Apollon 11 - Apollo 11
 Buzz Aldrin tomonidan suratga olingan Oyda Nil Armstrong (Armstrong visor aksida ko'rilgan) | |
| Missiya turi | Ekipajli oy qo'nish (G ) |
|---|---|
| Operator | NASA |
| COSPAR identifikatori |
|
| SATCAT yo'q. | |
| Missiyaning davomiyligi | 8 kun, 3 soat, 18 daqiqa, 35 soniya |
| Kosmik kemalarining xususiyatlari | |
| Kosmik kemalar |
|
| Ishlab chiqaruvchi |
|
| Massani ishga tushirish | 100,756 funt (45,702 kg) |
| Hodisa massasi | 10,873 funt (4,932 kg) |
| Ekipaj | |
| Ekipaj hajmi | 3 |
| A'zolar | |
| Qo'ng'iroq qilish |
|
| Missiyaning boshlanishi | |
| Ishga tushirish sanasi | 1969 yil 16-iyul, soat 13:32:00 UTC[3] |
| Raketa | Saturn V SA-506 |
| Saytni ishga tushirish | Kennedi nomidagi kosmik markaz LC-39A |
| Missiyaning tugashi | |
| Qayta tiklandi | USSHornet |
| Uchish sanasi | 1969 yil 24-iyul, soat 16:50:35 UTC |
| Uchish joyi |
|
| Orbital parametrlar | |
| Yo'naltiruvchi tizim | Selenotsentrik |
| Periselene balandligi | 100,9 kilometr (54,5 nmi)[4] |
| Aposelen balandligi | 122,4 kilometr (66,1 nmi)[4] |
| Nishab | 1,25 daraja[4] |
| Davr | 2 soat[4] |
| Epoch | 1969 yil 19-iyul, soat 21:44[4] |
| Oy orbita | |
| Kosmik kemalar komponenti | Buyruq va xizmat ko'rsatish moduli |
| Orbital kiritish | 1969 yil 19-iyul, soat 17:21:50 da[5] |
| Orbital ketish | 1969 yil 22-iyul, soat 04:55:42 UTC[6] |
| Orbitalar | 30 |
| Oy qo'nish | |
| Kosmik kemalar komponenti | Apollon Oy moduli |
| Uchish sanasi | 1969 yil 20-iyul, soat 20: 17: 40da UTC[7] |
| Qaytishni boshlash | 1969 yil 21-iyul, soat 17:54:00[8] |
| Uchish joyi | |
| Namuna massasi | 21,55 kilogramm (47,51 funt) |
| Yuzaki EVAlar | 1 |
| EVA davomiyligi | 2 soat, 31 daqiqa, 40 soniya |
| LM bilan ulanish | |
| Docking sanasi | 1969 yil 16-iyul, 16:56:03 UTC[5] |
| Chiqarish sanasi | 1969 yil 20-iyul, soat 17:44:00[10] |
| LM ko'tarilish bosqichi bilan bog'lash | |
| Docking sanasi | 1969 yil 21-iyul, soat 21:35:00[6] |
| Chiqarish sanasi | 1969 yil 21-iyul, soat 23:41:31[6] |
  Chapdan o'ngga: Nil Armstrong, Maykl Kollinz, Buzz Aldrin | |
Apollon 11 edi kosmik parvoz bu birinchi tushdi odamlar Oy. Qo'mondon Nil Armstrong va oy moduli uchuvchisi Buzz Aldrin ga tushgan Amerika ekipajini tashkil etdi Apollon Oy moduli Burgut 1969 yil 20-iyul, soat 20: 17da UTC. Oltita soat 39 minutdan keyin 21 iyul kuni soat 02:56 da UTC oyning yuzasiga qadam qo'ygan birinchi odam bo'ldi. 19 daqiqadan so'ng Aldrin unga qo'shildi. Ular kosmik kemaning tashqarisida taxminan ikki chorak soat birga bo'lishdi va qaytib kelish uchun 47,5 funt (21,5 kg) oy materiallarini yig'ishdi. Yer. Buyruq moduli uchuvchisi Maykl Kollinz uchib ketdi Buyruq moduli Kolumbiya yolg'iz oy orbitasi ular Oy yuzasida bo'lganlarida. Armstrong va Aldrin o'zlari nom bergan joyda Oy yuzasida 21 soat 36 daqiqa harakat qilishdi Tinchlik bazasi qayta qo'shilish uchun ko'tarishdan oldin Kolumbiya Oy orbitasida.
Apollon 11 a tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Saturn V raketa Kennedi nomidagi kosmik markaz kuni Merritt oroli, Florida, 16 iyul kuni soat 13:32 da UTC va bu beshinchi ekipaj vazifasi edi NASA "s Apollon dasturi. Apollon kosmik kemalar uch qismdan iborat edi: a buyruq moduli (CM) uchta kosmonavt uchun kabinet bilan, Yerga qaytib kelgan yagona qism; a xizmat ko'rsatish moduli (SM) buyruq modulini harakatga keltiruvchi, elektr quvvati, kislorod va suv bilan qo'llab-quvvatlagan; va a oy moduli (LM) Ikki bosqichli - Oyga tushish va astronavtlarni oy orbitasiga qaytarish uchun ko'tarilish bosqichi.
Bo'lgandan keyin Oyga yuborilgan Saturn V-ning uchinchi bosqichida astronavtlar kosmik kemani undan ajratib olishdi va ular oy orbitasiga kirguncha uch kun yurishdi. Keyin Armstrong va Aldrin ko'chib o'tishdi Burgut va ga tushdi Tinchlik dengizi 20-iyul kuni kosmonavtlar foydalangan Burgut'Oy sathidan ko'tarilib, Kollinzga buyruqlar moduliga qo'shilish uchun ko'tarilish bosqichi. Ular jettisoned Burgut ilgari surilgan manevralarni amalga oshirishdan oldin Kolumbiya uning so'nggi 30 ta orbitasidan so'ng Yerga qaytib boradigan traektoriya.[6] Ular Yerga qaytib kelishdi va pastga sepildi sakkiz kundan ortiq kosmosda bo'lganidan so'ng, 24 iyul kuni Tinch okeanida.
Armstrongning Oy sathiga birinchi qadamini jonli televizor orqali butun dunyo tomoshabinlariga namoyish etishdi. U voqeani "inson uchun bitta kichik qadam, insoniyat uchun bitta katta sakrash" deb ta'rifladi.[a][12] Apollon 11 samarali yakunlandi Kosmik poyga tomonidan 1961 yilda taklif qilingan milliy maqsadni amalga oshirdi Prezident Jon F. Kennedi: "bu o'n yil tugamasdan, odamni Oyga tushirish va uni Yerga xavfsiz qaytarish."[13]
Fon
50-yillarning oxiri va 60-yillarning boshlarida Qo'shma Shtatlar Sovuq urush bilan geosiyosiy raqobat Sovet Ittifoqi.[14] 1957 yil 4 oktyabrda Sovet Ittifoqi ishga tushirildi Sputnik 1, birinchi sun'iy yo'ldosh. Ushbu kutilmagan muvaffaqiyat butun dunyo bo'ylab qo'rquv va tasavvurlarni yoqdi. Bu Sovet Ittifoqi qit'alararo masofada yadro qurolini etkazib berish imkoniyatiga ega ekanligini namoyish etdi va Amerikaning harbiy, iqtisodiy va texnologik ustunlik haqidagi da'volariga qarshi chiqdi.[15] Bu tezlashdi Sputnik inqirozi va ishga tushirdi Kosmik poyga.[16] Prezident Duayt D. Eyzenxauer yaratish orqali Sputnik chaqirig'iga javob qaytardi Milliy aviatsiya va kosmik ma'muriyat (NASA) va boshlamoqda Mercury loyihasi,[17] odamni ishga tushirishni maqsad qilgan Yer orbitasi.[18] Ammo 1961 yil 12 aprelda Sovet kosmonavt Yuriy Gagarin kosmosdagi birinchi odamga aylandi va Yer atrofida birinchi bo'lib aylanib chiqdi.[19] Taxminan bir oy o'tgach, 1961 yil 5-may kuni, Alan Shepard 15 daqiqalik suborbital sayohatni bosib o'tib, kosmosdagi birinchi amerikalik bo'ldi. Atlantika okeanidan qutqarilgandan so'ng, unga Eyzenxauerning o'rnini bosuvchi shaxsdan tabriklash qo'ng'irog'i keldi, Jon F. Kennedi.[20]
Sovet Ittifoqi yuqori ko'tarish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lganligi sababli tashuvchi vositalar, Kennedi AQSh va Sovet Ittifoqi tenglik pozitsiyasidan boshlanishi uchun NASA tomonidan taqdim etilgan variantlar orasidan mavjud bo'lgan raketa ishlab chiqarish quvvatlaridan tashqaridagi muammoni tanladi. Oyga ekipaj missiyasi shu maqsadga xizmat qiladi.[21]
1961 yil 25 mayda Kennedi murojaat qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi "Favqulodda milliy ehtiyojlar" mavzusida va quyidagilarni e'lon qildi:
O'ylaymanki, ushbu millat odamlarni Oyga qo'ndirish va uni Yerga qaytarib berish vazifasini bajarishga, [o'n oltmishinchi yillar] tugashidan oldin, o'z vazifalarini bajarishi kerak. Ushbu davrdagi biron bir kosmik loyiha insoniyat uchun ta'sirchan bo'lmaydi yoki kosmosni uzoq masofaga o'rganish uchun bundan ham muhimroq; va hech birining bajarilishi shunchalik qiyin yoki qimmat bo'lmaydi. Biz tegishli oy kosmik kemasini rivojlantirishni tezlashtirishni taklif qilamiz. Hozir ishlab chiqarilayotganidan ancha kattaroq bo'lgan muqobil suyuq va qattiq yoqilg'i kuchaytirgichlarini ishlab chiqarishni ustunligigacha ishlab chiqarishni taklif etamiz. Biz boshqa dvigatellarni ishlab chiqish va uchuvchisiz izlanishlar uchun qo'shimcha mablag'larni taklif qilamiz - bu millat hech qachon e'tibordan chetda qoldirmaydigan bitta maqsad uchun juda muhimdir: bu jasoratli parvozni birinchi bo'lib amalga oshirgan odamning tirik qolishi. Ammo haqiqatan ham Oyga bitta odam bormaydi - agar biz bu hukmni ijobiy qabul qilsak, bu butun bir xalq bo'ladi. Uni hammaga etkazish uchun hammamiz ishlashimiz kerak.
— Kennedining Kongressdagi nutqi[22]
1962 yil 12 sentyabrda Kennedi yana bir nutq so'zladi taxminan 40,000 kishilik olomon oldida Rays universiteti futbol stadioni yilda Xyuston, Texas.[23][24] Nutqning o'rta qismidan keng keltirilgan tiyilish quyidagicha o'qiladi:
Hali ham kosmosda nizo, xurofot, milliy mojaro yo'q. Uning xavfi hammamizga dushman. Uning zabt etilishi butun insoniyatning eng yaxshi narsalariga loyiqdir va uning tinchliksevar hamkorlik qilish imkoniyati endi hech qachon qaytmasligi mumkin. Ammo nima uchun, ba'zilar, Oy? Nima uchun buni bizning maqsadimiz sifatida tanladingiz? Va ular so'rashi mumkin: nega eng baland toqqa chiqish kerak? Nima uchun, 35 yil oldin, Atlantika okeaniga uching ? Nima uchun Rays Texasni o'ynaydi Biz Oyga borishni tanlaymiz! Biz Oyga borishni tanlaymiz ... Biz bu o'n yil ichida Oyga borishni va boshqa narsalarni qilishni osonligi uchun emas, balki qiyinligi uchun qilishni tanlaymiz; chunki bu maqsad bizning kuchimiz va mahoratimizning eng yaxshisini tartibga solish va o'lchashga xizmat qiladi, chunki bu qiyinchilik biz qabul qilishga tayyor, birini keyinga qoldirishni istamaymiz, va biz g'alaba qozonish niyatidamiz, boshqalari ham.[25]
Shunga qaramay, taklif qilingan dastur ko'plab amerikaliklarning qarshiliklariga duch keldi va "deb nomlandi"moondoggle "tomonidan Norbert Viner, matematik Massachusets texnologiya instituti.[26][27] Odamni Oyga tushirish harakati allaqachon shunday nomga ega edi: Apollon loyihasi.[28] Kennedi bilan uchrashganda Nikita Xrushchev, Sovet Ittifoqining Bosh vaziri 1961 yil iyun oyida u Oyni qo'nish bo'yicha qo'shma loyihani amalga oshirishni taklif qildi, ammo Xrushchev bu taklifni qabul qilmadi.[29] Kennedi yana nutq so'zlab, Oyga qo'shma ekspeditsiya taklif qildi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh assambleyasi 1963 yil 20 sentyabrda.[30] Qo'shma Oy missiyasini amalga oshirish g'oyasi Kennedi vafotidan keyin tark etildi.[31]
Erta va hal qiluvchi qaror tanlandi oy orbitasida uchrashuv ikkalasida ham to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ko'tarilish va Uchrashuv. A kosmik uchrashuv bu orbital manevr unda ikkita kosmik kemasi kosmosda harakatlanadi va uchrashadi. 1962 yil iyulda NASA rahbari Jeyms Uebb oy orbitasi uchrashuvi ishlatilishini e'lon qildi[32][33] va bu "Apollon" kosmik kemasi uchta asosiy qismga ega bo'lar edi: uchta kosmonavt uchun idishni bo'lgan buyruq moduli (CM) va Yerga qaytib kelgan yagona qism; buyruq modulini harakatga keltiruvchi, elektr quvvati, kislorod va suv bilan qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan xizmat ko'rsatish moduli (SM); va ikki bosqichli Oy moduli (LM) - Oyga tushish uchun tushish bosqichi va astronavtlarni oy orbitasiga qaytarish uchun ko'tarilish bosqichi.[34] Ushbu dizayn kosmik kemani bitta bilan uchirish mumkinligini anglatardi Saturn V o'sha paytda ishlab chiqarilayotgan raketa.[35]
Apollon uchun zarur bo'lgan texnologiyalar va texnikalar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Egizaklar loyihasi.[36] Apollon loyihasi NASA tomonidan yangi yutuqlarni o'zlashtirishi bilan ta'minlandi yarim o'tkazgich elektron texnologiyalar, shu jumladan metall-oksid-yarimo'tkazgichli dala effektli tranzistorlar (MOSFETs) Sayyoralararo monitoring platformasi (IMP)[37][38] va kremniy integral mikrosxema (IC) chiplari Apollon rahbarlik qiladigan kompyuter (AGC).[39]
Apollon loyihasi to'satdan to'xtatildi Apollon 1 1967 yil 27 yanvarda olov, unda kosmonavtlar Gus Grissom, Ed White va Rojer B. Chaffi vafot etdi va keyingi tergov.[40] 1968 yil oktyabrda, Apollon 7 buyruq modulini Yer orbitasida baholadi,[41] va dekabrda Apollon 8 uni Oy orbitasida sinab ko'rdi.[42] 1969 yil mart oyida, Apollon 9 Oy modulini Yer orbitasida qadam tashlab qo'ying,[43] va may oyida Apollon 10 Oy orbitasida "kiyinish mashqlari" ni o'tkazdi. 1969 yil iyul oyiga qadar Apollon 11 Oyga so'nggi qadamni qo'yishga tayyor edi.[44]
Sovet Ittifoqi kosmik poygada AQSh bilan raqobatlashdi, ammo uning dastlabki etakchisi kosmik rivojlanishdagi takroriy muvaffaqiyatsizliklar tufayli yo'qoldi N1 ishga tushirgich, bu Saturn V bilan taqqoslanadigan edi.[45] Sovet Ittifoqi yordamida oy materiallarini Yerga qaytarish uchun AQShni mag'lub etishga urindi burilmagan problar. Apollon 11 uchirishidan uch kun oldin 13 iyulda Sovet Ittifoqi ishga tushirildi Luna 15 Apollondan oldin Oyning orbitasiga etib kelgan, tushish paytida nosozlik Luna 15 ning qulashiga sabab bo'lgan Mare Crisium Armstrong va Aldrin o'z uylariga sayohat qilishni boshlash uchun Oy sathidan ko'tarilishidan taxminan ikki soat oldin. The Nuffield radio astronomiya laboratoriyalari Angliyadagi radio teleskop Luna 15 dan tushish paytida uning uzatilishini qayd etdi va ular 2009 yil iyul oyida Apollon 11 ning 40 yilligi munosabati bilan chiqarildi.[46]
Xodimlar
Bosh ekipaj
| Lavozim | Kosmonavt | |
|---|---|---|
| Qo'mondon | Nil A. Armstrong Ikkinchi va oxirgi kosmik parvoz | |
| Buyruq moduli uchuvchisi | Maykl Kollinz Ikkinchi va oxirgi kosmik parvoz | |
| Oy moduli uchuvchisi | Edvin "Buzz" E. Aldrin Jr. Ikkinchi va oxirgi kosmik parvoz | |
Qo'mondonning dastlabki ekipaj topshirig'i Nil Armstrong, Buyruq moduli uchuvchisi (CMP) Jim Lovell va Oy moduli uchuvchisi (LMP) Buzz Aldrin Apollon uchun zaxira ekipajida 9 rasmiy ravishda 1967 yil 20-noyabrda e'lon qilindi.[47] Lovell va Aldrin ilgari ekipaj sifatida birga uchishgan Egizaklar 12. LM, Apollonda dizayn va ishlab chiqarish kechikishi sababli 8 va Apollon 9 asosiy va zaxira ekipajlarini almashtirdi va Armstrong ekipaji Apollon uchun zaxira bo'ldi 8. Oddiy ekipaj aylanish sxemasiga asoslanib, keyinchalik Armstrong Apollon 11 ga buyruq berishi kutilgan edi.[48]
Bitta o'zgarish bo'ladi. Maykl Kollinz, Apollonda CMP 8 ekipaj, oyoqlari bilan qiynalishni boshladilar. Shifokorlar bu muammoni operatsiyani talab qiladigan, uning beshinchi va oltinchi umurtqalari orasidagi suyak o'sishi deb aniqlashdi.[49] Lovell Apollonda o'rnini egalladi 8 ekipaj va Kollinz sog'aygach, u Armstrongning ekipajiga CMP sifatida qo'shildi. Shu vaqitning o'zida, Fred Xays zaxira LMP sifatida, Aldrin esa Apollon 8 uchun zaxira CMP sifatida to'ldirilgan.[50] Apollon 11 Amerikaning ikkinchi missiyasi bo'lib, u erda barcha ekipaj a'zolari kosmosga chiqish tajribasini oldilar,[51] birinchisi Apollon 10.[52] Keyingi edi STS-26 1988 yilda.[51]
Dek Sleyton Armstrongga Aldrinni Lovell bilan almashtirish imkoniyatini berdi, chunki ba'zilar Aldrin bilan ishlash qiyin deb o'ylashdi. Armstrong Aldrin bilan ishlashda hech qanday muammoga duch kelmadi, ammo pasayishdan bir kun oldin o'ylab ko'rdi. U Lovell o'z vazifasini bajarishga loyiq deb o'ylardi (oxir-oqibat Apollon 13 ).[53]
Apollon 11 asosiy ekipaji bilan ajralib turadigan yaqin xushchaqchaq do'stlikning hech biri yo'q edi Apollon 12. Buning o'rniga ular mehmondo'st munosabatlarni o'rnatdilar. Ayniqsa, Armstrong taniqli bo'lgan, ammo o'zini yolg'iz deb bilgan Kollinz Aldrinning shaxsiy munosabatlarni o'rnatishga bo'lgan urinishlarini rad etganini tan oldi.[54] Aldrin va Kollinz ekipajni "do'stona begona odamlar" deb ta'rifladilar.[55] Armstrong bu bahoga rozi bo'lmagan va "... men bo'lgan barcha ekipajlar birgalikda juda yaxshi ishlashgan".[55]
Zaxira ekipaji
| Lavozim | Kosmonavt | |
|---|---|---|
| Qo'mondon | Jeyms A. Lovell Jr. | |
| Buyruq moduli uchuvchisi | Uilyam A. Anders | |
| Oy moduli uchuvchisi | Kichik Fred V. Xays | |
Zaxira ekipaj komandiri sifatida Lovelldan iborat edi, Uilyam Anders CMP va Haise LMP sifatida. Anders Lovell bilan Apollonda uchib kelgan 8.[51] 1969 yil boshida u ishga qabul qildi Milliy aviatsiya va kosmik kengash 1969 yil avgustdan kuchga kirdi va o'sha paytda kosmonavt sifatida nafaqaga chiqishini e'lon qildi. Ken Mattingli qo'llab-quvvatlash ekipajidan Anders bilan parallel mashg'ulotlarga ko'chirildi, zaxira CMP sifatida Apollon 11-ning iyul oyi boshlanishidan kechiktirilgan bo'lsa, unda Anders mavjud bo'lmaydi.[56]
Apollon paytida ekipajning normal aylanishiga ko'ra, Lovell, Mattingli va Xayse uchib ketishi kerak edi Apollon 14 Apollon 11-ga zaxira nusxasini yaratgandan so'ng, keyinchalik Lovell ekipaji joylarni almashtirishga majbur bo'ldi Alan Shepard taxminiy Apollon 13 Shepardga ko'proq mashg'ulot vaqtini berish uchun ekipaj.[56]
Yordam ekipaji
Merkuriy va egizaklar loyihalari davomida har bir missiya asosiy va zaxira ekipajiga ega edi. Apollon uchun astronavtlarning uchinchi ekipaji qo'shildi, ular qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ekipaj deb nomlanishdi. Qo'llab-quvvatlash ekipaji parvozlar rejasini, nazorat ro'yxatlarini va asosiy qoidalarni saqlab qoldi va asosiy va zaxira ekipajlarining o'zgarishlardan xabardor bo'lishini ta'minladi. Ular, ayniqsa, favqulodda vaziyatlar uchun protseduralarni ishlab chiqdilar, shuning uchun ular asosiy va zaxira ekipajlari simulyatorlarda mashq qilish uchun kelganlarida, ularni mashq qilish va o'zlashtirishga e'tibor berishlariga imkon berish uchun tayyor edilar.[57] Apollon 11 uchun yordamchi guruh Ken Mattinglydan iborat edi, Ronald Evans va Bill Pogue.[58]
Kapsül kommunikatorlari
The kapsül kommunikatori (CAPCOM) astronavt edi Missiyani boshqarish markazi yilda Xyuston, Texas, parvoz ekipaji bilan bevosita aloqada bo'lgan yagona odam kim edi.[59] Apollon 11 uchun CAPCOM'lar quyidagilar edi: Charlz Dyuk, Ronald Evans, Bryus Makkandless II, Jeyms Lovell, Uilyam Anders, Ken Mattingli, Fred Xays, Don L. Lind, Ouen K. Garriott va Xarrison Shmitt.[58]
Parvoz direktorlari
The parvoz direktorlari ushbu vazifa uchun quyidagilar bo'lgan:[60][61][62][63][64][65]
| Ism | Shift | Jamoa | Faoliyat |
|---|---|---|---|
| Klifford E. Charlzort | 1 | Yashil | Ishga tushirish va ekstravekulyar faoliyat (EVA) |
| Jerald D. Griffin | 1 | Oltin | 1-smenada zaxira nusxasi |
| Gen Kranz | 2 | Oq | Oyga qo'nish |
| Glinn Lunni | 3 | Qora | Oy ko'tarilishi |
| Milton Vindler | 4 | Maroon | Rejalashtirish |
Boshqa asosiy xodimlar
Apollon 11 missiyasida muhim rol o'ynagan boshqa muhim xodimlarga quyidagilar kiradi.[66]
| Ism | Faoliyat |
|---|---|
| Faruk El-Baz | Geolog, o'rganilgan Oy geologiyasi, qo'nish joylari, o'qitilgan uchuvchilar aniqlandi |
| Kurt Debus | Raketa olimi, ishga tushirish maydonchalari va infratuzilmaning qurilishini nazorat qildi |
| Jamye gullari | Kosmonavtlar uchun kotib |
| Eleanor Foraker | Loyihalashgan tikuvchi kosmik kostyumlar |
| Jek Garman | Kompyuter muhandis va texnik |
| Eldon C. Xoll | Apollon rahbarlik qiladigan kompyuter apparat dizayneri |
| Margaret Xemilton | Uchish uchun kompyuter dastur muhandisi |
| Jon Xubolt | Marshrutni rejalashtirish |
| Gen poyabzal | Dala geologiyasida kosmonavtlarni tayyorlagan geolog |
| Bill Tindall | Muvofiqlashtirilgan missiya texnikasi |
Tayyorgarlik
Belgilar
Apollon 11 missiya emblemasi Kollinz tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, u "AQSh tomonidan oyga tinch qo'nish" ramzini istagan. Lovellning taklifiga binoan u kal burgut, milliy qush ramzi sifatida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari. Simulyator o'qituvchisi Tom Uilson an zaytun novdasi ularning tinch missiyasini ifodalash uchun tumshug'ida. Kollinz uzoqdagi Yer bilan oy fonini qo'shdi. Tasvirdagi quyosh nuri noto'g'ri tomondan kelayotgan edi; soya chapning o'rniga Yerning pastki qismida bo'lishi kerak edi. Aldrin, Armstrong va Kollinz burgut va oy o'zlarining tabiiy ranglarida bo'lishiga qaror qildilar va ko'k va oltin chegarada qaror qildilar. Armstrong "o'n bitta" ingliz tilida so'zlashmaydigan odamlar tomonidan tushunilmasligidan xavotirda edi, shuning uchun ular "Apollon 11" bilan yurishdi,[67] va ular o'z nomlarini yamoqqa qo'ymaslikka qaror qilishdi, shuning uchun "vakili bo'ladi" hamma Oyga qo'nish uchun ishlagan ".[68]
Illyustrator Uchuvchisiz kosmik kemalar markazi (MSC) badiiy asarni yaratdi va keyinchalik NASA rasmiylariga tasdiqlash uchun yuborildi.[67] Dizayn rad etildi. Bob Gilrut, MSC direktori burgut talonlari "juda jangovar" ko'rinishini sezdi.[69] Bir muncha munozaradan so'ng, zaytun novdasi talonlarga ko'chirildi.[69] Qachon Eisenxauer dollar tanga 1971 yilda chiqarilgan, yamoq dizayni burgutni teskari tomoni bilan ta'minlagan.[70] Dizayn kichikroq uchun ham ishlatilgan Syuzan B. Entoni dollar 1979 yilda namoyish etilgan.[71]
Qo'ng'iroq belgilari
Apollon 10 ekipaji o'zlarining kosmik kemalarini nomlaganidan keyin Charli Braun va Snoopy, menejerning jamoat ishlari bo'yicha yordamchisi Julian Scheer yozgan Jorj M. Low, MSC huzuridagi "Apollon" kosmik kemalari dasturlari bo'limi menejeri, "Apollon 11" ekipajiga o'z ishlariga nom berishda kamgaproq bo'lishni taklif qilish. Ism Snowcone CM uchun ishlatilgan va Haystak missiyani erta rejalashtirish paytida ichki va tashqi aloqalarda LM uchun ishlatilgan.[72]
LM nomi berilgan Burgut missiya nishonlarida ko'zga ko'ringan motifdan keyin. Scheerning taklifiga binoan CM nomini oldi Kolumbiya keyin Kolumbiyad, kosmik kemani (shuningdek, Florida shtatidan) uchirgan ulkan to'p Jyul Vern 1865 yilgi roman Yerdan Oygacha. Bundan tashqari, unga murojaat qilingan Kolumbiya, Qo'shma Shtatlarning tarixiy nomi. [73][74] Kollinzning 1976 yilgi kitobida u aytgan Kolumbiya ga tegishli edi Xristofor Kolumb.[75]
Yodgorliklar
Kosmonavtlarda edi shaxsiy imtiyoz to'plamlari (PPK), shaxsiy ahamiyatga molik buyumlarni o'z ichiga olgan kichik sumkalar.[76] Apollon 11 da 0,5 funt (0,23 kg) beshta PPK olib borildi: uchta (har bir astronavt uchun bittadan) Kolumbiya ishga tushirishdan oldin, ikkitasi Burgut.[77]
Nil Armstrongning LM PPK-da yog'ochdan bir parcha bor edi Raytlar birodarlar ' 1903 Rayt Flyeri'chap pervanel va uning qanotidan mato parchasi,[78] olmos bilan ishlangan kosmonavt pin dastlab Sleytonga Apollonning beva ayollari tomonidan berilgan 1 ekipaj. Ushbu pinni ushbu topshiriq bilan uchib ketish va keyinchalik Sleytonga berish ko'zda tutilgan edi, ammo halokatli otish maydonidan keyin va keyingi dafn marosimlaridan so'ng, bevalar pinni Slaytonga berishdi. Armstrong Apollon-11da o'zi bilan birga olib ketdi.[79]
Saytni tanlash
NASA Apollon uchastkasini tanlash kengashi 1968 yil 8 fevralda beshta potentsial qo'nish joyini e'lon qildi. Bular Oyning sirtini yuqori aniqlikdagi fotosuratlarga asoslangan ikki yillik tadqiqotlar natijasidir. Lunar Orbiter dasturi va tomonidan taqdim etilgan sirt sharoitlari haqida ma'lumot Surveyer dasturi.[80] Yerga bog'langan eng yaxshi teleskoplar "Apollon" loyihasi talab qilinadigan xususiyatlarni echib bo'lmadi.[81] Kerakli harakatlantiruvchi vositani minimallashtirish uchun qo'nish joyi oy ekvatoriga yaqin bo'lishi, manevrani minimallashtirish uchun to'siqlardan xalos bo'lishi va qo'nish radarining vazifasini soddalashtirish uchun tekis bo'lishi kerak edi. Ilmiy qiymat e'tiborga olinmadi.[82]
Yerda olingan fotosuratlarda istiqbolli ko'rinadigan joylar ko'pincha umuman qabul qilinishi mumkin emas deb topildi. Saytning kraterlardan xoli bo'lishi haqidagi dastlabki talabni yumshatish kerak edi, chunki bunday sayt topilmadi.[83] Beshta sayt ko'rib chiqildi: Saytlar 1 va 2 kishi tinchlik dengizida edi (Mare Tranquillitatis ); Sayt 3 Markaziy ko'rfazida edi (Sinus Medii ); va saytlar 4 va 5 kishi bo'ronlar okeanida bo'lgan (Oceanus Procellarum ).[80]Oxirgi sayt tanlovi etti mezon asosida o'tkazildi:
- Sayt silliq bo'lishi kerak, nisbatan kam kraterlar bilan;
- qo'nish radarini chalkashtirib yuborishi va uni noto'g'ri o'qishga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan katta tepaliklardan, baland jarliklardan yoki chuqur kraterlardan ozod bo'lgan kirish yo'llari bilan;
- minimal miqdordagi yoqilg'i bilan erishish mumkin;
- ishga tushirishni hisoblash vaqtini kechiktirishga imkon berish;
- "Apollon" kosmik kemasini erkin qaytish traektoriyasi bilan ta'minlash, bu Oy atrofida qirg'oq bo'ylab yurish va Yerga hech qanday dvigatel yoqilishini talab qilmasdan xavfsiz tarzda qaytish imkonini beradi, agar Oyga borishda muammo yuzaga kelsa;
- qo'nish paytida yaxshi ko'rinishga ega, ya'ni Quyosh 7 oralig'ida bo'ladi va LM orqasida 20 daraja; va
- qo'nish maydonida ikki darajadan past bo'lgan umumiy nishab.[80]
Quyosh burchagiga bo'lgan talab ayniqsa cheklangan bo'lib, uchish sanasini oyiga bir kunga cheklab qo'ydi.[80] Tong otgandan keyin kosmonavtlar boshidan kechiradigan haroratni cheklash uchun qo'nish tanlandi.[84] Apollon saytini tanlash kengashi saytni tanladi 2, 3-sayt bilan va 5 ishga tushirilishi kechiktirilgan taqdirda zaxira sifatida. 1969 yil may oyida Apollon 10 oy moduli Saytdan 15 kilometr (9,3 milya) masofaga uchib ketdi 2 va buni maqbul deb e'lon qildi.[85][86]
Birinchi qadam qaror
Apollon 11 ekipaji e'lon qilinganidan keyin birinchi matbuot anjumani paytida birinchi savol: "Sizlardan qaysi biri janoblar Oy yuzasiga birinchi bo'lib qadam bosgan bo'ladi?"[87][88] Slayton muxbirga qaror qilinmaganligini aytdi va Armstrong "bu shaxsiy istakka asoslanmaganligini" qo'shimcha qildi.[87]
Chiqish nazorati ro'yxatining dastlabki versiyalaridan biri Oy moduli uchuvchisi kosmik kemadan qo'mondon oldida chiqib ketishi edi, bu esa egizaklar missiyalarida bajarilgan ishlarga mos keladi,[89] bu erda qo'mondon hech qachon kosmik parvoz qilmagan.[90] Jurnalistlar 1969 yil boshida Aldrin Oyda yurgan birinchi odam va Associate Administrator bo'lishini yozishdi Jorj Myuller jurnalistlarga u ham birinchi bo'lishini aytdi. Aldrin Armstrong birinchi bo'lishini eshitdi, chunki Armstrong fuqaro edi, bu Aldrinni jonivor qildi. Aldrin Oy modulining boshqa uchuvchilarini u birinchi bo'lishiga ishontirishga urindi, ammo ular lobbi kampaniyasi sifatida qabul qilingan narsalarga beparvolik bilan javob berishdi. Idoralararo mojaroni to'xtatishga urinib, Slayton Aldringa Armstrong qo'mondon bo'lganidan beri birinchi bo'lishini aytdi. Qaror 1969 yil 14 aprelda bo'lib o'tgan matbuot anjumanida e'lon qilindi.[91]
O'nlab yillar davomida Aldrin yakuniy qaror asosan oy modulining lyuk joylashgan joyiga bog'liq deb hisoblar edi. Kosmonavtlarning skafandrlari bo'lganligi va kosmik kemasi juda kichkina bo'lganligi sababli kosmik kemadan chiqish uchun manevr qilish qiyin bo'lgan. Ekipaj Aldrin birinchi bo'lib kosmik kemani tark etgan simulyatsiyani sinab ko'rdi, ammo u chiqishga urinish paytida simulyatorga zarar etkazdi. Missiya rejalashtiruvchilari o'z qarorlarini qabul qilishlari uchun bu etarli bo'lsa-da, Aldrin va Armstrong bahorning oxirigacha qaror qabul qilishda qorong'ida qolishdi.[92] Slayton Armstrongga, agar u rozi bo'lsa, avval kosmik kemani tark etishi kerakligini aytdi. Armstrong: "Ha, buni shunday qilish kerak", dedi.[93]
Ommaviy axborot vositalari Armstrongni birinchi navbatda kosmik kemadan chiqish uchun o'z qo'mondoni huquqidan foydalanganlikda aybladilar.[94] Kris Kraft Aldrining Oyda birinchi bo'lib yurmasligiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun Gilrut, Sleyton, Lou va o'zi o'rtasida uchrashuv bo'lib o'tganligini 2001 yilgi tarjimai holida ma'lum qildi. Ular Oyda yurgan birinchi odam o'xshash bo'lishi kerakligini ta'kidladilar Charlz Lindberg, tinch va sokin odam. Ular parvoz rejasini o'zgartirish to'g'risida qaror qabul qildilar, shuning uchun qo'mondon kosmik kemadan birinchi bo'lib chiqib ketdi.[95]
Ishga tushirishdan oldin
Ning ko'tarilish bosqichi LM-5 Burgut ga yetib keldi Kennedi nomidagi kosmik markaz 1969 yil 8-yanvarda, so'ngra to'rt kundan keyin tushish bosqichi va CSM-107 Kolumbiya 23 yanvarda.[3] Ularning orasida bir nechta farqlar bo'lgan Burgut va Apollon 10 ning LM-4 Snoopy; Burgut astronavtlarning oy yuzasida EVA paytida aloqasini osonlashtirish uchun VHF radio antennasiga ega edi; engil ko'tarilish dvigateli; qo'nish uskunasida ko'proq termal himoya; va deb nomlanuvchi ilmiy tajribalar to'plami Dastlabki Apollon ilmiy tajribalari to'plami (EASEP). Buyruq moduli konfiguratsiyasidagi yagona o'zgarish oldinga lyukdan bir oz izolyatsiyani olib tashlash edi.[96][97] CSM 29 yanvarda juftlashdi va ko'chib o'tdi Operatsiyalar va kassa binosi uchun Avtomobillarni yig'ish binosi 14 aprel kuni.[3]
The S-IVB Saturn V AS-506 ning uchinchi bosqichi 18 yanvarda, keyin esa S-II ikkinchi bosqich 6 fevral, S-IC birinchi bosqich 20 fevral kuni va Saturn V asboblar birligi 27-fevral kuni. 20-may soat 12: 30da 5443 tonna (5357-tonna; 6000-short-tonna) yig'ish transport vositalarini yig'ish binosining tepasida joylashgan. paletli transportyor, ishga tushirish pedi 39A uchun bog'langan, qismi Kompleksni ishga tushirish 39, Apollon 10 hali Oyga ketayotganda. Orqaga hisoblash testi 26 iyunda boshlanib, 2 iyulda yakunlandi. 15-iyulga o'tar kechasi, paletli transportyor yuk tashuvchi transport vositasini olib yurganida uchirish kompleksi yoritilgan edi. mobil aloqa xizmati tuzilishi mashinalar joyiga qaytib.[3] Erta tongda S-II va S-IVB bosqichlarining yonilg'i baklari to'ldirildi suyuq vodorod.[98] Yoqilg'i quyish uch soat oldin tugallandi.[99] Ishga tushirish operatsiyalari qisman avtomatlashtirilgan bo'lib, 43 ta dastur yozilgan ATOLL dasturlash tili.[100]
Sleyton soat 04:00 dan keyin ekipajni uyg'otdi va ular dush qabul qilishdi, sochlarini oldirishdi va Slayton va zaxira ekipaji bilan an'anaviy biftek va tuxumdan nonushta qilishdi. Keyin ular kosmik kostyumlarini kiyib, toza kislorod bilan nafas olishni boshladilar. Soat 06: 30da ular 39-kompleksni ishga tushirish uchun yo'l oldilar.[101] Xays kirdi Kolumbiya uchirish vaqtidan taxminan uch soat va o'n daqiqa oldin. Texnik bilan birgalikda u soat 06:54 da Armstrongga chap divanda yordam berdi. Besh daqiqadan so'ng Kollinz o'ng divanda o'rnini egallab, unga qo'shildi. Nihoyat, Aldrin markaziy divanni olib kirib keldi.[99] Xeyz uchirishdan taxminan ikki soat o'n daqiqa oldin jo'nab ketdi.[102] Yopish ekipaji lyukni muhrlab qo'ydi va idishni tozalangan va bosim ostida bo'lgan. Keyin yopilish ekipaji uchirish majmuasini uchirish vaqtidan taxminan bir soat oldin tark etdi. Ortga hisoblash uchirish boshlanishidan uch daqiqa yigirma soniyada avtomatlashtirildi.[99] Konsollarda 450 dan ortiq xodimlar bo'lgan otash xonasi.[98]
Missiya
Oy orbitasiga uchish va uchish
Taxminan bir million tomoshabin Apollon 11-ni uchirish maydonchasi yaqinidagi magistral yo'llardan va plyajlardan tomosha qildi. Obro'-e'tiborga ega bo'lganlar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining bosh shtabi, Umumiy Uilyam Vestmoreland, to'rtta kabinet a'zolari, 19 davlat gubernatorlari, 40 shahar hokimlari, 60 elchilar va 200 kongressmenlar. Vitse prezident Spiro Agnew sobiq prezident bilan startni tomosha qildi Lyndon B. Jonson va uning rafiqasi Lady Bird Jonson.[98][103] Taxminan 3500 ommaviy axborot vositalari vakillari ishtirok etishdi.[104] Taxminan uchdan ikki qismi Qo'shma Shtatlardan edi; qolgan 55 mamlakatdan kelgan. Taqdimot 33 mamlakatda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri televidenie orqali namoyish etildi, faqatgina AQShda 25 million tomoshabin bor. Dunyo bo'ylab yana millionlab odamlar radioeshittirishlarni tinglashdi.[103][98] Prezident Richard Nikson ofisidagi ishga tushirilishini tomosha qildi oq uy uning NASA bilan aloqador xodimi, Apollon astronavti bilan Frank Borman.[105]
Saturn V AS-506 Apollon 11-ni 1969 yil 16-iyul kuni soat 13:32:00 da uchirdi UTC (9:32:00 EDT ).[3] Uchishdan 13,2 soniya o'tgach, raketa harakatlana boshladi rulon uning ichiga parvoz azimuti 72.058 ° dan. Birinchi bosqichli dvigatellarning to'liq o'chirilishi taxminan 2 ga to'g'ri keldi missiyaga daqiqa va 42 soniya, so'ngra S-ICni ajratish va S-II dvigatellarini yoqish. Keyin ikkinchi bosqich dvigatellari uzilib, taxminan 9da ajralib chiqdi daqiqa va 8 sekunddan keyin S-IVB dvigatelining birinchi ateşlenmesine imkon beradi.[5]
Apollon 11 a ga kirdi yaqin atrofdagi Yer orbitasi 100,4 dengiz miliga (185,9 km) 98,9 dengiz miliga (183,2 km) balandlikda, parvoziga o'n ikki daqiqa. Bir yarim orbitadan so'ng S-IVB dvigatelining ikkinchi yonishi kosmik kemani Oyga qarab traektoriyasiga surib qo'ydi. trans-oy in'ektsiyasi (TLI) soat 16:22:13 da UTC da yonadi. Taxminan 30 daqiqadan so'ng, Kollinz chap qo'ltiqda va boshqaruv pultida transpozitsiya, joylashtirish va ajratib olish manevr amalga oshirildi. Bu ajralishni o'z ichiga olgan Kolumbiya o'tkazilgan S-IVB bosqichidan boshlab, o'girilib va bog'lanish Burgut hali ham sahnaga bog'langan. LM chiqarilgandan so'ng, birlashtirilgan kosmik kemalar Oy tomon yo'naldi, raketa bosqichi esa Oyning yonidan o'tgan traektoriyada uchdi.[106][5] Bu uchinchi bosqich kosmik kemasi, Yer yoki Oy bilan to'qnashuvining oldini olish uchun qilingan. A sling effekti Oy atrofidan o'tib uni anga tashladi Quyosh atrofida aylanadi.[107]
19-iyul kuni soat 17:21:50 da UTCda Apollon 11 Oyning orqasidan o'tdi va kirish uchun xizmat ko'rsatuvchi dvigatelini ishga tushirdi oy orbitasi.[5][108] Keyingi o'ttizta orbitada ekipaj kraterdan taxminan 19 mil (janubi-g'arbiy) janubdagi Tinchlik dengiziga tushgan joylarini ko'rishdi. Sabine D. Sayt qisman tanlangan, chunki u avtomatlashtirilgan tomonidan nisbatan tekis va silliq bo'lgan Ranger 8 va Surveyer 5 Landers va Lunar Orbiter xaritalash kosmik kemalari va bu katta qo'nish yoki EVA muammolarini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin emasligi sababli.[109] U Surveyordan taxminan 25 kilometr (16 milya) janubi-sharqda joylashgan 5 qo'nish joyi va Rangerdan 68 kilometr janubi-g'arbda 8 ning halokatga uchragan joyi.[110]
Oyga tushish
20 iyul kuni soat 12:52:00 da UTC, Aldrin va Armstrong kirishdi Burgut va Oyga tushish uchun so'nggi tayyorgarlikni boshladi.[5] 17:44:00 da Burgut dan ajratilgan Kolumbiya.[10] Kollinz, yolg'iz o'zi Kolumbiya, tekshirildi Burgut chunki uning oldida hunarmandchilik buzilmasligini va shassi to'g'ri joylashtirilganligini ta'minlash uchun pirouetted edi.[111][112] Armstrong xitob qildi: "The Burgut qanotlari bor! "[112]
Pastga tushish boshlanganda Armstrong va Aldrin o'zlarini ikki-uch soniya oldinroq er yuzidagi diqqatga sazovor joylardan o'tib ketishayotganini ko'rishdi va ular "uzun" ekanliklari haqida xabar berishdi; ular maqsadli nuqtadan g'arbiy milga tushishadi. Burgut juda tez sayohat qilgan. Muammo bo'lishi mumkin edi maskonlar - traektoriyani o'zgartirishi mumkin bo'lgan yuqori massa kontsentratsiyasi. Parvoz direktori Gen Kranz, bu tunneldagi qo'shimcha havo bosimidan kelib chiqishi mumkin deb taxmin qildi. Yoki buning natijasi bo'lishi mumkin edi Burgut's pirouette manevrasi.[113][114]
Besh minut pastga tushganda va Oy sathidan 1800 metr balandlikda, LM rahbarlik qiluvchi kompyuter (LGC) ekipajni bir nechta kutilmagan 1201 va 1202 dastur signallari bilan chalg'itdi. Missiyani boshqarish markazi ichida, kompyuter muhandisi Jek Garman aytdi Yo'l-yo'riq bo'yicha mutaxassis Stiv Beyls tushishni davom ettirish xavfsiz edi va bu ekipajga etkazildi. Dastur signallari "ijrochilarning haddan tashqari ko'payishi" ni ko'rsatdi, ya'ni ko'rsatma kompyuter barcha vazifalarini real vaqtda bajara olmadi va ba'zilarini keyinga qoldirishga majbur bo'ldi.[115][116] Margaret Xemilton, Apollon Flight Computer Programming direktori MIT Charlz Stark Draper laboratoriyasi keyinchalik esladi:
Apollon 11 muammolari uchun kompyuterni ayblash, yong'in chiqqanda va o't o'chiruvchilarni chaqirgan odamni ayblash bilan barobardir. Aslida, kompyuter xato sharoitlarini tan olishdan tashqari ko'proq narsani amalga oshirish uchun dasturlashtirilgan edi. Qayta tiklash dasturlarining to'liq to'plami dasturiy ta'minotga kiritilgan. Bunday holda, dasturiy ta'minotning harakati past ustuvor vazifalarni yo'q qilish va muhimlarini tiklashga qaratilgan edi. Kompyuter deyarli abort qilishga majbur qilmasdan, abortni oldini oldi. Agar kompyuter bu muammoni sezmagan bo'lsa va qutqaruv choralarini ko'rmagan bo'lsa, Apollon 11 Oyga muvaffaqiyatli qo'ngan bo'lishi mumkinligiga shubha qilaman.[117]
Missiya davomida, uchrashuvning radar tugmachasining noto'g'ri holatida ekanligi, natijada kompyuter bir vaqtning o'zida ikkala uchrashuv va qo'nish radarlaridan ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlashiga sabab bo'lganligi aniqlandi.[118][119] Dastur muhandisi Don Eyles 2005 yilgi Yo'l-yo'riq va nazorat konferentsiyasining maqolasida, muammo birinchi navbatda LMni sinovdan o'tkazishda ilgari ko'rilgan apparat dizaynidagi xato tufayli kelib chiqqan degan xulosaga kelishdi. Apollon 5. Uchrashuv radarini yoqish (shu sababli favqulodda qo'nish aborti paytida u qizib ketgan) kompyuter uchun ahamiyatsiz bo'lishi kerak edi, ammo uchrashuv radar tizimining ikki qismi orasidagi elektr fazasi mos kelmasligi statsionar antennaning kompyuterga ko'rinishini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Ikkala pozitsiya o'rtasida oldinga va orqaga tebranish kabi, bu qanday qilib apparatning tasodifiy quvvatlanishiga bog'liq. Qo'shimcha soxta tsiklni o'g'irlash Uchrashuv radar ixtiyoriy hisoblagichni yangilaganligi sababli kompyuter signallari paydo bo'ldi.[120]
Qo'nish
Armstrong yana tashqariga qaraganida, kompyuterning qo'nish joyi diametri 91 metr bo'lgan kraterdan (shundan keyin aniqlangan shimol va sharqda) tosh bilan taralgan joyda bo'lganini ko'rdi. G'arbiy krater ), shuning uchun u yarim avtomatik boshqaruvni oldi.[121][122] Armstrong toshloq maydonga tushishni o'ylardi, shuning uchun ular undan geologik namunalarni to'plashlari mumkin edi, lekin ularning gorizontal tezligi juda yuqori bo'lganligi sababli. Barcha tushish davomida Aldrin uchish bilan band bo'lgan Armstrongga navigatsiya ma'lumotlarini chaqirdi Burgut. Endi dengiz sathidan 107 metr (33 m) balandlikda joylashgan Armstrong ularning yoqilg'i ta'minoti kamayib borayotganini bilar edi va birinchi mumkin bo'lgan qo'nish joyiga tushishga qaror qildi.[123]
Armstrong aniq yamoqni topdi va kosmik kemani unga qarab boshqardi. U yaqinlashganda, endi sirtdan 76 metr balandlikda, yangi qo'nish joyida krater borligini aniqladi. U kraterni tozalab, yana bir tekis tuproq topdi. Endi ular sirtdan 100 metr (30 m) uzoqlikda edilar, faqat 90 soniya harakatlantiruvchi qoldi. LM dvigateli tomonidan tepilgan Oy changlari uning kosmik kemaning harakatini aniqlash qobiliyatini pasaytira boshladi. Ba'zi yirik toshlar chang bulutidan yorilib chiqdilar va Armstrong kosmos kemasining tezligini aniqlashi uchun tushish paytida ularga e'tibor qaratdi.[124]
Aldrin 67 dyuymli (170 sm) zondlardan kamida bittasi osilganligi haqida chiroq xabar berdi Burgut"s qo'nish joyidan bir necha lahzada piyodalar yuzasiga tegib ketishgan va u: "Kontakt chiroq!" Armstrong dvigatelni zudlik bilan o'chirib qo'yishi kerak edi, chunki muhandislar dvigatelning oyning sirtini aks ettirishi natijasida paydo bo'ladigan bosim uning portlashiga olib kelishi mumkin deb taxmin qilishdi, ammo u unutdi. Uch soniyadan so'ng, Burgut tushdi va Armstrong dvigatelni o'chirdi.[125] Aldrin zudlik bilan "Yaxshi, dvigatel to'xtab turing. ACA - tashqarida qamoqqa olish "Armstrong tan oldi:" Hibsga olinmagan holda. Avtomatik. "Aldrin so'zini davom ettirdi:" Tartibni boshqarish - ikkalasi ham avtomatik. Tushish dvigatelining buyrug'i bekor qilinadi. Dvigatelning qo'li o'chirilgan. 413 in. "[126]
ACA edi Aloqalarni nazorat qilish yig'ilishi - LM boshqaruv tayoqchasi. Chiqish LGC-ga buyruq berish uchun ketdi reaktsiyani boshqarish tizimi (RCS) o'q otish uchun. "Hibsga olinmagan" degani tayoq markazlashgan joyidan uzoqlashganini anglatadi; u avtoulovdagi burilish ko'rsatkichi kabi bahorga yo'naltirilgan edi. LGC 413 manzili LM tushganligini ko'rsatuvchi o'zgaruvchini o'z ichiga olgan.[7]
Burgut 20 iyul yakshanba kuni UTC-ga soat 20: 17: 40da, foydalanishga mo'ljallangan 216 funt (98 kg) yoqilg'i qolgan. Ekipaj va qo'mondonlik qo'mondonlari qo'nish paytida mavjud bo'lgan ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, abortni to'xtatish xavfli bo'lgunga qadar LM yana 25 soniya davomida parvoz qilish uchun etarli yoqilg'iga ega edi.[7][127] ammo topshiriqdan keyingi tahlillar shuni ko'rsatdiki, haqiqiy ko'rsatkich 50 soniyaga yaqinroq bo'lgan.[128] Apollon 11 keyingi missiyalarga qaraganda kamroq yoqilg'i bilan tushdi va astronavtlar yoqilg'idan erta ogohlantirishga duch kelishdi. Keyinchalik bu yoqilg'i sensori ochilib, kutilganidan kattaroq yoqilg'ining "sustlashishi" natijasida aniqlandi. On subsequent missions, extra anti-slosh baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this.[7]
Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post landing checklist with "Engine arm is off", before responding to the CAPCOM, Charles Duke, with the words, "Houston, Tinchlik bazasi Bu yerga. The Burgut has landed." Armstrong's unrehearsed change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquility Base" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful.[129] Duke mispronounced his reply as he expressed the relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan—Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."[7][130]
Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin radioed to Earth:
This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way.[131]
Keyin u oldi birlik xususiy ravishda. At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair (who had objected to the Apollon 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis ) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space. As such, Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the Moon. Aldrin was an elder at the Vebster Presviterian cherkovi, and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church, Dean Woodruff. Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20.[132] The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period, but they chose to begin preparations for the EVA early, thinking they would be unable to sleep.[133]
Lunar surface operations
Tayyorgarlik Nil Armstrong va Buzz Aldrin to walk on the Moon began at 23:43.[10] These took longer than expected; three and a half hours instead of two.[134] During training on Earth, everything required had been neatly laid out in advance, but on the Moon the cabin contained a large number of other items as well, such as checklists, food packets, and tools.[135] Six hours and thirty-nine minutes after landing Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside, and Burgut was depressurized.[136]
Burgut's hatch was opened at 02:39:33.[10] Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his portativ hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlash tizimi (PLSS).[134] Some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.[137] At 02:51 Armstrong began his descent to the lunar surface. The remote control unit on his chest kept him from seeing his feet. Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the modular equipment stowage assembly (MESA) folded against Burgut"s side and activate the TV camera.[138][12]
Apollo 11 used sekin skanerlaydigan televizor (TV) incompatible with broadcast TV, so it was displayed on a special monitor, and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor, significantly reducing the quality of the picture.[139] The signal was received at Oltin tosh in the United States, but with better fidelity by Honeysuckle Creek kuzatuv stantsiyasi yaqin Kanberra Avstraliyada. Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive Parkes radio teleskopi Avstraliyada.[140] Despite some technical and weather difficulties, ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.[140] Copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available, but recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface were likely destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA.[139]
While still on the ladder, Armstrong uncovered a blyashka mounted on the LM descent stage bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon. Yozuvda shunday deyilgan:
Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A. D. We came in peace for all mankind.[12]
Buyrug'i bilan Nikson ma'muriyati to add a reference to God, NASA included the vague date as a reason to include A.D., which stands for Anno Domini, "in the year of our Lord" (although it should have been placed before the year, not after).[141]
After describing the surface dust as "very fine-grained" and "almost like a powder",[12] at 02:56:15,[142] six and a half hours after landing, Armstrong stepped off Burgut"s footpad and declared: "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."[a][143][144]
Armstrong intended to say "That's one small step for a man", but the word "a" is not audible in the transmission, and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast. When later asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he said "for a man", and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the "a" in square brackets. One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words "for a" together; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth, partly because of storms near Parkes Observatory. More recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the "a" may have been spoken but obscured by static. Other analysis points to the claims of static and slurring as "face-saving fabrication", and that Armstrong himself later admitted to misspeaking the line.[145][146][147]
About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM.[148] Twelve minutes after the sample was collected,[143] he removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then mounted it on a tripod.[134] The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA. Still photography was accomplished with a Hasselblad camera which could be operated hand held or mounted on Armstrong's Apollo space suit.[149] Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface. He described the view with the simple phrase: "Magnificent desolation."[12]
Armstrong said moving in the lunar gravity, one-sixth of Earth's, was "even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It's absolutely no trouble to walk around."[12] Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Burgut"s shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, but the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.[12] The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soiled the outer part of their suits.[149]
The astronauts planted the Oy bayrog'i yig'ilishi o'z ichiga olgan flag of the United States on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV camera. Aldrin remembered, "Of all the jobs I had to do on the Moon the one I wanted to go the smoothest was the flag raising."[150] But the astronauts struggled with the telescoping rod and could only jam the pole about 2 inches (5 cm) into the hard lunar surface. Aldrin was afraid it might topple in front of TV viewers. But he gave "a crisp West Point salute".[150] Before Aldrin could take a photo of Armstrong with the flag, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House."[151] Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call, but Frank Borman, who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words brief.[152]
Nixon: Hello, Neil and Buzz. I'm talking to you by telephone from the Oval Room at the White House. And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made from the White House. I just can't tell you how proud we all are of what you have done. For every American, this has to be the proudest day of our lives. And for people all over the world, I am sure that they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat this is. Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part of man's world. And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquility, it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquility to Earth. For one priceless moment in the whole history of man, all the people on this Earth are truly one: one in their pride in what you have done, and one in our prayers that you will return safely to Earth.
Armstrong: Thank you, Mr. President. It's a great honor and privilege for us to be here, representing not only the United States, but men of peace of all nations, and with interest and a curiosity, and men with a vision for the future. It's an honor for us to be able to participate here today.[153][154]
They deployed the EASEP, which included a passive seismic experiment package used to measure oy zilzilalari va a retroreflektor array used for the Oy lazerining o'zgaruvchan tajribasi.[155] Then Armstrong walked 196 feet (60 m) from the LM to snap photos at the rim of Kichik G'arbiy krater while Aldrin collected two yadro namunalari. U ishlatgan geologist's hammer to pound in the tubes—the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11—but was unable to penetrate more than 6 inches (15 cm) deep. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles. Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes. Aldrin shoveled 6 kilograms (13 lb) of soil into the box of rocks in order to pack them in tightly.[156] Two types of rocks were found in the geological samples: bazalt va breccia.[157] Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts: armalcolite, tinchlik va piroksferroit. Armalcolite was named after Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. All have subsequently been found on Earth.[158]
Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong his metabolic rates were high, and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. As metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension.[155] In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon.[159]
Lunar ascent
Aldrin entered Burgut birinchi. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing 21.55 kilograms (47.5 lb) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor (LEC). This proved to be an inefficient tool, and later missions preferred to carry equipment and samples up to the LM by hand.[134] Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his sleeve pocket, and Aldrin tossed the bag down. Armstrong then jumped onto the ladder's third rung, and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlash, the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, an empty Hasselblad camera, and other equipment. The hatch was closed again at 05:11:13. They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep.[160]
Presidential speech writer Uilyam Safire had prepared an Oy falokati paytida announcement for Nixon to read in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon.[161] The remarks were in a memo from Safire to Nixon's Oq uy apparati rahbari H. R. Xaldeman, in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster.[162][163] According to the plan, Mission Control would "close down communications" with the LM, and a clergyman would "commend their souls to the deepest of the deep" in a public ritual likened to dengizga dafn qilish. Tayyorlangan matnning so'nggi satrida kinoya mavjud edi Rupert Bruk 's First World War poem, "Askar ".[163]
While moving inside the cabin, Aldrin accidentally damaged the elektron to'sar that would arm the main engine for lift off from the Moon. There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine, stranding them on the Moon. A felt-tip pen was sufficient to activate the switch.[160]
After more than 21 1⁄2 hours on the lunar surface, in addition to the scientific instruments, the astronauts left behind: an Apollon 1 mission patch in memory of astronauts Rojer Chaffi, Gus Grissom va Edward White, who died when their command module caught fire during a test in January 1967; two memorial medals of Soviet cosmonauts Vladimir Komarov va Yuriy Gagarin, who died in 1967 and 1968 respectively; a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace; and a silicon message disk carrying the goodwill statements by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon along with messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world.[164] The disk also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and then-current top management.[165]
After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight. Two and a half hours later, at 17:54:00 UTC, they lifted off in Burgut"s ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard Kolumbiya Oy orbitasida.[143] Film taken from the LM ascent stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag, planted some 25 feet (8 m) from the descent stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine. Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple: "The ascent stage of the LM separated ... I was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the munosabat ko'rsatkichi, but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over."[166] Subsequent Apollo missions planted their flags farther from the LM.[167]
Kolumbiya Oy orbitasida
During his day flying solo around the Moon, Collins never felt lonely. Although it has been said "not since Odam has any human known such solitude",[168] Collins felt very much a part of the mission. In his autobiography he wrote: "this venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two".[168] In the 48 minutes of each orbit when he was out of radio contact with the Earth while Kolumbiya passed round the far side of the Moon, the feeling he reported was not fear or loneliness, but rather "awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation".[168]
One of Collins' first tasks was to identify the lunar module on the ground. To give Collins an idea where to look, Mission Control radioed that they believed the lunar module landed about 4 miles (6.4 km) off target. Each time he passed over the suspected lunar landing site, he tried in vain to find the module. On his first orbits on the back side of the Moon, Collins performed maintenance activities such as dumping excess water produced by the yonilg'i xujayralari and preparing the cabin for Armstrong and Aldrin to return.[169]
Just before he reached the dark side on the third orbit, Mission Control informed Collins there was a problem with the temperature of the coolant. If it became too cold, parts of Kolumbiya might freeze. Mission Control advised him to assume manual control and implement Environmental Control System Malfunction Procedure 17. Instead, Collins flicked the switch on the system from automatic to manual and back to automatic again, and carried on with normal housekeeping chores, while keeping an eye on the temperature. Qachon Kolumbiya came back around to the near side of the Moon again, he was able to report that the problem had been resolved. For the next couple of orbits, he described his time on the back side of the Moon as "relaxing". After Aldrin and Armstrong completed their EVA, Collins slept so he could be rested for the rendezvous. While the flight plan called for Burgut bilan uchrashmoq Kolumbiya, Collins was prepared for a contingency in which he would fly Kolumbiya down to meet Burgut.[170]
Qaytish
Burgut bilan uchrashdi Kolumbiya at 21:24 UTC on July 21, and the two docked at 21:35. Burgut's ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit at 23:41.[6] Sal oldin Apollon 12 flight, it was noted that Burgut was still likely to be orbiting the Moon. Later NASA reports mentioned that Burgut"s orbit had decayed, resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface.[171]
On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented:
... The Saturn V rocket which put us in orbit is an incredibly complicated piece of machinery, every piece of which worked flawlessly ... We have always had confidence that this equipment will work properly. All this is possible only through the blood, sweat, and tears of a number of people ... All you see is the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others, and to all of those, I would like to say, "Thank you very much."[172]
Aldrin added:
This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon; more, still, than the efforts of a government and industry team; more, even, than the efforts of one nation. We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown ... Personally, in reflecting on the events of the past several days, a verse from Psalms comes to mind. "When I consider the heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the Moon and the stars, which Thou hast ordained; What is man that Thou art mindful of him?"[172][173]
Armstrong concluded:
The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort; next with the American people, who have, through their will, indicated their desire; next with four administrations and their Congresses, for implementing that will; and then, with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft, the Saturn, the Columbia, the Eagle, and the little DAU, the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface. We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft; who did the construction, design, the tests, and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft. To those people tonight, we give a special thank you, and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight, God bless you. Good night from Apollo 11.[172]
On the return to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed, potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return. A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director, Charles Force, had his ten-year-old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease. Greg was later thanked by Armstrong.[174]
Splashdown and quarantine
The samolyot tashuvchisi USSHornet buyrug'i bilan Kapitan Karl J. Seiberlich,[175] was selected as the primary recovery ship (PRS) for Apollo 11 on June 5, replacing its sister ship, the LPH USSPrinceton, which had recovered Apollo 10 on May 26. Hornet was then at her home port of Long-Bich, Kaliforniya.[176] Yetib borayotganda Pearl Harbor on July 5, Hornet otishdi The Sikorsky SH-3 dengiz qiroli vertolyotlari HS-4, a unit which specialized in recovery of Apollo spacecraft, specialized divers of UDT Detachment Apollo, a 35-man NASA recovery team, and about 120 media representatives. To make room, most of Hornet's air wing was left behind in Long Beach. Special recovery equipment was also loaded, including a qozon command module used for training.[177]
On July 12, with Apollo 11 still on the launch pad, Hornet departed Pearl Harbor for the recovery area in the central Pacific,[178] atrofida 10 ° 36′N 172°24′E / 10.600°N 172.400°E.[179] A presidential party consisting of Nixon, Borman, Davlat kotibi Uilyam P. Rojers va Milliy xavfsizlik bo'yicha maslahatchi Genri Kissincer uchib ketdi Johnston Atoll kuni Air Force One, keyin buyruq kemasi USSArlington yilda Dengiz Biri. After a night on board, they would fly to Hornet in Marine One for a few hours of ceremonies. On arrival aboard Hornet, the party was greeted by the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC), Admiral Kichik Jon S. Makkeyn va NASA ma'muri Tomas O. Peyn, who flew to Hornet dan Pago Pago birida Hornet's samolyotni etkazib berish samolyot.[180]
Weather satellites were not yet common, but US Air Force Kapitan Hank Brandli had access to top secret spy satellite images. He realized that a storm front was headed for the Apollo recovery area. Poor visibility which could make locating the capsule difficult, and strong upper-level winds which "would have ripped their parachutes to shreds" according to Brandli; posed a serious threat to the safety of the mission.[181] Brandli alerted Navy Captain Willard S. Houston Jr., the commander of the Fleet Weather Center at Pearl Harbor, who had the required security clearance. On their recommendation, Kontr-admiral Donald C. Devis, commander of Manned Spaceflight Recovery Forces, Pacific, advised NASA to change the recovery area, each man risking their careers. A new location was selected 215 nautical miles (398 km) northeast.[182][183]
This altered the flight plan. A different sequence of computer programs was used, one never before attempted. In a conventional entry, P64 was followed by P67. For a skip-out re-entry, P65 and P66 were employed to handle the exit and entry parts of the skip. In this case, because they were extending the re-entry but not actually skipping out, P66 was not invoked and instead P65 led directly to P67. The crew were also warned they would not be in a full-lift (heads-down) attitude when they entered P67.[182] The first program's acceleration subjected the astronauts to 6.5 standard gravities (64 m/s2); the second, to 6.0 standard gravities (59 m/s2).[184]
Before dawn on July 24, Hornet launched four Sea King helicopters and three Grumman E-1 izdoshlari. Two of the E-1s were designated as "air boss" while the third acted as a communications relay aircraft. Two of the Sea Kings carried divers and recovery equipment. The third carried photographic equipment, and the fourth carried the decontamination swimmer and the flight surgeon.[185] At 16:44 UTC (05:44 local time) Kolumbiya's parashyutlar joylashtirilgan. This was observed by the helicopters. Seven minutes later Kolumbiya struck the water forcefully 2,660 km (1,440 nmi) east of Uyg'onish oroli, 380 km (210 nmi) south of Johnston Atoll, and 24 km (13 nmi) from Hornet,[6][182] da 13 ° 19′N 169°9′W / 13.317°N 169.150°W.[186] 82 °F (28 °C) with 6 feet (1.8 m) seas and winds at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) from the east were reported under broken clouds at 1,500 feet (460 m) with visibility of 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) at the recovery site.[187] Reconnaissance aircraft flying to the original splashdown location reported the conditions Brandli and Houston had predicted.[188]
Davomida splashdown, Kolumbiya landed upside down but was righted within ten minutes by flotation bags activated by the astronauts.[189] A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a dengiz langari to prevent it from drifting.[190] More divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and positioned rafts for astronaut extraction.[191]
The divers then passed biological isolation garments (BIGs) to the astronauts, and assisted them into the life raft. The possibility of bringing back patogenlar from the lunar surface was considered remote, but NASA took precautions at the recovery site. The astronauts were rubbed down with a natriy gipoxlorit hal va Kolumbiya wiped with Betadin to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The astronauts were winched on board the recovery helicopter. BIGs were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board Hornet. The raft containing decontamination materials was intentionally sunk.[189]
After touchdown on Hornet at 17:53 UTC, the helicopter was lowered by the elevator into the hangar bay, where the astronauts walked the 30 feet (9.1 m) to the Mobil karantin muassasasi (MQF), where they would begin the Earth-based portion of their 21 days of quarantine.[192] This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions, Apollo 12 and Apollon 14, before the Moon was proven to be barren of life, and the quarantine process dropped.[193][194] Nixon welcomed the astronauts back to Earth. He told them: "[A]s a result of what you've done, the world has never been closer together before."[195]
After Nixon departed, Hornet was brought alongside the 5-short-ton (4.5 t) Kolumbiya, which was lifted aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a qo'g'irchoq and moved next to the MQF. It was then attached to the MQF with a flexible tunnel, allowing the lunar samples, film, data tapes and other items to be removed. Hornet returned to Pearl Harbor, where the MQF was loaded onto a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter and airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center. The astronauts arrived at the Oyni qabul qilish laboratoriyasi at 10:00 UTC on July 28. Kolumbiya olib borildi Ford oroli for deactivation, and its pyrotechnics made safe. Keyin uni olib ketishdi Xikxem aviabazasi, from whence it was flown to Houston in a Duglas C-133 Cargomaster, reaching the Lunar Receiving Laboratory on July 30.[196]
Ga muvofiq Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law, a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16 to codify its quarantine protocol,[197] the astronauts continued in quarantine. After three weeks in confinement (first in the Apollo spacecraft, then in their trailer on Hornet, and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health.[198] On August 10, 1969, the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts, on those who had joined them in quarantine (NASA physician Uilyam Karpentier and MQF project engineer Jon Xirasaki ),[199] va boshqalar Kolumbiya o'zi. Loose equipment from the spacecraft remained in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study.[200]
Bayramlar
On August 13, the three astronauts rode in lenta-paradlar in their honor in New York and Chicago, with an estimated six million attendees.[201][202] On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official state dinner to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining bosh sudyasi, and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza mehmonxonasi. Nixon and Agnew honored each astronaut with a presentation of the Prezidentning Ozodlik medali.[201][203]
The three astronauts spoke before a Kongressning qo'shma majlisi on September 16, 1969. They presented two US flags, one to the Vakillar palatasi ikkinchisi esa Senat, that they had carried with them to the surface of the Moon.[204] The flag of American Samoa on Apollo 11 is on display at the Jan P. Haydon muzeyi in Pago Pago, the capital of American Samoa.[205]
This celebration began a 38-day world tour that brought the astronauts to 22 foreign countries and included visits with the leaders of many countries.[206] The crew toured from September 29 to November 5.[206][207][208] Many nations honored the first human Oyga qo'nish with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins.[209]
Meros
Madaniy ahamiyati
Humans walking on the Moon and returning safely to Earth accomplished Kennedy's goal set eight years earlier. In Mission Control during the Apollo 11 landing, Kennedy's speech flashed on the screen, followed by the words "TASK ACCOMPLISHED, July 1969".[210] The success of Apollo 11 demonstrated the United States' technological superiority;[210] and with the success of Apollo 11, America had won the Kosmik poyga.[211][212]
New phrases permeated into the English language. "If they can send a man to the Moon, why can't they ...?" became a common saying following Apollo 11.[213] Armstrong's words on the lunar surface also spun off various parodies.[211]
While most people celebrated the accomplishment, disenfranchised Americans saw it as a symbol of the divide in America, evidenced by protesters outside of Kennedy Space Center the day before Apollo 11 launched.[214] This is not to say they were not awed by it. Ralf Abernathy, leading a protest march, was so captivated by the spectacle of the Apollo 11 launch that he forgot what he was going to say.[104] Racial and financial inequalities frustrated citizens who wondered why money spent on the Apollo program was not spent taking care of humans on Earth. Tomonidan she'r Gil Skott-Heron chaqirdi "Uaytdagi Oy " illustrated the Qo'shma Shtatlardagi irqiy tengsizlik that was highlighted by the Space Race.[211][215][216] The poem starts with:
A rat done bit my sister Nell.
(with Whitey on the moon)
Her face and arms began to swell.
(and Whitey's on the moon)
I can't pay no doctor bill.
(but Whitey's on the moon)
Ten years from now I'll be paying still.
(while Whitey's on the moon)[216]
Twenty percent of the world's population watched humans walk on the Moon for the first time. While Apollo 11 sparked the interest of the world, the follow-on Apollo missions did not hold the interest of the nation.[210] One possible explanation was the shift in complexity. Landing someone on the Moon was an easy goal to understand; lunar geology was too abstract for the average person. Another is that Kennedy's goal of landing humans on the Moon had already been accomplished.[217] A well-defined objective helped Project Apollo accomplish its goal, but after it was completed it was hard to justify continuing the lunar missions.[218][219]
While most Americans were proud of their nation's achievements in space exploration, only once during the late 1960s did the Gallup so'rovi indicate that a majority of Americans favored "doing more" in space as opposed to "doing less". By 1973, 59 percent of those polled favored cutting spending on space exploration. The Space Race had ended, and Cold War tensions were easing as the US and Soviet Union entered the era of détente. This was also a time when inflyatsiya was rising, which put pressure on the government to reduce spending. What saved the space program was that it was one of the few government programs that had achieved something great. Drastic cuts, warned Kaspar Vaynberger, direktor o'rinbosari Boshqarish va byudjet idorasi, might send a signal that "our best years are behind us".[220]
After the Apollo 11 mission, officials from the Soviet Union said landing humans on the Moon was dangerous and unnecessary. At the time the Soviet Union was attempting to retrieve lunar samples robotically. The Soviets publicly denied there was a race to the Moon, and indicated they were not making an attempt.[221] Mstislav Keldysh said in July 1969, "We are concentrating wholly on the creation of large satellite systems." It was revealed in 1989 that the Soviets had tried to send people to the Moon, but were unable due to technological difficulties.[222] The public's reaction in the Soviet Union was mixed. The Soviet government limited the release of information about the lunar landing, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it any attention, and another portion was angered by it.[223]
The Apollo 11 landing is referenced in the songs "Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins" by Birdlar on the 1969 album Ballad of Easy Rider and "Coon on the Moon" by Qanday bo'ri 1973 yilgi albomda Orqa eshik bo'ri.
Kosmik kemalar
The buyruq moduli Kolumbiya went on a tour of the United States, visiting 49 state capitals, the Kolumbiya okrugi va Anchorage, Alyaska.[224] In 1971, it was transferred to the Smitson instituti, and was displayed at the Milliy havo va kosmik muzeyi (NASM) in Washington, DC.[225] It was in the central Parvozning muhim bosqichlari exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance, sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the Rayt Flyeri, Sent-Luis ruhi, Bell X-1, Shimoliy Amerika X-15 va Do'stlik 7.[226]
Kolumbiya was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the Stiven F. Udvar-Xazi markazi Virjiniya shtatidagi Chantilly shahrida to'rt shahar bo'ylab sayohatga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun Belgilangan oy: Apollon 11 missiyasi. Bunga kiritilgan Xyuston kosmik markazi 2017 yil 14 oktyabrdan 2018 yil 18 martgacha Sent-Luis ilmiy markazi 2018 yil 14 apreldan 3 sentyabrgacha senator Jon Xaynts tarixi markazi yilda Pitsburg 2018 yil 29 sentyabrdan 2019 yil 18 fevralgacha va oxirgi manzili Parvoz muzeyi yilda Sietl 2019 yil 16 martdan 2 sentyabrgacha.[225][227] Smitsonda davom etgan ta'mir kapsula uchun qo'shimcha to'xtash uchun vaqt ajratdi va u ko'chib o'tdi Sincinnati muzey markazi. Lentani kesish marosimi 2019 yil 29 sentyabrda bo'lib o'tdi.[228]
40 yil davomida Armstrong va Aldrinning kosmik kostyumlari muzeyda namoyish etilgan Oyga Apollon ko'rgazma,[229] u 2018 yil 3 dekabrda doimiy ravishda yopilguniga qadar 2022 yilda ochilishi kerak bo'lgan yangi galereya bilan almashtirildi. Armstrong kostyumining maxsus namoyishi Apollon 11 ning 50 yilligi munosabati bilan 2019 yil iyul oyida namoyish etildi.[230][231] Karantinli treyler, flotatsiya yoqasi va flotatsiya sumkalari Smitsonliklarda Stiven F. Udvar-Xazi markazi ilova yaqin Vashington Dulles xalqaro aeroporti Virjiniya shtatidagi Chantilly shahrida, ular sinovdan o'tgan oy moduli bilan birga namoyish etiladi.[232][233][234]
LM ning tushish bosqichi Burgut Oyda qoladi. 2009 yilda, Oy razvedkasi orbiteri (LRO) Oy modullari, ilmiy asboblar va oyoq izlarining tushish bosqichlarini ko'rish uchun birinchi marta Oyning sathidagi turli xil Apollon qo'nish joylarini tasvirga oldi.[235] Ko'tarilish bosqichining qoldiqlari tashlanib, Oyga ta'sir o'tkazgandan so'ng, oy sathidagi noma'lum joyda yotadi. Joylashuvi noaniq, chunki Burgut u ko'tarilgandan keyin ko'tarilish bosqichi kuzatilmadi va oyning tortishish maydoni qisqa vaqtdan so'ng kosmik kemaning orbitasini oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan qilib qo'yish uchun etarlicha bir xil emas.[236]
2012 yil mart oyida bir guruh mutaxassislar tomonidan moliyalashtirildi Amazon asoschisi Jeff Bezos joylashgan F-1 dvigatellari Apollon 11ni kosmosga uchirgan S-IC bosqichidan. Ular Atlantika dengiz tubida rivojlangan sonar skanerlash yordamida topilgan.[237] Uning jamoasi suvga beshta dvigateldan ikkitasining qismlarini olib chiqdi. 2013 yil iyul oyida konservator Atlantika okeanidan ko'tarilgan dvigatellardan birida zang ostida seriya raqamini topdi, bu NASA Apollon 11 ekanligini tasdiqladi.[238][239] Apollon 11 ning trans-oy in'ektsiyasini amalga oshirgan S-IVB uchinchi bosqichi Yerning yaqinidagi quyosh orbitasida qoladi.[240]
Oy jinslari
Apollon Oy jinslari uchun asosiy ombor bu Oy namunalari laboratoriyasi binosi yilda Lyndon B. Jonson nomidagi kosmik markazida Xyuston, Texas. Xavfsiz saqlash uchun, shuningdek, kichikroq to'plam saqlangan Oq qumlarni sinovdan o'tkazish vositasi yaqin Las-Kruces, Nyu-Meksiko. Tog 'jinslarining ko'p qismi namlikdan saqlanish uchun azotda saqlanadi. Ular maxsus vositalar yordamida faqat bilvosita ishlaydi. Dunyo bo'ylab 100 dan ortiq tadqiqot laboratoriyalari namunalarni o'rganishmoqda va har yili taxminan 500 ta namunalar tayyorlanib, tergovchilarga yuborilmoqda.[241][242]
1969 yil noyabrda Nikson NASAdan 250 ga yaqin taqdimot qilishni so'radi Apollon 11 oy namunalari namoyish etiladi 135 millat uchun, Qo'shma Shtatlarning ellik shtati va uning mulklari va Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti. Har bir ko'rgazmada Apollon 11 dan Oyning changlari bor edi. Guruch kattalikdagi zarralar 50 gramm og'irlikdagi to'rtta Oy tuprog'idan iborat bo'lib, ularning kattaligi kattaligi aniq akril tugmachaga o'ralgan edi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari yarim dollarlik tanga. Ushbu akril tugma oy changining donalarini kattalashtirdi. Apollon 11 oy namunalari displeylari 1970 yilda Nikson tomonidan xayrixohlik sovg'alari sifatida berilgan.[243][244]
Tajriba natijalari
Passiv seysmik eksperiment 1969 yil 25 avgustda buyruqni yuqoriga ko'tarish qobiliyati bo'lmaguncha davom etdi.[245] 2018 yildan boshlab[yangilash], Oy lazerining o'zgarishi bo'yicha tajriba ishlamoqda.[246]
Armstrongning kamerasi
Armstrongning Hasselblad kamerasi yo'qolgan yoki Oy yuzasida qoldirilgan deb o'ylardi.[247] 2015 yilda, Armstrong 2012 yilda vafot etganidan so'ng, uning bevasi ayol bilan bog'langan Milliy havo va kosmik muzeyi ularga xabar berish uchun u Armstrongning shkaflaridan birida oq mato sumkasini topdi. Xaltada birinchi Oyga qo‘nish tasvirini olish uchun foydalanilgan, unutilgan kamera bor edi.[248][249] Ayni paytda kamera Milliy havo va kosmik muzeyida namoyish etilmoqda.[250]
Yubiley tadbirlari
40 yilligi
2009 yil 15-iyulda, Life.com tomonidan olingan kosmonavtlarning ilgari nashr qilinmagan fotosuratlari fotogalereyasini chiqardi Hayot fotograf Ralf Mors Apollon 11 ishga tushirilishidan oldin.[251] 2009 yil 16-24 iyul kunlari NASA asl veb-saytida voqealar sodir bo'lganidan 40 yilgacha bo'lgan vaqt ichida o'z missiyasini asl veb-saytida tarqatdi.[252] Bu videotasvirlarni qayta tiklash jarayonida va muhim daqiqalarni oldindan ko'rib chiqishni e'lon qildi.[253] 2010 yil iyul oyida "Apollon-11" samolyotining tushishi va qo'nish paytida "Missiya nazorati" da suratga olingan ovozli yozuvlar va film lavhalari qayta sinxronlashtirildi va birinchi marta chiqarildi.[254] The Jon Kennedi nomidagi Prezident kutubxonasi va muzeyi o'rnatish Adobe Flash Apollon 11-ning uzatilishidan Oyga qo'nishgacha bo'lgan uzatmalarini qayta uzatuvchi veb-sayt.[255]
2009 yil 20 iyulda Armstrong, Aldrin va Kollinz AQSh Prezidenti bilan uchrashdilar Barak Obama Oq uyda.[256] "Biz aytayotganimizdek, u erda osmonga qaraydigan va keyingi Armstrong, Kollinz va Aldrin bo'ladigan bolalarning yana bir avlodi bor deb umid qilamiz", dedi Obama. "Biz sayohat qilishni xohlaganlarida NASA ularning yonida bo'lishiga ishonch hosil qilishni istaymiz."[257] 2009 yil 7 avgustda Kongressning akti bilan uchta kosmonavt a Kongressning oltin medali, Qo'shma Shtatlardagi eng yuqori fuqarolik mukofoti. Qonun loyihasi homiysi Florida senatori Bill Nelson va Florida vakili Alan Grayson.[258][259]
Yubiley tadbirlari doirasida intervyu bergan bir guruh britaniyalik olimlar Oyga tushish ahamiyatini aks ettirdilar:
U texnik jihatdan ajoyib tarzda olib borilgan xatarlar bilan amalga oshirildi ... bugungi xavf-xatarga qarshi dunyoda tasavvur qilib bo'lmaydigan bo'lar edi ... Apollon dasturi, shubhasiz, insoniyatning hozirgi kungacha bo'lgan eng katta texnik yutug'idir ... Apollondan beri hech narsa yo'q bu astronavtlar - Armstrong, Aldrin va ularga ergashgan 10 kishi yaratgan hayajonga yaqinlashing.[260]
50 yilligi
2015 yil 10-iyunda kongressmen Bill Pozi sessiyasining 114-sessiyasiga 2726-sonli HR qarorini kiritdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasi yo'naltirish Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari zarbxonasi Apollon 11 missiyasining 50 yilligi uchun oltin, kumush va qoplamali esdalik tangalarini ishlab chiqish va sotish. 2019 yil 24-yanvar kuni Yalpiz darchasi chiqarildi Apollon 11-ning ellik yilligiga bag'ishlangan esdalik tangalari veb-saytida ommaga.[261][262]
Hujjatli film, Apollon 11, 1969 yilgi voqeaning tiklangan kadrlari bilan premyerasi bo'lib o'tdi IMAX 2019 yil 1 martda va 8 mart kuni keng kinoteatrlarda.[263][264]
Smitson instituti Milliy havo va kosmik muzeyi va NASA kuni "Apollon 50 festivali" ga homiylik qildi Milliy savdo markazi Vashington shahrida. Uch kunlik (2019 yil 18 - 20 iyul) ochiq festivalda amaliy ko'rgazmalar va tadbirlar, jonli ijrolar va ma'ruzachilar ishtirok etishdi. Adam Savage va NASA olimlari.[265]
Festival doirasida 363 fut (111 m) balandlikdagi proektsiya Saturn V 165 m balandlikdagi sharqiy yuzida raketa namoyish etildi Vashington yodgorligi 16-iyundan 20-gacha 9:30 gacha soat 11:30 gacha pm (EDT). Dastur shuningdek, Vashington yodgorligida namoyish qilingan to'liq harakatli videoni birlashtirgan 17 daqiqali namoyishni o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, yig'ilish va ishga tushirishni qayta tiklash uchun Saturn V raketa. Proektsiyaga 40 metrlik (12 m) kenglikdagi dam olish qo'shildi Kennedi nomidagi kosmik markaz orqaga hisoblash vaqti va oyga tushish vaqtini tiklash uchun arxiv materiallarini ko'rsatadigan ikkita katta video ekran. 19-20 iyul kunlari tunda uchta shou bo'lib o'tdi, shanba kuni esa so'nggi namoyishi biroz kechiktirildi, shuning uchun Armstrong Oyga birinchi qadam qo'ygan qism voqeadan 50 yil o'tib, 50 yil o'tgach sodir bo'ladi.[266]
2019 yil 19-iyul kuni Google Doodle "Apollon-11" Oyiga qo'nish uchun o'lpon to'ladi, animatsiya bilan bog'langan YouTube kosmonavt ovozi bilan video Maykl Kollinz.[267][268]
Aldrin, Kollinz va Armstrongning o'g'illarini Prezident mehmon qildi Donald Tramp tasvirlar idorasida.[269][270]
Filmlar va hujjatli filmlar
- Oydagi izlar, 1969 yilda Bill Gibson va Barri Koening Apollon 11 missiyasi haqida hujjatli filmi[271]
- Moonwalk One, 1971 yildagi hujjatli film Teo Kamekke[272]
- Apollon 11: Bu sodir bo'lganidek, 1994 yilda ABC News-ning voqeani yoritishi bo'yicha olti soatlik hujjatli film[273]
- Apollon 11, Todd Duglas Miller tomonidan 2019 yilgi voqeaning tiklangan kadrlari bilan 2019 hujjatli filmi[274][275]
- Oyni ta'qib qilish, 2019 yil iyul PBS uch kecha olti soatlik hujjatli film, rejissyor Robert Stoun, Apollon 11 missiyasi oldidagi voqealarni ko'rib chiqdi. Shu nomdagi ilova qilingan kitob ham chiqarildi.[276]
- 8 kun: Oyga va orqaga, a PBS va BBC studiyalari Entoni Filippson tomonidan suratga olingan 2019 hujjatli filmi Apollon 11 missiyasining asosiy qismlarini missiya audio yozuvlari, yangi studiya yozuvlari, NASA va yangiliklar arxivlari va kompyuterda yaratilgan tasvirlardan foydalangan holda qayta namoyish etadi.[277]
Shuningdek qarang
|
| Serialning bir qismi |
| Apollon 11 |
|---|
|
- Haqiqiy vaqtda Apollon - Apollon 11, 13 va 17 interaktiv veb-sayti
- Oyni o'rganish - Oyga turli xil topshiriqlar
- Oyga topshiriqlar ro'yxati - Vikipediya ro'yxatidagi maqola
- Oyga qo'nish fitnasi nazariyalari
Adabiyotlar
Izohlar
Iqtiboslar
Quyidagi manbalardan ba'zilarida vaqt formatda ko'rsatilgan soat: daqiqa: soniya (masalan, 109: 24: 15), missiyaning o'tgan o'tgan vaqtiga (GET) murojaat qilib,[278] 1969 yil 16-iyul, soat 13:32:00 da rasmiy ishga tushirish vaqtiga asoslanib UTC (000: 00: 00 OLING).[102][3]
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- ^ a b v d e Jons, Erik M., tahrir. (1995). "Birinchi Oyga qo'nish". Apollon 11 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Olingan 13 iyun, 2013.
- ^ Orloff 2000 yil, p. 97.
- ^ Uilyams, Devid R. (2003 yil 11-dekabr). "Apollon qo'nish maydonchasi koordinatalari". NASA kosmik fanlari bo'yicha kelishilgan arxiv. NASA. Olingan 7 sentyabr, 2013.
- ^ a b v d Orloff 2000 yil, p. 107.
- ^ Jons, Erik (2018 yil 8-aprel). "Bitta kichik qadam". Apollon 11 Lunar Surface Journal. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2019.
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- ^ Swenson, Grimvud va Aleksandr 1966 yil, p. 134.
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- ^ Logsdon 1976 yil, p. 121 2.
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- ^ Keilen, Eugene (1962 yil 19 sentyabr). "'Tashrif buyurgan professor Kennedi kosmik yoshni sarflashga undaydi " (PDF). Guruch qirg'ichi. p. 1. Olingan 11 mart, 2018.
- ^ Boyd, Jade (2012 yil 30-avgust). "JFKning 1962 yildagi Oy nutqi 50 yildan keyin ham yoqadi". Rays universiteti. Olingan 20 mart, 2018.
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- ^ Shisha, Endryu (2017 yil 20 sentyabr). "JFK Sovet bilan qo'shma Oy ekspeditsiyasini taklif qilmoqda, 1963 yil 20 sentyabr".. Politico. Olingan 19 mart, 2018.
- ^ "Yo'qotilgan deyarli qaytish: Oy Orbitasi va" Apollon "dasturi". NASA Langley tadqiqot markazi jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar bo'limi. NASA. 1992 yil dekabr. Olingan 26 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Swenson, Grimvud va Aleksandr 1966 yil, 85-86 betlar.
- ^ Bruks, Grimvud va Svenson 1979 yil, 72-77 betlar.
- ^ Bruks, Grimvud va Svenson 1979 yil, 48-49 betlar.
- ^ Bruks, Grimvud va Svenson 1979 yil, 181–182, 205–208-betlar.
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- ^ "Apollon rahbarlik qiladigan kompyuter va birinchi silikon chiplari". Milliy havo va kosmik muzeyi. Smitson instituti. 2015 yil 14 oktyabr. Olingan 1 sentyabr, 2019.
- ^ Bruks, Grimvud va Svenson 1979 yil, 214-218 betlar.
- ^ Bruks, Grimvud va Svenson 1979 yil, 265-272 betlar.
- ^ Bruks, Grimvud va Svenson 1979 yil, 274-284-betlar.
- ^ Bruks, Grimvud va Svenson 1979 yil, 292-300 betlar.
- ^ Bruks, Grimvud va Svenson 1979 yil, 303-312 betlar.
- ^ Lindroos, Markus. "Sovet tomonidan boshqariladigan Oy dasturi" (PDF). MIT OpenCourseWare. Massachusets texnologiya instituti. Olingan 4 oktyabr, 2011.
- ^ Braun, Jonatan (2009 yil 3-iyul). "Yozuvlarni yozish Rossiyaning Moon gatecrash urinishi". Mustaqil. London. Olingan 10 yanvar, 2011.
- ^ Bruks, Grimvud va Svenson 1979 yil, p. 374.
- ^ Xansen 2005 yil, 312-313-betlar.
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- ^ Kanningem 2010 yil, p. 109.
- ^ a b v Orloff 2000 yil, p. 90.
- ^ Orloff 2000 yil, p. 72.
- ^ Xansen 2005 yil, 338-339 betlar.
- ^ Kollinz 2001 yil, 434-435 betlar.
- ^ a b Xansen 2005 yil, p. 359.
- ^ a b Sleyton va Kassutt 1994 yil, p. 237.
- ^ Bruks, Grimvud va Svenson 1979 yil, p. 261.
- ^ a b Bruks, Grimvud va Svenson 1979 yil, p. 375.
- ^ Kranz 2000 yil, p. 27.
- ^ Orloff 2000 yil, p. 272.
- ^ Kranz 2000 yil, 230, 236, 273, 320 betlar.
- ^ Glen E. Swanson, tahrir. (2004 yil 5-avgust). SP-4223: Ushbu o'n yil oldin - Apollon dasturidagi shaxsiy mulohazalar - 9-bob - Glinn S. Lunni. NASA. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-16-050139-5.
Apollon 11 parvoz direktorlari Missiyani Boshqarish Markazida birgalikda suratga tushishdi. Rasmda chapdan o'ngga va ular topshiriq davomida xizmat qilgan smenalar (old va o'tirgan) Klifford E. Charlvort (Shift 1), Jerald D. Griffin (Shift 1), Eugene F. Kranz (Shift 2), Milton L. Vindler (Shift 4) va Glinn S. Lunni (Shift 3). (NASA surati S-69-39192.)
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- ^ Vuds, Devid; MakTaggart, Ken; O'Brayen, Frank (18 may, 2019). "4-kun, 4-qism: burgutni tekshirish". Apollon Flight Journal - orqali NASA.
- ^ Vuds, Devid; MakTaggart, Ken; O'Brayen, Frank (18 may, 2019). "3-kun, 1-qism: Afrikani tomosha qilish va nonushta". Apollon Flight Journal - NASA orqali.
- ^ Reyxardt, Toni (7 iyun, 2019). "Apollonni sodir etgan yigirma kishi". Air & Space / Smithsonian. Smitson instituti. Olingan 7 sentyabr, 2019.
- ^ a b Kollinz 2001 yil, 332–334-betlar.
- ^ Kollinz 2001 yil, p. 332.
- ^ a b Kollinz 2001 yil, p. 333.
- ^ "1971-78 dollar Eyzenxauer". CoinSite. ROKO Design Group, Inc. 1994. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2013 yil 30 avgustda. Olingan 20 iyul, 2009.
- ^ "Syuzan B. Entoni Dollar - 1979-1999". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari zarbxonasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 11 avgustda. Olingan 12 avgust, 2014.
- ^ Marshall kosmik parvoz markazi 1969 yil, p. 8.
- ^ Kollinz 2001 yil, 334-335 betlar.
- ^ Bruks, Grimvud va Svenson 1979 yil, p. 331.
- ^ Kollinz 1994 yil, p. 116.
- ^ "To'plam, uchuvchining shaxsiy imtiyozi, Apollon 11". Smithsonian Air and Space muzeyi. Olingan 11 oktyabr, 2018.
- ^ "Shaxsiy imtiyoz to'plamlari (PPK)". Kosmosda uchadigan kollektsiyalar. Olingan 24 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Xansen 2005 yil, p. 527.
- ^ Sleyton va Kassutt 1994 yil, 191-192 betlar.
- ^ a b v d "50 yil oldin: Oyga qo'nadigan joylar tanlandi". NASA. 2018 yil 8-fevral. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2018.
- ^ Cortright 1975 yil, p. 79.
- ^ Xarland 1999 yil, p. 19.
- ^ Cortright 1975 yil, 98-99 betlar.
- ^ Kollinz 1994 yil, p. 7.
- ^ Cappellari 1972 yil, p. 976.
- ^ "Apollon 10". Smithsonian Air and Space muzeyi. Olingan 26 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b Chaykin 1994 yil, p. 148.
- ^ Xansen 2005 yil, p. 360.
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Manbalar
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Tashqi havolalar
Multimedia
- Garner, Robert (tahrir). "Apollon 11-ning qisman tiklanishi HD-videolar (Yuklamalar)". NASA. Olingan 13 iyun, 2013.- Dastlabki qo'nish haqidagi videolavhalar.
- Oyga ekskursiyaning dinamik xronologiyasi. Oy razvedka orbiteri kamerasi
- Qisqa film Moonwalk One saytidan bepul yuklab olish mumkin Internet arxivi
- Qisqa film Burgut qo'ndi: Apollonning parvozi 11 saytidan bepul yuklab olish mumkin Internet arxivi
- Apollon 11 qayta tiklandi EVA 1-qism (1 soat tiklangan kadrlar)
- Apollon 11: Ular uni suratga olayotganda (kengaytirilgan haqiqat) The New York Times, Interaktiv, 2019 yil 18-iyul
- "Apollon 11 parvozining yoritilishi" Todd Kosovich tomonidan RadioTapes.com uchun taqdim etilgan. Apollon 11 parvozini qamrab oluvchi radiostansiya yozuvlari (havo kemalari).
| Komplekslarni ishga tushirish |  | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yer usti inshootlari | |||||||||||
| Avtotransport vositalarini ishga tushiring | |||||||||||
| Kosmik kemasi va rover | |||||||||||
| Parvozlar |
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| Apollon 8 o'ziga xos | |||||||||||
| Apollon 11 o'ziga xos | |||||||||||
| Apollon 12 o'ziga xos | |||||||||||
| Apollon 13 o'ziga xos | |||||||||||
| Apollon 14 o'ziga xos | |||||||||||
| Apollon 15 o'ziga xos | |||||||||||
| Apollon 16 o'ziga xos | |||||||||||
| Apollon 17 o'ziga xos | |||||||||||
| Apollondan keyin kapsuladan foydalanish | |||||||||||
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Vakolat nazorati  |
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