Missula, Montana - Missoula, Montana

"Missula" bu erga yo'naltiradi. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Missula (ajralish).

Missula
Shahar
Missula markazi
Missulaning rasmiy muhri
Muhr
Taxallus (lar):
Garden City, River City [1]
Shior (lar):
"Kashfiyot davom etmoqda"[1]
Missula okrugidagi joylashuv
Missula okrugidagi joylashuv
Missoula Montanada joylashgan
Missula
Missula
Montana ichidagi joylashuv
Missula AQShda joylashgan
Missula
Missula
Qo'shma Shtatlar ichida joylashgan joy
Koordinatalari: 46 ° 51′45 ″ N. 114 ° 0′42 ″ V / 46.86250 ° N 114.01167 ° Vt / 46.86250; -114.01167Koordinatalar: 46 ° 51′45 ″ N. 114 ° 0′42 ″ V / 46.86250 ° N 114.01167 ° Vt / 46.86250; -114.01167
MamlakatQo'shma Shtatlar
ShtatMontana
TumanMissula
Tashkil etilgan1866
Birlashtirilgan (shaharcha)1883 yil 8 mart
Birlashtirilgan (shahar)1885 yil 12-mart
Tomonidan tashkil etilgan
Hukumat
• turiShahar hokimi - Kengash
• tanasiMissula shahar kengashi
 • Shahar hokimiJon Engen (D. )
Maydon
 • Shahar34,66 kvadrat mil (89,76 km)2)
• er34,47 kvadrat mil (89,27 km)2)
• Suv0,19 kv mil (0,49 km)2)
• shahar
45,43 kvadrat mil (117,7 km)2)
• Metro
2618 kvadrat mil (6,780 km)2)
Balandlik
3209 fut (978 m)
Aholisi
 (2010 )[3]
 • Shahar66,788
• smeta
(2019)[4]
75,516
• darajaAQSh: 480-chi
• zichlik2.191.03 / kv mil (845.95 / km)2)
 • Metro
118,791 (AQSh: 327-chi )
Vaqt zonasiUTC − 7 (tog )
• Yoz (DST )UTC − 6 (Tog)
pochta indeksi
59801–59804, 59806–59808[5]
Montana universiteti pochta indeksi
59812[5]
Hudud kodi406
FIPS kodi30-50200
GNIS xususiyat identifikatori0787504
Avtomobil yo'llariI-90.svg US 12.svg US 93.svg MT-200.svg
Veb-saytci.missoula.mt.us

Missula /mɪˈzuːlə/ (Ushbu ovoz haqidatinglang) shahar AQSh shtati ning Montana; bu okrug markazi ning Missula okrugi. U bo'ylab joylashgan Klark Fork daryosi bilan tutashgan joy yaqinida Achchiq ildiz va Blackfoot daryolari Montananing g'arbiy qismida va beshta tog 'tizmasining yaqinlashuvida, shuning uchun u ko'pincha "beshta vodiyning markazi" deb ta'riflanadi.[6] 2019 yilda, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi shahar aholisini 75516 kishini tashkil etgan[7] va aholisi Missula metropoliteni 118,791 da.[8] Keyin Billings, Missula Montananing ikkinchi eng katta shahri va metropoliteni.[9] Missulaning uyi Montana universiteti, a jamoat tadqiqot universiteti.

Missula maydoni birinchi bo'lib 1858 yilda joylashtirilgan Uilyam T. Xemilton Rattlesnake Creek bo'ylab hozirgi Missula yaqinidagi savdo posti bilan, Grant Creek yaqinida joylashgan kapitan Richard Grant va Pattee Canyon yaqinida joylashgan Devid Patti tomonidan.[10] Missula 1860 yilda tashkil etilgan Hellgate savdo posti hali ham bir qismi Vashington hududi. 1866 yilga kelib, aholi punkti yuqori oqimga (8 km) sharqqa qarab siljib, keyin Missula-ga qisqartirilib, Missula Mills deb nomlandi.[11] Tegirmon zavodlari Mullan yo'li bo'ylab sayohat qilayotgan g'arbiy ko'chmanchilarga materiallar etkazib berdilar. Tashkil etilishi Missulula shahri ko'chmanchilarni himoya qilish uchun 1877 yilda iqtisodiyotni yanada barqarorlashtirdi. 1883 yilda Shimoliy Tinch okean temir yo'lining kelishi tez o'sishga va mahalliy yog'och sanoatining pishib etishiga olib keldi. 1893 yilda Montana qonunchilik palatasi Missulani shtatning birinchi universiteti joylashgan joy sifatida tanladi. 1908 yilda tashkil etilgan AQSh o'rmon xizmati shtab-kvartirasi bilan bir qatorda, yog'och va universitet keyingi 100 yil davomida mahalliy iqtisodiyotning asosi bo'lib qoldi.[12]

1990-yillarga kelib, Missulaning yog'ochsozlik sanoati asta-sekin yo'q bo'lib ketdi va 2009 yilga kelib, shaharning eng yirik ish beruvchilari Montana universiteti, Missula okrugidagi davlat maktablari va Missulaning ikkita kasalxonasi bo'lgan.[13] Shaharni shahar kengashi a'zolari, oltita palataning har ikkitasidan ikkitadan iborat shahar meri-hukumat boshqaradi. Missula va uning atrofida 400 gektar (160 ga) parklar maydoni, 35 km (35 km) yo'llar va taxminan 5000 gektar (2000 ga) ochiq kosmosni muhofaza qilish erlari mavjud bo'lib, unga qo'shni Jumbo tog'ida boqiy va xachir kiyiklari yashaydi. qish paytida.[14] Shaharda Montananing eng yirik va eng qadimgi pivo zavodlari joylashgan Montana Grizzlies, eng kuchli biri kollej futboli dasturlari I divizion futbol chempionati bo'linmasi ning Milliy kollegial atletika assotsiatsiyasi. Taniqli aholi orasida AQSh Kongressida xizmat qilgan birinchi ayol, Janet Rankin.[15]

Tarix

Asosiy maqola: Montana shtatidagi Missula tarixi
Missulaning janubidagi janubda joylashgan Teipilar Klark Fork daryosi, shimoli-sharqqa qaragan

Arxeologik asarlar, Missula vodiysining eng qadimgi aholisi so'nggi muzlik davrining oxiriga to'g'ri keladi 12000 yil oldin miloddan avvalgi 3500 yilda aholi punktlari bilan. 1700-yillardan 1850-yillarga qadar erdan foydalanganlar asosan Salish, Kootenay, Pend-d'Oreil, Qora oyoq va Shoshone. Beshta tog'li vodiylar tutashgan joyda joylashgan Missula vodiysi vaqti-vaqti bilan Sharqiy Montana tekisliklariga borishga harakat qilgan mahalliy va uzoq mahalliy qabilalar tomonidan og'ir o'tib ketgan. bizon. Bu nizolarga olib keldi. Missulaning sharqiy kirish qismidagi tor vodiy odamlarning suyaklari bilan takrorlangan pistirmalar bilan shunchalik to'lib toshganki, keyinchalik frantsuz mo'yna ushlagichlari bu hududni shunday atashgan. Port-de-l-Enfer, "deb tarjima qilinganJahannam darvozasi".[16] Jahannam darvozasi 1866 yilda "Missula" deb o'zgartirilgunga qadar bu hudud nomi bo'lib qolaveradi.[11]

The Lyuis va Klark ekspeditsiyasi hududga birinchi AQSh fuqarolarini olib keldi. Ular Missulaning janubida ikki marotaba to'xtashdi Sayohatchilar uchun dam olish.[17][18] Ular birinchi marta 1805 yil sentyabrda g'arbiy yo'nalishdagi sayohat qilishdi. U erda yana qolishganda, 1806 yil iyun-iyul oylarida qaytib kelganda, Klark janub tomonga qarab ketib ketdi. Achchiq ildiz va Lyuis shimolga, so'ngra sharqqa Hellgate Kanyoni bo'ylab sayohat qildi. 1860 yilda, Jahannam darvozasi Qishloq tomonidan hozirgi shahar markazidan 8 km g'arbda tashkil etilgan Kristofer P. Xiggins va Frank Worden yaqinda qurib bitkazilgan sayohatchilarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan savdo posti sifatida Mullan yo'li, Rokki tog'larni kesib o'tgan birinchi vagon yo'li Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy qismida.[11] Yog'och va un zavodini yoqish uchun qulayroq suv ta'minoti istagi 1864 yilda aholi punktining zamonaviy joyiga ko'chishiga olib keldi.[19]

Missula Mills o'rnini egalladi Jahannam darvozasi Vodiyning iqtisodiy qudrati sifatida qishloq va uning o'rniga 1866 yilda okrug o'rnini egallagan. "Missula" nomi shu erdan paydo bo'lgan. Salish nomi Klark Fork daryosi, nessuletkw, bu taxminan "muzlatilgan suv joyi" deb tarjima qilinadi.[20] Missulula shahri kelgusi ko'chib kelganlarni himoya qilish uchun 1877 yilda tashkil etilgan. Ning kelishi bilan o'sish tezlashdi Shimoliy Tinch okeani temir yo'li 1883 yilda va nizomga binoan, Missula o'sha yili shahar hokimiyatiga shahar sifatida qo'shildi.[21] 1885 yilda Missula yana o'z hukumatini shahar sifatida birlashtirdi.

1893 yilda Missula birinchi davlat universiteti joylashgan joy sifatida tanlangan Montana universiteti. Temir yo'l va uning ko'priklari uchun yog'ochga bo'lgan ehtiyoj mintaqada bir nechta arra fabrikalarining ochilishiga turtki berdi va o'z navbatida, Misula yog'och sanoatining boshlanishiga olib keldi, bu esa keyingi 100 yil davomida bu hudud iqtisodiyotining asosiy tarmog'i bo'lib qoldi.[12] The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari o'rmon xizmati Missuladagi ish 1905 yilda boshlangan.[22] Missula ham uy tutun o'tish moslamalari shtab-kvartirasida joylashgan va O'rmon xizmati tarixi milliy muzeyi joylashgan bo'ladi.[22] Milliy miqyosda to'qqizta o'rmon xizmati mintaqasi mavjud; Mintaqa 1 shtab-kvartirasi Missulada joylashgan.[23]

Mt.dan shahar markazining ko'rinishi. Sentinel

1956 yilda Hoerner-Waldorf pulpa fabrikasining poydevorini ochish bilan kesish Misuladagi sanoatning asosiy tarmog'i bo'lib qoldi va natijada havoning ifloslanishiga qarshi noroziliklar paydo bo'ldi.[24] Maqola Hayot 13 yil o'tgach, mussuliyaliklar ba'zan tutun bo'ylab harakatlanish uchun kun davomida faralar bilan haydashlari kerakligi haqida gapiradi.[25] 1979 yilda okrug mehnat daromadlarining deyarli 40% hali ham yog'och va qog'oz mahsulotlari sektoriga to'g'ri keldi.[26] Yog'ochsozlik sanoati 1980-yillarning boshlaridagi tanazzuldan qattiq zarar ko'rdi va Missula iqtisodiyoti diversifikatsiya qila boshladi.[27] 1990-yillarning boshlariga kelib, mintaqadagi ko'plab yog'och daraxtzorlarning yo'q bo'lib ketishi, qonunchilik bilan birga, havoni keskin tozalashga yordam berdi.[28]

2009 yildan boshlab, ta'lim va sog'liqni saqlash Missulaning etakchi tarmoqlari edi; Montana universiteti, Missula okrugidagi davlat maktablari va shahardagi ikkita kasalxona eng yirik ish beruvchilar edi.[13] Sankt-Patrik kasalxonasi va sog'liqni saqlash fanlari markazi, 1873 yilda tashkil etilgan, mintaqadagi yagona hisoblanadi II darajali travmatologiya markazi va 1980-yillardan beri uchta yirik ekspansiyani boshdan kechirdi.[29] 1990-2010 yillarda Montana universiteti 50 foiz o'sdi va 20 bino qurdi yoki ta'mirladi.[30] Ushbu sohalar, shuningdek, biznes va professional xizmatlarning kengayishi va chakana savdo kelajakda o'sishning asosiy dvigatellari bo'lishi kutilmoqda.[31]


Geografiya

Missula vodiysi

Missula Montananing g'arbiy chekkasida, taxminan 45 milya (70 km) masofada joylashgan Aydaho chegara. Shahar 978 m balandlikda 3209 fut balandlikda joylashgan. dengiz sathidan yuqori, yaqin atrofda Sentinel tog'i va Jumbo tog'i keskin ravishda 1558 fut (1572 m) va 4768 fut (1453 m) ga ko'tarildi. Ga ko'ra Aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi 2015 yil raqamlar, shaharning umumiy maydoni 29.08 kvadrat mil (75.3 km) bo'lgan2), shundan 28,90 kvadrat mil (74,9 km)2) quruqlik va 0,184 kvadrat mil (0,48 km) bo'lgan2) suv bilan qoplangan.[32]

Taxminan 13000 yil muqaddam butun vodiy Missulul muzining ko'l tubida edi va avvalgi ko'l tubida kutilganidek, Missula rejasi nisbatan tekis va tik tepaliklar bilan o'ralgan. Missula shahrining ko'l tubida o'tmishini tasdiqlovchi dalillarni Sentinel va Jumbo tog'larida qadimgi gorizontal to'lqin kesilgan qirg'oqlar shaklida ko'rish mumkin.[33] Hozirgi Montana universiteti joylashgan joyda ko'l bir paytlar 2950 metr chuqurlikda bo'lgan.[34] Klark Fork daryosi sharqdan Hellgate Kanyoni orqali sharqdan Missula vodiysiga, avvalgi joylashgan joyda joylashgan Blekfoot daryosiga qo'shilgandan keyin kiradi. Milltown to'g'oni. Bitterroot daryosi va ko'plab kichik irmoqlar Missulaning g'arbiy qirg'og'idagi Klark Forkka qo'shiladi. Shahar, shuningdek, beshta tog 'tizmasining yaqinlashuvida joylashgan Achchiq ildiz, Safir oralig'i, Garnet oralig'i, Shaqillagan ilon tog'lari va "Rezervlar bo'linishi" odatda "beshta vodiyning markazi" deb ta'riflanadi.[6]

Qadimgi to'lqinlar bilan qirg'oqlar qirg'og'ida ko'rinadi Sentinel tog'i.

Flora va fauna

Shimoliy Rokki hududida joylashgan Missulada odatiy narsa bor Rokki tog 'ekologiyasi. Mahalliy yovvoyi tabiat populyatsiyalarini o'z ichiga oladi oq dumli kiyik, buloq, grizzly ayiqlar, qora ayiqlar, osprey va kal burgutlar. Qish paytida, qiya qiyalik tufayli Jumbo tog'ida tez qorning erishi o'tlarni boqish uchun qoldiradi elk va xachir kiyik. Missula atrofidagi daryolar uyalar uchun yashash joylarini ta'minlaydi bank qaldirg'ochlari, shimoliy qo'pol qanotli qaldirg'ochlar va belbog'li baliqchilar. Qotil va dog 'qumtepalari shag'al panjaralari bo'ylab hasharotlar uchun ozuqani ko'rish mumkin. Boshqa turlarga kiradi qo'shiq chumchuqlar, mushukchalar, bir nechta turlari jangchilar, va qoziqli qarag'ay. Daryolar, shuningdek, mahalliy baliqlarni sovuq, toza suv bilan ta'minlaydi westslope cutthroat alabalığı va buqa alabalığı. Yalang'och oqimlar ham o'ziga jalb qiladi qunduz va yog'och o'rdaklari.[35] Bog'larda, shuningdek, kabi turli xil ilonlar mavjud poygachilar, garter ilonlar va kauchuk boa.

Mahalliy qirg'oq o'simliklari hayoti qumtepani o'z ichiga oladi tollar va paxta daraxtlari Montananing shtat daraxti bilan ponderosa qarag'ay, shuningdek, keng tarqalgan. Boshqa mahalliy o'simliklar kabi botqoqli turlarni o'z ichiga oladi mushukchalar va tumshug'i, shuningdek, butalar va rezavor o'simliklar Duglas do'lana, chokecherry va g'arbiy qorlar.[35] Mahalliy fermerlarning xafa bo'lishiga ko'ra, Missulada ham bir necha kishi yashaydi zararli begona o'tlar, uni yo'q qilish uchun bir nechta dastur belgilangan. E'tiborga molik bo'lganlar orasida Dalmatian toadflax, dog'langan knapweed, bargli pog'ona, Avliyo Ioann wort va oltingugurt cinquefoil.[36] Munozarali ravishda, Missulaning qadimgi ko'chalari bo'ylab joylashgan Norvegiya chinorlari ham invaziv tur deb e'lon qilindi.[37]

Iqlim

Missulada a salqin-yoz nam kontinental iqlimi (Köppen iqlim tasnifi Dfb),[38] sovuq va mo''tadil qorli qishlari, yozlari quruq va quruq, qisqa va tiniq buloqlar va kuzlar bilan. Missulaning Rokki g'arbiy qismida joylashganligi sababli qish odatda boshqa shtatlarga qaraganda yumshoqroq bo'lib, Tinch okeanining yumshoq va nam havosini olishiga va eng yomon sovuq tushishlaridan saqlanishiga imkon beradi; ammo, qishda ham ko'proq yog'ingarchilik bo'ladi. Qishki qor o'rtacha 100 sm (30 sm) dan 30-oktabrga qadar 20-aprelga qadar davom etadi. Boshqa shtat singari yoz ham juda quyoshli va o'rtacha kunlik harorat o'zgarishi nisbatan quruqligi sababli iyun oxiridan sentyabr oxirigacha 30 ° F (17 ° C) dan yuqori.[39][40] Oylik o'rtacha kunlik harorat dekabrda 23,9 ° F (-4,5 ° C) dan iyulda 68,6 ° F (20,3 ° C) gacha. O'rtacha har yili har yili 90 ° F (32 ° C) dan yuqori haroratda 24 kun, harorat muzlashdan ko'tarilmasa 45 kun va harorat 0 ° F (-18 °) dan past yoki 7,8 kun. C)[41] Ro'yxatdan o'tgan harorat 1957 yil 26 yanvarda -33 ° F (-36 ° C) dan 2007 yil 6-iyulda 107 ° F (42 ° C) gacha;[41] rekord darajadagi sovuq maksimal -13 ° F (-25 ° C), oxirgi marta 1989 yil 2-fevralda qayd etilgan, aksincha, 1939 yil 27-iyulda rekord iliq minimum 72 ° F (22 ° C).[41]

Montana shtatidagi Missula uchun ob-havo ma'lumoti (Missula aeroporti ) 1981–2010 yillar,[a] haddan tashqari 1893 - hozirgi kunga qadar
OyYanvarFevralMarAprelMayIyunIyulAvgustSentyabrOktyabrNoyabrDekabrYil
Yuqori F (° C) yozing60
(16)		66
(19)		78
(26)		90
(32)		95
(35)		102
(39)		107
(42)		105
(41)		99
(37)		85
(29)		73
(23)		60
(16)		107
(42)
O'rtacha maksimal ° F (° C)47.7
(8.7)		52.1
(11.2)		65.1
(18.4)		76.8
(24.9)		85.4
(29.7)		91.5
(33.1)		97.4
(36.3)		96.5
(35.8)		88.6
(31.4)		74.7
(23.7)		58.5
(14.7)		47.0
(8.3)		99.1
(37.3)
O'rtacha yuqori ° F (° C)33.2
(0.7)		38.8
(3.8)		49.8
(9.9)		58.5
(14.7)		67.3
(19.6)		75.2
(24.0)		85.9
(29.9)		84.9
(29.4)		73.1
(22.8)		57.8
(14.3)		41.5
(5.3)		31.0
(−0.6)		58.2
(14.6)
O'rtacha past ° F (° C)18.3
(−7.6)		21.2
(−6.0)		27.7
(−2.4)		32.8
(0.4)		39.8
(4.3)		46.6
(8.1)		51.4
(10.8)		50.1
(10.1)		41.8
(5.4)		32.4
(0.2)		24.9
(−3.9)		16.7
(−8.5)		33.7
(0.9)
O'rtacha minimal ° F (° C)−3.9
(−19.9)		0.0
(−17.8)		13.5
(−10.3)		22.0
(−5.6)		27.0
(−2.8)		35.0
(1.7)		40.5
(4.7)		40.0
(4.4)		29.4
(−1.4)		18.0
(−7.8)		7.8
(−13.4)		−3.3
(−19.6)		−13.6
(−25.3)
Past F (° C) yozing−33
(−36)		−28
(−33)		−13
(−25)		2
(−17)		21
(−6)		26
(−3)		27
(−3)		25
(−4)		15
(−9)		−4
(−20)		−23
(−31)		−30
(−34)		−33
(−36)
O'rtacha yog'ingarchilik dyuym (mm)0.85
(22)		0.70
(18)		1.00
(25)		1.22
(31)		2.01
(51)		2.07
(53)		0.99
(25)		1.19
(30)		1.17
(30)		0.88
(22)		1.01
(26)		1.04
(26)		14.13
(359)
Qorning o'rtacha dyuymlari (sm)8.3
(21)		6.1
(15)		5.1
(13)		1.2
(3.0)		0.2
(0.51)		iz0
(0)		0
(0)		iz0.6
(1.5)		5.4
(14)		11.0
(28)		37.9
(96)
O'rtacha yog'ingarchilik kunlari (≥ 0,01 dyuym)11.89.411.411.112.312.17.17.58.28.411.112.3122.7
O'rtacha qorli kunlar (≥ 0,1 dyuym)9.46.85.11.60.30.10000.95.49.839.4
O'rtacha nisbiy namlik (%)81.378.170.361.261.761.151.752.562.870.880.283.567.9
O'rtacha shudring nuqtasi ° F (° C)17.2
(−8.2)		21.7
(−5.7)		25.3
(−3.7)		29.7
(−1.3)		37.2
(2.9)		44.4
(6.9)		45.7
(7.6)		44.4
(6.9)		39.7
(4.3)		32.7
(0.4)		25.9
(−3.4)		18.7
(−7.4)		31.9
(−0.1)
O'rtacha oylik quyoshli soat95.8133.0209.3245.0280.5311.1389.3334.8264.7194.399.582.92,640.2
Foiz mumkin bo'lgan quyosh34465760606681767058353159
Manba: NOAA (nisbiy namlik, shudring nuqtasi va quyosh 1961-1990)[41][42][43]

Demografiya

Tarixiy aholi
Aholini ro'yxatga olishPop.%±
1870400—
1880347−13.2%
18903,426887.3%
19004,36627.4%
191012,896195.4%
192012,668−1.8%
193014,65715.7%
194018,44925.9%
195022,48521.9%
196027,09020.5%
197029,4978.9%
198033,38813.2%
199042,91828.5%
200057,05332.9%
201066,78817.1%
2019 (taxminiy)75,516[4]13.1%
Manbalar: 1870-1990,[44] 2000–2010,[9]
Eng yuqori ta'lim darajasi
25 yoshdan katta aholi (2014)		Missula[45]Montana[45]BIZ.[45]
9-sinfdan kam1.2%2.2%5.8%
9-12 sinflar, diplom yo'q3.3%5.3%7.8%
O'rta maktab bitiruvchisi yoki unga tenglashtirilgan19.0%29.8%28.0%
Ba'zi bir kollej24.1%25.3%21.2%
Dotsentlik darajasi6.7%8.3%7.9%
Bakalavr darajasi28.0%19.8%18.3%
Bitiruvchi yoki kasbiy daraja17.7%9.2%11.0%
O'rta maktab yoki undan yuqori95.5%92.4%86.3%
Bakalavr darajasi yoki undan yuqori45.7%29.1%29.3%

Shaharda bir xonadonning o'rtacha daromadi 30 366 dollarni, bir oila uchun esa 42 103 dollarni tashkil etdi. Erkaklarning o'rtacha daromadi 30,686 dollarni, ayollar uchun esa 21 559 dollarni tashkil etdi. Shahar uchun jon boshiga daromad 17166 dollarni tashkil etdi. Taxminan 11,7% oilalar va 19,7% aholi quyida joylashgan qashshoqlik chegarasi shu jumladan 18 yoshgacha bo'lganlarning 20,5% va 65 yoshdan katta bo'lganlarning 9,3%. 25 va undan katta yoshdagi Missula aholisining taxminan 40,3% bakalavr yoki yuqori darajadagi kollej darajasiga ega.

2010 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish

2010 yildan boshlabAholini ro'yxatga olish, shaharda 66788 kishi, 29.081 xonadon va 13990 oila istiqomat qilgan.[3] Aholi zichligi - har kvadrat milga 2427,8 nafar kishi (937,4 / km)2). 30682 ta uy-joy kvadrat kilometr uchun o'rtacha 1115,3 (430,6 / km)2). The irqiy bo'yanish shaharning 92,1% oq, 0,5% afroamerikalik, 2,8% tub amerikalik, 1,2% osiyolik, 0,6% boshqa irqlar, va ikki yoki undan ortiq musobaqadan 2,8%. Har qanday irqning lotin aholisi aholining 2,9% ni tashkil etdi.

29.081 xonadonning 23.6% 18 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalari ular bilan birga yashagan, 34.4% birgalikda yashagan er-xotinlar, 9.6% ayol bo'lmagan uy egasi bo'lmagan, 4.1% ayol bo'lmagan ayol uy egasi va 51.9 % oilalar bo'lmagan. Barcha uy xo'jaliklarining taxminan 35,0% jismoniy shaxslardan iborat bo'lib, 9,1% 65 yosh va undan katta bo'lgan yolg'iz yashaydigan odamga ega edi. Uy xo‘jaliklarining o‘rtacha soni 2,18 va oilalarning o‘rtacha soni 2,82 kishini tashkil etdi.

Shaharda aholining 18,9 yoshgacha bo'lgan aholisining 17,9%, 18 yoshdan 24 yoshgacha bo'lganlarning 19,7%, 25 yoshdan 44 yoshgacha 29,6%, 45 yoshdan 64 yoshgacha 22,1% va 65 yoshda bo'lganlar 10,7% tashkil etdi. yosh va undan katta Shaharda o'rtacha yosh 30,9 yil edi. Shaharning gender tarkibi 49,9% erkaklar va 50,1% ayollar edi.

Iqtisodiyot

Missula 1860 yillarda Mullan harbiy yo'lida joylashgan savdo punkti sifatida Bitterroot tog'lari orqali Sharqiy Vashington tekisligiga boradigan birinchi marshrutdan foydalanish uchun boshlagan. Uning 1866 yilda okrug o'rni sifatida belgilanishi va 1877 yilda shoshilinch ravishda qurilgan Missulula Fortining joylashgan joyi, Missulaning mintaqaviy tijorat markazi maqomini ta'minladi, bu holat Shimoliy Tinch okean temir yo'lining kelishi bilan 1883 yilda yanada mustahkamlandi.[46] Temir yo'l Missulaning savdo maydonini 150 mil radiusga qadar kengaytirdi va Missulaning temir yo'lning bo'linish punkti va ta'mirlash ustaxonalari sifatida joylashganligi yuzlab ish joylarini ta'minladi. 1898 yilda temir yo'l yana kengayishni boshlaganda, shahar orqali yuk tashish hajmi ortdi va kelishi bilan Miluoki yo'li va AQSh o'rmon xizmati uchun mintaqaviy ofis, shuningdek ochilish Yassi boshli hindlarning rezervasyoni 1908 yildan boshlab bir-biridan ikki yil ichida hisob-kitob qilish uchun iqtisodiyot tez sur'atlar bilan kengayishni boshladi.[47]:36

Yog'och zavodlari dastlab uylar va korxonalarni qurilish materiallari bilan ta'minlash uchun qurilgan, ammo keyinchalik temir yo'lning talablarini qondirish uchun kengaytirildi; ular temir yo'lning kengayishi va umuman xalqqa bo'lgan talabning o'sishidan foyda ko'rishdi. Bonner tegirmoni Shimoliy Tinch okeani va Mis qiroliga tegishli edi Markus Deyli, shimoli-g'arbda eng yirik yog'och ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'ldi. 1908 yilda Missulaning asosiy yog'och ishlab chiqaruvchisi va mintaqaviy tijorat markazi sifatida joylashganligi shaharning yangi tashkil etilgan AQSh o'rmon xizmati uchun mintaqaviy vakolatxonasini ochishga yordam berdi.[47]:41 Keyingi asrda, Missulaning turli xil yog'ochsozlik sanoati kabi turli xil sub'ektlar ostida birlashtirildi Anaconda kompaniyasi 1970-yillarda va Xalqaro hujjat bo'yicha chempion 1980-yillarga qadar ko'pchilik nazorat ostida edi Plum Creek Timber, yog'ochga bo'lgan talab esa pasayib ketdi.[48] 2007 yilda, Bonsuladagi kontrplak zavodining yopilishi, 2008 yilda Bonnerning arra zavodining yopilishi va yopilishidan so'ng, Missulaning yog'ochsozlik sanoatining pasayishi boshlandi. Smurfit-tosh konteyner 2010 yilda sellyuloza ishlab chiqarish korxonasi.[49]

1895 yilda ochilganidan beri Montana universiteti Missula iqtisodiyotining rivojlanishiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Talabalar jamoasini joylashtirishdan iqtisodiy afzalliklarga qo'shimcha ravishda, bu shaharga aksariyat shtatlarda mavjud bo'lmagan o'qimishli ishchi kuchini berdi.[46] Universitet Missulaning eng yirik ish beruvchisi sifatida shahar bilan va maktab tomonidan homiylik qilingan sport va madaniy tadbirlarga tashrif buyuruvchilar orqali shaharga olib keladigan millionlab dollar bilan yaqin aloqada.[50][51] Universitetda, shuningdek, Missulaning yagona biznes-inkubatori - Montana Technology Enterprise Center va bir nechta boshlang'ich biznes mavjud.[52]

Missula uning markazidir Iqtisodiy tahlil byurosi Montana okruglarini o'z ichiga olgan (BEA) iqtisodiy hudud Flathead, Ko'l, Linkoln, Mineral, Missula, Ravalli va Sanders.[53] 2011 yildan boshlab, BEA iqtisodiy hudud aholisini 306,050 kishini ro'yxatga oldi.[54] Ushbu sohaga xizmat ko'rsatadigan asosiy biznes sohalariga sog'liqni saqlash, chakana savdo, transport, moliyaviy xizmatlar, davlat va ijtimoiy xizmatlar, ta'lim, tadbirlar, san'at va madaniyat kiradi. Sog'liqni saqlash, ayniqsa, Missulaning eng tez rivojlanib borayotgan sohalaridan biridir Sankt-Patrik kasalxonasi (g'arbiy Montananing yagona II darajali travmatologiya markazi) va Jamoat tibbiyot markazi, allaqachon universitetning orqasida joylashgan shaharning ikkinchi va uchinchi yirik ish beruvchilari.[50] Missuladagi bandlikning taxminan 55% xizmat ko'rsatish va chakana savdo sohalariga to'g'ri keladi. Eksport sanoati og'ir va fuqarolik muhandisligi, qurilish, ichimliklar ishlab chiqarish, texnik xizmatlar, yuk tashish transporti va o'rmon, yog'och va yog'och bilan bog'liq sohalarda to'plangan. Taxminan 4 ga qo'shimcha ravishda Shtat tashqarisida har yili million sayyoh tashrif buyuradi, bu esa turizmni Missula iqtisodiyotining muhim yo'nalishiga aylantiradi, Missulada alternativa sog'liqni saqlashning jonli sektori ham mavjud.[55][56]

2013 yildan boshlab, Missula 299-o'rinni milliy darajada egalladi yalpi metropoliten mahsuloti chiqishi bilan $ 5 milliard,[57] esa shahar jami shaxsiy daromad $ 4.18 da 333-o'rinni egalladi milliardni tashkil etdi, bu 2003 yildan beri 47 foizdan oshdi.[58] 2013 yildan boshlab, jon boshiga shaxsiy daromad 239-o'rinni egallab, yiliga 37 397 dollarni tashkil etdi, bu o'rtacha milliy ko'rsatkichning 84%.[58] Missula metropolitanidagi ishsizlik darajasi 2015 yil iyun holatiga ko'ra 3,7% ni tashkil etdi, oldingi o'n ikki oy ichida deyarli 0,8% ga tushib ketdi.[59]

Madaniyat

Asosiy maqola: Montanadagi Missula shahridagi madaniyat

Ko'pincha Montananing madaniy markazi hisoblangan Missula,[60] bu shtatning birinchi universitetining joylashgan joyi va logistlar, hippilar, kollej o'quvchilari, sport muxlislari va nafaqaxo'rlarning eklektik aralashmasi.[61] Jamiyat tadbirlari odatda bo'lib o'tadi shahar markazida ochiq havoda yoki shahar markazidagi bir nechta binolardan birida Milliy tarixiy reestrda ko'rsatilgan.[62]

2006 yildan beri River City Roots festivali har avgust oyida musiqa, pivo, oziq-ovqat va san'at bilan tadbir bo'lib kelmoqda va umuman olganda 15000 kishidan iborat.[63][64] Shahar markazidagi eng uzoq davom etgan voqea 1972 yilda tashkil etilgan Missula dehqon bozori bo'lib,[65] G'arbiy Montanada mahsulotni maydan oktyabrgacha shanba kuni ertalab va iyuldan sentyabrgacha seshanba kuni kechqurun ishlab chiqaradi.[66] San'at va hunarmandchilikning Xalq bozori va Klark Fork bozori bir vaqtda ishlaydi.[67] Shahar markazida muzeylar va galereyalardan mahalliy san'at asarlarini namoyish etish uchun oyning birinchi jumasida galereya yurish marosimi bo'lib o'tadigan "Birinchi juma Missula" bo'lib o'tadi.[68] kabi Monte Dolak. Missula Yangi yil arafasida ovqat va jonli o'yin-kulgini o'z ichiga olgan "Birinchi tungi Missula" ni nishonlamoqda.[69] Amerika G'arbining adabiyotini nishonlash uchun "Kitob festivali" rebrendlangan "Montana kitob festivali "2015 yilda.[70] Missulaning ikkita tarixiy teatri har yili har yili kinofestivallarni o'tkazadi: Roxy-ga mezbonlik qiladi Xalqaro yovvoyi tabiat filmlari festivali,[71] 1977 yilda dunyodagi birinchi hayvonlar hayvonlar olami filmlari festivali sifatida tashkil etilgan;[72] va 2003 yildan beri Vilma Montanadagi eng katta film tadbirini joylashtirish Big Sky hujjatli filmlar festivali.[73]

Ijro san'atida Missula jamoat teatri 1977 yildan beri musiqiy va musiqiy bo'lmagan spektakllar namoyishini o'tkazib kelmoqda,[74] uning filiali bilan Missula bolalar teatri shuningdek, dunyo bo'ylab yiliga 1000 ta jamoaga tashrif buyuradigan xalqaro sayyohlik dasturi sifatida ishlaydi.[75] Missula, shuningdek, qator zamonaviy raqs kompaniyalari, shu jumladan Yalang'och o'lja raqsi[76] va Headwaters Dance Company.[77] Rokki tog 'balet teatri va Garden City balet shuningdek, Missulada joylashgan.

The Montana San'at va madaniyat muzeyi 2001 yilda davlat muzeyiga aylangan, 1894 yilda boshlangan Montananing eng qadimiy madaniy qo'riqxonalaridan biri; uning doimiy kollektsiyasida 10000 dan ortiq original asarlar mavjud.[78] The Missula san'at muzeyi birinchisida joylashgan Karnegi kutubxonasi; u zamonaviy san'atni namoyish etadi va har yili 20-25 guruh va yakka ko'rgazmalarni namoyish etadi.[79] Missulula shahri G'arbiy Montana tarixini saqlashga bag'ishlangan tarixiy muzey joylashgan va Rokki tog 'harbiy tarix muzeyi[80][81] va Shimoliy Rokki merosi markazi.[82] The Milliy o'rmon xo'jaligi tarixi muzeyi qurmoqda Milliy tabiatni muhofaza qilish merosi va ta'lim markazi Missulada ham.[22]

Moose Drool Brown Ale uchun reklama

1987 yilda, Missulaning uyi ochilgan "Bavariya" klubi Montanadagi eng qadimgi faol pivo zavodi.[83] Big Sky Brewing 1995 yilda ochilgan va 2008 yilda 38 ming barreldan ortiq ishlab chiqarish bilan, bu Montananing eng yirik pivo ishlab chiqaruvchisi va Montanada ishlab chiqarilgan eng ko'p sotiladigan pivo - Moose Drool Brown Ale.[84][85] Missula ham uy bo'lgan Kettle House Brewing 1995 yildan beri va "Draft Works" 2011 yilda ochilgan. Big Sky, "Bavariya" va "Kettlehouse" Montanadagi navbati bilan birinchi, ikkinchi va uchinchi yirik pivo zavodlarini namoyish etadi.[86] Shuningdek, 2011 yilda, Tamarack Brewing va Flathead Lake Brewing kompaniyasi yaqin atrofdan Leyk okrugi Missula markazida joylashgan pub-uylarni ochdi. Shaharda har yili Garden City Brewfest va Winterfest festivallari o'tkaziladi va vaqti-vaqti bilan Montana Brewers festivali o'tkaziladi.[87][88]

Sport

Shuningdek qarang: Montana universiteti Grizzlis yengil atletika
Montana Grizzlies futboli da Vashington-Grizli stadioni

Missoula a-dan tashqari turli xil kollejlar, yoshlar va havaskor sport tashkilotlari uchun uy egasi kichik liga beysbol jamoa. The Montana Grizzlies Montana Universitetining futbol va basketbol jamoalari eng ko'p qatnashishgan. The Montana Grizzlies futboli jamoasi ichida muvaffaqiyatli dastur mavjud NCAA D-1 FCS Daraja. Ularning uy o'yinlari Vashington-Grizli stadioni 90% ga yaqin g'oliblik foiziga ega va o'rtacha 25000 tomoshabin qatnashadi. Barcha o'yinlar Montana bo'ylab televidenie orqali namoyish etiladi. The Grizzlies erkaklar va Lady Griz basketbol jamoalari ham muvaffaqiyatli bo'lishdi konferensiya daraja, bu erda ular ikkalasi ham mos ravishda 4000 va 3000 ga yaqin ishtirok etadigan eng yuqori darajaga yaqin yoki o'zlarining uy o'yinlarini o'tkazadilar. Dalberg Arena.[89][90][91]

Missula, shuningdek, uy Missoula PaddleHeads, ning yangi filiali Arizona Diamondbacks, kim Rokki tog'ida asoslangan o'ynaydi Pioner beysbol ligasi. Ular uy o'yinlarini bu erda o'tkazishadi Sadoqat maydonidagi Ogren bog'i. Shuningdek, mintaqaviy raqobatdoshlar Hellgate Rollergirls, a roller derbisi da raqobatlashadigan jamoa Adams markazi.[92] 1977 yildan beri Missulada regbi bo'yicha festival tarzidagi "Maggotfest" musobaqasi ham bo'lib o'tdi Missula Maggots Rugby Club may oyining birinchi dam olish kunlari. Yo'q qilinmaydigan turnir o'yinning qiziqarli tomoniga qaratilgan bo'lib, AQSh va Kanadadan 36 jamoani (erkak va ayol) jalb qiladi. Oddiy mavsumdagi o'yinlarda, Missula Maggots bir qismi sifatida raqobatlashadi Montana regbi ittifoqi boshqa mahalliy regbi jamoasi bilan bir qatorda Montana Jesters universiteti.[93]

Bog'lar va dam olish

2009 yilda Missula marafoni

Shahar 400 gektardan ziyod (160 ga) park maydoniga, 22 milya (35 km) yo'lga va 5000 ga yaqin gektar (2000 ga) saqlanadigan ochiq maydonga ega.[14] Uchta daryoning (Klark Fork, Bitterroot va Blekfoot) tutashgan qismida joylashgan hudud, shuningdek, oq suvdan rafting va, katta rahmat roman va keyingi film Daryo o'tib ketadi Missuladan tug'ilgan Norman Maklin, yaxshi tanilgan uchib baliq ovlash. Bundan tashqari, Missulada ikkita akvapark mavjud,[14] bir nechta golf maydonchalari Sarguzashtlar velosiped uyushmasi, va mezbonlar nima Yuguruvchilar dunyosi AQShning "eng yaxshi umumiy" marafoni deb nomlandi[94][95] Shuningdek, 160 km masofada uchta tog 'chang'i zonasi mavjud: Montana Snowbowl, Discovery chang'i zonasi va Yo'qotilgan yo'l chang tog'i. Biroz nariroqda Lookout Pass, Blacktail Mountain va Katta tog '.[96]

1902 yilda Missululada jamoat bog'lari tizimi yog'och baron Tomas Grinu va uning rafiqasi Tessining xayriyasi bilan ishlab chiqilgan. Ular Rattlesnake Creek bo'ylab Grinuu bog'i uchun 42 gektarlik (17 ga) er maydonini berishdi, "bu er abadiy park sifatida va Missula aholisi foydalanishi mumkin bo'lgan park maqsadlari uchun ishlatilishi kerak". . . qulay, romantik va she'riy chekinishni toping ".[47]:110 To'qqiz yil o'tgach, keyingi maktubda Missulian, u parkni iloji boricha ona shtatiga yaqin joyda bo'lishiga qiziqishini ta'kidladi.[97] Ushbu so'rov, mahalliy bo'lmagan kashfiyot bilan birga Norvegiya chinorlari paxta daraxtlari, ponderoza qarag'aylari va Rokki tog 'chinorlari kabi mahalliy daraxtlar va butalarning o'sishiga xalaqit berib, Norvegiya chinorlarini tabiiy holatiga qaytarish umidida ularni parkdan olib tashlash to'g'risida tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi.[37][98]

1924 yilda Jon L. Bonnerning universitet yaqinidagi mulkidan Bonner Park tashkil etildi. Parkda bugungi kunda yozda Missula Siti guruhi tomonidan ishlatiladigan ko'plab sport maydonchalari va kortlari mavjud.[99] The Kivanilar klubi 1934 yilda shahar markazida Kiwanis Parkini tashkil qildi va bu Klark Fork daryosining ikkala tomonida joylashgan parklar qatoridan birinchisiga aylandi. Daryoning janubiy qirg'og'idagi o'sha bog'lardan biri bu bilan yaratilgan Makkormik bog'idir WPA ortiqcha avtomobil yo'lidan mablag ', American Hide and Fur Company firmasining uchastkasi va Kate McCormick ko'chmas mulkidan berilgan erlar. Nomli 26 gektarlik (11 ga) bog ' Vashington J. Makkormik va uning rafiqasi skeyp parki, suv sporti markazi, velosipedda bepul chiqish va baliq ovi uchun bolalar hovuzi.[100] Boshqa mashhur bog'lar orasida Jacobs Island Bark Park, itlar uchun taqib yurish uchun mo'ljallangan joy; Montana shtati faxriylarining yodgorlik atirgul bog'i;[101] Waterwise Garden, suvni tejash usullaridan foydalanadigan "tirik laboratoriya" bog '; va Playfair Parkdagi Splash Montana suv parki.

Caras Park

Caras Park tarixiy janubda joylashgan Vilma teatri shahar markazida. 1962 yilda Higgins Avenue ko'prigi ikki qatordan to'rttagacha kengaytirilganda qaytarib olingan quruqlikda joylashgan. Melioratsiya oldidan Klark Fork daryosi ikkiga bo'linib, shimoliy kanalning qirg'og'i bilan Wilma teatri kabi yaqin binolarga cho'zilgan. Janubiy kanal suv oqimining ko'payishi uchun chuqurlashtirildi va to'ldirilgan er keyinchalik Karas bog'iga aylandi.[102] Parkdagi voqealar 1980-yillarning boshlarida va 1986 yilda boshlangan "Tushlikka chiqish" kabi doimiy moslamalarda keng tarqalgan emas edi. Missulaning shahar assotsiatsiyasi bog'ni boshqarish uchun bog'lar va dam olish joylarini qabul qilib oldi va Caras Parkni yanada yaxshilash uchun yaxshilanishlarni amalga oshirdi. tadbirlarga qulay. O'rindiqlar, tadbirlar doiralari, g'ishtdan tayyorlangan plazalar, hojatxonalar va saqlash inshootlari qo'shildi. 1997 yilgacha doimiy pavilon qurilganiga qadar katta vaqtinchalik chodirlar tadbirlarda ishlatilgan.[103] Bog 'shahar tantanalari markazidir, shu jumladan "Tushlikka", Xalqaro yovvoyi tabiat filmlari festivali, First Night Missoula, Garden City BrewFest va kabi san'atkorlar uchun samimiy konsert sozlamalarini taklif qildi Marvarid, Kris Isaak, Santana, Ziggi Marley va B.B King.[104] Caras Park yonida joylashgan Missula uchun karusel, qo'lda o'yilgan va ko'ngillilar tomonidan qurilgan karusel; va karuselga tutash bo'lgan bolalar uchun dam olish zonasi bo'lgan Dragon Hollow.

Hukumat va siyosat

Shahar Kengashi[105][106]
Shahar hokimiJon Engen
1-bo'limBryan fon Lossberg / Heidi West
2-bo'limJordan Xess / Mirta Bekerra
3-bo'limGven Jons / Xezer Harp
4-bo'limJessi Ramos / Jon Dibari
5-bo'limStacie Anderson / Julie Armstrong
6-bo'limJulie Meritt / Mishel g'amxo'rligi
Missulaning shtat delegatsiyasi
(Senat)[107]
SD 46Sue Malek (D)
SD 47Dik Barret (D)
SD 48Tom Feysi (D)
SD 49Devid Vanzenrid (D)
SD 50Kliff Larsen (D)
(Vakillar palatasi)[108]
HD 91Chak Erikson (R)
HD 92Bris Bennet (D)
HD 93Duglas tobut (D)
HD 94Elli Xill (D)
HD 95Tom Shtenberg (D)
HD 96Kerolin Skvayrlar (D)
HD 97Nensi Uilson (D)
HD 98Jenifer Gurskiy (D)
HD 99Kimberli Dudik (D)
HD 100Eskirgan (R)
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Montana shtatidagi Missula shahar hokimlari ro'yxati
Missula okrugi sud binosi

1883 yildan beri Missulaning boshqaruv tizimi to'rt marta o'zgargan aldermanik boshqaruv shakli shahar nizomi bilan tasdiqlangan. Shahar a komissiya-kengash 1911 yilda yangi shahar hokimligi ochilishi bilan boshqaruv shakli va a kengash - menejer hukumati 1954 yilda 1959 yilda aldermanik boshqaruv shakliga qaytguniga qadar. 1997 yil 1 yanvardan boshlab Missula shaharni boshqarishni talab qiladigan Missula Siti Xartiyasiga binoan boshqarib kelinmoqda. mer-kengash boshqaruv tizimi.[109]

Amaldagi tizim tarkibiga shahar miqyosidagi ovoz berishda saylangan shahar hokimi va xazinachi kiradi va 12 shahar kengashi har bir palatada ikkita kengash a'zosi bo'lgan oltita palatadan bittasida yashashi va saylanishi kerak bo'lgan a'zolar. Barcha lavozimlar nominal ravishda partiyasizdir. Kengash a'zolari va shahar hokimi to'rt yillik muddatga saylanadi, chunki kengash a'zolari saylovlari har bir uchastkadan faqat bittadan a'zoning qayta saylanishiga imkon berish uchun hayratda qoldiriladi. Ikkala pozitsiya uchun muddat cheklovlari mavjud emas.[110][111]

Missulaning shtat qonunchilik delegatsiyasi tarkibida ikkinchi o'rinda turadi Montana qonunchilik palatasi va 91-100 tumanlari bilan ifodalanadi Montana Vakillar Palatasi va 46-50 tumanlar Montana Senati.[112] 13 ga ega Demokratlar va ikkitasi Respublikachilar Missula shtati qonun chiqaruvchi delegatsiyasida ko'proq tanilgan liberal shtatning qolgan qismiga nisbatan maydoni.[107][108]

Missulaning siyosiy moyilligi kollej shaharchasi uchun o'ziga xos bo'lmasligi mumkin bo'lsa-da, uning marixuana saqlashni eng past ustuvor maqsadga aylantirish tashabbusi. 2006 yilda huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari,[113] va Kongressni tark etishga chaqiradigan ramziy qarorlar Iroq 2007 yilda,[114] va AQSh konstitutsiyasiga "korporatsiyalar inson emas "deb nomlangan 2011 yilda,[115] ko'pincha uni davlatning qolgan qismiga zid keltiradi. 2011 yilda Montana qonun chiqaruvchisi, Respublikachilar palatasida ko'pchilikni tashkil qilgan holda, Missulaning marixuana to'g'risidagi qonunini bekor qilishga va uning tarkibida antidriminatsiya to'g'risidagi farmonga ega bo'lish qobiliyatini bekor qilishga urindi. LGBT jamiyat. Marixuanani bekor qilishga o'sha paytdagi gubernator Brayan Shvaytser veto qo'ygan[116][117] va kamsitishga qarshi farmonni bekor qilishga urinish shtat senatida vafot etdi.[118]

Ta'lim

Shuningdek qarang: Montana universiteti
Rasm Montana universiteti kampus, namoyish Sentinel tog'i bilan M logotip

Missulaning birinchi maktabi 1869 yil oxirida mintaqaning 16 nafar o'quvchisi va ularning o'qituvchisi Emma S.Slak bilan ochilgan bo'lib, ular Missulaga ot, temir yo'l va qayiqdan ikki oylik sayohatga kelishgan. Baltimor akasining taklifiga binoan. Ikki yildan so'ng u turmushga chiqqandan keyin iste'foga chiqdi Uilyam H. H. Dikkinson (birinchi juftlik Missulada turmush qurgan) va uning o'rnini keyinchalik Missulaning birinchi meri bilan turmush qurgan Elizabet Kantermen egalladi, Frank H. Vudi.[119][120] Birinchi davlat litseyi 1904 yilda ochilgan, ammo keyinchalik yana maktabga aylantirildi A. J. Gibson - ishlab chiqilgan Missula okrugidagi o'rta maktab (hozir Hellgate o'rta maktabi ) 1908 yilda ochilgan.[121] Bir necha kengayishdan so'ng, Stenford universiteti 1951 yilda kelajakda o'sishni boshqarish uchun qurilishning bosh rejasini tuzish uchun topshirildi. U Garden City aeroportidagi Xeyl Fildda er sotib olishni va qo'shimcha kampus qurishni taklif qildi, uning o'rnini asta-sekin o'rniga Missula okrugi aeroporti keyin shaharning janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan. Yangi maktab (hozir Sentinel o'rta maktabi ) 1957 yilda ochilgan. Dastlab ikkita kampus yangi maktabda yuqori sinf o'quvchilari bilan yuqori va quyi sinflar o'rtasida ajratilgan edi, ammo 1965 yilda ikkala kampus alohida o'rta maktabga aylandi.[121] 1974 yilda oddiy Loyola Sacred Heart katolik o'rta maktabi butun qizlar Muqaddas Yurak Akademiyasining birlashishi natijasida yaratilgan (est. 1873 yil) va o'g'il bolalar Loyola o'rta maktabi (est. 1912).[122] 1980 yilda, Missulaning uchinchi davlat litseyi, Katta osmon, tashkil etilgan.[123]

Missulaning davlat maktablari Missula okrugidagi davlat maktabining bir qismidir 1, 4, 20 va 23-tumanlar.[124] Missulada to'qqizta boshlang'ich maktab (bolalar bog'chasidan 5-sinfgacha), uchta davlat o'rta maktablari (6-8-sinflar), to'rtta davlat o'rta maktablari (9-dan 12-sinflar),[125] va bolalar bog'chasiga 8-sinfgacha xizmat ko'rsatadigan uchta davlat maktablari.[124] Missulada bir qancha xususiy maktablar, jumladan xalqaro maktab, diniy yo'nalishdagi maktablar, shuningdek, Missula bolalar teatri tomonidan boshqariladigan teatr akademiyasi litseyi - Next Step Prep mavjud.[126]

Montana universiteti Missuladagi oliy ma'lumotni boshqaradi.[51] 1893 yilda tashkil etilgan universitet Montanadagi birinchi universitet bo'lib, shtatdagi ikkinchi eng katta talabaga ega bo'lgan[127] 2015 yilga kelib 12 922 o'quvchi bilan.[128] Talabalar shaharchasida oltita kollej va uchta maktab, shu jumladan Montananing birinchi va yagona yuridik maktabi joylashgan Alexander Blewett III School of Law at the University of Montana. The university is also the location of the state's Regional Federal Depository Library,[129] and houses the state Arboretum.[130] The University of Montana College of Technology, established in 1956 and formerly known as the Missoula Vocational Technical Center, offers fast-track learning programs. Multiple vocational programs not affiliated with the university ranging from photography and massage to truck driving also have a presence in Missoula.[131]

Missoula has a ommaviy kutubxona, Missoula Public Library.[132]

OAV

Asosiy maqola: Media in Missoula, Montana

Eshittirish

Missoula's single–broadcast over–air television media market is the largest in Montana and ranked 165 nationally in as of 2015.[133] Though Missoula itself is second in population to Billings, Montana, Missoula's single-broadcast over-air television media market includes all of Missula, Ravalli, Granit, Mineral, Ko'l, Flathead va Sanders Counties in the more densely populated western region of Montana and serves over 112,600 television homes as of 2015.[133][134] Missoula is home to three local affiliate channels: KPAX-TV (CBS/MTN, CW; founded 1970; channel 8), KECI-TV (NBC; founded 1954 as KGVO-TV; channel 13) va KTMF-TV (ABC, FOX; founded 1991; channel 23). Also based in Missoula at the University of Montana is Montana PBS (founded 1984; channel 11).[iqtibos kerak ]

Missoula's local newspaper, the Missoulian, is the largest paper in G'arbiy Montana.

Chop etish

Missoula has three main sources of print and digital media: the Missoulian (daily), The Missoula Current (daily), and Montana Kaimin (college). The Missoulian was founded as a weekly publication in 1870 as The Missoula and Cedar Creek Pioneer and remains the city's oldest news product.[135] The Missoula Current was founded in 2015 and provides local and regional coverage and is the state's largest digital-only news product. The Montana Kaimin (founded 1891) is distributed for free throughout parts of Missoula with heavy student traffic from the University of Montana where the newspaper is printed Monday through Friday during the school year.[136]

Infratuzilma

Sog'liqni saqlash

Missoula has two primary health care facilities: St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center va Community Medical Center. St. Patrick's was founded in 1873 under the sponsorship of the Sisters of Providence. It is the only Level II trauma center in western Montana[137] and has undergone three major expansions since the 1980s. The hospital has 195 acute-care beds, and admitted over 9,700 patients in 2003. The name was changed from "St. Patrick Hospital" to "St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center" in 2000 to reflect an increasing involvement with national medical research and education.[29] The Community Medical Center and its adjacent medical facilities are located near Fort Missoula and is part of a modern complex that includes a nursing home, the Missoula Crippled Children's Center, and private offices.[138] It was founded in 1922 as Thornton Hospital by doctors Will Thornton and Charles Thornton and has been at its current location since 1972. Although originally a locally owned, nonprofit hospital, it is now owned by a large corporation headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee, and is a for-profit entity. It is the only hospital in Western Montana with a separate Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. The center is partnered with Seattle Children's Hospital.[138] Eng yaqin Level I trauma center to Missoula is Harborview Medical Center yilda Sietl, Vashington.

Kommunal xizmatlar

Power lines crossing the Clark Fork River east of the Higgins Avenue Bridge

The earliest Missoulians drew their water directly from the Clark Fork River or nearby Rattlesnake Creek. The first water system consisted of a Native American known as One-Eyed Riley and his friend filling buckets of water from the Rattlesnake Creek and hauling them door to door on a donkey cart.[139] In 1871 city co-founder Frank Worden began construction of a log pipe and wooden main system that flowed from the Rattlesnake Creek 2.5 miles (4 km) north of the city. With the addition of two small covered reservoirs, the first municipal water system was begun in 1880. With an intake dam built in 1901 with a settling basin capacity of 3 million US gallons (11,000 m3), the Rattlesnake Creek continued to meet demands of the city until 1935 when five wells were added to respond to increased summer and fall demand. This system is still maintained as an emergency backup, but was discontinued as a primary source after Giardiya outbreak in 1983.[140] Since then, Missoula has relied on the Missoula Valley Suv qatlami as the sole source of water.[141] In 1889, the first electrical plant was built by A. B. Hammond to power his major downtown properties such as the Missoula Mercantile and the Florence Hotel. In 1905, the Missoula Mercantile (by then owned by Copper King William A. Clark purchased the water system and consolidated it with its vast electrical holdings to create the Missoula Light and Water Company (ML&W) a year later.[142] Electricity and water remained bundled after ML&W's sale to the Montana Power Company (MPC) in 1929. In 1979, MPC sold its water utility holdings as Mountain Water Company to Park Water Company in Dauni, Kaliforniya, which since 2011 has been a subsidiary of Karlyl guruhi.[143] In 2015, the City of Missoula was legally granted its "'right to acquire' the water system by exercising its power of eminent domain",[144] but as of June 2017 the decision was upheld by a district court.[145]

Following the deregulation of Montana's electricity market in 1997, Montana Power Company began to divest its energy business. MPC sold substantially all its electrical generating assets to the PPL Corporation in December 1997 and its energy transmission and distribution business to NorthWestern Corporation 2002 yil fevral oyida.[146] Despite filing for bankruptcy in 2002, NorthWestern Corporation's subsidiary NorthWestern Energy is the primary provider of electric and natural gas service to Missoula in addition to the Qishloq kommunal xizmati 's Missoula Electric Cooperative.[147]

Local telephone service in the area is provided by CenturyLink va Blackfoot Telecommunications. Major cell phone providers include AT & T, Sprint, Verizon va T-Mobile. Allied Waste handles recycling through a program where customers can purchase special blue bags to designate recyclables. Recycling has also been offered by Missoula Valley Recycling since 1992, by Garden City Recycling since 2010 which offers curbside pickup, and by Pacific Steel & Recycling which offers drop-off recycling.[148] Sewer service is handled by the City of Missoula Wastewater Division.

City layout and development

Shuningdek qarang: Buildings and structures in Missoula, Montana
Higgins Block in Downtown Missoula

In the mid-1860s, C. P. Higgins and Frank Worden began plotting what would become the town of Missoula along the Mullan Military Road, which ran parallel to the Clark Fork River. Through downtown Missoula, the route of the road is now Front Street.[119] It is intersected by Higgins Avenue, to which a bridge across the Clark Fork was added in 1873. The intersection of these two streets became the default center of the city, and remains the numerical center regarding city street addresses.[149] The arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883 led to a housing boom along the tracks, particularly on the northern side where many of the railway workers would reside. When the Higgins Avenue Bridge was replaced in 1893, they debated whether the bridge should continue southwest toward the Bitterroot Valley as it had earlier, or due south. Attorneys W. M. Bickford va W. J. Stephens had already laid out plots of land five years earlier for what they hoped would be a new town of "South Missoula". The streets there were perpendicular to the Bitterroot Wagon Road while Judge Hiram Knowles who owned the land just south of the river preferred the north–south plan and did not want to become part of South Missoula.

The "Slant Streets"

The result was a 7×14–block area along the west side of Higgins Avenue commonly referred to as the "Slant Streets" centered along what is now Stephens Avenue. Stephens Avenue and Brooks Street are the only arterials to traverse the city diagonally along with the Bitterroot Branch of Montana Rail Link. The rest of the city, with the exception of Downtown, where streets follow the angle of the river, and newer expansions into the hills, strictly follow the grid plan.[119] With the establishment of the University of Montana in 1893 and the announcement that the tracks of the Milwaukee Road would be located south of the river, houses began to spread quickly throughout the university and south side districts. The area near the university was promoted as high-end and luxurious homes appeared on Hammond Avenue (then nicknamed "Millionaires Row" and known today as Gerald Avenue).[47]:32

The arrival of Interstate 90 in the mid-1960s forced the removal of 60 homes, including the Greenough Mansion. The north side of Missoula became isolated between the Interstate and the tracks while the Greenough Mansion was moved to a South Hills golf course and converted to a restaurant. This dichotomy has prevailed with the North Side feeling neglected by the city while the South Hills became an upscale neighborhood. The Missoula Downtown Master Plan of 2009 emphasized redevelopment of the North Side's former rail yard and the area just south of the tracks.[150][151]

The city is divided into 18 neighborhood councils of which all Missoula residents are a member.[152] The city further contains 10 historical districts: Downtown Missoula, East Pine Street, Fort Missoula, Lower Rattlesnake, McCormick, Northside, Southside, University Area and, the campus of the University of Montana.[153]

Trail system

Missoula has an extensive trail system for both commuting and recreation that extends over 22 miles (35 km). The city is actively trying to connect its various sections within the city to each other and to recreational trails extending beyond the city. The heart of the Missoula Commuter Bike Network are the trails along either side of the Clark Fork River that link Downtown with surrounding neighborhoods, the university, city parks, and outlying open space with smooth surfaces and three bicycle/pedestrian bridges. The most southern of these is Milwaukee Trail which follows the path of the former Milwaukee Railroad and continues east out of town as the Kim Williams Nature Trail beside Mount Sentinel. The Bitterroot Branch Trail connects to the Riverfront trails west of Downtown and, when completed, will provide a trail from Downtown to Southgate Mall. Near the Bitterroot Branch Trail, but not connected, is the South Avenue Trail on the west side of Reserve Street that connects the Community Medical Center with Fort Missoula, nearby athletic fields, and the Bitterroot River. The South Hills neighborhood has its own system of trails that is also approaching, but not quite meeting, the larger network.[154]

Transport

Avtomobil yo'llari

Davlatlararo 90 runs east–west along the northern edge of Missoula at the base of the North Hills, with all but a small portion of the city located south of the highway. Completed in 1965 at the expense of 60 homes, the Garden City Brewery, and the Greenough Mansion, I‑90 has four city exits and makes connections with U.S. Route 93, U.S. Route 12 va Montana Highway 200.[150] Asl nusxa U.S. 12, approved by the AASHO in 1939 to extend west into Montana, did not include Missoula until the highway was rerouted along State Route 6 in October 1959 and was not extended west from Missoula until 1962. The road now crosses Missoula southwest–northeast.[155] U.S. 93 serves as a major economic corridor for western Montana connecting Missoula with the Bitterroot Valley communities to the south and Flathead Lake, Kalispell va Muzlik milliy bog'i shimolga.[156] Montana Highway 200, the longest state highway in the United States enters Missoula from the east and provides access along the Blackfoot River and a direct route to Buyuk sharsharalar.

Tranzit

Public transportation in Missoula began as early as 1890 with a horse-drawn streetcar system (electrified in 1910) operated by the Missoula Street Railway Company that connected Downtown Missoula with the University, Bonner, the fairgrounds, and Fort Missoula. These streetcars were then replaced by buses in 1932 due to cost.[157][158] Bus service today is provided by Mountain Line, a public transit agency created by public vote in 1976 as part of the Missoula Urban Transportation District (MUTD) that began operation in December 1977. Mountain Line operates twelve bus routes within a 36-square-mile (93 km2) area, serving Missoula, East Missoula, Bonner, Target Range, Rattlesnake, and the airport. Additionally the line has offered paratransit services since 1991 to assist the disabled, senior van since 2008, and has four park‑and‑ride lots throughout Missoula.[159] Special bus service is offered to the University of Montana through three of the city's park‑and‑ride lots in addition to a late-night UDASH shuttle that offers service between the University and Downtown.[160] As of January 2015 a three-year pilot program of zero fare transportation on all Mountain Line busses began, with the goal of increasing use by 45 percent.[161]

Bus lines

Direct intercity ground travel needs are provided by bus carriers Greyhound chiziqlari va Rimrock Trailways.

Temir yo'llar

Intercity rail travel was available from 1883, when the Shimoliy Tinch okeani temir yo'li began service through Missoula, until 1979 when Amtrak discontinued its North Coast Hiawatha route across southern Montana. In 1901, Northern Pacific built their stantsiya at the terminus of Higgins Avenue; since 1985, it has been on the Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri.[162] The Chikago, Miluoki, Sent-Pol va Tinch okeani temir yo'llari also built their "Pacific Extension" through Missoula, and that stantsiya was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

A feasibility study was commissioned by Congress in 2008 to examine the merits of reopening the North Coast Hiawatha, but as of 2008, the nearest rail station to Missoula is the Whitefish station of Amtrak's Empire Builder, 136 miles (219 km) to the north.[163]

Bicycles

In 2009, the Missoula metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ranked as the fifth highest in the United States for percentage of commuters who biked to work (5 percent).[164] In 2013, the Missoula MSA ranked as the tenth lowest in the United States for percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile (77.2 percent). In the same year, 8.5 percent of Missoula area commuters walked to work.[165]

Aeroport

Missoula International Airport

In 1927, air travel to Missoula began; today the city is served by Missoula International Airport at Johnson-Bell Field, a public airport run by the Missoula County Airport Authority. It is the largest airport in western Montana, serving 848,444 passengers in 2018.[166][167] The current building contains three jet bridges and three ground‑level boarding gates. There are direct flights year‑round to Billings,[169] Dallas, Denver, Las-Vegas, Minneapolis, Feniks, Portlend, Solt Leyk-Siti, Sietl, and seasonally to Atlanta, Chikago, Los Anjeles, Oklend va San-Fransisko.[170]

Six airlines[iqtibos kerak ] operate out of Missoula (Allegiant Air, American Airlines, Delta havo liniyalari, Frontier Airlines, Horizon/Alaska Airlines va United Airlines ) in addition to cargo carriers FedEx Express va UPS Airlines.[171] The airport is also home to Homestead Helicopters and fixed‑base operators Minuteman Jet Center (an Avfuel fuel provider), and Northstar Jet (a Phillips 66 fuel provider).

Taniqli odamlar

Janet Rankin, the first woman in Congress, was born and raised in Missoula.
Asosiy maqola: List of people from Missoula, Montana
U.S. Senator and longest-serving Senate Majority Leader Mayk Mensfild
Shuningdek qarang: List of University of Montana alumni

Missoula has produced and been home to a number of notable individuals in varying fields. Its natives and residents are referred to as "Missoulians". In politics, Janet Rankin,[15] the first woman in Congress, was born and raised in Missoula while Senators Mayk Mensfild,[172] the U.S.'s longest serving Senatning ko'pchilik rahbari va Maks Baus,[173] Montana's longest serving U.S. Senator both established careers and joined politics while living in the city.

Noted athletes who were born or resided in Missoula include five Olympic medalists, Pro Football Shon-sharaf zali Quarterback Jon Elvey,[174] va avvalgi Miluoki Boks murabbiy Larry Krystowiak.[175]

Aktyor Dana Kervi,[176] kinorejissyor Devid Linch,[177] and award‑winning biologist Leroy Xud[178] were born in Missoula while Kerol O'Konnor[179], J. K. Simmons[180], and comedian Chris Fairbanks attended the University of Montana. Bastakor David Maslanka,[181] musiqachi Jeff Ament,[182] and musician, vlogger, and published author Hank Green[183] reside in Missoula. Academically, Missoula has been home to Nobel Prize winners Harold C. Urey[184] va Steve Running[185] as well as 20th century Montana historian K. Ross Toole.[186]

Noted names in literature include Native-American poet James Welch,[187] crime novelist James Crumley,[188] former head of the University of Montana's Creative Writing Program Richard Hugo,[189] William Kittredge, a western writer and professor of creative writing at the Montana universiteti at Missoula, and Norman Maclean,[190] kimning Daryo o'tib ketadi chronicles his life in early 20th-century Missoula. Joanna Klink, poet and professor at the University of Montana. Michael Punke, the author of the best-selling novel Revenant, also lives in Missoula.

Qardosh shaharlar

Missoula has two[191] qardosh shaharlar, as designated by Sister Cities International:

Missoula's Sister City relationship with Palmerston North, New Zealand, began after Missoula resident and later University of Montana professor Harold Bockemuehl returned from obtaining his PhD from Massey universiteti. The relationship was made official in 1983 after a meeting between then UM President Neil Bucklew and officials from Massey University. Each May, Missoula celebrates "New Zealand Day" in honor of the relationship with rugby, food, and entertainment.[192] Missoula's second Sister City relationship began in 1991 after a Neckargemünd delegation, led by Mayor Oskar Schuster, visited Missoula following a Fulbright-sponsored faculty exchange between Geydelberg universiteti and the University of Montana. Every September the Missoula Cultural Council holds an annual "Germanfest" to celebrate German culture and this relationship.[191][193]

Portrayal in media

. . . the world outside, which my brother and I soon discovered was full of bastards, the number increasing rapidly the farther one gets from Missoula, Montana.

— Norman Maclean, Daryo o'tib ketadi  [194]

Muallif Norman Maclean grew up in Missoula and wrote about it in his 1976 autobiographical novella Daryo o'tib ketadi.[195] The work was adapted into a 1992 motion picture of the same name, rejissor Robert Redford va bosh rollarda Bred Pitt va Craig Sheffer.

Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town is the title of a 2015 book by Jon Krakauer that looked at the Justice Department's investigation into a "pattern of disrespect and indifference toward alleged victims" by Missoula law enforcement in sexual assault cases between 2010 and 2012, some involving football players from the Montana Grizzlies.[196][197] While being interviewed on Milliy radio about the book, John Krakauer stated "I don't mean to single out Missoula: Its rape rate is a little less than the national average; I think its problems with dealing with rape are pretty depressingly typical".[198]

There is a lengthy study of Missoula in the title essay of British writer Jonathan Raban "s Driving Home: An American Journey: despite writing that on his arrival, "I had the powerful impression that I had driven deep into the Rocky Mountains and somehow arrived in Rotherham yoki Barsli,"[199] and that "the overall effect [of the city] was oddly unsettling; the streets too open for comfort, the town too closed in, inducing mild claustrophobia and agoraphobia at the same time",[199] he notes the literary heritage of the city and its reputation as a "kindly town" (evidenced by its being a place where "odds and ends naturally collected and cohered").

Missoula is mentioned as being the closest city to the fictional Hope County in Far Cry 5. The game's first mission involves the player trying to escape the town to reach Missoula.

Cultural heritage resources

Missoula's history and culture is well documented and catalogued. The following list of databases represents a few aspects of this catalogue:

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ O'rtacha oylik maksimal va minimal ko'rsatkichlar (ya'ni, yil davomida yoki shu oyda istalgan nuqtada kutilgan eng yuqori va eng past harorat ko'rsatkichlari) 1981 yildan 2010 yilgacha bo'lgan joyda joylashgan ma'lumotlar asosida hisoblab chiqilgan.
  1. ^ a b "About Missoula". Destination Missoula. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on June 11, 2015. Olingan 26 avgust, 2015.
  2. ^ "2019 AQSh gazetasi fayllari". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. Olingan 26 iyul, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "American FactFinder: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2020 yil 13 fevralda. Olingan 25 avgust, 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Aholini va uy-joyni taxminiy hisoblash". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. 2020 yil 24-may. Olingan 27 may, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Look Up a ZIP Code". USPS. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on August 9, 2015.
  6. ^ a b Gilder, Don. "Three, Five or Eight: Judge Woody Would Hold His Nose". Old Missoula. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on August 15, 2015. Olingan 15 avgust, 2015.
  7. ^ "2018 city estimate". Olingan 18 iyun, 2019.
  8. ^ "AQSh aholini ro'yxatga olish veb-sayti". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. 2019 yil 18-iyun. Olingan 19 iyun, 2019.
  9. ^ a b "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Montana's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting". Census 2010 News. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on March 8, 2013. Olingan 23 avgust, 2015.
  10. ^ Allan James Mathews (2002). A Guide to Historic Missoula. Montana Historical Society. p. 164. ISBN  978-0-917298-89-9. Arxivlandi from the original on June 12, 2018.
  11. ^ a b v theBeginning/EarlyEarlyMissoula/tabid/192/Default.aspx "Early, Early Missoula" Tekshiring | url = qiymati (Yordam bering). Historic Missoula. Missoula's Office of Planning and Grants. Olingan 8 avgust, 2015.[o'lik havola ]
  12. ^ a b "Arrival of the Railroad (1883–1893)". Historic Missoula. Missoula's Office of Planning and Grants. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on February 14, 2015. Olingan 8 avgust, 2015.
  13. ^ a b "Top employers in the city of Missoula". Missoulian. Missoula. December 15, 2009. ISSN  0746-4495. Arxivlandi from the original on September 15, 2017. Olingan 14 avgust, 2015.
  14. ^ a b v "Missoula Official Website: Parks & Recreation". City of Missoula. Arxivlandi from the original on August 9, 2015. Olingan 9 avgust, 2015.
  15. ^ a b "Cool Montana Stories: Jeannette Rankin". Travel Montana. 2007 yil. Arxivlandi from the original on July 1, 2015. Olingan 13 avgust, 2015.
  16. ^ "Cities and Towns § Missoula". Montana: A State Guide Book. Ishni rivojlantirish boshqarmasi: American Guide. Compiled by the Federal Yozuvchilar Loyihasi (4-nashr). New York: Hastings House Publishers. 1955 [1st pub. 1939]. p. 173. ISBN  978-0-403-02176-5. OCLC  869757480. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 4 sentyabrda. Olingan 28 avgust, 2015. The Salish had to pass through Hell Gate Canyon to reach the plains on their periodic buffalo hunts. At the entrance to the canyon, an ideal spot for an ambush, the Blackfeet would attack them. The reputation of the place caused French-Canadian trappers to call it ‘Porte de l’Enfer’ or ‘Gate of Hell’.CS1 maint: boshqalar (havola)
  17. ^ "Travelers Rest". Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. Montana State Parks. Arxivlandi from the original on September 5, 2015. Olingan 5 oktyabr, 2015.
  18. ^ "Meriwether Lewis". TwoRiversHistory.net. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on May 22, 2011. Olingan 8 fevral, 2012.
  19. ^ "Hell Gate Village Era (1860–1865)". Historic Missoula. Missoula's Office of Planning and Grants. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on February 3, 2015. Olingan 8 avgust, 2015.
  20. ^ "Livability" (PDF). City of Missoula. Arxivlandi from the original on August 23, 2015. Olingan 23 avgust, 2015. Missoula's name is derived from "nmesuletkw", the Salish word for the Clark Fork River, which translates to, "place of frozen water".
  21. ^ "Missoula History". Destination Missoula. Arxivlandi from the original on August 12, 2015. Olingan 24 avgust, 2015.
  22. ^ a b v "About Us: Frequently Asked Questions". National Museum of Forest Service History. Arxivlandi from the original on October 22, 2014. Olingan 26 avgust, 2015.
  23. ^ "Our Organization". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari o'rmon xizmati. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Qishloq xo'jaligi vazirligi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2018 yil 28 iyunda. Olingan 25 avgust, 2018.
  24. ^ Briggeman, Kim (February 29, 2008). "Missoula anti-pollution group celebrates its victories". Mustaqil yozuv. Helena. Arxivlandi from the original on September 13, 2017. Olingan 28 avgust, 2015.
  25. ^ Hall, Richard (February 7, 1969). "Air Pollution". Hayot. Vol. 66 no. 5. New York: Time. pp. 42–43. ISSN  0024-3019. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 4 sentyabrda. Olingan 28 avgust, 2015. As they drive to work through it—sometimes with their car lights turned on in broad daylight—Missoulians complain a lot.
  26. ^ "In the beginning of the MAEDC". Missoulian. Missoula. August 14, 2010. ISSN  0746-4495. Arxivlandi from the original on September 15, 2017. Olingan 28 yanvar, 2012.
  27. ^ Polzin, Paul E. (Spring 1994). "Montana's Economy: State of the Economy". Montana Business Quarterly. UM Bureau of Business and Economic Research. 32 (1): 6–15. ProQuest  234227618.
  28. ^ "Missoula Carbon Monoxide SIP Case History". Citizen's Guide to Air Quality in Montana. Montana Department of Environmental Quality. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on January 22, 2016.
  29. ^ a b "St. Patrick Hospital, Missoula, Montana". Arxivlandi from the original on September 5, 2015. Olingan 8 avgust, 2015.
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