Taqal burgut - Bald eagle

"Amerika burguti" bu erga yo'naltiriladi. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Amerika burguti (ajralish) va Bald burgut (so'z ma'nosi).

Taqal burgut
Vaqtinchalik diapazon: Pleystotsen-Yaqinda [1]
Ishga tushirish to'g'risida (26075320352) .jpg
Bald burgut uchishga tayyorlanmoqda Kachemak ko'rfazi, Alyaska, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari
Ilmiy tasnif tahrirlash
Qirollik:Animalia
Filum:Chordata
Sinf:Aves
Buyurtma:Accipitriformes
Oila:Accipitridae
Tur:Haliaeetus
Turlar:
H. leucocephalus
Binomial ism
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Subspecies
  • H. l. leucocephalus - janubiy kal burgut
  • H. l. vashingtoniensis - shimoliy kal burgut
Tarqatish H. leucocephalus.png
Bald burgut
  Yetishtiruvchi rezident
  Yozgi mehmonni ko'paytirish
  Qishki mehmon
  Faqat migratsiya to'g'risida
Yulduz: tasodifiy yozuvlar
Sinonimlar
  • Falco leucocephalus Linney, 1766 yil

The kal burgut (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) a yirtqich qush Shimoliy Amerikada topilgan. A dengiz burguti, ikkitasi ma'lum pastki turlari va shakllantiradi a turlar juftligi bilan oq dumli burgut (Haliaeetus albicilla). Uning assortimenti ko'p qismini o'z ichiga oladi Kanada va Alyaska, barchasi qo'shni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va shimoliy Meksika. U ko'p miqdordagi oziq-ovqat zaxirasi va uyalash uchun keksa yoshdagi daraxtlarga ega bo'lgan ochiq suv havzalarining yaqinida joylashgan.

Taqal burgut asosan mavjud bo'lgan fursatparvar oziqlantiruvchi hisoblanadi baliq u pastga siljiydi va suv bilan talonlari bilan tortib oladi. U eng kattasini quradi uya Shimoliy Amerika qushlaridan va har qanday hayvon turlari uchun qayd etilgan eng yirik daraxt uyalaridan, chuqurligi 4 m (13 fut) gacha, eni 2,5 m (8,2 fut) gacha va 1 ta metrik tonna (1.1 qisqa tonna ) vaznda. Jinsiy etuklik to'rt yoshdan besh yoshgacha erishiladi.

Bald burgutlar aslida emas kal; bu ism so'zning qadimgi ma'nosidan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, "oq boshli". Voyaga etgan kishi asosan jigarrang, boshi va dumi oq. Jinslar bir xil tuklar, ammo urg'ochilar erkaklarnikiga qaraganda 25 foizga katta. The tumshuq katta va bog'langan. Voyaga etmaganlarning tuklari jigarrang.

Taqal burgut bu milliy qush ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari. Uning yonida kal burgut paydo bo'ladi muhr. 20-asrning oxirida u yoqasida edi ekspiratatsiya qo'shni AQShda. O'shandan beri populyatsiyalar tiklandi va turlar yo'q qilindi AQSh hukumati ro'yxati yo'qolib borayotgan turlari 1995 yil 12-iyulda ro'yxatiga o'tkazildi tahdid ostida bo'lgan turlar. U xavf ostida bo'lgan va tahdid ostida bo'lgan yovvoyi tabiat ro'yxatidan chiqarildi qo'shni davlatlar 2007 yil 28 iyunda.

Tavsif

The tuklar Voyaga etgan kal burguti bir tekis quyuq jigarrang, boshi va dumi oq. Quyruq o'rtacha uzunlikda va biroz xanjar shaklida bo'ladi. Erkaklar va ayollar shilimshiq rangida bir xil, ammo jinsiy dimorfizm turlarida yaqqol ko'rinib turibdi, chunki urg'ochilar erkaklarnikidan 25% ko'proq.[3] Tumshug'i, oyoqlari va irislar yorqin sariq. Oyoqlari tuklarsiz, barmoqlari esa kalta va kuchli bo'yli. Orqa oyoqning yuqori darajada rivojlangan taloni, oldingi oyoq barmoqlari tomonidan harakatsiz ushlab turilganda, o'lja hayotiy joylarini teshish uchun ishlatiladi.[4] The tumshuq katta va ilgakli, sariq rangga ega don.[5] Voyaga etgan kal burguti o'zining tabiiy hududida shubhasizdir. Yaqindan bog'liq Afrika baliq burguti (Haliaeetus ovozi) (kal burgut doirasidan ancha uzoqdan tashqari) jigarrang tanaga ega (biroz ko'proq tusli rangga ega bo'lsa ham), boshi va dumi oppoq, lekin kaldan farqi bilan oq ko'krak va qora uchi bilan hisob-kitobga qadar farq qiladi.[6]

Bosh tafsilotlar

Voyaga etmaganlarning tuklari - jinsiy etuklikka yetguncha, beshinchi (kamdan-kam to'rtinchi, juda kamdan-kam uchinchi) yilgacha tartibsiz oq chiziqlar bilan qoplangan to'q jigarrang.[3][4] Voyaga etmagan kal burgutlarni oltin burgut (Aquila chrysaetos), Shimoliy Amerikadagi boshqa juda katta, vulturine bo'lmagan raptorial qush, chunki birinchisi kattaroq, oldinga chiqadigan boshga ega tumshuq, tekisroq (biroz ko'tarilmagan) va qanotlari qattiqroq urilgan va oyoqlarini to'liq qoplamaydigan patlari bo'lgan tekis qirralarning. Yaxshi ko'rilganda, oltin burgut balog'atga etmagan kal burgutga qaraganda ancha iliq jigarrang rang bilan ajralib turadi, unga qizil-oltin yamoq bilan ensa va (pishmagan qushlarda) juda qarama-qarshi qanotdagi oq kvadratchalar to'plami.[7] Voyaga etmagan kal burgutning etuk qush ustidan yana bir ajralib turadigan xususiyati uning qora uchi, sariq uchi; etuk burgut to'liq sariq tumshug'iga ega. Taqal burgut ba'zan eng katta haqiqiy raptor deb hisoblangan (accipitrid ) Shimoliy Amerikada. Raptorga o'xshash qushlarning yagona yirik turlari bu Kaliforniya kondori (Gimnogiplar kalifornianus), a Yangi dunyo tulporasi bugungi kunda bu odatda haqiqiy aktsipitridlarning taksonomik ittifoqchisi deb hisoblanmaydi.[8] Biroq, oltin burgut, o'rtacha 4,18 kg (9,2 lb) va 63 sm (25 in) in akkord uzunligi Amerika poygasida (Aquila chrysaetos canadensis), o'rtacha tana massasi bo'yicha atigi 455 g (1.003 lb) engilroq va qanotning akkord uzunligidagi kal burgutdan taxminan 3 sm (1,2 dyuym) oshib ketadi.[6][9] Bundan tashqari, kal burgutning yaqin qarindoshlari, nisbatan uzunroq qanotli, ammo qisqaroq quyruqli oq dumli burgut va umuman kattaroq Stellerning dengiz burguti (Haliaeetus pelagicus), kamdan-kam hollarda, Osiyodan qirg'oq bo'yidagi Alyaskaga borishi mumkin.[6]

Ushbu burgutning qanotlari katta

Taqal burgutning tanasining uzunligi 70-102 sm (28-40 dyuym). Odatda qanotlarning uzunligi 1,8 dan 2,3 m gacha (5 fut 11 dyuym va 7 fut 7 dyuym) va massa odatda 3 dan 6,3 kg gacha (6,6 va 13,9 lb).[6] Urg'ochilar erkaklarnikidan taxminan 25% ko'proq, o'rtacha 5,6 kg (12 lb) va erkaklarning o'rtacha vazni 4,1 kg (9,0 lb) ga teng.[3][10][11][12]

Qushlarning kattaligi joylashishiga qarab farq qiladi va odatda ularga mos keladi Bergmann qoidasi, chunki bu tur Ekvator va tropikdan uzoqlashib kattalashadi. Masalan, burgutlar Janubiy Karolina o'rtacha 3.27 kg (7.2 lb) massada va 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) qanotlari kengligida, ularning shimoliy analoglaridan kichikroq.[13] Bitta dala qo'llanmasi Florida 4.13 kg (9.1 funt) da burgutlar uchun xuddi shunday kichik o'lchamlarni sanab o'tdi.[14] O'rta kattalikdagi 117 muhojir kal burgut Muzlik milliy bog'i o'rtacha 4.22 kg (9.3 lb) ekanligi aniqlandi, ammo bu asosan balog'at yoshiga etmagan burgutlar (ehtimol dispersiyadan keyin) bo'lib, bu erda 6 nafar kattalar o'rtacha 4,3 kg (9,5 lb) ni tashkil qilishgan.[15] Arizonada qishlash burgutlari (qish og'irliklari odatda yil davomida eng yuqori ko'rsatkichdir, chunki ular ko'plab raptorlar singari ular qish paytida eng ko'p vaqt sarflashga sarf qiladilar) o'rtacha 4,74 kg (10,4 funt) ni tashkil qildi.[16] Eng katta burgutlar Alyaska, bu erda katta urg'ochilarning vazni 7 kg dan oshishi va qanotlari bo'ylab 2,44 m (8 ft 0 in) oralig'ida bo'lishi mumkin.[5][17] Alyaskadagi kattalar vaznini o'rganish shuni ko'rsatdiki, u erda urg'ochilar o'rtacha 5,35 kg (11,8 lb) vaznga ega va erkaklar o'rtacha 5,09 kg (11,2 lb) va 4,05 kg (8,9 lb) bo'lgan pishmaganlarga nisbatan 4,23 kg (9,3 lb). ikki jins.[18][19] Kattalashtirilgan deb hisoblangan Alyaskada voyaga etgan urg'ochi vazni 7,4 kg (16 funt) ni tashkil etdi.[20] R.S. Palmer 1876 yilgi rekordni sanab o'tdi Вайoming okrugi, Nyu-York 8,2 kg (18 funt) vaznga ega bo'lgan va o'ldirilganligi haqida xabar qilingan katta kattagina kel burguti.[19] Standart chiziqli o'lchovlar orasida qanotli akkord 51,5-69 sm (20,3-27,2 dyuym), quyruq uzunligi 23-37 sm (9.1-14.6 dyuym) va tarsus 8 dan 11 sm gacha (3,1 dan 4,3 gacha).[6][21] The jinoyatchilar 3 dan 7,5 sm gacha (1,2 dan 3,0 dyuymgacha), o'lchamlari esa gape hisob uchiga 7-9 sm (2,8-3,5 dyuym).[21][22] Hisob-kitob hajmi juda o'zgaruvchan, chunki Alaskan burgutlari "janubiy qushlar" ning hisobvarag'i uzunligidan ikki baravar ko'p bo'lishi mumkin (ya'ni. Gruziya, Luiziana, Florida ), ushbu ikki sohadan, o'z navbatida, erkaklarning uzunligi 6,83 sm (2,69 dyuym) va 4,12 sm (1,62 dyuym) oralig'ida.[23][24]

Qo'ng'iroq kuchsiz stakato, hushtak hushtaklaridan iborat, kleek kik ik ik ik, bir-biriga o'xshashligi a martaba qo'ng'iroq. Yosh qushlarning chaqiruvlari kattalarnikiga qaraganda qattiqroq va qaqshatqich bo'ladi.[6][7]

Taksonomiya

Taqal burgut turkumga joylashtirilgan Haliaeetus (dengiz burgutlari ) va umumiy va o'ziga xos ilmiy nomlarini kattalar boshining o'ziga xos ko'rinishidan oladi. Kal ichida Ingliz tili nomi "sochsiz" emas, "oq" ma'nosini anglatuvchi qadimgi ishlatilishidan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, oq bosh va dum patlariga va ularning quyuq tanaga qarama-qarshi bo'lishiga ishora qiladi. piebald.[25] Jins nomi Yangi lotin: Haliaeetus (dan Qadimgi yunoncha: ἁλioz, romanlashtirilgan: haliaetos, yoqilgan  "dengiz burguti"),[26] va aniq ism, leucocephalus, lotinlashtirilgan (Qadimgi yunoncha: λευκός, romanlashtirilgan: leykoslar, yoqilgan  "oq")[27] va (gáb, kefalḗ, 'bosh').[28][29]

Bald burgut anatomiyasi

Taqal burgut dastlab tasvirlangan ko'plab turlardan biri edi Karl Linney uning 18-asrdagi asarida Systema Naturae, nomi ostida Falco leucocephalus.[30]

Ikki tan olingan pastki turlari kal burgutning:[3][31]

  • H. l. leucocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) nomzodning pastki turi. Bu AQShning janubida va Quyi Kaliforniya yarim oroli.[32]
  • H. l. vashingtoniensis (Audubon, 1827), sinonim H. l. alascanus Taunsend, 1897, shimoliy pastki turi, janubiy nomzoddan kattaroqdir leucocephalus . U AQShning shimoliy qismida, Kanada va Alyaskada joylashgan.[3][32]

Taqal burgut a hosil qiladi turlar juftligi bilan oq dumli burgut ning Evroosiyo. Ushbu tur juftligi taxminan teng o'lchamdagi oq boshli va sarg'ish boshli turlardan iborat; oq dumli burgut, umuman olganda, jigarrangroq tusli jigarrang tusga ega. Ikkala tur bir xil narsani to'ldiradi ekologik joy ularning diapazonlarida. Erta davrning boshlarida boshqa dengiz burgutlaridan ajralib ketishgan Miosen (c. 10Ma BP ) eng kechi, lekin ehtimol erta / o'rta kabi Oligotsen, 28 Ma BP, agar eng qadimiy fotoalbomlar bunga to'g'ri tayinlangan bo'lsa tur.[33]

Oraliq

Bald burgut uchayotgan paytda Yellowstone milliy bog'i, Vayoming

Taqal burgutning tabiiy diapazoni Shimoliy Amerikaning aksariyat qismini, shu jumladan ko'p qismini qamrab oladi Kanada, barchasi kontinental Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va shimoliy Meksika. Bu yagona dengiz burguti endemik Shimoliy Amerikaga. Dan turli xil yashash joylarini egallash bayous ning Luiziana uchun Sonoran cho'llari va sharqiy bargli o'rmonlari Kvebek va Yangi Angliya, shimoliy qushlar ko'chib yuruvchi, janubiy qushlar doimiy bo'lib, butun yil davomida ularning naslchilik hududida qoladi. Aholining minimal soni bo'yicha, 1950-yillarda, u asosan cheklangan edi Alyaska, Aleut orollari, shimoliy va sharqiy Kanadada va Florida.[34] 1966-2015 yillar oralig'ida kel burgutlari qish va naslchilik davrida sezilarli darajada ko'paygan,[35] 2018 yildan boshlab AQSh va Kanadadagi har bir kontinental shtat va provintsiyada turlar uyalar.[36]

Kanadadagi kal burgutlarning aksariyati yonbag'rida joylashgan Britaniya Kolumbiyasi qirg'oqqa, katta populyatsiyalar esa o'rmonlarda uchraydi Alberta, Saskaçevan, Manitoba va Ontario.[37] Toz burgutlari qishda ham ma'lum joylarda to'planishadi. Noyabrdan fevralgacha bir mingdan ikki minggacha qushlar qishlashadi Skvamish, Britaniya Kolumbiyasi, taxminan yarim yo'lda Vankuver va Hushtakbozlik. Qushlar, avvalambor, birga to'planadi Qovoq va Cheakamus Tomonidan jalb qilingan daryolar go'shti Qizil baliq mintaqada yumurtlama.[38] Baliq ovlash yoki ov qilish uchun tayyor bo'lgan ochiq ko'llar va daryolarda qishlashayotgan kal burgutlarining shu kabi jamoatlari AQShning shimolida kuzatilmoqda.[39]

Bu kabi sodir bo'ldi beparvo ikki marta Irlandiyada; balog'atga etmagan bola noqonuniy ravishda o'qqa tutilgan Fermanagh 1973 yil 11-yanvarda (dastlab noto'g'ri deb nomlangan oq dumli burgut ) va charchagan balog'atga etmagan bola qo'lga olindi Kerri 1987 yil 15-noyabrda.[40]

Habitat

Kanadaning Ontario shahrida litsenziyalangan chiqish paytida parvoz paytida
Kanadalik Raptor Conservancy-da, viloyat tomonidan litsenziyalangan muassasada mashg'ulotlar paytida Ontario

Taqal burgut deyarli har qanday amerikalikda ko'payish davrida uchraydi botqoqlik kabi yashash muhiti dengiz qirg'oqlari, daryolar, katta ko'llar yoki botqoqlar yoki baliqlarning ko'pligi bo'lgan boshqa yirik ochiq suv havzalari. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, aylanasi 11 km (7 mil) dan oshiq suv havzalari va maydoni 10 km dan katta ko'llar2 (4 kv. Mil) kal burgutlarni ko'paytirish uchun eng maqbuldir.[41]

Taqal burgut odatda eski va etuk stendlarni talab qiladi ignabargli yoki qattiq yog'och qoqish, xo'rozlash va uyalash uchun daraxtlar. Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, daraxt turlari, burgut jufti uchun daraxtning balandligi, tarkibi va joylashishidan kamroq ahamiyatga ega.[42] Ehtimol, bu tur uchun suv havzasini o'rab turgan nisbatan katta daraxtlarning ko'pligi muhim ahamiyatga ega. Tanlangan daraxtlar yaxshi ko'rinishga ega bo'lishi kerak, balandligi 20 m (66 fut) dan oshiq, ochiq inshoot va yirtqichlarga yaqin bo'lishi kerak. Agar uya qiladigan daraxtlar mangrov botqog'idagi kabi doimiy suvda bo'lsa, u uy juda past, erdan 6 m (20 fut) balandlikda joylashgan bo'lishi mumkin.[43] Quruqroq zaminda joylashgan odatiy daraxtda uyalar balandligi 16 dan 38 m gacha (52 dan 125 fut) gacha bo'lishi mumkin. Yilda Chesapeake Bay, uya uyalayotgan daraxtlarning o'rtacha diametri 82 sm (32 dyuym) va umumiy balandligi 28 m (92 fut) bo'lgan, Florida shtatida esa o'rtacha uyalash balandligi 23 m (75 fut) balandlikda va diametri 23 sm (9,1 dyuym).[44][45] Uyalarni joylashtirish uchun ishlatiladigan daraxtlar Katta Yellouston maydoni o'rtacha 27 m (89 fut) baland.[46] Yuvalash uchun ishlatiladigan daraxtlar yoki o'rmonlarning soyabon qoplamasi 60% dan ko'p bo'lmagan va 20% dan kam bo'lmagan va suvga yaqin joyda bo'lishi kerak.[41] Ko'p uyalar ochiq suvdan 200 metr (660 fut) uzoqlikda joylashgan. Taqal burgut uyasi uchun qayd etilgan ochiq suvdan eng katta masofa 3 km (1,9 milya) dan oshdi Florida.[8]

Bald burgut uyalari ko'pincha qushlarning hajmini qoplash uchun juda katta. Yozilgan eng katta uy 1963 yilda Florida shtatida topilgan va uning eni qariyb 10 metr va chuqurligi 20 metr bo'lgan.[47]

Florida shtatida uyalar ko'pincha yashash joylaridan iborat mangrov botqoqlari, ko'llar va daryolarning qirg'oqlari, pinelands, mavsumiy suv ostida yassi daraxtlar, qattiq yog'och botqoqlari va oching dashtlar va yaylov tarqoq baland daraxtlar bilan. Florida shtatidagi eng yaxshi joylashadigan daraxtlar qarag'aylarni kesish (Pinus elliottii), uzun bargli qarag'aylar (P. palustris), lobloli qarag'aylar (P. taeda) va sarv daraxtlari, lekin odatda mangrovlar ishlatiladigan janubiy qirg'oq hududlari uchun.[43] Yilda Vayoming, etuk daraxtzorlar paxta daraxtlari daryolar va daryolar bo'yida joylashgan baland qarag'aylar tipik kal burgutlar uyalash joyidir. Vayoming burgutlari katta va qadimgi stendlardan tortib yashash joylarida yashashi mumkin ponderoza qarag'aylari (Pinus ponderosa) yaylovlar bilan o'ralgan qirg'oq daraxtlarining tor chiziqlariga.[8] Yilda Janubi-sharqiy Alyaska, Sitka archa (Picea sitxenzi) burgutlar foydalanadigan uyalashadigan daraxtlarning 78 foizini ta'minladi, undan keyin hemloklar (Tsuga) 20% da.[42] Borgan sayin burgutlar baliq bilan to'ldirilgan sun'iy suv havzalarida uyalar.[43]

Yangi tutilgan baliq bilan Kodiak

Taqal burgut odatda uyalash paytida inson faoliyatiga juda sezgir bo'lib, ko'pincha odamning bezovtaligi kam bo'lgan joylarda uchraydi. U past zichlikdagi odamlarning bezovtalanishidan 1,2 km dan ortiq va 1,8 km dan (1,1 milya) ko'proq joylarni tanlaydi.[41] Biroq, kal burgutlar vaqti-vaqti bilan yirik shaharlardagi, masalan, Hardtack orolida joylashgan yirik daryolar yoki tanho daraxtzorlarda uyalar. Willamette daryosi yilda Portlend, Oregon yoki Tinikumdagi Jon Xaynts milliy yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasi yilda Filadelfiya, Pensilvaniya, ular atrofida inson faoliyati juda ko'p.[48][49] Hatto bezovtalikka nisbatan odatiy sezgirlikka zid ravishda, kal burgutlar oilasi ko'chib o'tdi Harlem mahalla Nyu-York shahri 2010 yilda.[50]

Qishlash paytida, kal burgutlar kamroq yashash muhitiga va bezovtalikka sezgir. Ular odatda mo'l-ko'l suvli va mo'l-ko'l yirtqich suvlari bo'lgan joylarda va (shimoliy iqlim sharoitida) qisman muzlatilmagan suvlarda to'planishadi. Shu bilan bir qatorda, naslga berilmaydigan yoki qishlamaydigan kal burgutlari, ayniqsa odamlarning bezovtaligi kam bo'lgan joylarda, o'z vaqtlarini ba'zan suv yo'llaridan ancha uzoqda joylashgan turli xil balandliklarda va quruqlikda yashaydilar. Shimoliy Amerikaning shimoliy yarmida (ayniqsa ichki qismida) kel burgutlari bu quruqlikda yashovchilar orasida ayniqsa keng tarqalgan, chunki muzlatilmagan suvga kirish imkoni bo'lmasligi mumkin. Tog'ning qishlash joylari ko'pincha o'rta sutemizuvchilar kontsentratsiyasi bo'lgan ochiq yashash joylaridan iborat, masalan dashtlar, o'tloqlar yoki tundra, yoki karrionga muntazam kiradigan ochiq o'rmonlar.[8][42]

Xulq-atvor

Taqal burgut kuchli uchuvchidir va uchadi termal konvektsiya oqimlari. U sirpanish va uchish paytida 56-70 km / soat (35-43 milya) ga, baliq tashishda esa taxminan 48 km / soat (30 milya) ga etadi.[51] Uning sho'ng'in tezligi 120-160 km / soat (75-99 milya) orasida, kamdan-kam vertikal ravishda sho'ng'iydi.[52] Ularning uchish qobiliyatiga kelsak, oltin burgutlarga qaraganda (ayniqsa, sho'ng'in paytida) morfologik jihatdan tezroq uchishga moslashmaganiga qaramay, kal burgut parvoz paytida hayratlanarli darajada manevrga ega deb hisoblanadi. Vertolyotlardan o'q uzgan Bounty ovchilari, uchish paytida oltin burgutlarga qaraganda, ularni burish, orqaga qaytish yoki yaqinlashish bilan sho'ng'ish kabi ov qilish juda qiyinroq deb o'ylashdi. Taqal burgutlar parvoz paytida g'ozlarni tutib, keyin suzib yurishgan, orqaga o'girilib, qushlarini boshqa qushning ko'kragiga itarib qo'yishgan.[19] Joylashuviga qarab qisman migratsiya qiladi. Agar uning hududi ochiq suvdan foydalanish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lsa, u erda butun yil davomida qoladi, ammo agar qish paytida suv tanasi muzlab qolsa, oziq-ovqat olishning iloji bo'lmasa, u janubga yoki qirg'oqqa ko'chib ketadi. Bir qator populyatsiyalar, asosan, balog'atga etmagan bolalarda ko'payishdan keyin tarqalishi kerak; Masalan, Florida burgutlari yozda shimolga tarqalib ketadi.[53] Taqal burgut foyda keltiradigan migratsiya yo'llarini tanlaydi termallar, yangilanishlar va oziq-ovqat resurslari. Migratsiya paytida u termalga ko'tarilib, keyin pastga siljishi yoki jar tomonidan yoki boshqa erlarga qarshi shamol tomonidan yaratilgan yangilanishlarda ko'tarilishi mumkin. Migratsiya, odatda, kunduzi, odatda soat 8:00 dan 18:00 gacha, quyosh termallari ishlab chiqaradigan mahalliy soat oralig'ida sodir bo'ladi.[4]

Diet va ovqatlanish

Voyaga etmagan go'shti Qizil baliq, Katmai milliy bog'i

Taqal burgut - bu turli xil o'ljalarni iste'mol qilish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan fursatchi yirtqich. Ularning oralig'ida, baliq ko'pincha burgut parhezining ko'p qismini tashkil qiladi.[54] Turlar oralig'ida 20 ta oziq-ovqat odati bo'yicha o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlarda baliqlar uylanadigan burgutlar parhezining 56%, qushlar 28%, sutemizuvchilar 14% va boshqa o'ljalar 2% ni tashkil etdi.[55] 400 dan ortiq turlar kel burgutining o'lja spektriga kiritilganligi ma'lum bo'lib, bu uning Eski Dunyodagi ekologik ekvivalentidan ancha ko'proq oq dumli burgut, qabul qilinishi ma'lum. Toz burgut aholi sonining ancha past bo'lishiga qaramay, Shimoliy Amerika aktsipitridlari orasida ikkinchi o'rinni egallashi mumkin, faqat bir oz orqada. qizil dumaloq qirg'iy, qayd etilgan o'lja turlari bo'yicha.[19][55][56][57]

Yilda Janubi-sharqiy Alyaska, baliqlar burgutlarning yil davomida ovqatlanishining taxminan 66 foizini va ota-onalar tomonidan uyaga olib kelingan o'ljalarning 78 foizini tashkil qiladi.[58] Yashaydigan burgutlar Kolumbiya daryosi daryosi yilda Oregon parhez ovqatlanishining 90% baliqlarga ishonishi aniqlandi.[59] Taqal burgut parhezida kamida 100 turdagi baliqlar qayd etilgan.[56] In Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy qismi, yumurtlama gulmohi va go'shti Qizil baliq yoz oyining oxiridan kuzgacha butun boshli burgutlarning ovqatlanishini ta'minlash.[60] Janubi-sharqiy Alaskan burgutlari asosan o'lja pushti losos (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), coho losos (O. kisutch) va ko'proq mahalliy, sockeye losos (O. nerka) bilan Chinook ikra (O. tshawytscha), chunki ularning kattaligi katta (12 dan 18 kg gacha (26 dan 40 funtgacha) kattalar kattaligi), ehtimol, faqat karrion sifatida qabul qilinadi.[58] Alaska janubidagi daryolar va sayoz qirg'oqlarda ham muhim ahamiyatga ega Tinch okeanidagi seld (Clupea pallasii), Tinch okeani qum nayzasi (Ammodytes hexapterus) va eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus).[58]

Baliq va boshqa har xil baliqlar bilan oziqlanish. Tomonidan bo'yalgan Jon Jeyms Audubon

Oregon shtatidagi Kolumbiya daryosi estaryosida eng muhim o'lja turlari bo'lgan katta hajmdagi so'rg'ichlar (Katostomus makrocheilus) (U erda tanlangan o'ljaning 17,3%), Amerika soyasi (Alosa sapidissima; 13%) va oddiy karp (Cyprinus carpio; 10.8%).[59] Yashaydigan burgutlar Chesapeake Bay yilda Merilend asosan kun kechirishi aniqlandi Amerika shilliq pardasi (Dorosoma cepedianum), threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) va oq bosh (Morone xrizoplari).[61] Floridian burgutlari o'lja ekanligi xabar qilingan laqqa baliq, eng ko'p tarqalgan jigarrang buqa (Ameiurus nebulosus) va turkumdagi har qanday tur Iktalur shu qatorda; shu bilan birga kefal, gulmohi, igna baliqlari va eels.[8][43][62] Burgutlarni qishlash Platte daryosi yilda Nebraska asosan Amerika gijja soyalari va oddiy karplarga o'lja qilingan.[63] Kolumbiya daryosidagi kuzatuvlardan baliqlarning 58 foizini burgut tiriklayin tutgan, 24 foizini tana go'shti va 18 foizini boshqa hayvonlardan uzoqlashtirgan.[59]

Taqal burgutlar tomonidan o'ldirilgan baliq ko'pincha juda katta. Tajriba o'tkazuvchilar atrofdagi naslchilik mavsumida turli o'lchamdagi baliqlarni taklif qilishganda Britton ko'li yilda Kaliforniya, 34 dan 38 sm gacha bo'lgan baliqlar (13 dan 15 gacha) ota-burgutlar tomonidan 71,8%, 23 dan 27,5 sm gacha (9,1 dan 10,8 gacha) bo'lgan baliqlar faqat 25% tanlangan.[64] Atrofdagi uyalarda Superior ko'li, baliq qoldiqlari (asosan so'rg'ichlar ) umumiy uzunligi o'rtacha 35,4 sm (13,9 dyuym) ekanligi aniqlandi.[65] Kolumbiya daryosi daryosida, ko'pincha burgutlar tomonidan o'lja qilingan uzunlik 30 dan 60 sm gacha (12 va 24 dyuym), va (mashaqqatli) uchib kelgan karpning uzunligi 86 sm (34 dyuym) gacha bo'lgan.[59] Kabi juda katta dengiz baliqlari Tinch okeanining halibuti (Hippoglossus stenolepis) va limon akulalari (Negaprion brevirostris) kel burgut o'ljalari orasida qayd etilgan bo'lsa-da, ehtimol ular faqat yosh, kichik, yangi yetilgan baliq yoki karrion sifatida olinadi.[57][66]

Kit tana go'shti ustida kal burgut.

Bentik baliqlar mushuk kabi baliqlar, odatda, ular o'lib, suv yuzasiga chiqqandan keyin iste'mol qilinadi, garchi vaqtincha ochiq havoda suzish, ko'pchilik baliqlarga qaraganda yirtqich hayvonlarga nisbatan zaifroq bo'lishi mumkin, chunki ularning ko'zlari pastga qaraydi.[61] Bald burgutlar shuningdek, suv turbinalarini muntazam ravishda ekspluatatsiya qiladilar, ular kaltaklangan, hayratda qoldiradigan yoki o'lik baliqlarni oson iste'mol qiladilar.[67] O'ldiradigan baliq qoldiqlarini qoldiradigan yirtqichlar, masalan jigarrang ayiqlar (Ursus arctos), kulrang bo'rilar (Canis lupus) va qizil tulkilar (Vulpes vulpes), odam o'ldirishni ikkinchidan tozalash uchun odatdagidek kuzatilishi mumkin.[58] Shimoliy Tinch okeanidagi qizil ikra yumurtlamadan keyin nobud bo'lgach, odatda mahalliy kal burgutlari losos tana go'shtini deyarli faqat iste'mol qiladilar. Burgutlar Vashington tirik qolish uchun har kuni 489 g (1.078 lb) baliq iste'mol qilish kerak, kattalar odatda balog'atga etmagan bolalardan ko'proq iste'mol qiladilar va shu bilan potentsial energiya etishmovchiligini kamaytiradi va qish paytida tirikchilikni ko'paytiradi.[68]

Baliq ortida, kel burgutlarning eng muhim o'lja bazasi boshqalari suv qushlari. Bunday qushlarning burgut parheziga qo'shadigan hissasi suv sathidagi baliqlarning miqdori va mavjudligiga qarab o'zgaruvchan. Suv qushlari mavsumiy ravishda ma'lum joylarda burgutlar uchun o'lja tanlovining 7% dan 80% gacha bo'lishi mumkin.[59][69] Umuman olganda, qushlar kal burgutning o'lja spektridagi eng xilma-xil guruh bo'lib, ularning 200 ta yirtqich turlari qayd etilgan.[19][56][57] Istisno holatida Katta Yellouston maydoni, qushlar yil davomida baliq kabi muntazam ravishda iste'mol qilindi, har ikkala o'lja guruhi o'rganilgan parhez ovqatlanishining 43% ni tashkil etdi.[46] Afzal qushlarning o'ljasiga quyidagilar kiradi grebes, altsidlar, o'rdaklar, marralar, tuklar, bug'doylar, egretlar va g'ozlar.[70]

Voyaga etmagan kal burguti bo'lgan kittiwakes va murrlarning uyali koloniyasi

Burgutlar tomonidan o'lja sifatida eng ko'p tanlangan qush turlari, masalan, o'rta bo'yli bo'lishga moyil g'arbiy greblar (Aechmophorus occidentalis), mallardlar (Anas platyrhynchos) va Amerika kostyumlari (Fulica americana) chunki bunday o'ljani juda katta burgutlar ushlash va uchish nisbatan osondir.[8][59] Amerikalik ringa gullasi (Larus smithsonianus) - bu Superior ko'li atrofida yashovchi burgutlar uchun eng yaxshi qushlar turidir.[65] Keyinchalik katta suv qushlari qishlash bilan birga vaqti-vaqti bilan o'lja bo'ladi imperator g'ozlari (Chen kanagika) va qor g'ozlari (C. caerulescens), ular katta guruhlarga to'planib, ba'zan odatiy o'lja bo'lib qoladi.[21][71] Hech bo'lmaganda vaqti-vaqti bilan kal burgutlari tomonidan ovlanadigan boshqa yirik suv qushlarining kattalari ham bor edi oddiy loons (Gavis immer),[72] katta qora suyanchiqli chayqalar (Larus marinus),[73] qumtepa kranlari (Grus canadensis),[74] katta ko'k bug'doylar (Ardea qahramonliklari),[55] Kanada g'ozlari (Branta kanadensisi),[61] jigarrang pelikanlar (Pelecanus occidentalis),[43] va yangi tug'ilgan Amerikalik oq pelikanlar (P. erythrorhynchos).[75] Koloniya uyasi dengiz qushlari ayniqsa, yirtqich hayvonlarga qarshi himoyasiz bo'lishi mumkin. Oson kirish imkoniyati va bunday turlarning qo'rqinchli uy mudofaasi yo'qligi sababli, kal burgutlar har qanday yoshda, dengiz qushlarini tuxumdan tortib, etuk kattalarga qadar ovlashga qodir va mustamlakaning katta qismlarini samarali ravishda qirib tashlashi mumkin.[76]

Ning ba'zi qismlari bo'ylab Shimoliy Tinch okeani tarixiy jihatdan asosan o'ldirgan qirg'oq bo'yi, kal burgutlar kelp - baliq va qo'shimcha ravishda yashash dengiz otasi (Enhidra lutris) kuchuklar endi asosan dengiz qushlari koloniyalarini o'lja qilmoqdalar, chunki baliqlar (ehtimol ortiqcha ovlanish sababli) va samurgalar (sababi noma'lum) populyatsiyasining soni kamayib, dengiz qushlarini saqlab qolish uchun tashvish tug'dirmoqda.[77] Ushbu ko'proq yirtqich hayvon tufayli ba'zi biologlar bundan xavotirda edilar murres burgutning katta yirtqichligi sababli "tabiatni muhofaza qilish to'qnashuvi" tomon ketmoqdalar.[76] Burgutlar dengizda yashovchi, burrow-yuvalagan dengiz qushlari turlariga hujum qilishlari tasdiqlangan bo'ronli petrellar va qaychi suvlar ularning teshiklarini qazish va ichkarida bo'lgan barcha hayvonlarni boqish orqali.[78] Agar kal burgut yaqinidan uchib ketsa, ko'pincha suv qushlari ommaviy ravishda uchib ketadi, ammo boshqa hollarda ular qoqilgan burgutni e'tiborsiz qoldirishi mumkin. Agar aytilgan qushlar koloniyada bo'lsa, bu ularning himoyalanmagan tuxumlari va uyalariga o'xshash kir yuvish vositalariga duch keldi marralar.[76] Qushlarning o'ljasiga vaqti-vaqti bilan uchish paytida hujum qilish mumkin, o'lja kattaligiga qadar Kanada g'ozlari havo hujumida o'ldirilgan.[70] Balog'at burgutning kattaroq kattaroq odamni o'ldirishga urinishining muvaffaqiyatsizligi to'g'risida misli ko'rilmagan fotosuratlar karnaychi oqqush (Cygnus buccinator) parvoz o'rtalarida 2012 yilda olingan.[79] Voyaga etganlar ko'pincha qushlarni faol ravishda ov qilsalar, qishlash uchun yig'ilgan suv qushlari tez-tez tanaffus paytida qattiq qishki ob-havo sharoitida etuk bo'lmagan burgutlar tomonidan tozalanadi.[80] Taqal burgutlar boshqalarni o'ldirgani qayd etilgan yirtqichlar ba’zi hollarda. Ba'zi hollarda, bu raqobat hujumlari yoki bo'lishi mumkin kleptoparazitizm raqib turlari bo'yicha, ammo qurbonni iste'mol qilish bilan yakunlandi. To'qqiz turdagi bir-birlari accipitrids va boyqushlar kal burgutlari tomonidan o'ldirilganligi ma'lum. Boyo'g'li yirtqich turlari hajmi jihatidan o'zgargan g'arbiy qoraqo'tirlar (Megascops kennicotti) ga qorli boyqushlar (Bubo scandiacus).[19][56][57][81] Taqdir burgutlari qurboniga aylangani ma'lum bo'lgan kunduzgi katta yirtqichlar qizil quyruqli qirg'iylar (Buteo yamaicensis),[82] peregrine lochinlari (Falco peregrinus),[83] shimoliy qarag'aylar (Accipiter gentilis),[84] ospreys (Pandion haliaetus)[85] va qora (Coragyps atratus) va kurka tulporlari (Ketartes aurasi).[86]

Yilda Skagit vodiysi, Vashington, Qo'shma Shtatlar

Sutemizuvchi o'lja o'z ichiga oladi quyonlar, quyonlar, tuproqli sincaplar, rakunlar (Procyon lotor), mushkratlar (Ondatra zibethicus), qunduzlar (Castor canadensis) va kiyik qushlar. Ko'pincha yangi tug'ilgan chaqaloq, o'lik, kasal yoki allaqachon jarohatlangan sutemizuvchilar maqsadga qaratilgan. Biroq, ba'zida kattalar rakunlari va kichik yoshdagi qunduzlar kabi dahshatli o'lja hujumga uchraydi. In Chesapeake Bay Xabarlarga ko'ra, kel burgutlari rakunlarning asosiy tabiiy yirtqichlari hisoblanadi.[87][88] Balog'at burgutlari (hech bo'lmaganda kamdan-kam hollarda) tomonidan kattalar qatoriga kiritilishi ma'lum bo'lgan boshqa nisbatan katta sutemizuvchilar o'ljasi Virjiniya opossumlari (Didelphis virginiana), to'qqiz tasmali armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), qizil va Arktik tulkilar (Vulpes vulpes & Vulpes lagopus) va chiziqli skunkslar (Mefit mefit).[89][90] Hatto kattalar ham bobkat (Lynx rufus) ularning o'ljalari orasida qayd etilgan, garchi bu qo'ldan chiqarilgan bo'lsa ham.[91] Agar mavjud bo'lsa, muhr koloniyalari ko'plab oziq-ovqat bilan ta'minlay oladi. Yoqilgan Himoya oroli, Vashington, ular odatda ovqatlanadilar port muhri (Foka vitulina) tug'ilish, o'lik tug'ilish va kasal muhr kuchuklari.[92] Yoqilgan San-Xuan oroli yilda Vashington, tanishtirdi Evropa quyonlari (Oryctolagus cuniculus), asosan avtohalokatlar natijasida o'lganlar, burgutlarning parhez ovqatlanishining deyarli 60 foizini tashkil qiladi.[93] Shimoliy Amerikaning dengizga chiqa olmaydigan hududlarida qari burgutlar koloniyalarda yoki mahalliy kontsentratsiyalarda paydo bo'ladigan o'rta sutemizuvchilarning odatiy yirtqichlariga aylanishi mumkin. dasht itlari (Sinomis) va jackrabbits (Lepus). Oltin burgut singari, kal burgutlari ham har qanday o'lchamdagi jackrabbits va quyonlarga hujum qilishga qodir[8][94] Oltin burgut bilan birgalikda vaqti-vaqti bilan kal burgutlari, ayniqsa, chorva mollarini o'ldirishda ayblanmoqda qo'ylar (Tuxum suyagi paydo bo'ladi). Toz burgutlar tomonidan 11 kg (24 lb) gacha bo'lgan ba'zi namunalarni qo'zichoq yirtqichligining bir nechta isbotlangan holatlari mavjud, ammo ular sog'lom qo'zichoqqa hujum qilish ehtimoli oltin burgutga qaraganda kamroq va ikkala tur ham mahalliy va yovvoyi o'ljani afzal ko'rishadi. va odamlarning hayotiga katta zarar etkazishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas.[95] Taqal burgutni o'ldirish va kattalardagi, homilador qo'yni boqish (bundan keyin kamida 3 ta boshqa burgut tomonidan o'ldirish bilan birga) og'irligi o'rtacha 60 kg (130 lb) dan ortiq bo'lgan bitta holat mavjud. ushbu tur tomonidan olingan boshqa ma'lum o'lja.[96]

Imkoniyat berilsa, qo'shimcha o'lja osonlikcha olinadi. Ba'zi hududlarda sudralib yuruvchilar kabi muntazam ovga aylanishi mumkin, ayniqsa iliq joylar Florida bu erda sudralib yuruvchilar xilma-xilligi yuqori. Kaplumbağalar ehtimol, sudralib yuruvchilarning eng muntazam ovlanadigan turi.[8] Sohil bo'yida Nyu-Jersi, O'rganilgan 20 burgut uyasidan 14 tasiga toshbaqa qoldiqlari kiritilgan. Topilgan asosiy turlar oddiy mushk toshbaqalari (Sternotherus odoratus), olmosli terrapin (Malaklemis terrapin) va voyaga etmaganlar keng tarqalgan toshbaqalar (Chelydra serpentina). Ushbu Nyu-Jersi uyalarida, asosan, subadult va kichik kattalar karapas uzunligi 9,2 dan 17,1 sm gacha (3,6 dan 6,7 dyuymgacha) olindi.[97] Xuddi shunday, ko'plab toshbaqalar dietada qayd etilgan Chesapeake Bay.[98] Ilonlar shuningdek vaqti-vaqti bilan, ayniqsa qisman suvda bo'lganlar kabi olinadi amfibiyalar va qisqichbaqasimonlar (asosan Qisqichbaqa va Qisqichbaqa ).[43][59]

Baliqni ovlash uchun burgut suvga sakrab tushadi va baliqni suvdan tortib oladi talonlar. Baliqlarni bitta tirnoqqa tutib, ikkinchisi bilan go'shtni yirtib yeyishadi. Burgutlarning barmoqlarida spikulalar deb nomlangan tuzilmalar mavjud bo'lib, ular baliqlarni ushlashga imkon beradi. Osprey shuningdek, ushbu moslashishga ega.[51] Taqal burgutlar kuchli talonlarga ega va 6,8 kg (15 funt) bilan uchib ketganligi qayd etilgan xachir kiyik (Odocoileus hemionusfawn.[99] Ushbu yutuq - bu uchayotgan qush uchun tasdiqlangan eng og'ir yuk uchun rekorddir.[100] Taqal burgutning tutish kuchi (funt-kv. Dyuym) odamnikiga qaraganda o'n baravar katta ekanligi taxmin qilinmoqda.[101] Taqal burgutlar hech bo'lmaganda o'z vazniga teng bo'lgan baliq bilan uchishlari mumkin, ammo agar baliq ko'tarish uchun juda og'ir bo'lsa, burgut suvga tortilishi mumkin. U xavfsiz joyga suzishi mumkin, ba'zi hollarda u suzayotganda baliq ovini qirg'oqqa tortib oladi,[102] ammo ba'zi burgutlar cho'kib ketishadi yoki ularga bo'ysunishadi gipotermiya. Ko'pgina manbalarda ta'kidlanishicha, kel burgutlari, barcha yirik burgutlar singari, shamolning qulay sharoitlari yordam bermasa, odatda o'z vaznining yarmidan ko'pini olib yuradigan parvoz qila olmaydi.[43][71] Ko'p marta, etuk losos yoki g'oz kabi katta o'ljaga hujum qilinganda, burgutlar aloqa o'rnatib, keyin og'ir va mashaqqatli, past parvozda o'ljani qirg'oqqa sudrab borgan, so'ngra ular tugab, parchalanib ketgan. o'lja.[21] Ovqat ko'p bo'lganda, burgut tomoqdagi ekin deb nomlangan sumkada 1 kg (2,2 lb) gacha bo'lgan ovqatni saqlash orqali o'zini jarlik qilishi mumkin. Gorging, agar ovqat etishmay qolsa, parranda bir necha kun ro'za tutishga imkon beradi.[43] Ba'zan, kal burgutlari o'ljaga, ayniqsa jirkabbits yoki burgular kabi nisbatan katta o'ljalarga duch kelganda, bir qush potentsial o'ljasini chalg'itishi bilan ikkinchisi ortda qolsa, ikkinchisi uni pistirma qilish uchun ortda qolishi mumkin.[5][103][104] Suvli qushlarni ovlash paytida kal burgutlar bir necha bor nishonga uchib, qurbonni tutib olish uchun uni charchatishga umid qilib, uni qayta-qayta sho'ng'ishiga olib keladi (xuddi shu tarzda oq dumli burgutlar suvda qushlarni ov qilgani qayd etilgan). Konsentrlangan o'ljani ovlashda, muvaffaqiyatli ov ko'pincha burgutni boshqa burgutlar tomonidan ta'qib qilinishiga olib keladi va agar uni muvaffaqiyatli olib ketishga qodir bo'lsa, uni iste'mol qilish uchun izolyatsiya qilingan perchni topish kerak bo'ladi.[21]

Ba'zi boshqa burgut turlaridan farqli o'laroq, kal burgutlar kamdan-kam hollarda o'zlarini qochib qutuladigan yoki xavfli o'lja oladilar. Turlar asosan o'zlaridan ancha kichik bo'lgan o'ljani nishonga olishadi, aksariyat tirik baliqlar 1 dan 3 kg gacha (2,2 dan 6,6 funtgacha) va 0,2 dan 2,7 kg gacha bo'lgan suv qushlari (0,44 dan 5,95 funtgacha) ovlanadi.[58][71][105] Boshqa tomondan, ba'zi lososlar, karplar va dengiz baliqlari, sutemizuvchilar, masalan, kiyiklar somonlari va qo'zilar va qushlar. oqqushlar kal burgutlar tomonidan qabul qilingan bo'lsa, ehtimol, kal burgutlarning o'lchamidan kamida ikki baravar ko'p (hatto burgut u bilan ucha olmasa ham).[19][55][56] Ular oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining katta qismini shunday olishadi murda yoki ma'lum bo'lgan amaliyot orqali kleptoparazitizm, ular yordamida boshqa yirtqichlardan o'lja o'g'irlashadi. Tukli burgutlar ovqatlanish odatlari tufayli odamlar tomonidan ko'pincha salbiy nuqtai nazardan qaraladi.[8] Ovqatlanishning yuqori qobiliyati va tajribasi tufayli, kattalar, odatda, oziq-ovqatlarni axlatdan oladigan, pishmagan burgutlarga qaraganda tirik o'lja ovlashadi.[106][107] Ular tana, boshqa hayvonlar, avtohalokatlar yoki tabiiy sabablar, tana go'shti borligi holati yoki kelib chiqishi to'g'risida juda tanlamaydilar, ammo odamlarning bezovtalanishi muntazam bo'lib turadigan joyda, tana go'shtini iste'mol qilishdan saqlanishadi. Ular tana go'shtini kattaligiga qadar tozalaydi kitlar, ammo tana go'shti tuyoqlilar va katta baliq aftidan afzalroq.[21] Toz burgutlari ba'zida lagerlarda va pikniklarda tozalangan yoki o'g'irlangan materiallar, shuningdek axlatxonalar bilan oziqlanishi mumkin (axlatxonadan foydalanish asosan Alyaskada odatiy holdir).[108]

Ovqatlanish uchun raqobatlashayotganda, burgutlar odatda boshqa baliqlarni iste'mol qiluvchilar va ov qiluvchilarni egallab olishadi, ularni agressiv ravishda almashtirishadi sutemizuvchilar kabi koyot (Canis latranslari) va tulkilar va shunga o'xshash qushlar koridlar, marralar, tulporlar va boshqalar yirtqichlar.[108] Ba'zan, qarag'aylar, bobkatlar (Lynx rufus) va uy itlari (Canis lupus tanish) Meynda qayd etilganidek, burgutlarni jasaddan, odatda unchalik o'ziga ishonmagan voyaga etmagan qushlardan siqib chiqarishi mumkin.[109] Taqal burgutlar oltin burgutlarga qaraganda kamroq faol, jasur yirtqichlar va ozuqalarini karrion sifatida va kleptoparazitizmdan oladi (garchi hozirgi kunda odatda oltin burgutlar ilgari taxmin qilinganidan ko'ra ko'proq o'ladi).[9] Biroq, bu ikki tur kattaligi, tajovuzkorligi va jismoniy kuchi jihatidan tengdir, shuning uchun musobaqalar har qanday yo'l bilan o'tishi mumkin. Ikkala turning ham dominant ekanligi ma'lum emas va natijada ishtirok etgan har bir burgutning kattaligi va joylashishiga bog'liq.[21] Taqal va oltin burgutlarni qishlash Yuta Ba'zida ikkalasi ham mojarolarni yutib chiqardi, biroq bitta qayd etilgan bir burgut ketma-ket ikkita oltin burgutni qotillikdan muvaffaqiyatli ravishda haydab chiqardi.[110]

Taqal burgut Shimoliy Amerikada oltin burgutga qaraganda ancha ko'p, deb taxmin qilishadi, kal turlari kamida 150 ming kishini tashkil qiladi, Shimoliy Amerikada qariyb ikki barobar ko'proq burgut yashaydi.[9][36] Shu sababli, kel burgutlari ko'pincha jozibali oziq-ovqat manbalarida oltin burgutlardan ko'proq.[9] Ushbu hayvonlar o'rtasida kelishmovchiliklar mavjudligiga qaramay, yilda Nyu-Jersi qish paytida oltin burgut va ko'plab kal burgutlar ovlangani kuzatilgan qor g'ozlari mojarolarsiz bir-birlari bilan yonma-yon. Xuddi shunday, ikkala burgut turi ham video-kuzatuv orqali, ichak qoziqlari va tana go'shti bilan oziqlanish uchun qayd etilgan. oq dumli kiyik (Odocoileus virginianus) sharqdagi uzoq o'rmonlarni tozalash joylarida Appalachi tog'lari ziddiyatsiz.[9] Bald burgutlar tez-tez boshqa yirtqich qushlarni ovlashga kamdan-kam, ammo oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan tendentsiyalari tufayli kichikroq yirtqichlar tomonidan to'lib-toshgan.[110] Ko'plab kal burgutlari odatiy kleptoparazitlardir, ayniqsa qishda, baliqlar kelishi qiyinroq bo'lganda. Kabi baliqlarni boshqa yirtqichlardan o'g'irlash qayd etilgan ospreys, bug'doylar va hatto suvarilar.[21][111] Shuningdek, ular qushlardan qaroqchilik qilishgan peregrine lochinlari (Falco peregrinus), dasht itlari ferruginous lochins (Buteo regalis) va hatto jackrabbits oltin burgutlar.[112][113] Yirtqichlarga itlar, gullalar yoki tulkiklar kabi tozalovchilarga murojaat qilishganda, ular ko'pincha ularga tajovuzkorona hujum qilishadi va ularni ovqatlarini buzishga majbur qilishadi.[43] Voyaga etgan sog'lom kel burgutlari yovvoyi tabiatda ovlanmaydi va shu tariqa hisobga olinadi tepalik yirtqichlari.[114]

Ko'paytirish

Taqal burgutlar to'rt yoki besh yoshida jinsiy etuk bo'ladi. Ular nasl tug'diradigan yoshga etganda, ular ko'pincha tug'ilgan joylariga qaytib kelishadi. Taqal burgutlar deb o'ylashadi umr yo'ldosh. Ammo, agar juftlikning bir a'zosi o'lsa yoki yo'qolsa, tirik qolgan yangi turmush o'rtog'ini tanlaydi. Bir necha marta naslchilik urinishlarida muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan juftlik ajralib, yangi juftlarni qidirishi mumkin.[115] Bald burgut sayohati murakkab, ajoyib qo'ng'iroqlarni va parvozlarni namoyish qilishni o'z ichiga oladi. Uchish uchish, ta'qib qilish va aravakashlarni o'z ichiga oladi, ularda ular erga urilishidan oldin ajralib chiqib, baland uchishadi, burchaklarni qulflaydilar va erkin tushadilar.[55][116] Odatda, etuk juftlik tomonidan himoya qilingan hudud 1 dan 2 km gacha (0,62 dan 1,24 milya) dengiz bo'yida yashaydi.[8]

Juftlik

Aprel yoki may oylarida uyaladigan boshqa ko'plab hayvonlar bilan taqqoslaganda, kal burgutlar erta zotdorlar: uy qurish yoki mustahkamlash ko'pincha fevral oyining o'rtalarida, tuxum qo'yishi ko'pincha fevral oyining oxirlarida (ba'zan Shimoliy chuqur qor paytida) va inkubatsiya odatda mart oyining o'rtalarida va may oyining boshlarida. Tuxumlar aprel oyining o'rtalaridan may oyining boshigacha, yosh chivinlar esa iyun oxiridan iyul oyining boshlariga qadar chiqadi.[8] Uya - Shimoliy Amerikadagi har qanday qushlarning eng kattasi; u ko'p yillar davomida qayta-qayta ishlatiladi va har yili yangi materiallar qo'shilib, oxir-oqibat 4 m (13 ft) chuqurlikgacha, bo'ylab 2,5 m (8,2 fut) gacha va 1 og'irlikda bo'lishi mumkin. metrik tonna (1.1 qisqa tonna );[3] Florida shtatidagi bitta uyaning chuqurligi 6,1 m (20 fut), bo'ylab 2,9 metr (9,5 fut) va 3 qisqa tonna (2,7 metrik tonna) ekanligi aniqlandi.[117] This nest is on record as the largest tree nest ever recorded for any animal.[118] Usually nests are used for under five years or so, as they either collapse in storms or break the branches supporting them by their sheer weight. However, one nest in the O'rta g'arbiy was occupied continuously for at least 34 years.[43] The nest is built out of branches, usually in large trees found near water. When breeding where there are no trees, the bald eagle will nest on the ground, as has been recorded largely in areas largely isolated from terrestrial predators, such as Amchitka oroli Alyaskada.[108]

Egg, Collection at Visbaden muzeyi yilda Germaniya.

Yilda Sonora, Meksika, eagles have been observed nesting on top of Hecho catcuses (Pachycereus pectinaboriginum).[119] Nests located on cliffs and rock pinnacles have been reported historically in Kaliforniya, Kanzas, Nevada, Nyu-Meksiko va Yuta, but currently are only verified to occur only in Alyaska va Arizona.[8] The eggs average about 73 mm (2.9 in) long, ranging from 58 to 85 mm (2.3 to 3.3 in), and have a breadth of 54 mm (2.1 in), ranging from 47 to 63 mm (1.9 to 2.5 in).[51][55] Eggs in Alaska averaged 130 g (4.6 oz) in mass, while in Saskaçevan they averaged 114.4 g (4.04 oz).[120][121] As with their ultimate body size, egg size tends to increase further away from the Equator.[55] Eagles produce between one and three eggs per year, two being typical. Rarely, four eggs have been found in nests but these may be exceptional cases of ko'pburchak.[122] Eagles in captivity have been capable of producing up to seven eggs.[123] It is rare for all three chicks to successfully reach the fledgling stage. The oldest chick often bears the advantage of larger size and louder voice, which tends to draw the parents attention towards it.[8] Occasionally, as is recorded in many large raptorial birds, the oldest sibling sometimes attacks and kills its younger sibling(s), especially early in the nesting period when their sizes are most different.[8] However, nearly half of known bald eagles produce two fledglings (more rarely three), unlike in some other "eagle" species such as some in the genus Akila, in which a second fledgling is typically observed in less than 20% of nests, despite two eggs typically being laid.[18] Both the male and female take turns incubating the eggs, but the female does most of the sitting. The parent not incubating will hunt for food or look for nesting material during this stage. For the first two to three weeks of the nestling period, at least one adult is at the nest almost 100% of the time. After five to six weeks, the attendance of parents usually drops off considerably (with the parents often perching in trees nearby).[8]

Adult and chick
Chick at Everglades milliy bog'i

A young eaglet can gain up to 170 g (6.0 oz) a day, the fastest growth rate of any North American bird.[43] The young eaglets pick up and manipulate sticks, play tug of war with each other, practice holding things in their talons, and stretch and flap their wings. By eight weeks, the eaglets are strong enough to flap their wings, lift their feet off the nest platform, and rise up in the air.[43] The young fledge at anywhere from 8 to 14 weeks of age, though will remain close to the nest and attended to by their parents for a further 6 weeks. Juvenile eagles first start dispersing away from their parents about 8 weeks after they fledge. Variability in departure date related to effects of sex and hatching order on growth and development.[121] For the next four years, immature eagles wander widely in search of food until they attain adult plumage and are eligible to reproduce.[124] Additionally, as shown by a pair of eagles in Shoal Harbor Migratory Bird Sanctuary located near Sidney, British Columbia on June 9, 2017, bald eagles have been recently recorded to occasionally adopt other raptor fledglings into their nests. The pair of eagles in question were recorded carrying a juvenile qizil dumaloq qirg'iy back to their nest, whereupon the chick was accepted into the family by both the parents and the eagles' three fledgelings. Whether or not the chick survived remained to be seen at the time, as young bald eagles are known for killing their siblings. However, the aggression of the red-tailed hawk may ensure its survival, as the hawks are well known for their ability to successfully defend against an eagle attack.[125] Six weeks after however, it was discovered that the hawk, nicknamed "Spunky" by biologists monitoring the nest, had grown to fledgeling size and was learning how to hunt, indicating that it successfully survived.[126]

Longevity and mortality

Newly fledged juvenile

The average lifespan of bald eagles in the wild is around 20 years, with the oldest confirmed one having been 38 years of age.[127] In captivity, they often live somewhat longer. In one instance, a captive individual in New York lived for nearly 50 years. As with size, the average lifespan of an eagle population appears to be influenced by its location and access to prey.[128] As they are no longer heavily persecuted, adult mortality is quite low. In one study of Florida eagles, adult bald eagles reportedly had 100% annual survival rate.[9] Yilda Shahzoda Uilyam Ovoz yilda Alyaska, adults had an annual survival rate of 88% even after the Exxon Valdez neft to'kilishi adversely affected eagles in the area.[129] Of 1,428 individuals from across the range necropsied by National Wildlife Health Center from 1963 to 1984, 329 (23%) eagles died from trauma, primarily impact with wires and vehicles; 309 (22%) died from gunshot; 158 (11%) died from poisoning; 130 (9%) died from electrocution; 68 (5%) died from trapping; 110 (8%) from emaciation; and 31 (2%) from disease; cause of death was undetermined in 293 (20%) of cases.[130] In this study, 68% of mortality was human-caused.[130] Today eagle-shooting is believed to be considerably reduced due to the species protected status.[131] In one case, an adult eagle investigating a peregrine falcon nest for prey items sustained a concussion from a swooping parent peregrine, and ultimately died days later from it.[132] An early natural history video depicting a puma (Puma concolor) ambushing and killing an immature bald eagle feeding at a rabbit carcass is viewable online although this film may have been staged.[133]

Most non-human-related mortality involves nestlings or eggs. Around 50% of eagles survive their first year.[124] However, in the Chesapeake Bay area, 100% of 39 radio-tagged nestlings survived to their first year.[134] Occasionally, nestling or egg fatalities are due to nest collapses, starvation, sibling aggression or inclement weather. Another significant cause of egg and nestling mortality is predation. These have been verified to be preyed by large marralar, koridlar (shu jumladan qarg'alar, qarg'alar va sehrgarlar ), bo'rilar (Gulo gulo), baliqchilar (Martes pennanti), qizil quyruqli qirg'iylar, boyqushlar, burgutlar, bobkatlar (Lynx rufus), Amerikalik qora ayiqlar (Ursus americanus) va rakunlar.[120][135][136][137][138][139][140][141] If food access is low, parental attendance at the nest may be lower because both parents may have to forage thus resulting in less protection.[18] Nestlings are usually exempt from predation by terrestrial carnivores that are poor tree-climbers, but Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) occasionally snatched nestlings from ground nests on Amchitka Island in Alaska before they were extirpated from the island.[108] The bald eagle will defend its nest fiercely from all comers and has even repelled attacks from bears, having been recorded knocking a black bear out of a tree when the latter tried to climb a tree holding nestlings.[142]

Odamlar bilan munosabatlar

Aholining kamayishi va tiklanishi

Inside a waste collection and transfer facility, in Gomer, Alyaska, Qo'shma Shtatlar

Once a common sight in much of the continent, the bald eagle was severely affected in the mid-20th century by a variety of factors, among them the thinning of egg shells attributed to use of the pesticide DDT.[143] Bald eagles, like many birds of prey, were especially affected by DDT due to biomagnifikatsiya. DDT itself was not lethal to the adult bird, but it interfered with the bird's kaltsiy metabolism, making the bird either sterile or unable to lay healthy eggs. Female eagles laid eggs that were too brittle to withstand the weight of a brooding adult, making it nearly impossible for the eggs to hatch.[34] It is estimated that in the early 18th century, the bald eagle population was 300,000–500,000,[144] but by the 1950s there were only 412 nesting pairs in the 48 qo'shni davlatlar AQSh.[145][146]Other factors in bald eagle population reductions were a widespread loss of suitable habitat, as well as both legal and illegal shooting. In 1930 a New York City ornithologist wrote that in the state of Alaska in the previous 12 years approximately 70,000 bald eagles had been shot. Many of the hunters killed the bald eagles under the long-held beliefs that bald eagles grabbed young lambs and even children with their talons, yet the birds were innocent of most of these alleged acts of predation (lamb predation is rare, human predation is thought to be non-existent).[147] Later illegal shooting was described as "the leading cause of direct mortality in both adult and immature bald eagles," according to a 1978 report in the Endangered Species Technical Bulletin. 1984 yilda Milliy yovvoyi tabiat federatsiyasi listed hunting, power-line electrocution, and collisions in flight as the leading causes of eagle deaths. Bald eagles have also been killed by oil, lead, and mercury pollution, and by human and predator intrusion at nests.[148]

The species was first protected in the U.S. and Canada by the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty, later extended to all of North America. The Toz va Oltin burgutni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, approved by the U.S. Congress in 1940, protected the bald eagle and the oltin burgut, prohibiting commercial trapping and killing of the birds. The bald eagle was declared an endangered species in the U.S. in 1967, and amendments to the 1940 act between 1962 and 1972 further restricted commercial uses and increased penalties for violators.[149][150] Perhaps most significant in the species' recovery, in 1972, DDT was banned from usage in the United States due to the fact that it inhibited the reproduction of many birds.[151] DDT was completely banned in Canada in 1989, though its use had been highly restricted since the late 1970s.[152]

First-year juvenile bald eagle at Anakortlar, Vashington, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari

With regulations in place and DDT banned, the eagle population rebounded. The bald eagle can be found in growing concentrations throughout the United States and Canada, particularly near large bodies of water. In the early 1980s, the estimated total population was 100,000 individuals, with 110,000–115,000 by 1992;[3] The AQSh shtati with the largest resident population is Alyaska, with about 40,000–50,000, with the next highest population the Kanada viloyati ning Britaniya Kolumbiyasi with 20,000–30,000 in 1992.[3] Obtaining a precise count of bald eagles population is extremely difficult. The most recent data submitted by individual states was in 2006, when 9789 breeding pairs were reported.[153] For some time, the stronghold breeding population of bald eagles in the lower 48 states was in Florida, where over a thousand pairs have held on while populations in other states were significantly reduced by DDT use. Bugun contiguous state with the largest number of breeding pairs of eagles is Minnesota with an estimated 1,312 pairs, surpassing Florida's most recent count of 1,166 pairs. 23, or nearly half, of the 48 contiguous states now have at least 100 breeding pairs of bald eagles.[36] In Washington State, there were only 105 occupied nests in 1980. That number increased by about 30 per year, so that by 2005 there were 840 occupied nests. 2005 was the last year that the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife counted occupied nests. Further population increases in Washington may be limited by the availability of late winter food, particularly salmon.[154]

The bald eagle was officially removed from the U.S. federal government's list of endangered species on July 12, 1995, by the AQSh baliq va yovvoyi tabiat xizmati, when it was reclassified from "endangered" to "threatened." On July 6, 1999, a proposal was initiated "To Remove the Bald Eagle in the Lower 48 States From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife." It was de-listed on June 28, 2007.[155] It has also been assigned a risk level of eng kam tashvish toifasi IUCN Qizil ro'yxati.[2] In Exxon Valdez neft to'kilishi of 1989 an estimated 247 were killed in Shahzoda Uilyam Ovoz, though the local population returned to its pre-spill level by 1995.[5] In some areas, the population has increased such that the eagles are a pest.[156]

Killing permits

In December 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed quadrupling the amount of bald eagles that can be killed by the wind electric generation industry without paying a penalty to 4,200 per year. If issued, the permits would last 30 years, six times the current 5-year permits.[157][158]

Asirlikda

Lady Baltimor, a bald eagle in Alyaska who survived a poaching attempt, in her Juneau Raptor markazi mew, on August 15, 2015

Ruxsatnomalar are required to keep bald eagles in captivity in the United States. Permits are primarily issued to public educational institutions, and the eagles which they show are permanently injured individuals which cannot be released to the wild. The facilities where eagles are kept must be equipped with adequate caging and facilities, as well as workers experienced in the handling and care of eagles.[159] The bald eagle can be long-lived in captivity if well cared for, but does not breed well even under the best conditions.[160]

Yilda Kanada[161] va Angliya[162] a license is required to keep bald eagles for lochinlik.[163] Bald eagles cannot legally be kept for lochinlik in the United States, but a license may be issued in some jurisdictions to allow for using such eagles to perform in birds of prey flight shows.[164][165].

Madaniy ahamiyati

The bald eagle is important in various Tug'ma amerikalik cultures and, as the milliy qush ning Qo'shma Shtatlar, is prominent in seals and logos, coinage, postage stamps, and other items relating to the AQSh federal hukumati.

Role in Native American culture

The bald eagle is a sacred bird in some North American cultures, and its feathers, like those of the oltin burgut, are central to many religious and ma'naviy customs among Mahalliy amerikaliklar. Eagles are considered spiritual messengers between gods and humans by some cultures.[166] Ko'pchilik voy voy dancers use the eagle claw as part of their regalia as well. Eagle feathers are often used in traditional ceremonies, particularly in the construction of regalia worn and as a part of fans, bustles and head dresses. In Navaxo tradition an eagle feather is represented to be a protector, along with the feather Navajo medicine men use the leg and wing bones for ceremonial whistles.[167] The Lakota, for instance, give an eagle feather as a symbol of honor to person who achieves a task. In modern times, it may be given on an event such as a graduation from college.[168] The Piyon considered eagles as symbols of fertility because their nests are built high off the ground and because they fiercely protect their young.[169] The Chokta considered the bald eagle, who has direct contact with the upper world of the sun, as a symbol of peace.[170]

Xodimlar Milliy burgut ombori processing a bald eagle

Davomida Quyosh raqsi, which is practiced by many Hindiston tekisliklari tribes, the eagle is represented in several ways. The eagle nest is represented by the fork of the lodge where the dance is held. A whistle made from the wing bone of an eagle is used during the course of the dance. Also during the dance, a dori odam may direct his fan, which is made of eagle feathers, to people who seek to be healed. The medicine man touches the fan to the center pole and then to the patient, in order to transmit power from the pole to the patient. The fan is then held up toward the sky, so that the eagle may carry the prayers for the sick to the Creator.[171]

Joriy eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain or possess bald or golden eagle feathers for religious or spiritual use. The constitutionality of these laws has been questioned by Native American groups on the basis that it violates the Birinchi o'zgartirish by affecting ability to practice their religion freely.[172][173]

The Milliy burgut ombori, ning bo'linishi FWS, exists as a means to receive, process, and store bald and oltin burgutlar which are found dead, and to distribute the eagles, their parts and feathers, to federally recognized Native American tribes for use in religious ceremonies.[174]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining milliy qushi

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Great Seal of the United States § Obverse
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidentining muhri

The bald eagle is the national bird of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari.[175] The founders of the United States were fond of comparing their new republic with the Rim Respublikasi, in which eagle imagery (usually involving the golden eagle) was prominent. On June 20, 1782, the Kontinental Kongress adopted the design for the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Buyuk muhri depicting a bald eagle grasping 13 o'qlar va an zaytun novdasi with thirteen leaves, with its talons.[176][177][178]

The bald eagle appears on most official seals of the U.S. government, including the prezident muhri, presidential flag va logotiplar of many U.S. federal agencies. Between 1916 and 1945, the presidential flag (but not the seal) showed an eagle facing to its left (the viewer's right), which gave rise to the shahar afsonasi that the flag is changed to have the eagle face towards the olive branch in peace, and towards the arrows in wartime.[179]

Contrary to popular legend, there is no evidence that Benjamin Franklin ever publicly supported the yovvoyi kurka (Meleagris gallopavo), rather than the bald eagle, as a symbol of the United States. However, in a letter written to his daughter in 1784 from Paris, criticizing the Cincinnati Jamiyati, he stated his personal distaste for the bald eagle's behavior. In the letter Franklin states:[180]

For my own part. I wish the bald eagle had not been chosen the representative of our country. He is a bird of bad moral character. He does not get his living honestly ... besides he is a rank coward: The little king bird not bigger than a sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the district.

Franklin opposed the creation of the Society because he viewed it, with its hereditary membership, as a noble order unwelcome in the newly independent Respublika, contrary to the ideals of Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, for whom the Society was named. His reference to the two kinds of birds is interpreted as a satirical comparison between the Society of the Cincinnati and Cincinnatus.[181]

Ommaviy madaniyat

Largely because of its role as a symbol of the United States, but also because of its being a large predator, the bald eagle has many representations in popular culture. Not all of these representations are accurate. In particular, the movie or television bald eagle typically has a bold, powerful cry. The actual eagle has a much softer, chirpy voice, not in keeping with its popular image; the call of the qizil dumaloq qirg'iy is often substituted in movies and television.[182]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

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Qo'shimcha o'qish

Identifikatsiya

  • Grant, Piter J. (1988) "Kerri Bald Eagle" Twitching 1 (12): 379-80 - balog'at va oq dumli burgut o'rtasidagi balog'at yoshidagi balog'at farqlarini tavsiflaydi

Tashqi havolalar

Video havolalari