agentlik	Redstone Arsenal
Yurisdiktsiya	AQSh federal hukumati
Bosh ofis	Redstone Arsenal, Medison okrugi, Alabama 34 ° 39′3 ″ N 86 ° 40′22 ″ V / 34.65083 ° N 86.67278 ° Vt / 34.65083; -86.67278
Xodimlar	6000 kishi, shu jumladan 2300 ta davlat xizmatchilari[1]:1
Yillik byudjet	2 milliard dollar[1]:1
Agentlik ijrochisi	Jodi Singer, Markaz direktori
Ota-ona agentligi	NASA
Veb-sayt	Marshall kosmik parvoz markazi

The Jorj C. Marshal nomidagi kosmik parvoz markazi (MSFC), joylashgan Xantsvill, Alabama, bo'ladi AQSh hukumati fuqarolik raketa va kosmik kemani harakatga keltirish tadqiqot markazi.^[1] Eng kattasi sifatida NASA markazi, MSFC ning birinchi missiyasi uni rivojlantirish edi Saturnni uchiruvchi transport vositalari uchun Apollon dasturi. Marshall uchun etakchi markazi bo'ldi Space Shuttle asosiy harakatlantiruvchi va tashqi tank; foydali yuk va tegishli ekipaj mashg'ulotlari; Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya (ISS) loyihalashtirish va yig'ish; kompyuterlar, tarmoqlar va axborotni boshqarish; va Kosmik uchirish tizimi (SLS). Joylashgan Redstone Arsenal Xantsvill yaqinida MSFC sharafiga nomlangan Armiya generali Jorj Marshal.

Markaz tarkibiga quyidagilar kiradi Xantsvill operatsiyalarini qo'llab-quvvatlash markazi (HOSC) deb nomlanuvchi Xalqaro kosmik stantsiyaning foydali yuklarni ishlatish markazi. Ushbu uskuna ISSni ishga tushirish, foydali yuk va eksperiment tadbirlarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Kennedi nomidagi kosmik markaz. HOSC shuningdek, raketalarning uchishini kuzatib boradi Kanaveral burnidagi havo kuchlari stantsiyasi Marshall markazining foydali yuklari bortda bo'lganda.

Tarix

MSFC NASA-ning raketa harakatlantiruvchi tizimlari va texnologiyalarini rivojlantirish bo'yicha etakchi markazi bo'lgan. 1960 yillar davomida tadbirlar asosan bag'ishlangan edi Apollon dasturi, bilan Saturn MSFC da ishlab chiqilgan va sinovdan o'tgan raketalar oilasi. MSFC Apollondan keyingi tadbirlarda, shu jumladan katta rol o'ynagan Skylab, Space Shuttle va Spacelab Shuttle yuk tashish joyidan foydalanadigan va boshqa eksperimental tadbirlar.^{[iqtibos kerak ][yangilanishga muhtoj ]}

Zamin

1945 yil may oyidan keyin Ikkinchi jahon urushi Germaniyada AQSh tashabbusi bilan chiqdi Paperclip operatsiyasi fashistlar Germaniyasining ilg'or harbiy texnologiyalarining markazida bo'lgan bir qator olimlar va muhandislarni yig'ish. 1945 yil avgustda 127 raketa mutaxassisi boshchiligida Verner fon Braun bilan tuzilgan mehnat shartnomalari AQSh armiyasining Ordnance Corps. Ularning aksariyati V-2 fon Braun ostida raketalarni ishlab chiqish Peenemünde. Raketa bo'yicha mutaxassislar yuborilgan Fort-Biss (Texas), armiyaning yangi tashkil etilgan Tadqiqot va Loyihalash bo'limining quyi idorasiga (Rocket) qo'shilish.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Keyingi besh yil ichida fon Braun va nemis olimlari va muhandislari asosan V-2 raketasini AQSh dasturlari uchun moslashtirish va takomillashtirish bilan shug'ullanishgan. Sinov yaqin atrofda o'tkazildi Oq qumlarni tasdiqlovchi maydon, Nyu-Meksiko. fon Braunga a dan foydalanishga ruxsat berildi WAC onboshi V-2 uchun ikkinchi bosqich sifatida raketa; Bumper deb nomlangan kombinatsiya 400 km balandlikda rekord darajaga ko'tarildi.^[2]

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida qurol-yarog 'ishlab chiqarish va saqlash yaqin atrofdagi uchta arsenal tomonidan amalga oshirildi Xantsvill, Alabama. Urushdan keyin bular yopildi va uchta maydon birlashtirilib shakllandi Redstone Arsenal. 1949 yilda Armiya kotibi dan raketa tadqiqotlari va tajriba-konstruktorlik ishlarining o'tkazilishini ma'qulladi Baxt Fort Redstone Arsenaldagi yangi markazga. 1950 yil aprelidan boshlab transferga 1000 ga yaqin kishi, shu jumladan fon Braun guruhi jalb qilingan. Ayni paytda, boshqariladigan raketalar uchun ilmiy-tadqiqot ishlari bo'yicha javobgarlik qo'shildi va o'rta masofaga boshqariladigan raketada tadqiqotlar boshlandi va oxir-oqibat PGM-11 Redstone.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Keyingi o'n yil ichida "Redstone Arsenal" da raketalarning rivojlanishi ancha kengaydi. Biroq, fon Braun o'z fikrida bo'sh joyni saqlagan va shu mavzuda keng o'qilgan maqolani nashr etgan.^[3] 1952 yil o'rtalarida nemislar oddiy davlat xizmatchilari sifatida ishga qabul qilindi, ularning aksariyati 1954-55 yillarda AQSh fuqarolariga aylanishdi. Fon Braun boshqariladigan raketalarni rivojlantirish bo'limi boshlig'i etib tayinlandi.^[4]

1954 yil sentyabr oyida fon Braun Redstone-dan sun'iy yo'ldoshlarni uchirish uchun ko'p bosqichli raketaning asosiy kuchaytiruvchisi sifatida foydalanishni taklif qildi. Bir yil o'tgach, uchun o'rganish Orbiter loyihasi bir qator ilmiy sun'iy yo'ldoshlarning rejalari va jadvallari batafsil bayon etilgan holda yakunlandi. Biroq, armiyaning AQSh kosmik sun'iy yo'ldosh dasturidagi rasmiy roli yuqori hokimiyat organlari ushbu tizimdan foydalanishga qaror qilganidan keyin kechiktirildi Vanguard raketasi keyin tomonidan ishlab chiqilmoqda Dengiz tadqiqotlari laboratoriyasi (NRL).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1956 yil fevral oyida Armiya ballistik raketa agentligi (ABMA) tashkil etildi. Dastlabki dasturlardan biri bu o'tgan yili boshlangan 1500 millik (2400 km) bir bosqichli raketa; AQSh armiyasi uchun ham, AQSh dengiz kuchlari uchun ham mo'ljallangan PGM-19 Yupiter. Ushbu Yupiter oraliq masofadagi ballistik raketasi (IRBM) uchun ko'rsatma komponentlarini sinovdan o'tkazish 1956 yil mart oyida o'zgartirilgan Redstone raketasida Yupiter A deb nomlangan, 1956 yilda sentyabr oyida Redstounda spin-stabillashgan yuqori bosqichli qayta sinov vositasi boshlangan. Ushbu ABMA ishlab chiqilgan Yupiter-C birinchi bosqich "Redstone" raketasi va RV sinovlari uchun ikkita yuqori bosqich yoki "Explorer" sun'iy yo'ldoshni uchirish uchun uchta yuqori bosqichdan iborat edi. ABMA dastlab 1956 yil 20 sentyabrdagi parvozni sun'iy yo'ldosh orqali uchirishni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo Eyzenxauerning bevosita aralashuvi bilan RV sinov parvozi uchun 3 ta yuqori bosqichdan foydalanib, 3,350 milya (5390 km) pastga tushib, 682 mil balandlikka erishdi. (1098 km). Yupiter-C qobiliyati to'rtinchi bosqichni orbitaga qo'yishi mumkin bo'lgan darajada bo'lsa-da, bu missiya NRLga yuklangan edi.^[5][6] Keyinchalik Yupiter-C reyslari sun'iy yo'ldoshlarni uchirish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin edi. Birinchi Yupiter IRBM reysi 1957 yil mart oyida Kanaveral burnidan amalga oshirildi va birinchi samolyot parvozi 31 may kuni amalga oshirildi.^[7] Yupiterni oxir-oqibat AQSh havo kuchlari egallab oldi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Sovet Ittifoqi ishga tushirildi Sputnik 1, 1957 yil 4 oktyabrda birinchi sun'iy Yer atrofida aylanadigan sun'iy yo'ldosh. 3-noyabrda ikkinchi sun'iy yo'ldosh bilan, Sputnik 2. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari 6-dekabr kuni NRL-ning Vanguard raketasi yordamida sun'iy yo'ldoshni uchirishga urinib ko'rdi, ammo u zo'rg'a erdan yugurdi, keyin orqaga yiqilib portladi. 1958 yil 31 yanvarda, oxir-oqibat davom etishga ruxsat olgandan so'ng, fon Braun va ABMA kosmik tadqiqotlar guruhi Yupiter C dan Juno I muvaffaqiyatli joylashtirish uchun konfiguratsiya (to'rtinchi bosqichning qo'shilishi) Explorer 1, AQShning birinchi sun'iy yo'ldoshi, Yer atrofidagi orbitaga.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1958 yil mart oyi oxirida kuchga kirgan AQSh armiyasining oddiy raketa qo'mondonligi (AOMC) ABMA va uning yangi operatsion kosmik dasturlarini qamrab olgan. Avgust oyida AOMC va Ilg'or tadqiqot loyihalari agentligi (ARPA, Mudofaa tashkiloti bo'limi) birgalikda ABMA tomonidan boshqariladigan, mavjud raketa dvigatellari klasteridan foydalangan holda, taxminan 1,5 million funt sterlingli katta kosmik kuchaytirgichni ishlab chiqish dasturini boshladi. 1959 yil boshida ushbu transport vositasi tayinlangan Saturn.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

2 aprel kuni Prezident Duayt D. Eyzenxauer Kongressga harbiy bo'lmagan kosmik faoliyatni boshqarish uchun fuqarolik agentligi tashkil etishni tavsiya qildi. 29 iyul kuni Prezident imzoladi Milliy aviatsiya va kosmik qonun, shakllantirish Milliy aviatsiya va kosmik ma'muriyat (NASA). NASA o'z ichiga olgan Aeronavtika bo'yicha milliy maslahat qo'mitasi, Ames tadqiqot markazi, Langley tadqiqot markazi va Lyuis parvozni qo'zg'atish laboratoriyasi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Rasmiy kosmik agentligi mavjudligiga qaramay, armiya uzoq masofali kosmik dasturlarni davom ettirdi. 1959 yil iyun oyida, yashirin o'rganish Horizon loyihasi ABMA tomonidan Oyda ekipajli armiya postini yaratishda Saturnning kuchaytirgichidan foydalanish rejalari batafsil bayon qilingan. Horizon loyihasi rad etildi va Saturn dasturi NASA-ga o'tkazildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Armiyadan NASAga 1960 yil 1-iyulga ko'chirish marosimi

Mercury loyihasi 1958 yil 26-noyabrda rasmiy ravishda nomlangan. Kelajakda ekipaj parvozini amalga oshirish uchun Mayl va Beyker maymunlar 1959 yil 28-mayda kosmosdan chiqadigan birinchi tirik jonzotlar edi. burun konusi 300 mil (480 km) balandlikka va 1500 mil (2400 km) balandlikka ko'tarilgan Yupiter raketasida, tortishish kuchining odatdagi tortishish kuchidan 38 baravar muvaffaqiyatli o'tib.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1959 yil 21 oktyabrda Prezident Eisenxauer armiyaning kosmosga oid barcha ishlarini NASAga o'tkazishni ma'qulladi. Bu 1960 yil 1-iyuldan boshlab amalga oshirildi, unda 4670 fuqarolik ishchi, 100 million dollarlik bino va uskunalar va 1840 akr (7,4 km)²) AOMC / ABMA dan NASA ning Jorj C. Marshal nomidagi kosmik parvoz markaziga berilgan er. Aynan shu sanada "Redstone Arsenal" da MSFC rasmiy ravishda ochilgan, keyin 8 sentyabr kuni Prezident Eyzenxauer tomonidan shaxsan bag'ishlangan. MSFC sharafiga nomlandi Umumiy Jorj C. Marshall.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1960 va 1970 yillar - dastlabki o'n yilliklar

MSFC va ABMA-da ishlab chiqarilgan raketalar MSFC-da namoyish etilishidan oldin.

Dastlab, Xantsvill shahridan muhandislar Florida shtatiga uchish tadbirlarini o'tkazish uchun borganlar Kanaveral burnidagi havo kuchlari stantsiyasi. U erda birinchi NASA ishga tushirish moslamasi (Kompleksni ishga tushirish 39 ) MSFC tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va boshqarilgan, keyin 1962 yil 1-iyulda umumiy sayt boshqa NASA markazlari bilan teng maqomga erishgan va Ishga tushirish operatsion markazi deb nomlangan, keyinchalik nomi o'zgartirilgan Kennedi nomidagi kosmik markaz (KSC).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Marshall kosmik parvoz markazi 1960 yil iyul oyida rasmiy ish boshlaganida, Verner fon Braun direktor bo'lib, Eberxard Ris uning ilmiy-tadqiqot va rivojlantirish bo'yicha o'rinbosari bo'lgan. MSFCdagi ma'muriy faoliyatni AQSh hukumatining an'anaviy funktsiyalaridan xabardor bo'lgan shaxslar boshqargan, ammo barcha texnik rahbarlar fon Braunga ABMA-da muvaffaqiyat qozonishida yordam bergan shaxslar edi. MSFC kompaniyasining dastlabki texnik faoliyati va rahbarlari quyidagilar edi:^{[8][to'liq iqtibos kerak ]}

Koelle tashqari, barcha texnik rahbarlar AQSh ostida kelishgan Paperclip operatsiyasi da birgalikda ishlagandan so'ng Peenemünde. Fon Braun ushbu shaxslarning imkoniyatlarini yaxshi bilar edi va ularga katta ishonch bildirar edi. Keyingi o'n yillikda yangi murakkablik darajasini belgilaydigan texnik va texnik operatsiyalarni amalga oshirishda parvoz paytida ularning kuchaytirgichlari hech qachon ishlamay qolmadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

MSFC-dagi dastlabki asosiy loyiha Redstone raketasini yakuniy tayyorlash edi Mercury loyihasi ko'tarish a kosmik kapsula birinchi amerikalikni kosmosga olib chiqish. Dastlab 1960 yil oktyabr oyida bo'lib o'tishi rejalashtirilgan, bu bir necha marta qoldirilgan va 1961 yil 5 mayda, kosmonavt Alan Shepard Amerikani birinchi qildi sub-orbital kosmik parvoz.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1965 yilga kelib MSFC 7500 ga yaqin davlat xizmatchilariga ega edi. Bundan tashqari, boshlovchi pudratchilarning aksariyati ishga tushiriladigan transport vositalari va ularga tegishli asosiy buyumlar (shu jumladan) Shimoliy Amerika aviatsiyasi, Chrysler, Boeing, Duglas Aircraft, Rocketdyne va IBM ) birgalikda MSFC muassasalarida ishlaydigan taxminan shu kabi xodimlar soni bo'lgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Dasturlarga bir nechta yordam pudrat firmalari ham jalb qilingan; ulardan eng kattasi Brown Engineering Company (BECO, keyinchalik) edi Teledyne Brown Engineering ), Xantsvildagi birinchi yuqori texnologiyali firma va shu vaqtgacha 3500 ga yaqin ishchiga ega. Saturn-Apollon tadbirlarida BECO / TBE 20 millionga yaqin mablag'ni taqdim etdi ish soatlari qo'llab-quvvatlash. Milton K. Cummings BECO prezidenti, Jozef C. Moquin ijrochi vitse-prezident, Uilyam A. Girdini muhandislik dizayni va sinov ishlariga rahbarlik qilgan, kichik Raymond C. Uotson, tadqiqot va ilg'or tizimlar faoliyatiga rahbarlik qilgan. Cummings tadqiqot parki Ushbu turdagi parkning AQShdagi ikkinchi eng katta bog'iga 1973 yilda Cummings nomi berilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Saturnni uchiruvchi transport vositalari

1961 yil 25 mayda, Shepardning parvozidan atigi 20 kun o'tgach, Prezident Jon F. Kennedi o'n yil oxiriga kelib AQShni oyga qo'nishga majbur qildi.^[10] MSFC ning asosiy vazifasi Apollon dasturi "Saturn" oilaviy raketalarini ishlab chiqardi. Buning uchun uchta yangi suyuq yonilg'i bilan ishlaydigan raketa dvigatellari ishlab chiqilishi va malakasi talab qilinadi J-2, F-1 va H-1. Bundan tashqari, mavjud RL10 Saturn S-IV bosqichida foydalanish uchun yaxshilandi. Leland F. Belew Dvigatellarni rivojlantirish idorasini boshqargan.^[11] F-1 dvigateli - bu xizmatda ishlatilgan eng kuchli bitta nasosli suyuq yonilg'i bilan ishlaydigan raketa dvigateli; har biri 1,5 million funt sterlingni ishlab chiqardi. Dastlab AQSh havo kuchlari tomonidan boshlangan, rivojlanish uchun mas'uliyatni 1959 yilda ABMA o'z zimmasiga olgan va MSFC da birinchi sinov otishmalar 1963 yil dekabrda bo'lgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Belgilangan original vosita Saturn I, ikkita harakatlanish bosqichi va asboblar birligidan iborat; birinchi marta 1961 yil 27 oktyabrda parvoz paytida sinovdan o'tkazildi. Birinchi bosqichda (S-I) sakkizta H-1 dvigatellari to'planib, umumiy quvvati 1,5 million funt sterlingni tashkil etdi. To'rtta dvigatel edi gimbaled transport vositasini boshqarishga ruxsat berish. Ikkinchi bosqichda (SIV) oltita gimbalajlangan LR10A-3 dvigatellari mavjud bo'lib, ular 90 ming funt sterlingni tashkil etdi. Apollon parvozini sinovdan o'tkazishda o'nta Saturn Is ishlatilgan qozon birliklar. Sinov parvozlarining beshtasida ham muhim yordamchi ilmiy tajribalar o'tkazildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

The Saturn IB (muqobil ravishda Uprated Saturn I nomi bilan ham tanilgan), shuningdek, ikkita harakatlanish bosqichi va asboblar birligi bo'lgan. Birinchi bosqichda (S-IB) to'rtta gimbolli sakkizta H-1 dvigatellari mavjud edi, ammo sahnada aerodinamik barqarorlikni ta'minlash uchun yon tomonlarga bir xil o'lchamdagi sakkizta qattiq qanot o'rnatilgan edi. Ikkinchi bosqichda (S-IVB) 230 ming funt sterling kuchliroq kuchga ega bo'lgan bitta J-2 dvigateli mavjud edi. J-2 gimbaled qilingan va parvoz paytida ham uni qayta yoqish mumkin edi. Avtotransport vositasi birinchi marta 1966 yil 26 fevralda sinovdan o'tkazildi. O'n to'rtta Saturn 1B (yoki qisman transport vositalari) qurildi, ulardan beshtasi ekstraditsiya qilinmagan sinovlarda, beshtasi esa ekipaj missiyalarida ishlatilgan, oxirgisi 1975 yil 15 iyulda.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

The Saturn V, an sarflanadigan inson tomonidan baholangan og'ir yuk ko'taruvchi transport vositasi Apollon dasturining eng muhim elementi edi. Rahbarligida ishlab chiqilgan Artur Rudolph, Saturn V balandligi, vazni va foydali yuk nuqtai nazaridan operatsion holatga keltirgan eng katta va eng kuchli raketa sifatida rekord o'rnatdi. Saturn V uch harakatlanish bosqichidan va asboblar birligidan iborat edi. Birinchi bosqichda (S-IC) beshta F-1 dvigatellari mavjud bo'lib, ularning umumiy quvvati 7,5 million funtni tashkil etdi. S-II ikkinchi bosqichida jami 1,0 million funt sterlingli beshta J-2 dvigatellari bo'lgan. Uchinchi bosqich (S-IVB) 200 ming funt sterlingli bitta gimbolli J-2 dvigateliga ega edi. Avval aytib o'tganimizdek, J-2 dvigatelini parvoz paytida qayta boshlash mumkin. Ushbu og'ir yuk ko'taruvchi transport vositasining asosiy konfiguratsiyasi 1963 yil boshida tanlangan va o'sha paytda Saturn V nomi qo'llanilgan (Saturn II, III va IV ga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan konfiguratsiyalar bekor qilingan).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Uchta harakatlanish bosqichi Saturn V ning "mushaklari" bo'lgan bo'lsa, the Asboblar birligi (IU) "miyalar" edi. IU 260 dyuym (6,6 m) diametrda, 36 dyuym (91 sm) balandlikda, uchinchi qo'zg'alish bosqichi va LM o'rtasida ushlab turilgan halqada edi. Unda asosiy qo'llanma tizimining tarkibiy qismlari - barqaror platforma, akselerometrlar, raqamli kompyuter va boshqaruv elektroniği, shuningdek, radar, telemetriya va boshqa birliklar mavjud edi. Saturn I va IB da asosan xuddi shu IU konfiguratsiyasi ishlatilgan. IBM bosh pudratchi sifatida IU Xantsvillda ishlab chiqarilgan yagona to'liq Saturn komponenti edi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Birinchi Saturn V sinov parvozi 1967 yil 9-noyabrda amalga oshirildi. 1969 yil 16-iyulda "Apollon" kosmik dasturidagi eng katta yutug'i sifatida Saturn V avtoulovi "Apollon-11" kosmik kemasini va uchta astronavtni Oyga sayohatga ko'tarishdi. Apollonning boshqa parvozlari 1972 yil 6 dekabrgacha davom etdi. Oxirgi Saturn V parvozi 1973 yil 14 mayda Skylab dasturida amalga oshirildi (keyinroq tavsiflangan). Hammasi bo'lib 15 ta Saturn Vs qurildi; 13 tasi beg'ubor ishladi, qolgan ikkitasi ishlatilmay qoldi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Ishlab chiqarish va sinov uskunalari

Verner fon Braun, kosmik vositalarni loyihalashtiruvchi xodimlar qurilishda va apparatni sinovdan o'tkazishda bevosita, amaliy ishtirok etishi kerak deb hisoblar edi. Buning uchun MSFC-da Saturn nomidagi har qanday transport vositasining prototiplari ishlab chiqarilgan binolar mavjud edi. Chiqish jarayonida katta, maxsus kompyuterlardan foydalanilgan. ABMA-da Redstone va Yupiter raketalari uchun statik sinov stendlari qurilgan. 1961 yilda Yupiter stendi Saturn 1 va 1B bosqichlarini sinab ko'rish uchun o'zgartirildi. Bir qator boshqa sinov stendlari kuzatildi, eng kattasi Saturn V dinamik sinov stendi 1964 yilda qurib bitkazilgan. Balandligi 475 fut (145 m) ga V butun Saturn joylashishi mumkin edi. 1964 yilda ham tugatilgan S1C Statik sinov stendi birinchi bosqichning beshta F-1 dvigatellarini jonli otish uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Jami 7,5 million funt sterlingni etkazib beradigan sinovlar Xantsvill hududida zilzilaga o'xshash shovqinlarni keltirib chiqardi va 160 milya (160 km) uzoqlikda eshitildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Saturn faoliyati davom etar ekan, tashqi qurilmalar va fabrikalar zarur edi. 1961 yilda Nyu-Orlean (Luiziana) yaqinidagi Michoud raketa fabrikasi Saturn V raketa ishlab chiqarish maydoni sifatida tanlandi. 13500 gektar (55 km)²) izolyatsiya qilingan maydon Missisipi shtatining Xankok okrugi Saturn sinovlarini o'tkazish uchun tanlangan. Missisipi sinov muassasasi sifatida tanilgan (keyinchalik nomi o'zgartirildi John C. Stennis kosmik markazi ), bu birinchi navbatda qurilgan transport vositalarini sinash uchun edi raketa zavodi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Dastlabki ilmiy va muhandislik tadqiqotlari

MSFC boshidanoq fan va muhandislik sohasida kuchli ilmiy loyihalarga ega. Dastlabki tadbirlarning ikkitasi, Highwater va Pegasus, Saturn I transport vositasini sinovdan o'tkazishda aralashuvsiz amalga oshirildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Yilda Highwater loyihasi, qo'g'irchoq Saturn I ikkinchi bosqichi 23000 AQSh galon (87 m) bilan to'ldirildi³) balast sifatida suv. Birinchi bosqich yoqib yuborilgandan so'ng, portlovchi zaryadlar suvni atmosferaning yuqori qismiga tashladi. Loyiha raketa balandlikda yo'q qilingan taqdirda suyuq yoqilg'ilarning tarqalishi haqidagi savollarga javob berdi. Suvli suvlarda tajribalar 1962 yil aprel va noyabr oylarida o'tkazildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Ostida Pegasus sun'iy yo'ldosh dasturi, Saturn I ikkinchi bosqichi chastotani va penetratsion chuqurlikni o'rganishda muhim rol o'ynadi mikrometeoroidlar. Ikki katta panel bo'sh sahnaga o'ralgan va 2300 futni tashkil etgan orbitada ochilgan² (210-m.)²) asbob yuzasi. 1965 yilda uchta Pegasus sun'iy yo'ldoshi uchirildi, ularning har biri orbitada 3 yildan 13 yilgacha bo'lgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Oyni qidirish

Lunar Roving Vehicle sinov maqolasida sinov yo'lida

Oyga tushgan Apollonning oltita missiyasi bor edi: Apollon 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 va 17. Apollon 13 qo'nish uchun mo'ljallangan edi, lekin faqat Oy atrofida aylanib, KSMdagi kislorod tanki yorilib, mayib bo'lganidan keyin Yerga qaytib keldi. Apollon 11dan tashqari, barcha vazifalar bajarilgan Apollon Lunar sirt tajribalari to'plami (ALSEP), ettita ilmiy tajriba uchun uskunalar va markaziy masofadan boshqarish stantsiyasidan iborat radioizotopli termoelektr generatori (RTG). MSFC olimlari ham tergovchilar orasida edilar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

The Oyda harakatlanuvchi transport vositasi (LRV), xalq orasida "Oy Buggy" nomi bilan tanilgan, Oy sirtining cheklangan miqdorini o'rganish uchun transportni ta'minlash uchun MSFC-da ishlab chiqilgan. Dastlabki rejalashtirishda mo'ljallanmagan, 1969 yilga kelib ilmiy rentabellikni maksimal darajada oshirish uchun LRV kerak bo'lishi aniq bo'ldi. So'nggi uchta topshiriqda LRV olib borildi, bu hajmi bo'yicha Manxetten oroliga o'xshash maydonni o'rganishga imkon berdi. Tashqariga ular o'rnatilishi kerak bo'lgan ALSEP-ni olib ketishdi; qaytish safarida ular 200 funtdan ortiq oy toshi va tuproq namunalarini olib borishdi. Saverio E. "Sonny" Morea MSFC kompaniyasining LRV loyihasi menejeri bo'lgan.^[12]

Skylab va bankomat

MSFC muhandislari ushbu bo'g'inli qo'lni MSFC tekis qavatdagi inshootda Skylab uchun ishlab chiqilgan, ammo foydalanilmay sinovdan o'tkazdilar.

MSFC Skylab protseduralarini sinab ko'rish uchun neytral suzish vositasidan foydalangan. Bu erda muhandislar Skylab-ni ta'mirlash tartib-qoidalarini sinovdan o'tkazmoqdalar.

The Apollon dasturlari (AAP) qo'shimcha Apollon uskunalari yordamida ilmiy asoslangan ekipaj kosmik missiyalarini jalb qildi. Kongress tomonidan qiziqishning etishmasligi, taklif qilingan tadbirlarning aksariyati tark etilishiga olib keldi, ammo orbital seminar qiziqish uyg'otdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} 1965 yil dekabrda MSFC Orbital seminarini rasmiy loyiha sifatida boshlash huquqiga ega bo'ldi. 1966 yil 19 avgustda MSFCdagi uchrashuvda, Jorj E. Myuller, NASA tomonidan boshqariladigan kosmik parvoz bo'yicha ma'mur, asosiy elementlarning yakuniy kontseptsiyasini aniqladi. MSFC orbitadagi kosmik stantsiya apparatini ishlab chiqish, shuningdek, tizimlarning umumiy muhandisligi va integratsiyasi uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Sinov va missiyani simulyatsiya qilish uchun 75 metrlik (23 m) diametrli suv bilan to'ldirilgan idish Neytral suzish vositasi, 1968 yil mart oyida MSFC da ochilgan. Muhandislar va astronavtlar ushbu suv osti inshootidan simulyatsiya qilish uchun foydalanganlar vaznsizlik (yoki nol-g) makon muhiti. Bu, ayniqsa, kosmonavtlarni nol-g ishlarida mashq qilishda ishlatilgan kosmik yo'llar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Orbital ustaxonasi Saturn V uchinchi bosqichidagi yoqilg'i quyish tanklariga qurilgan va erga to'liq tiklangan. Uning nomi o'zgartirildi Skylab 1970 yil fevral oyida. Ikkita qurilgan - biri parvoz uchun, ikkinchisi neytral suzish vositasida sinov va missiyani simulyatsiya qilish uchun. Leland F Belyu sakkiz yil davomida Skylab dasturining umumiy direktori sifatida ishlagan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Omon qolgan yana bir AAP loyihasi, dastlab "Apollon" kosmik kemasiga joylashtiriladigan birikma bo'lishi uchun mo'ljallangan quyosh rasadxonasi edi. Deb nomlangan Apollon teleskopi tog'i (ATM), loyiha MSFCga 1966 yilda tayinlangan. Orbital ustaxonasi Skylabga etib borishi bilan bankomat qo'shimcha sifatida qo'shildi, ammo ikkita faoliyat mustaqil rivojlanish loyihalari sifatida saqlanib qoldi. Reyn Ise MSFC-da bankomatlar loyihasi menejeri bo'lgan. Bankomat Quyoshni haddan tashqari to'lqin uzunliklarida kuzatish uchun sakkizta asosiy asbobni o'z ichiga olgan ultrabinafsha ga infraqizil. Ma'lumotlar asosan maxsus fotografik filmda to'plangan; Skylab missiyalari paytida filmni kosmonavtlar o'zgartirishi kerak edi kosmik yo'llar.^[13]

1973 yil 14-mayda 77 tonnalik (70000 kg) Skylab so'nggi uchgan Saturn V. tomonidan 235 dengiz mili (435 km) orbitaga uchirildi. Saturn IB transport vositalari o'zlarining CSMlari bilan uchta Skylab bilan bog'lanish uchun ekipajlar. Skylab-ni ishga tushirish va joylashtirish paytida jiddiy zarar ko'rildi, natijada stansiyaning mikrometeoroid qalqoni / quyosh soyasi va uning asosiy quyosh panellaridan biri yo'qoldi. Ushbu yo'qotish qisman 25-may kuni boshlangan birinchi ekipaj tomonidan to'g'irlandi; ular Skylab bilan orbitada 28 kun turdilar. Ikki qo'shimcha topshiriq 28 va 16-noyabr kunlari boshlandi, ularning vazifalari 59 va 84 kunni tashkil qildi. Skylab, shu jumladan bankomat, 300 ga yaqin ilmiy va tibbiy tajribalarda 2000 soatga yaqin ro'yxatdan o'tgan. Oxirgi Skylab ekipaji 1974 yil 8 fevralda Yerga qaytib keldi.^[14]

Apollon-Soyuz sinov dasturi

The Apollon-Soyuz sinov loyihasi (ASTP) Saturn IB ning so'nggi parvozi edi. 1975 yil 15-iyulda uch kishilik ekipaj olti kunlik topshiriq bilan Sovet bilan uchrashish uchun uchirildi Soyuz kosmik kemalar. Asosiy maqsad kelajakdagi qo'shma kosmik parvozlar uchun muhandislik tajribasini ta'minlash edi, ammo ikkala kosmik kemada ham ilmiy tajribalar mavjud edi. Bu 1981 yil aprelgacha bo'lgan AQShning so'nggi kosmik missiyasi edi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Apollondan keyingi fan

The Yuqori energiyali astronomiya rasadxonasi (HEAO) Dasturida yirik kosmik kemalarning uchta missiyasi ishtirok etdi past Yer orbitasi. Har bir kosmik kemaning uzunligi taxminan 5,5 m bo'lgan, uzunligi 6000 dan 7000 funtgacha (2700 va 3200 kg) bo'lgan va taxminan 3000 funt (1400 kg) tajribalar o'tkazgan. Rentgen va gamma-nur astronomiya va kosmik nur tergov. Loyiha samoviy jismlarning kosmosdan yuqori energiyali nurlanishini o'rganish orqali tushunchalar berdi. AQSh bo'ylab olimlar xizmat qilishdi asosiy tergovchilar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

HEAO kosmik kemalari kontseptsiyasi 1960 yillarning oxirlarida paydo bo'lgan, ammo mablag 'bir muncha vaqt mavjud bo'lmadi. Foydalanish Atlas-Kentavr uchiruvchi transport vositalarini uchirish muvaffaqiyatli amalga oshirildi: 1977 yil avgustda HEAO 1, 1978 yil noyabrda HEAO 2 (shuningdek, Eynshteyn rasadxonasi deb ataladi) va 1979 yil sentyabrda HEAO 3. Fred A. Sper MSFC uchun HEAO loyiha menejeri bo'lgan.^[15]

1970-yillarda MSFC tomonidan boshqariladigan boshqa kosmik fan loyihalari quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olgan Lazer geodinamikasi sun'iy yo'ldoshi (LAGEOS) va Gravitatsiya probasi A. LAGEOS-da 35 ta yerdagi stantsiyalarning lazer nurlari Yer qobig'idagi harakatlarni kuzatib borish uchun sun'iy yo'ldoshda 422 prizmatik nometall bilan aks ettirilgan. O'lchash aniqligi bir necha santimetrga teng va u harakatini kuzatib boradi tektonik plitalar taqqoslanadigan aniqlik bilan. MSFC-da ishlab chiqarilgan va qurilgan LAGEOS-ni a Delta 1976 yil may oyida raketa.^[16]

Redshift Experiment deb ham nomlangan Gravity Probe A juda aniq ishlatilgan vodorodli maser Eynshteynning bir qismini tasdiqlash uchun soat umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasi. Tergov 1976 yil iyun oyida boshlangan Skaut raketani uchirgan va maqsadga muvofiq kosmosda ikki soatga yaqin bo'lgan.^[17]

Space Shuttle-ning rivojlanishi

Vinç ko'taruvchi Space Shuttle Pathfinder MSFC-dagi Saturn V dinamik sinov stendiga dinamik sinovga tayyorgarlik jarayonida protseduralarni sinab ko'rish uchun Space Shuttle Korxona.

1972 yil 5 yanvarda Prezident Richard M. Nikson rivojlantirish rejalarini e'lon qildi Space Shuttle, kosmosga muntazam ravishda kirish uchun qayta ishlatiladigan kosmik transport tizimi (STS). Shuttle tarkibida Orbiter transport vositasi (OV) tarkibida ekipaj va foydali yuk, ikkitasi Qattiq raketa kuchaytirgichlari (SRBs) va Tashqi tank OV ning asosiy dvigatellari uchun suyuq yoqilg'ini tashiydigan (ET). MSFC OV ning uchta asosiy dvigatellari va ET uchun javobgar edi. MSFC shuningdek, integratsiya uchun javobgardir Spacelab, tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan ko'p qirrali laboratoriya Evropa kosmik agentligi va ba'zi bir reyslarda Shuttle yuk ko'rfazida olib ketilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

OV asosiy dvigatelining birinchi sinov otishmasi 1975 yilda sodir bo'lgan. Ikki yil o'tgach, SRBning birinchi otilishi sodir bo'ldi va MSFC da ET bo'yicha sinovlar boshlandi. Birinchi Korxona A ga biriktirilgan OV reysi Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA), 1977 yil fevralda bo'lgan; shundan so'ng avgust va oktyabr oylarida bepul qo'nish amalga oshirildi. 1978 yil mart oyida Korxona OV MSFC ga SCA tepasida uchib ketgan. ET bilan bog'langan qisman Space Shuttle modifikatsiyalangan ustiga ko'tarildi Saturn V dinamik sinov stendi u erda u ishga tushirilgandek taqqoslanadigan to'liq tebranishlarga duch kelgan. Birinchi kosmik kosmik kemasi, Kolumbiya, to'ldirildi va tekshirish va ishga tushirishga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun KSCga joylashtirildi. 1981 yil 12 aprelda Kolumbiya birinchi orbital sinov parvozini amalga oshirdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Rejissyorlar, 1960 va 1970 yillar

^[18]

1980 va 1990 yillar - Shuttle erta davri

The Space Shuttle hozirgi kungacha yaratilgan eng murakkab kosmik kemasi bo'lgan. Shuttle dasturi boshlangan 1972 yildan boshlab, Space Shuttle qo'zg'alishini boshqarish va rivojlantirish MSFC da asosiy faoliyat bo'ldi. Aleks A. Makkool, kichik MSFC ning Space Shuttle loyihalari bo'yicha idorasining birinchi menejeri bo'lgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1980 yil davomida MSFC muhandislari birinchi kosmik kemani uchirish rejalari bilan bog'liq sinovlarda qatnashdilar. Ushbu dastlabki sinovlar paytida va Shuttleni har uchirishdan oldin, Xantsvill operatsiyalarini qo'llab-quvvatlash markazining xodimlari Florida shtatidagi Shuttle qo'zg'alishi bilan bog'liq har qanday muammolarni baholash va hal qilishga yordam berish uchun konsollarni kuzatib borishdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1981 yil 12 aprelda, Kolumbiya ikkita kosmonavtdan iborat ekipaj bilan birinchi orbital sinov parvozini amalga oshirdi. Bu belgilangan edi STS-1 (Kosmik transport tizimi-1) va butun tizimning umumiy ishlashini tasdiqladi. STS-1 ni ta'qib qildilar STS-2 12-noyabr kuni xavfsiz qayta ishga tushirilishini namoyish etdi Kolumbiya. 1982 yil davomida STS-3 va STS-4 yakunlandi. STS-5, 11 noyabrda boshlangan, birinchi operatsion missiya edi; to'rtta kosmonavtni ko'tarib, ikkita tijorat yo'ldoshi joylashtirildi. Ushbu uchishning uchtasida ham Shuttle yuk tashish joyidagi poddonlarda eksperimentlar o'tkazildi va o'tkazildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Space Shuttle CHellenjer topshiriq bilan ishga tushirildi STS-51-L 1986 yil 28 yanvarda, natijada Space Shuttle Challenger halokati parvozga bir daqiqa va o'n uch soniya. Keyinchalik tezkor tomosha qiluvchi filmlar va telemetriya signallarini tahlil qilish shuni ko'rsatdiki, birining bo'g'inida qochqin paydo bo'lgan qattiq raketa kuchaytirgichlari (SRB). Yonayotgan olov alanga yuzasiga tutashgan tashqi tank (ET), natijada transport vositasi yo'q bo'lib, ekipaj yo'qoladi. Tabiiy ofatning asosiy sababi an bo'lishi aniqlandi O-ring o'ng SRB-da ishlamay qolish; sovuq ob-havo bunga sabab bo'ldi. SRBlarni qayta loyihalashtirish va keng ko'lamli sinovlar o'tkazildi. Qolgan 1986 yilda yoki 1987 yilda "Space Shuttle" missiyalari bo'lmagan. Parvozlar 1988 yil sentyabr oyida qayta tiklandi STS-26.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Shuttle missiyalari va foydali yuklari

Kosmik kemalar ilmiy tadqiqot uskunalaridan tortib to yuqori toifadagi harbiy sun'iy yo'ldoshlarga qadar turli xil foydali yuklarni tashiydilar. Parvozlarga kosmik transport tizimining (STS) raqami berilgan, umuman rejalashtirilgan uchish sanasi bo'yicha. The kosmik transport vositalarining missiyalari ro'yxati barcha reyslarni, ularning vazifalarini va boshqa ma'lumotlarni ko'rsatadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

MSFC moslashtirishni boshqargan Inertial yuqori bosqich. Ushbu qattiq raketa birinchi marta 1989 yil may oyida parvoz qilgan Magellan Orbiter-dan sayyora kosmik kemasi Atlantis to'rt yil davomida radar sirtini xaritalash uchun Quyosh atrofida 15 oylik tsiklda va Venera atrofidagi orbitada.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Shuttle kompaniyasining ko'plab reyslarida bortda tadqiqotlar o'tkazish uchun uskunalar bo'lgan. Bunday uskunalar ikki shaklda joylashtirilgan: poddonlarda yoki Shuttle yuk tashish joyidagi boshqa tartibda (ko'pincha asosiy missiya uchun qo'shimcha qurilmalardan tashqari). Ushbu eksperimental foydali yuklarni birlashtirish MSFC zimmasiga yuklangan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Paletali tajribalar turli xil va murakkabliklarga ega edi, jumladan suyuqlik fizikasi, materialshunoslik, biotexnologiya, yonish va kosmik tijoratni qayta ishlash. Ba'zi bir vazifalar uchun yuklarni tashish uchun alyuminiy ko'prik ishlatilgan. Buning uchun 12 ta standart qutilar, xususan, ostidagi tajribalar o'tkazilishi mumkin Qochish uchun maxsus (GAS) dasturi. Kollejlar, universitetlar, AQSh kompaniyalari, jismoniy shaxslar, xorijiy hukumatlar va boshqalarga GAS reyslari arzon narxlarda amalga oshirildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Ba'zi reyslarda, sxemasidan turli xil tajribalar to'liq yukni tashkil etdi, shu jumladan misollar Astronomiya laboratoriyasi-1 (ASTRO-1) va Ilovalar va fan uchun atmosfera laboratoriyasi (ATLAS 1).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Spacelab

Space Shuttle-da uchirilgan sxemasidan qilingan tajribalardan tashqari, ko'plab boshqa tajribalar ham bortda amalga oshirildi Spacelab. Bu bir nechta tarkibiy qismlardan, shu jumladan bosimli moduldan, bosimsiz tashuvchidan va boshqa tegishli jihozlardan tashkil topgan qayta ishlatiladigan laboratoriya edi. MSFC tomonidan boshqariladigan dasturga binoan, Evropaning o'nta mamlakati Evropaning kosmik tadqiqotlari tashkiloti orqali birinchi Spacelab-ni loyihalashtirgan, qurgan va moliyalashtirgan (ESRO. Bundan tashqari, Yaponiya STS-47 uchun Spacelab-ni moliyalashtirdi.^[19]

15 yil davomida Spacelab tarkibiy qismlari 22 ta samolyotda uchishdi, so'nggisi 1998 yil aprelda. Spacelab missiyalari misollari quyidagicha:^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

• Spacelab 1 1983 yil 28 noyabrda uchirilgan STS-9 samolyotida parvoz qilgan. Shuttle Kolumbiya parvoz, bu oltita astronavt, shu jumladan ESRO ning ikkita foydali yuk mutaxassisi bilan birinchi bo'ldi. Astronomiya va fizika, atmosfera fizikasi, Yerni kuzatish, hayot haqidagi fanlar, materialshunoslik va kosmik plazma fizikasida 73 ta tajriba o'tkazildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}
• AQSh mikrogravitatsiya laboratoriyasi 1 (USML-1) 1992 yil iyun oyida STS-50 da birinchi bo'lib ishga tushirildi Kengaytirilgan muddati Orbiter. 14 kun davomida kecha-kunduz ishlashda 31 ta mikrogravitatsiya tajribasi o'tkazildi. USML-2 1995 yil oktyabr oyida STS-73 da MSFC olimi bilan uchirilgan, Frederik V. Lesli, bortda foydali yuk mutaxassisi sifatida.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1990 yil boshida MSFC ning Spacelab Mission Operations Control Center tashkil qilingan bo'lib, u Spacelab missiyalarini boshqargan OAJda ilgari joylashgan Yuk ko'tarish operatsiyalarini boshqarish o'rniga Spacelab missiyalarini boshqarish uchun tashkil qilingan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya

NASA 1984 yilda nomlangan kosmik stantsiyani qurishni rejalashtira boshladi Ozodlik 1988 yilda. 1990-yillarning boshlariga kelib to'rt xil stantsiyani rejalashtirish boshlandi: amerikalik Ozodlik, Sovet / rus Mir-2, Evropa Kolumbva yaponlar Kibō. 1993 yil noyabrda rejalashtirilmoqda Ozodlik, Mir-2va Evropa va Yaponiya modullari bitta tarkibga kiritildi Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya (ISS).^{[iqtibos kerak ]} XKS rus modulidan boshlab orbitada yig'ilgan modullardan iborat Zarya 1998 yil noyabrda. Dekabr oyida AQShning birinchi moduli, Birlik shuningdek, Boeing tomonidan MSFC bazasida qurilgan tugun 1 deb nomlangan.^[20]

XKS yig'ilishi keyingi o'n yil ichida davom etdi va 2001 yil 7 fevraldan beri doimiy ravishda egallab kelinmoqda. 1998 yildan beri AQShning XKS tarkibidagi 18 ta asosiy komponentlari kosmosda yig'ildi. 2007 yil oktyabr oyida, Garmoniya yoki 2-tugun, biriktirilgan edi Taqdir; MSFC tomonidan boshqariladigan, bu Evropa va Yaponiya modullari uchun ulanish markazlari va qo'shimcha yashash maydonlarini taqdim etdi, bu ISS ekipajini oltitaga oshirishga imkon berdi. AQSh va Boeing tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan 18-chi va so'nggi yirik element - Starboard 6 Truss Segmenti 2009 yil fevral oyida XKSga etkazib berildi. Shu bilan quyosh massivlarining to'liq to'plami faollashtirilib, ilmiy loyihalar uchun mavjud quvvat 30 kVtgacha ko'tarilishi mumkin edi. . Bu yakunlanganligini belgiladi United States Orbital Segment (USOS) of the station.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} On 5 March 2010, Boeing officially turned over the USOS to NASA.^[21]

Hubble kosmik teleskopi

In 1962, the first Orbita Quyosh observatoriyasi was launched, followed by the Orbitadagi Astronomiya observatoriyasi (OAO) that carried out ultraviolet observations of stars between 1968 and 1972. These showed the value of space-based astronomy, and led to the planning of the Large Space Telescope (LST) that would be launched and maintained from the forthcoming space shuttle. Budget limitations almost killed the LST, but the astronomy community – especially Lyman Spitser – and the National Science Foundation pressed for a major program in this area. Congress finally funded LST in 1978, with an intended launch date of 1983.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

MSFC was given responsibility for the design, development, and construction of the telescope, while Goddard kosmik parvoz markazi (GFC) was to develop the scientific instruments and ground-control center. The project scientist was C. Robert O’Dell, then chairman of the Astronomy Department at the Chikago universiteti. The telescope assembly was designed as a Cassegrain reflektori with hyperbolic mirror polished to be diffraction limited; the primary mirror had a diameter of 2.4 m (94 in). The mirrors were developed by the optics firm Perkin-Elmer. MSFC could not test the performance of the mirror assembly until the telescope was launched and placed in service.^[22]

The LST was named the Hubble kosmik teleskopi in 1983, the original launch date. There were many problems, delays, and cost increases in the program, and the CHellenjer disaster delayed the availability of the launch vehicle. The Hubble kosmik teleskopi was launched in April 1990, but gave flawed images due to a flawed primary mirror that had sferik aberatsiya. The defect was found when the telescope was in orbit. Fortunately, the Hubble telescope had been designed to allow in-space maintenance, and in December 1993, mission STS-61 carried astronauts to the Hubble to make corrections and change some components. A second repair mission, STS-82, was made in February 1997, and a third, STS-103, in December 1999. Another servicing mission (STS-109) was flown on 1 March 2002. For these repair missions, the astronauts practiced the work in MSFC's Neutral Buoyancy Facility, simulating the weightless environment of space.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Based on the success of earlier maintenance missions, NASA decided to have a fifth service mission to Hubble; this was STS-125 flown on May 11, 2009. The maintenance and addition of equipment resulted in Hubble performance considerably better than planned at its origin. It is now expected that the Hubble will remain operational until its successor, the Jeyms Uebbning kosmik teleskopi (JWST), is available in 2018.^{[yangilanishga muhtoj ][23][24]}

Chandra rentgen rasadxonasi

Even before HEAO-2 (the Eynshteyn rasadxonasi ) was launched in 1978, MSFC began preliminary studies for a larger X-ray telescope. To support this effort, in 1976 an X-Ray Test Facility, the only one of its size, was constructed at MSFC for verification testing and calibration of X-ray mirrors, telescope systems, and instruments. With the success of HEAO-2, MSFC was given responsibility for the design, development, and construction of what was then known as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF). The Smitson astrofizika rasadxonasi (SAO) partners with MSFC, providing the science and operational management.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Work on the AXAF continued through the 1980s. A major review was held in 1992, resulting in many changes; four of the twelve planned mirrors were eliminated, as were two of the six scientific instruments. The planned circular orbit was changed to an elliptical one, reaching one-third of the way to the Moon at its farthest point; this eliminated the possibility of improvement or repair using the Space Shuttle, but it placed the spacecraft above the Earth's radiation belts for most of its orbit.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

AXAF was renamed Chandra rentgen rasadxonasi in 1998. It was launched July 23, 1999, by the Shuttle Kolumbiya (STS-93). An Inertial yuqori bosqich booster adapted by MSFC was used to transport Chandra to its high orbit Weighing about 22,700 kg (50,000 lb), this was the heaviest payload ever launched by a Shuttle. Operationally managed by the SAO, ‘’Chandra’’ has been returning excellent data since being activated. It initially had an expected life of five years, but this has now been extended to 15 years or longer.^[25]

The Chandra rentgen rasadxonasi, originating at MSFC, was launched on July 3, 1999, and is operated by the Smitson astrofizika rasadxonasi. Bilan burchak o'lchamlari of 0.5 kamon (2.4 µrad), it has a thousand times better resolution than the first orbiting X-ray telescopes. Its highly elliptik orbit allows continuous observations up to 85 percent of its 65-hour orbital davr. With its ability to make X-ray images of star clusters, supernova remnants, galactic eruptions, and collisions between clusters of galaxies - in its first decade of operation it has transformed astronomer's view of the high-energy universe.^[26]

Compton Gamma Ray Observatoriyasi

The Compton Gamma Ray Observatoriyasi (CGRO) was another of NASA's Buyuk rasadxonalar. The CGRO was launched April 5, 1991, on Shuttle flight STS-37. At 37,000 pounds (17,000 kg), it was the heaviest astrophysical payload ever flown at that time. CGRO was 14 years in development by NASA; TRW was the builder. Gamma radiation is the highest energy-level of electromagnetic radiation, having energies above 100 keV and frequencies above 10 exahertz (10¹⁹ Hz). Gamma radiation is produced by sub-atomic particle interactions, including those in some astrophysical processes. The continuous flow of cosmic rays bombarding space objects, such as the Moon, generate this radiation. Gamma rays also result in bursts from nuclear reactions. The CGRO was designed to image continuous radiation and to detect bursts.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

MSFC was responsible for the Burst and Transient Source Experiment, (BATSE). This triggered on sudden changes in gamma count-rates lasting 0.1 to 100 s; it was also capable of detecting less impulsive sources by measuring their modulation using the Earth okkultatsiya texnika. In nine years of operation, BATSE triggered about 8000 events, of which some 2700 were strong bursts that were analyzed to have come from distant galaxies.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Unlike the Hubble Space Telescope, the CGRO was not designed for on-orbit repair and refurbishment. Thus, after one of its gyroscopes failed, NASA decided that a controlled crash was preferable to letting the craft come down on its own at random. On June 4, 2000, it was intentionally de-orbited, with the debris that did not burn up falling harmlessly into the Pacific Ocean. At MSFC, Gerald J. Fishman^{[qachon? ]} is the principal investigator of a project to continue examination of data from BATSE and other gamma-ray projects. 2011 yil Shaw Prize was shared by Fishman and Italian Enriko Kosta for their gamma-ray research.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Directors, 1980s and 1990s

^[18]

2000s and 2010s - late Shuttle and successors

MSFC is NASA's designated developer and integrator of launch systems. The state-of-the-art Propulsion Research Laboratory serves as a leading national resource for advanced space propulsion research. Marshall has the engineering capabilities to take space vehicles from initial concept to sustained service. For manufacturing, the world's largest-known welding machine of its type was installed at MSFC in 2008; it is capable of building major, defect-free components for human-rated space vehicles.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

In early March 2011, NASA Headquarters announced that MSFC will lead the efforts on a new heavy-lift rocket that, like the Saturn V of the lunar exploration program of the late 1960s, will carry large, inson tomonidan baholangan payloads beyond low-Earth orbit. MSFC has the program office for the Kosmik uchirish tizimi (SLS).^[27]

Orbital kosmik samolyot

The initial plans for the Space Station envisaged a small, low-cost Ekipaj orqaga qaytish vositasi (CRV) that would provide emergency evacuation capability. 1986 yil CHellenjer disaster led planners to consider a more capable spacecraft. The Orbital kosmik samolyot (OSP) development got underway in 2001, with an early version then expected to enter service by 2010. In 2004, the knowledge gained on the OSP was transferred to Jonson kosmik markazi (JSC) for use in the development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle ning Burjlar dasturi. No operational OSP was ever built.^[28]

Columbia disaster and Shuttle retirement

MSFC had responsibility for the Space Shuttle's rocket propulsion elements, including the External Tank. 2003 yil 1 fevralda Space Shuttle Kolumbiya falokat was caused by a piece of insulation that broke off the tashqi tank during launch and damaged the termal himoya on the Orbiter's left wing.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

MSFC was responsible for the external tank, but few or no changes to the tank were made; rather, NASA decided that it was inevitable that some insulation might be lost during launch and thus required that an inspection of the orbiter's critical elements be made prior to reentry on future flights.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

NASA retired the Space Shuttle in 2011, leaving the US dependent upon the Russian Soyuz spacecraft for crewed space missions.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Constellation Program

Between 2004 and early 2010, the Constellation Program was a major NASA activity. MSFC was responsible for the propulsion of the proposed Ares I va Ares V heavy-lift vehicles.^[29]

Starting in 2006, the MSFC Exploration Launch Projects Office began work on the Ares projects. On October 28, 2009, an Ares I-X test rocket lifted off from the newly modified Launch Complex 39B da Kennedi nomidagi kosmik markaz (KSC) for a two-minute powered flight; then continued for four additional minutes traveling 150 miles (240 km) down range.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Deep-space astronomy

The Fermi Gamma-ray kosmik teleskopi, initially called the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), is an international, multi-agency space observatory used to study the cosmos. It was launched June 11, 2008, has a design life of 5 years and a goal of 10 years. The primary instrument is the Large Area Telescope (LAT), which is sensitive in the photon energy range of 0.1 to greater than 300 GeV and can view about 20% of the sky at any given moment.^[30] The LAT is complemented by the GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) which can detect burst of X-rays and gamma rays in the 8-keV to 3-MeV energy range, overlapping with the LAT. The GBM is a collaborative effort between the U.S. National Space Science and Technology Center va Maks Plank nomidagi g'ayritabiiy fizika instituti Germaniyada. MSFC manages the GBM, and Charles A. Meegan^{[yangilanishga muhtoj ]} of MSFC is the Principal Investigator. Many new discoveries have been made in the initial period of operation. For example, on May 10, 2009, a burst was detected that, by its propagation characteristics, is believed to negate some approaches to a new theory of gravity.^[31]

The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), with Gerald J. Fishman of MSFC serving as Principal Investigator, is an ongoing examination of the many years of data from gamma-ray bursts, pulsars, and other transient gamma-ray phenomena.^[32] 2011 yil Shaw Prize, often called "Asia's Nobel Prize," was shared by Fishman and Italian astronomer Enriko Kosta for their gamma-ray research.^[33]

Directors, 2000s and beyond

^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Present and future – 2010s onward

Marshall Space Flight Center has capabilities and projects supporting NASA's mission in three key areas: lifting from Earth (Space Vehicles), living and working in space (International Space Station), and understanding our world and beyond (Advanced Scientific Research).^[34]

Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya

The Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya is a partnership of the United States, Russian, European, Japanese, and Canadian Space Agencies. The station has continuously had human occupants since November 2, 2000. Orbiting 16 times daily at an average altitude of about 250 mi (400 km), it passes over some 90 percent of the world's surface. It has a mass over 932,000 pounds (423,000 kg), and a crew of six conducts research and prepares the way for future explorations.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

It is planned that the International Space Station will be operated at least through the end of 2030. Crewed missions to the ISS since the retirement of Shuttle in 2011 have depended on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, which is intended to be succeeded or supplemented by the Commercial Crew Development dastur.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

MSFC has supported activities in the U.S. Laboratory (Taqdir) and elsewhere on the International Space Station through the Payload Operations Center (POC). The research activities include experiments on topics ranging from human physiology to physical science. Operating around the clock, scientists, engineers, and flight controllers in the POC link Earth-bound researchers throughout the world with their experiments and astronauts aboard the ISS. As of March 2011^[yangilash], this has included the coordination of more than 1,100 experiments conducted by 41 space-station crew members involved in over 6,000 hours of science research.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Advanced scientific research

Hundreds of experiments have been conducted aboard the Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya. The deep-space images from the Hubble kosmik teleskopi va Chandra rentgen rasadxonasi are made possible in part by the people and facilities at Marshall. The MSFC was not only responsible for the design, development, and construction of these telescopes, but it is also now home to the only facility in the world for testing large telescope mirrors in a space-simulated environment. Work is well underway on the Jeyms Uebbning kosmik teleskopi (JWST), which will have the largest primary mirror ever assembled in space. In the future, the facility will likely be used for another successor, the Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope (AT-LAST).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

The National Space Science and Technology Center (NSSTC) is a joint research venture between NASA and the seven research universities of the State of Alabama. The primary purpose of NSSTC is to foster collaboration in research between government, academia, and industry. It consists of seven research centers: Advanced Optics, Biotechnology, Global Hydeology & Climate, Information Technology, Material Science, Propulsion, and Space Science. Each center is managed by either MSFC, the host NASA facility, or the Xantsvildagi Alabama universiteti, the host university.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Solar system research

Teams at MSFC manage NASA's programs for exploring the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and other bodies throughout our solar system. Bularga kiritilgan Gravitatsiya probasi B, an experiment to test two predictions of Einstein's general theory of relativity, and Solar-B, an international mission to study the solar magnetic field and origins of the solar wind, a phenomenon that affects radio transmission on the Earth. The MSFC Lunar Precursor and Robotic Program Office manages projects and directs studies on lunar robotic activities across NASA.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Climate and weather research

MSFC also develops systems for monitoring the Earth's climate and weather patterns. At the Global Hydrology and Climate Center (GHCC), researchers combine data from Earth systems with satellite data to monitor biodiversity conservation and climate change, providing information that improves agriculture, urban planning, and water-resource management.^[35]

Mikrosatellitlar

On November 19, 2010, MSFC entered the new field of microsatellites with the successful launch of FASTSAT (Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology Satellite). Part of a joint DoD/NASA payload, it was launched by a Minotavr IV dan raketa Kodiak Launch Complex kuni Kodiak oroli, Alyaska. FASTSAT is a platform carrying multiple small payloads to low-Earth orbit, creating opportunities to conduct low-cost scientific and technology research on an autonomous satellite in space. FASTSAT, weighing just under 400 pounds (180 kg), serves as a full scientific laboratory containing all the resources needed to carry out scientific and technology research operations. It was developed at the MSFC in partnership with the Von Braun Center for Science & Innovation and Dynetics, Inc., both of Huntsville, Alabama. Mark Boudreaux is the project manager for MSFC.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

There are six experiments on the FASTSAT bus, including NanoSail-D2, which is itself a nanosatellite – the first satellite launched from another satellite. It was deployed satisfactorily on January 21, 2011.^[36]

Shuningdek qarang

• AQSh kosmik va raketa markazi

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Rasmiy veb-sayt
• MSFC History and Fact sheet
• Marshall Star official newsletter
• "America's Space Program: Exploring a New Frontier", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
• International Space Station: Payload Operations Center
• Marshall Space Flight Center article, Encyclopedia of Alabama