Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasi - New Zealand Company

Yangi Zelandiya Gerbi

The Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasi, nizomga olingan Birlashgan Qirollik, 1800 yillarning birinchi yarmida muntazam ravishda mustamlakalashga yo'naltirilgan biznes modeli bo'yicha mavjud bo'lgan kompaniya edi Yangi Zelandiya. Kompaniya ishlab chiqqan tamoyillarni amalga oshirish uchun tuzilgan Edvard Gibbon Ueykfild, janubiy yarimsharda yangi modelli ingliz jamiyatini yaratishni nazarda tutgan. Ueykfild modeliga ko'ra, koloniya kapitalistlarni jalb qilar edi, ular keyinchalik tayyor ish kuchiga ega bo'ladilar - dastlab mulk egasi bo'lishga qodir bo'lmagan, ammo o'zlarining jamg'armalari bilan bir kunlik er sotib olish umidida bo'lgan mehnat muhojirlari.[1]

Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasi tomonidan aholi punktlari tashkil etildi Vellington, Nelson, Wanganui va Dunedin va shuningdek, hal qilishda ishtirok etdi Yangi Plimut va Christchurch. Dastlabki Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasi 1825 yilda boshlanib, ozgina muvaffaqiyatga erishdi, so'ngra 1837 yilda Ueykfildning Yangi Zelandiya assotsiatsiyasi bilan birlashganda yangi kompaniya sifatida ko'tarildi. qirol nizomi 1840 yilda, taxminan 1841 yilda samaradorlik cho'qqisiga chiqdi, 1843 yildan beri moliyaviy muammolarga duch keldi va u hech qachon tiklanmadi, 1850 yilda o'z ustavini qaytarib berdi va 1858 yilda yakuniy hisobot bilan qolgan barcha ishlarni tugatdi.

Kompaniya boshqaruv kengashi a'zolariga o'zlarining siyosiy aloqalaridan foydalanib, Britaniya hukumatini o'z maqsadlariga erishish uchun to'xtovsiz lobbichilik qilish uchun foydalangan aristokratlar, parlament a'zolari va taniqli jurnal noshiri kirdi. Kompaniya ko'plab shubhali erlarni sotib olish bilan shug'ullangan Maori, ko'p hollarda egalik qilmagan erlarni qayta sotish,[2] va murakkab, ulkan va ba'zan firibgar reklama kampaniyalarini boshladi. U o'zining raqibi deb bilganlarga - asosan inglizlarga qattiq hujum qildi Mustamlaka idorasi, Yangi Zelandiyaning ketma-ket gubernatorlari, Cherkov missionerlik jamiyati va taniqli missioner Rev. Genri Uilyams - va u qat'iyan qarshi chiqdi Vaytangi shartnomasi, bu kompaniyaning eng arzon narxda Yangi Zelandiya erlarini olishiga to'sqinlik qildi.[3] Kompaniya, o'z navbatida, mustamlaka idorasi va Yangi Zelandiya gubernatorlari tomonidan "hiyla" va yolg'onlari uchun tez-tez tanqid qilinardi.[4] Yangi Zelandiyadagi missionerlar ham kompaniyani tanqid qilishdi, chunki uning faoliyati Maori aholisini "bosib olish va yo'q qilish" ga olib keladi.

Kompaniya o'zini Yangi Zelandiyaning istiqbolli kvazi hukumati deb bilgan va 1845 va 1846 yillarda mustamlakani ikkiga bo'linishni taklif qilgan. Mokau g'arbda to Cape Kidnappers sharqda - shimol Maori va missionerlar uchun ajratilgan bo'lsa, janub esa "Yangi Viktoriya" nomi bilan tanilgan va shu maqsadda kompaniya tomonidan boshqariladigan o'zini o'zi boshqaradigan viloyatga aylanadi. Buyuk Britaniyaning mustamlaka kotibi bu taklifni rad etdi.[5]

Kompaniyaning mustamlakalash sxemalari doirasida Yangi Zelandiyaga atigi 15,500 ko'chmanchi kelgan, ammo uning uchta turar joyi - Oklend - mamlakatning "asosiy markazlari" bo'ling va qoling va 1853 yilda joriy qilingan viloyat hokimiyati tizimining asosini yaratib bering.[6]

1825 yilgi ekspeditsiya

Yangi Zelandiyani mustamlaka qilishga qaratilgan dastlabki tashabbus 1825 yilda, Yangi Zelandiya Kompaniyasi tashkil topganida yuz bergan London, boylar boshchiligida Jon Jorj Lambton, parlament a'zosi. Kompaniya Angliya hukumatidan 31 yillik eksklyuziv savdo muddati va harbiy kuch ustidan qo'mondonlik qilish to'g'risida iltimosnoma bilan muvaffaqiyatsiz murojaat qilib, undan katta foyda olish mumkinligini taxmin qildi. Yangi Zelandiya zig'ir, kauri yog'och, baliq ovlash va muhrlash.

Jon Jorj Lambton, kelajakdagi Lord Durham

Kichik harbiy kuch bilan qo'riqlanadigan aholi punktini barpo etish rejasini hukumat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmayotganidan xoli bo'lmagan kompaniya kapitan Jeyms Xerd qo'mondonligi ostida keyingi yili Yangi Zelandiyaga ikkita kemani jo'natdi va unga savdo istiqbollarini o'rganish vazifasi topshirildi. Yangi Zelandiyadagi potentsial aholi punktlari.[7] 5 mart 1826 yilda kemalar, Lambton va Rosanna, yetdi Styuart oroli, shimolga suzib o'tishdan oldin atrofni tekshirish uchun Herd o'rganib chiqdi va keyin mumkin bo'lgan aholi punkti sifatida rad etdi Otago Makoni. Bu podaning ideal joy ekanligiga podada ishonmagan[8] va o'rniga suzib ketdi Te Whanganui-a-Tara, (Bugungi kun Vellington porti ), uni Herd Lambton Makoni deb atagan. Pod ushbu hududni o'rganib chiqdi va portning janubi-g'arbiy qismidagi erlarni Evropaning turar joyi uchun eng yaxshi joy deb topdi, katta maydon mavjudligiga e'tibor bermadi. pā a'zolari yashaydigan uy edi Te ti Awa qabila.[7] Keyin kemalar sharqiy sohil bo'ylab suzib, savdo istiqbollarini o'rganishdi Koromandel yarim oroli va Orollar ko'rfazi. 1827 yil yanvar oyida podada portning ayrim qismlari o'rganildi Xokianga, u erda u yoki kompaniyaning agenti bortdagi er uchastkalarini "sotib olish" to'g'risida muzokara o'tkazgan Maori yilda Xokianga, Manukau va Paeroa. Erning narxi "besh mushket, ellik uch funt kukun, to'rt juft adyol, uch yuz dona toshbo'ron va to'rt mushket patron qutisi" edi. Bir necha hafta o'tgach, Xerd va Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasining agenti tovarlarni eksport qilish xarajatlari iqtisodiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lmasligi uchun juda yuqori ekanligiga qaror qildilar va ular suzib ketishdi Sidney, bu erda Herd ekipajning ish haqini to'lagan va do'kon va jihozlarni sotgan, keyin Londonga qaytib kelgan. Ushbu korxona Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasiga 20 ming funt sterlingga tushgan.[9][7]

Veykfildning ta'siri kuchaymoqda

Lambton loyihasining muvaffaqiyatsizligi 30 yoshli izlanuvchan siyosatchining e'tiboriga tushdi Edvard Gibbon Ueykfild uchun uch yil qamoqda o'tirgan 15 yoshli merosxo'rni o'g'irlash. Xayriya va ijtimoiy islohotlarga asoslangan oilada o'sgan Ueykfild,[10] tomonidan takliflarga qiziqish bildirgan Robert Uilmot-Xorton, Davlat kotibining urush va mustamlakalar bo'yicha muovini Britaniyalik kambag'allarga qashshoqlikdan Buyuk Britaniyaning istalgan koloniyalariga ko'chib o'tishga yordam beradigan davlat ko'magi dasturlari uchun. 1829 yilda Ueykfild risolalarni nashr eta boshladi va gazetada maqolalar yozishni boshladi, ular kitobga qayta bosilib, muntazam ravishda ko'chib o'tish kontseptsiyasini targ'ib qilishdi. Avstraliya tijorat foyda keltiruvchi korxona orqali.[11]

Edvard Gibbon Ueykfild

Ueykfildning rejasi shirkatni Avstraliyaning yoki Yangi Zelandiyaning tub aholisidan erni juda arzon sotib olib, keyin uni chayqovchilar va "janob ko'chmanchilar" ga ancha yuqori narxga sotishni o'z ichiga oladi. Muhojirlar janoblarning erlarini buzish va ish beruvchilarning kundalik ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun mehnatni ta'minlaydilar. Oxir oqibat ular o'zlarining erlarini sotib olishlari mumkin edi, lekin erning yuqori narxi va ish haqining pastligi ularni ko'p yillar davomida mehnat qilishlarini ta'minlashi mumkin edi.[12]

1830 yil may oyida Ueykfild qamoqdan ozod qilindi va uning tarkibiga Uilmot-Xorton, to'qqiz deputat va uchta ruhoniy kirgan Milliy kolonizatsiya jamiyatiga qo'shildi. Ueykfildning jamiyatdagi ta'siri tezda o'sdi va yil oxiriga kelib uning Avstralaziyani mustamlaka qilish rejalari jamiyat risolalari va ma'ruzalarining markaziy markaziga aylandi.[13]

Avvalgi korxonasida 20000 funt sterlingga zarar ko'rganiga qaramay, Lambton (1830-yillardan boshlab Lord Darem nomi bilan tanilgan) tijorat emigratsiya sxemalariga qo'shilish yo'llarini davom ettirdi va uning sa'y-harakatlariga qo'shildi. Radikal Deputatlar Charlz Buller va Ser Uilyam Molesvort. 1831 yilda va yana 1833 yilda Buller va Molesvort Ueykfildni qo'llab-quvvatladilar, chunki u mustamlaka idorasiga yangi koloniyada mukammal ingliz jamiyatini tiklash bo'yicha rejalarni ishlab chiqdi. Janubiy Avstraliya unda erlar emigratsiyani moliyalashtirish uchun foyda olish uchun etarlicha yuqori narxda sotilishi kerak edi. 1834 yilda Vig hukumati an Harakat Britaniyaning Janubiy Avstraliyadagi provintsiyasini tashkil etishga ruxsat bergan, ammo erni rejalashtirish va dastlabki sotish qizi kasalligi va vafoti tufayli Ueykfildning ishtirokisiz davom etgan. Shahrida joylashgan er Adelaida shahar va qishloq joylari ko'rsatilgan xaritalarda gektariga 1 funt sterlingga taklif qilingan edi - garchi bu maydon hanuzgacha qumtepadan ozroq bo'lsa-da, sotuvlar yomon edi. 1836 yil mart oyida tadqiqot guruhi Janubiy Avstraliyaga suzib ketdi va to'rt oydan keyin birinchi emigrantlar ergashdilar. Ueykfild koloniyaning tashkil etilishi uchun barcha kreditlarni talab qildi, ammo er juda arzonga sotilganligini da'vo qilib, natijadan hafsalasi pir bo'ldi.[14]

Buning o'rniga, 1836 yil oxirlarida u o'zining "sistematik" mustamlaka haqidagi nazariyalari to'liq kuchga kirishi mumkin bo'lgan Yangi Zelandiyani ko'rdi. U a uchun dalillar keltirdi Jamiyat palatasi o'zi ko'plab Wakefield tarafdorlarini o'z ichiga olgan qo'mita va qo'mita uning g'oyalarini ma'qullagan ma'ruzasini topshirganda, u Lord Darhamga Yangi Zelandiya "mustamlaka uchun dunyodagi eng munosib mamlakat" ekanligini tushuntirib yozdi. Ueykfild Yangi Zelandiya assotsiatsiyasini tashkil qildi va 1837 yil 22-mayda o'zining birinchi yig'ilishini olib bordi, unda o'n boshqa ishtirok etgan deputatlar, jumladan Molesvort va Uilyam Xatt va R.S. Rintul ning Tomoshabin. Assotsiatsiyaning uchinchi yig'ilishidan so'ng, shu paytgacha London bankiri Jon Rayt, irlandiyalik aristokrat Earl tog'i Cashell va Whig Deputat Uilyam Volrihe-Uitmor Bortda ham bor edi va guruh yaxshi gazeta e'tiborini jalb qilar edi, Ueykfild yozgan Bill uyushma rejalarini amalga oshirish.[15]

Loyiha, ammo, mustamlaka idorasi rasmiylari va ularning qattiq qarshiligini tortdi Cherkov missionerlik jamiyati koloniyani asoschilari "cheksiz kuch" bilan ham kurash olib bordi va ular muqarrar "hozirgi aholini bosib olish va yo'q qilish" deb hisobladilar. Koloniyalar bo'yicha parlament kotibining o'rinbosari Lord Xovik Davlat kotibining doimiy muovini Jeyms Stiven ham Britaniya hukumati nazorati ostidagi sulolani vujudga keltirishidan qo'rqib, aholi punktlari asoschilarining mustamlaka uchun qonunlar qabul qilish to'g'risidagi takliflaridan xavotirda edilar.[16] Anglikan va Ueslian missionerlari Ueykfild tomonidan yozilgan risolalarda u mustamlaka maqsadlaridan biri "yerni ozgina o'stira oladigan" vahshiy xalqni tsivilizatsiya qilish "deb e'lon qilgan da'volardan qo'rqib ketishdi. Maori, deb yozgan Ueykfild, mustamlakachilikni "orzu qilgan" va inglizga "o'ziga nisbatan shunchalik ustun bo'lganki, o'zining tenglik mustaqilligini ta'minlash g'oyasi uning xayoliga hech qachon kirmaydi". Ueykfild maori boshliqlari o'z erlarini ko'chmanchilarga juda oz pulga sotgandan so'ng, ularni ingliz oilalari "asrab olishlarini" va ularga ko'rsatmalar berishlarini va tuzatishlarini taklif qilishdi.[17] 1837 yil 6-iyun kuni bo'lib o'tgan yig'ilishda Cherkov Missionerlar Jamiyati to'rtta qaror qabul qilib, Yangi Zelandiya uyushmasining rejalariga o'z e'tirozlarini bildirdilar, shu jumladan avvalgi tajriba shuni ko'rsatdiki, Evropa mustamlakachiligi doimiy ravishda tub aholiga jiddiy jarohatlar va adolatsizliklar etkazgan. Shuningdek, mustamlaka rejalari maorilarning diniy takomillashuvi va tsivilizatsiyasi bo'yicha missionerlik harakatlarini to'xtatadi yoki mag'lub qiladi, deb aytilgan. Jamiyat assotsiatsiyani mag'lub etish uchun "barcha mos vositalardan" foydalanishga qaror qildi va cherkov va Ueslian missionerlik jamiyatlari kompaniyaning rejalariga qarshi kampaniyalarni risolalar va hukumatga lobbi orqali olib borishni boshladilar.[18][19]

Xartiya taklif qildi, keyin qaytarib olindi

1837 yil sentyabrda, Yangi Zelandiya assotsiatsiyasining birinchi yig'ilishidan to'rt oy o'tgach, 1825 yilgi Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasi bilan mumkin bo'lgan birlashma to'g'risida munozaralar boshlandi. 1825 yilgi kompaniya 1826 yilgi sayohati davomida sotib olingan million gektar Yangi Zelandiya erlariga egalik qilishni da'vo qildi va ushbu kompaniyaning raisi Lord Durham yangi sheriklikning ideal raisi sifatida taklif qilindi. Yil oxiriga kelib u ushbu rolga saylandi.[20]

Mustamlaka kotibi Lord Glenelg

1837 yil oxirigacha Yangi Zelandiya assotsiatsiyasi Angliya hukumati va Bosh vazirini faol ravishda lobbichilik qildi Lord Melburn, keyin hukumatning ba'zi muammolarini hal qilgan qayta ko'rib chiqilgan Bill bilan qaytib keldi. 1837 yil 20-dekabrda u a taklifi bilan taqdirlandi Qirollik xartiyasi ilgari Shimoliy Amerikada Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakalari tashkil etilganiga o'xshash. Nizomga olingan organ Yangi Zelandiya mustamlakasining ma'muriyati va qonunchilik, sud, harbiy va moliyaviy ishlariga javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga olishi kerak edi. Nizomni olish uchun esa uyushma tomonidan aytilgan Mustamlakachi kotib Lord Glenelg a bo'lishi kerak edi aksiyadorlik jamiyati va shuning uchun "ma'lum bir obuna kapitali" mavjud. Lord Daremga yozgan maktubida Lord Glenelg hukumat Yangi Zelandiya tashabbusi bilan bog'liq xavf-xatarlardan xabardorligini va Ueykfild tizimi ostida tashkil etilgan Janubiy Avstraliyaning mustamlakasi allaqachon katta qarzga botganligini bilishini tushuntirdi. Shu sababli, aktsiyadorlarning manfaatlari, mustamlakaning gullab-yashnashi yo'lida, muhojirlarning manfaatlariga to'g'ri kelishini oqilona deb hisobladi. Ammo assotsiatsiya a'zolari bu talab qabul qilinishi mumkin emas deb qaror qildilar. O'z mablag'larini ushbu korxonaga sarmoya kiritishni istamaganliklari va aktsiyalarning fond bozoridagi o'zgarishlarga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan xavfidan ehtiyot bo'lishgan, ular bu taklifni rad etishgan. 1838 yil 5-fevralda mustamlaka kotibi o'z navbatida Lord Darxemga nizom bekor qilinganligini maslahat berdi. Yangi Zelandiya assotsiatsiyasining rejalari yana parlamentga kiritilgan va qabul qilingan qonun loyihasiga bog'liqdir.[21]

Jamiyat va siyosiy fikr uyushma takliflariga qarshi turishda davom etdi. 1838 yil fevralda The Times "janob Edvard Gibbon Ueykfildning ajoyib qiyofasida" o'ylab topilgan "Buyuk Tinch okeanidagi radikal Utopiya" ni "axloqiy va siyosiy jannat" haqida kamsitib yozgan edi, mart oyida parlamentda munozara bo'lib, keyin mag'lubiyatga uchragan - Molesvortning ishonchsizlik harakati mustamlaka kotibida assotsiatsiya rejalarini rad etgani va shu oyning o'zida Whig MP tomonidan uyushmaning ikkinchi qonun loyihasi. Frensis Baring 1-iyun kuni 92-ovoz, 32-ga qarshi ikkinchi o'qishda mag'lub bo'ldi. Lord Xovik muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lgan Billni "Men uyga qilgan barcha bilgan eng dahshatli taklifim" deb ta'rifladi.

Billning mag'lubiyatidan uch hafta o'tgach, Yangi Zelandiya assotsiatsiyasi o'zining yakuniy yig'ilishini o'tkazdi va "ushbu vaqtinchalik muvaffaqiyatsizlikka qaramay" a'zolari "yaxshi tartibga solingan mustamlaka tizimini" yaratish bo'yicha sa'y-harakatlari bilan sabr-toqat qilishlarini ta'kidladilar.[22] Ikki oy o'tgach, 1838 yil 29-avgustda assotsiatsiyaning 14 tarafdorlari va 1825 yilgi Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasi Yangi Zelandiya mustamlakachilar assotsiatsiyasi - aktsionerlik jamiyatini tuzish uchun yig'ilishdi. Raislik qiladi Lord Petre, kompaniya 50 funt sterling miqdorida 25000 funt sterling miqdorida to'langan kapitalga ega bo'lishi kerak edi va uning maqsadi "erlarni sotib olish va sotish, emigratsiyani targ'ib qilish va jamoat ishlarini tashkil etish" deb e'lon qildi.[23] O'sha paytgacha Kanadada bo'lgan va ushbu koloniyaning yangi xodimlarida ishlaydigan Ueykfildga 500 funt sterling miqdorida zaxira ulush taklif qilindi. General-gubernator, Lord Durham. Dekabrga qadar, hali to'langan 20 ta aktsiyadorni jalb qilish kerak bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, kompaniya ularni sotib olishga qaror qildi barka Tori badavlat kema egasi va qo'mita a'zosi Jozef Somesdan 5250 funt evaziga.[24][25]

Ichida Britaniya hukumati Shu bilan birga, Yangi Zelandiyada joylashgan 2000 ingliz sub'ektlari orasida Maorining farovonligi va qonunsizlikning kuchayishi haqida tashvish kuchaygan. Orollar ko'rfazi. U erda Britaniya sub'ektlari aholisi bo'lganligi sababli, amaldorlar mustamlaka endi muqarrar deb hisoblashgan[26] va 1838 yil oxirida tayinlash to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi Konsul Buyuk Britaniyaning Yangi Zelandiya ustidan suverenitetini e'lon qilishning debochasi sifatida.[27] Lord Glenelg fevral oyining oxirida mustamlaka kotibi etib almashtirilganda, uning o'rnini egallagan, Lord Normanbi, Yangi Zelandiya mustamlakachilar uyushmasidan ilgari Yangi Zelandiya assotsiatsiyasiga taklif qilingan qirol nizomiga bo'lgan talablarini darhol bekor qildi.[28]

1839 yil 20 martda Mustamlakachilar uyushmasi va 1825 yilgi Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasi a'zolarining norasmiy yig'ilishi Xutdan Yangi Zelandiyani mustamlaka qilish to'g'risidagi hukumat qonunida shu vaqtdan boshlab erni sotib olish mumkinligi haqidagi bandni o'z ichiga olganligi to'g'risida bezovta qiluvchi xabarni bilib oldi. faqat Hukumatdan. Bunday harakat mustamlakachilik assotsiatsiyasi uchun halokatli zarba bo'ladi, chunki uning muvaffaqiyati to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Maoridan arzon narxda er sotib olish va undan keyin uni yuqori narxda sotish bilan aktsiyadorlar uchun foyda olish va mablag'larni kolonizatsiya qilish uchun bog'liq edi.[29] Ushbu yangilik, agar xususiy korxona hukumatni Yangi Zelandiyaga mag'lub etsa, tezkor choralar ko'rishga ehtiyoj tug'dirdi. Ueykfild hayajonli nutqida yig'iluvchilarga shunday dedi: "O'zingizni tuproqqa egalik qiling va o'zingizga ishonchingiz komil. Agar kechikib boshqalarga o'zingizdan oldin buni qilishga imkon bersangiz, ular muvaffaqiyatli bo'ladi va siz muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lasiz."[30]

Keyinchalik ikkita mustamlaka guruhining a'zolari yangi tashkilot - Yangi Zelandiya Yer Kompaniyasini tuzdilar, uning hokimi Lord Durham va uning 17 direktori orasida beshta deputat. Kompaniya shoshilinch ravishda bunga mos kelish uchun harakat qildi Tori, kapitan va marshrutchi uchun reklama qiling va polkovnikni tanlang Uilyam Ueykfild ekspeditsiya qo'mondoni sifatida. Uilyam Ueykfildga yer almashish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan tovarlarga 3000 funt sarflashga vakolat berilgan. 1839 yil 12-mayga qadar, qachon Tori kapitan Edvard Chaffers qo'mondonligi ostida Angliyani tark etdi, kompaniya allaqachon Yangi Zelandiyada erlarni sotish va sotishni boshlagan edi, va iyul oyi oxirlarida - kompaniya hatto bir necha oy oldin o'rgangan edi Tori Yangi Zelandiyaga kelgan edi - uning birinchi aholi punkti uchun mavjud bo'lgan barcha bo'limlar sotilgan edi. Kompaniya parlament kotibi o'rinbosarining xatida hukumat Maoridan sotib olingan erga egalik huquqiga hech qanday kafolat bera olmasligi to'g'risida ogohlantirgan edi, bu "ehtimol" tomonidan qaytarib sotib olinishi mumkin. toj.[31] Shuningdek, kompaniyaga Hukumat uning sud jarayonini rag'batlantirishi yoki tan olishi mumkin emasligi aytilgan.[32]

Kompaniyaning 2 may kuni chiqarilgan prospektida kompaniyaning amalga oshiradigan mustamlaka tizimi bo'lgan Ueykfild tizimi haqida batafsil ma'lumot berilgan: har biri bittadan "shahar gektari" va 100 ta "qishloq gektarini" o'z ichiga olgan 1100 qism Londonda, ko'rinmas holda, 1 funt sterlingga sotiladi. gektariga, yig'ilgan mablag 'bilan Yangi Zelandiyaga emigrantlarni tashish uchun foydalanilgan. Emigrantlar kapitalistlar yoki mardikorlar sifatida tanlanar edi, mardikorlar kapitalistlar uchun o'zlariga tegishli erlarni olishdan oldin bir necha yil ishlashlari kerak edi. So'rov o'tkazilgan har 10 bo'limdan bittasi - aholi punkti bo'ylab tarqalgan - Maoriga ko'chirilganlar uchun ajratilgan bo'lib, qolgan qismi 99,999 funt sterlingni yig'ish uchun sotilishi kerak edi, shundan kompaniya o'z xarajatlarini qoplash uchun 25 foizini saqlab qoladi. Mehnatkashlar Yangi Zelandiyaga bepul sayohat qilishar edi, er sotib olib, ko'chib kelganlar esa o'zlarining yo'l haqidan 75 foiz chegirma olishlari mumkin edi.[33]

1839 yilgi ekspeditsiya va er sotib olish

Londonning Adam ko'chasidagi Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasining ofislariga bag'ishlangan plakat

The Tori Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasining uchta yangi Surveyer kemalaridan birinchisi, Yangi Zelandiyadagi ko'chmanchilarga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun shoshilib yuborilgan. Avgust oyida Kuba, kapitan boshchiligidagi tadqiqotchilar guruhi bilan Uilyam Mein Smit, R.A., suzib ketdi va bir oy o'tgach, hali ham muvaffaqiyati haqida hech narsa aytmadi Tori va Kuba- 1839 yil 15 sentyabrda Londonning Gravesend shahridan Sharqiy,[34] kompaniya tomonidan yollangan 500 tonnalik immigrant kemalarining beshtasi. Keyingi Sharqiy edi Avora, Adelaida, Roksburg gertsogi va Bengal savdogari, shuningdek, yuk kemasi Glenbervi,[35] Hammasi uchrashuvga ko'rsatma bilan 1840 yil 10-yanvarda Port Xardi-da suzib ketdi d'Urvil oroli qaerda ularga so'nggi manzil haqida xabar berishadi. O'sha vaqtga qadar Uilyam Ueykfild birinchi aholi punkti uchun er sotib olib, uni o'rganib chiqishi va shuningdek, kompaniyaning Kaipara va Xokianga shaharlaridagi erga bo'lgan da'volarini tekshirishi kerak edi.[36]

Kompaniya Ueykfildga u kelganda bajarilishi kerak bo'lgan ko'rsatmalarning uzoq ro'yxatini taqdim etdi. Unga eksport savdosini rivojlantiradigan xavfsiz portlar, unumdor ichki mulkka o'tishga imkon beradigan daryolar va elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarishga qodir sharsharalar bo'lgan aholi punktlari uchun er qidirish kerakligi aytilgan. Unga kompaniyaga Kuk bo'g'ozining har ikki tomonidagi portlar atrofini sotib olishga intilayotgani va Port Nikolson eng yaxshi sayt bo'lganida, uni ham sinchkovlik bilan o'rganish kerakligi aytilgan. Qirolicha Sharlotta Ovozi va Bulutli ko'rfaz janubiy orolning shimolida. Maoriga shirkat Evropani keng miqyosda joylashtirishga imkon berish uchun qayta sotish uchun er sotib olmoqchi ekanligini va qabilalarga har bir er sotishda uning o'ndan biri maori uchun ajratilishini, keyin yashaydigan odamni ta'kidlashi kerakligini aytdi. bu erda ular Londonda lotereya tiraji bilan tayinlangan.[37] Ueykfildga:

"Siz ingliz emigratsiyasi va joylashuvidan so'ng erning o'ndan bir qismi avvalgiga qaraganda ancha qimmatroq bo'lishini osonlik bilan tushuntirasiz ... Kompaniyaning maqsadi mahalliy egalar uchun katta bloklarda zaxiralarni yaratish emas, chunki Shimoliy Amerikadagi hind zaxiralari bo'yicha odatiy amaliyot, bu erda aholi yashashga to'sqinlik qiladi va vahshiylarni vahshiylik bilan davom ettirishga undaydi, madaniyatli jamoadan ajralib yashash ... ular ajratgan bepusht mulk o'rniga, ular mulkka ega bo'lishadi madaniy va mehnatsevar ko'chmanchilarning mol-mulki bilan aralashgan va shu sharoitda haqiqatan ham qadrli bo'lgan erlarda. "[37]

Ueykfild etib keldi Kuk bo'g'ozi 16 avgustda va bir necha hafta davomida Janubiy Orolning shimolidagi koylar va tovushlarni o'rganib chiqdi.[38] The Tori 20 sentyabr kuni Kuk bo'g'ozidan va kitchi va savdogar yordamida o'tgan Dikki Barret - kim 1828 yildan beri Taranaki va Vellington hududida Maori orasida yashagan va "pidgin-" bilan gaplashgan.Maori "[39]—Ueykfild atrofidagi Maoridan er sotib olish uchun qurol, idish-tovoq va kiyim taklif qila boshladi Petone. Bir hafta ichida u butun portni va uning atrofidagi barcha hududlarni himoya qildi va shu vaqtdan noyabrgacha kompaniyaga 20 million akr (8 million gektar) ga egalik huquqini bergan pergamentlardagi imzo va belgilarni xavfsiz holatga keltirdi - bu Yangining uchdan bir qismi. Zelandiyaning quruqlik yuzasi[40] gektariga yarim tiyinlik narxda.[41] 25 oktyabrda u Kapitidagi 10 boshliqlarni Janubiy va Shimoliy orollarning ulkan er maydonlariga barcha "huquqlar, da'volar, unvonlar va manfaatlar" bilan doimiy ravishda ajralib turishini tasdiqlovchi 1180 so'zli hujjat ostiga xoch qo'shishga ishontirdi. hozirgi shimolgacha Yangi Plimut.[42] 8-noyabr kuni Qirolicha Sharlotta Ovozi u surgun qilingan Taranaki boshlig'ining imzosini tasdiqladi, Wiremu Kīngi va yana 31 kishi er uchun[43] uning tavsifi Kapiti shartnomasi bilan deyarli bir xil edi. 16-noyabr kuni Tori Wanganui yonidan uch boshliq o'tib ketdi Tori o'zlarining barcha tumanlarini sotish bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borish Manavatu ga Patea. Har bir dalolatnomadagi maydonlar shunchalik ulkan ediki, Ueykfild ularni joy nomlari ro'yxatini yozish orqali hujjatlashtirgan va nihoyat kompaniya hududini kenglik darajasida ifodalagan.[44]

Veykfild Barrettdan o'tmishdagi urushlar va surgunlar sababli Port Nikolson hududidagi er egaligining murakkab mohiyatini bilib oldi.[38] va oktyabr oyi oxirlaridan boshlab Ueykfildga Maori o'zlariga tegishli bo'lmagan erlarni sotganligi haqidagi mish-mishlar haqida xabar berildi, ammo rad etildi. Biroq, ularning ayrim xaridlari bilan bog'liq muammolar paydo bo'ldi. Ngāti Toa boshliq Te Rauparaxa ga o'tirdi Tori Kapiti yaqinida, Ueykfildga oktabrdagi kelishuvida Ngāti Toa kompaniyani Janubiy orolning tepasida millionlab akr emas, balki faqat Uakatu va Taitapuning ikkita kichik maydoniga ega bo'lishini aytgan. Dekabr oyida, Hokianga 1825 yilgi Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasidan sotib olingan erlarni tekshirish uchun kelganidan bir hafta o'tgach, Ueykfildga Ngapuhi shimolda Yangi Zelandiya Yer Kompaniyasi da'vo qilishi mumkin bo'lgan yagona erlar Hokianga shahridan bir kvadrat milya atrofida bo'lgan. Bundan tashqari, na Kaipara, na ular uchun umuman hech narsa yo'q edi Manukau porti.[45] U uchun sovrin bor edi, ammo uni 13-dekabr kuni Janubiy orolning shimolidagi Vayro vodiysidan sotib olgan edi. Ueykfild erni ilgari sotib olgan deb da'vo qilgan kapitan Jon Blenkinsoppning bevasidan 100 funt evaziga sotib oldi. Ngāti Toa boshliq Te Rauparaxa.[46] Ushbu savdo 1843 yilga olib keladi Wairau Affray unda 22 ingliz ko'chmanchisi va to'rtta maori o'ldiriladi.

Taranakida keyingi xaridlar (1840 yil fevral oyida 60,000 akr)[47] va Wanganui (1840 yil may, muzokaralar yakunlari oldingi noyabrda boshlangan); kompaniya 1842 yilgi Yerga bo'lgan da'vo komissiyasiga tushuntirishicha, xuddi shu erni qamrab olgan avvalgi ishlar "ustunlar" bilan tuzilgan bo'lsa-da, ushbu yangi shartnomalar erlarning aholisi bilan tuzilgan bo'lib, ular erga jismoniy egalik qilishlari mumkin bo'lgan har qanday qarshilikni engib o'tish uchun. .[48]

Iyul oyida kompaniya 1108 nafar mehnat muhojirlari va 242 ta yo'lovchilarni Yangi Zelandiyaga jo'natgani va jami 13 ta kemani jo'natgani haqida xabar berdi. Boshqa bir muhojir kemasi London, 13 avgust kuni Yangi Zelandiyaga suzib ketdi va yil oldin u ergashdi Blenxaym, Slaydlar qal'asi,Lady Nugent va Olimp.[49]

Vaytangi shartnomasi

Asosiy maqola: Vaytangi shartnomasi

Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasi uzoq vaqtdan buyon Britaniya hukumatining Yangi Zelandiyadagi faoliyatiga aralashishini kutgan edi va bu nihoyat imzolanganidan keyin sodir bo'ldi. Vaytangi shartnomasi 1840 yil 6-fevralda. Shartnoma Britaniya tojiga boshqaruv huquqini berdi, garchi uning ozod qilishgacha bo'lgan moddasi ostida Maoriga Hukumat va uning agentlaridan boshqa hech kimga yer sotish taqiqlangan edi. Leytenant-gubernator Xobson zudlik bilan barcha sotuvlarni muzlatib qo'ydi va tergov o'tkazilguncha mavjud bo'lgan barcha xaridlarni yaroqsiz deb e'lon qildi. Shartnoma Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasini juda qiyin ahvolga solib qo'ydi. Unga kelgan ko'chmanchilarni qondirish uchun etarli er yo'q edi va endi u egalikni da'vo qilgan erni qonuniy ravishda sota olmaydi.

Mustamlaka idorasining ko'rsatmasiga binoan Hobson tizimni o'rnatishi kerak edi, unda erlarni ko'chmanchilarga sotishdan tushadigan daromadlarning katta qismi ma'muriy va rivojlanish xarajatlarini qoplashga sarflanadi, ammo mablag'larning bir qismi ham ishlatilishi kerak edi. Yangi Zelandiyaga emigrantlarni yuborish. Ushbu reja, deydi tarixchi Patritsiya Berns, "Ueykfild nazariyasining keng tarqalgan ta'siri" ning yana bir isboti edi.[50][51]

Aprel oyida Rev. Genri Uilyams Port Nikolson hududidagi shartnomaga qo'shimcha imzo izlash uchun Xobson tomonidan janubga yuborilgan. U mahalliy boshliqlar uning oldiga kelguniga qadar 10 kun kutishga majbur bo'ldi va Uilyam Ueykfild tomonidan bosim o'tkazilgani sababli shartnomani imzolashni istamasliklarini aybladi. Biroq 29 aprelda Uilyams Port Nikolson boshliqlari shartnomani "bir ovozdan" imzolaganligi to'g'risida xabar berishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Uilyam Ueykfild ushbu shartnomani ham, Uilyamsni ham qattiq tanqid ostiga olgan va kompaniyaning gazetasida missionerga "ikkiyuzlamachilik va beparvolik" uchun bir necha bor hujum qilgan.[3][52]

Uilyams, o'z navbatida, kompaniyaning muomalalariga tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lib, 38 darajadan sotib olgan deb da'vo qilgan erlarni sotib olish dalolatnomalarini qayd etdi. 42 gradusgacha kenglik parallel ravishda ingliz tilida tuzilgan bo'lib, uni imzolagan Maori tushunmagan va kompaniya vakillari, shu qatorda Barret ham maorini juda kam tushungan. Uilyams shuni aniqladiki, kompaniya vakillari Maori boshliqlari bilan Port Nikolson, Kapiti va Taranakida uchrashgan, u erda biron bir tomon bir-birini tushunmaydi va kompaniya yer sotib olgan deb da'vo qilgan boshqa joylarga bormagan.[53]

Shu bilan birga, Xobson kompaniyaning kuchayib borayotgan kuchi haqidagi xabardan qo'rqib ketayotgan edi. U ularning barka kapitani Pirsonni qamoqqa olish taklifini bilib oldi Halollik va 2 mart kuni ular bayroqni ko'tarishgan Yangi Zelandiyaning birlashgan qabilalari Port Nikolsonda,[54][55] vakolatlarini mahalliy boshliqlar tomonidan berilgan vakolatlardan olishga da'vo qilgan "mustamlaka kengashi" tomonidan hukumatni e'lon qilish. Bu harakatlarni "xoinlik" ni buzish deb talqin qilib, Xobson 1840 yil 21-mayda Shimoliy orolning butun ustidan Britaniya suverenitetini e'lon qildi,[56] va 23 may kuni kengashni noqonuniy deb e'lon qildi.[57] Keyin u o'zining mustamlaka kotibini yubordi, Willoughby Shortland, 1840 yil 30-iyunda 30 askar va oltita politsiya bilan,[55] bayroqni yiqitish uchun Port Nikolsonga. Shotland aholiga "noqonuniy uyushmalaridan" chiqib, toj vakillariga bo'ysunishni buyurdi.[58] Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasining xatti-harakatlari uning qo'lini majbur qilganini ta'kidlagan Xobson, shuningdek, butun Yangi Zelandiya - Shimoliy orolni Vaytangidagi tanazzul huquqi bilan, Janubiy va Styuart orollarini esa kashf qilish huquqi bilan suverenitetini e'lon qildi.[58][59][60]

Vellington aholi punkti

Limanning janubi-g'arbiy qismida kemalar uchun juda yaxshi langar turgan joyda dastlabki joylashishni istagan Uilyam Ueykfildning xohishlarini inobatga olmagan holda, general-ekspeditor Uilyam Meyn Smit 1840 yil yanvar oyida 1100 gektar maydonni (4047 m) yotqizishni boshladi.2) shaharchaning dastlab "Britannia" deb nomlangan bo'limlari,[61] Pito-ondagi tekislikda (hozir Petone ), portning shimolida. Og'ziga yaqin bo'limlar Hut daryosi, parallelogrammalarda, rejada bulvarlar va jamoat bog'larini o'z ichiga olgan. Shahar qismini sotib olgan ko'chmanchilar, shuningdek, o'zlarining oziq-ovqatlarini etishtirish uchun 100 ta "qishloq gektarini" sotib olishgan (taxminan 40 ga). Smit shahar va qishloq joylarini bir-biriga yaqin joyda va joylashgan joyda joylashtirishni muhim deb hisoblagan Xut vodiysi bu makonni va'da qilgan ko'rinadi. Kamchilik shundaki, uning tanlagan joyi zich o'rmon, skrab, zig'ir va botqoqdan iborat edi, uning daryosi toshqinlarga duchor bo'lgan va plyaj shu qadar tekiski, birinchi yo'lovchi kemalari kela boshlaganda - Smit tadqiqot ishlarini boshlaganidan atigi to'rt kun o'tgach. - ular qirg'oqdan 1600 metr masofada langar tutishga majbur bo'lishdi. Ammo vaqtincha uylar qurila boshladi, shuningdek har bir kemada ko'tarilgan yog'och uylarni yig'ish boshlandi, tez orada chodirlar ham plyaj orqasidagi qumtepalarni qamrab oldi. Mahalliy maori qurilishiga yordam berdi, shuningdek, oziq-ovqat bilan ta'minladi - baliq, kartoshka va boshqa sabzavotlar va vaqti-vaqti bilan cho'chqa go'shti.[62][63]

Port Nikolson shahridagi Lambton Makoni.

Sakkiz hafta o'tgach, mart oyida, barcha yo'lovchilar kemalari kelganidan so'ng, ko'chmanchilar Pito-one-dagi botqoqlar, takroriy suv toshqini va kambag'al ankraj inshootlari juda ko'p to'siqlarni keltirib chiqargan joylarni tekshirishdan voz kechish uchun ovoz berishdi va shaharni Veykfildning afzal ko'rgan joyiga ko'chirishdi. ning Thorndon Lambton ko'rfazida (keyinroq) Lambton-kvay ) sharafiga nomlangan Lord Durham.[64] Tadqiqotchilar tezda muammolarga duch kelishdi, ammo ular yangi aholi punkti uchun tanlangan erni hali ham Maori yashaganligini aniqladilar, ular Pakehani o'z uylari, bog'lari va qabristonlari bo'ylab yurib yurishganini va yog'ochdan yasalgan qoziqlarni erga haydab topganlarini ko'rib hayrat va hayratda qolishdi. Tadqiqotchilar maori bilan to'qnashuvlarga kirishdilar, ularning aksariyati jim turishdan bosh tortdilar va o'z ishlarini davom ettirish uchun qurol bilan ta'minlandilar.[65]

Veykfild bu erni o'tgan sentyabr oyida boshlangan g'azablangan bir hafta davomida sotib olgan edi. To'lov temir qozon, sovun, qurol, o'q-dorilar, bolta, baliq ilgagi, kiyim-kechak, shu jumladan qizil tungi qopqoq - shifer, qalam, soyabon, muhr shaklida qilingan. mum va jag 'arfa.[66] Ueykfild bergan va Barret tomonidan talqin qilingan, agar to'lov amalga oshirilgandan so'ng, er endi ularga tegishli bo'lmaydi, degan tushuntirishdan so'ng mahalliy boshliqlardan imzolar olingan. Biroq keyinchalik dalillarni keltirgan Ispaniya Yer komissiyasi - Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasining erga oid da'volarini tekshirish uchun mustamlaka idorasi tomonidan yo'l qo'yilgan uchta asosiy kamchilik aniqlandi: pā Thorndon qarorgohi joylashtirilishi kerak bo'lgan Te Aro, Pipitea va Kumutotodan na maslahat olishdi va na pul to'lashdi; bu Te Wharepōuri, o'zining muhimligini isbotlashni istagan tajovuzkor va maqtanchoq yosh boshliq, o'zi nazorat qilmaydigan erlarni sotgan;[67] Barretning savdo shartlarini tushuntirishi va izohlashi juda achinarli darajada edi. Barrett 1843 yil fevralda Ispaniya Komissiyasining tinglovida shunday dedi: "Men ular o'zlarining ismlarini imzolaganlarida, savdo-sotiqni amalga oshirgan Angliyadagi janoblar kimlarning boshliqlari ekanligini bilishlari mumkinligini aytdim".[68] Tarixchi Anjela Kogi, shuningdek, Ueykfild va Barrettning bir kun ichida Whanganui-a-Tara-dagi barcha qishloqlarga borib, kompaniyaning maqsadlarini tushuntirish va roziligini izlashlari ehtimoldan yiroq emasligini ta'kidladi.[69]

Uning ko'rsatmalariga muvofiq, Ueykfild mahalliy maorilarga ularga maydonning o'ndan biriga teng zaxiralar berilishini va'da qilib, ularning uchastkalari lotereya orqali tanlanib, evropalik ko'chmanchilar orasiga sepilgan.[70] Maori tezda erlarni chayqovchilarga sotmasligini ta'minlash uchun zaxiralar ajralmas bo'lib qolishi kerak edi. Jerningxem Uekfild, Uilyam Ueykfildning jiyani ham kelgan Tori 1839 yilda kompaniyaning Maorini oq ko'chmanchilar bilan aralashishi ularga "qo'pol va madaniyatsiz odatlar" ni o'zgartirishga yordam beradi degan umidni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Keyinchalik o'zining Yangi Zelandiyadagi sarguzashtlari haqidagi kitobida u shunday deb yozgan edi: "Ularning ko'zlari oldidagi doimiy namuna va bir xil natijalarga erishish uchun doimiy taqlid qilish tabiiyki, past irqni oson ko'tarilish orqali bilim, odatlarni egallash qobiliyatiga olib boradi. , madaniyatli qo'shnilarining istaklari va qulayliklari. "[71]

1840 yil noyabrda Yangi Zelandiya kompaniyasi direktorlari Ueykfildga shaharni Lambton Harbordagi nomini berishni istashlarini maslahat berishdi. Vellington gersogi kompaniyani mustamlaka qilish tamoyillarini kuchli qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi va "mustamlaka qilish choralarini dushmanlaridan kuchli va muvaffaqiyatli himoya qilgani" uchun Janubiy Avstraliya ". Ko'chib ketuvchilar taklifni g'ayrat bilan qabul qilishdi.[72]

Nelson

In April 1841 the company informed the Colonial Secretary of its intention to establish a second colony "considerably larger" than the first.[73] The colony was initially to be called Molesworth after Radikal MP Sir Uilyam Molesvort, a supporter of Wakefield, but was renamed Nelson (after the British admiral ) when Molesworth showed little interest in leading the colony.[74] It was planned to cover 201,000 acres (810 km2), consisting of 1000 allotments. Each would be 150 acres (60 hectares) of rural land, 50 acres (20 hectares) of accommodation land and one "town acre" (4000 square metres), with half the funds raised by land sales being spent on emigration and about £50,000 ending up as company profits. The land would be sold at £301 per allotment or 30 shillings an acre, one pound an acre more than land at Wellington, with a lottery to determine the ownership of specific allotments.[75]

Three ships, the Ok, Uitbi va Tomosha qiladi, sailed that month for New Zealand with surveyors and labourers to prepare plots for the first settlers (scheduled to follow five months later). Land sales proved disappointing, however, and threatened the viability of the settlement: by early June only 326 allotments had been sold, with only 42 purchasers intending to actually travel to New Zealand. Things had improved little by the drawing of the lottery in late August 1841, when only 371 of the allotments were drawn by purchasers, three-quarters of whom were absentee owners.[75]

The ships arrived at Blind Bay (today known as Tasman Bay ), where the expedition leaders searched for land suitable for the new colony, before settling on the site of present-day Nelson, an area described as marshy land covered with scrub and fern. In a meeting with local Māori, expedition leader Arthur Wakefield claimed to have gained recognition – in exchange for "presents" of axes, a gun, gunpowder, blankets, biscuits and pipes – for the 1839 "purchases" in the area by William Wakefield.[76] By January 1842 the advance guard had built more than 100 huts on the site of the future town in preparation for the arrival of the first settlers. A month later the township was described as having a population of 500, along with bullocks, sheep, pigs and poultry, although the company was yet to identify or purchase any of the rural land for which purchasers had paid.

The search for this remaining 200,000 acres (810 km2) would ultimately lead to the Wairau Affray – then known as the "Wairau Massacre" – of 17 June 1843, when 22 Europeans and four Māori died in a skirmish over land in the Wairau Valley, 25 km from Nelson. Arthur Wakefield claimed to have bought the land from the widow of a whaler who, in turn, had claimed to have bought it from chief Te Rauparaxa. The chief denied having sold it. Although settlers in Nelson and Wellington were appalled at the slaughter at Wairau, an investigation by Governor Robert FitzRoy laid the blame squarely at the feet of the New Zealand Company representatives.[77]

As early as 1839 the New Zealand Company had resolved to "take steps to procure German emigrants" and appointed an agent in Bremen. A bid in September 1841 to sell the Chatam orollari to the German Colonisation Company—yet to be formed—for £10,000 was quashed by the British Government, which declared that the islands were to be part of the colony of New Zealand and that any Germans settling there would be treated as aliens. The party of German migrants on the Sankt-Pauli, with 140 passengers including John Beit, the "overbearing and arrogant, greedy, untruthful" New Zealand Company agent in Hamburg, went to Nelson instead.[78]

Government intervention

The New Zealand Company had begun its colonisation scheme without the approval of the British government; as late as May 1839 Parliamentary Under-secretary Henry Labouchere warned company director William Hutt that there was no guarantee that titles to land purchased from Māori would be recognised and that such land would be subject to repurchase by the Crown.[32] In January and February 1840 both Yangi Janubiy Uels Hokim Jorj Gipps and Hobson in New Zealand issued proclamations that all land previously purchased from Māori would have to be confirmed by government title, and that any future direct purchases from Māori were null and void.[79][80]

Gipps introduced his New Zealand Land Claims Bill to the New South Wales Legislative Council in May 1840, instituting a process to appoint commissioners who would investigate all lands acquired from Māori and the conditions under which the transactions had taken place. The Bill also stipulated that Māori owned only the land which they "occupied", by living on or cultivating it; all other land was deemed "waste" land and owned by the Crown.[81] The subsequent Act, passed on 4 August,[82] prohibited the grant of any land purchase greater than four square miles (2560 acres).[83][84] The New Zealand Company had already claimed to have bought two million acres (8,000 km2), part of which it had sold directly to settlers, and when news of the government move reached Wellington in August it sparked panic, prompting hundreds of settlers to prepare to abandon their land and sail to Valparaiso, Chili.[85][86][87] In a bid to restore certainty to the settlers over their land claims a three-man deputation was sent to Sydney to meet Gipps; in early December the deputation returned with news that Gipps would procure for the Wellington settlers a confirmation of their titles to 110,000 acres of land, as well as their town, subject to several conditions including that the 110,000 acres were taken in one continuous block, native reserves were guaranteed and that reserves were made for public purposes.[88][89]

In late September or early October 1840 MP and New Zealand Company secretary Charles Buller appealed to the Colonial Office for help for the company which he claimed was in "distress". Over the next month the two parties negotiated a three-part agreement that, once agreed, was hailed by the company as "all that we could desire". Mustamlakachi kotib Lord Jon Rassel agreed to offer a royal charter for 40 years, which would allow the company to buy, sell, settle and cultivate lands in New Zealand, with the Colonial Land and Emigration Commission, formed in January 1840, to have oversight of the company's colonisation activities. Russell also agreed to assess the total sum of money the company had spent on colonisation and then grant the company title to four acres for every pound it had expended. In return the company would relinquish its claim to 20 million acres.[90] He also promised the company a discount—at a level to be decided later—for a purchase from the government of 50,000 acres. The company began providing figures to the Colonial Office of its total outgoings, which included £20,000 paid to the 1825 company and £40,000 paid to the New Zealand Colonisation Company of 1838 as well as £5250 paid for the Tori. The company's spending on placards, printing and advertising, employee salaries, and food and transport for the emigrants were also included in the total, along with the costs of goods, including firearms, that had been used to buy land. A final calculation in May 1841 was that under the agreed formula the company was entitled to an initial 531,929 acres, with possibly another 400,000 to 500,000 acres to come. In May Russell agreed to allow the company a 20 percent discount on the cost of 50,000 acres it wished to buy in New Plymouth and Nelson.[91]

Hobson visited the Wellington area for the first time in August 1841 and heard complaints first-hand from Māori both in the town and also from as far afield as Porirua and Kapiti that they had never sold their land. Hobson assured them that their unsold pā and cultivations would be protected,[79] but within days provided William Wakefield with a schedule, dated 1 September, which identified 110,000 acres at Port Nicholson, Porirua and Manawatu, 50,000 acres at Wanganui and 50,000 acres (later lifted to 60,000 acres) at New Plymouth; the government would waive its rights of pre-emption in those defined areas (thus abandoning any move to reclaim or resell lands possibly still owned by "residents" in the wake of the company's purchase from the "overlords"), and in a confidential note Hobson promised that the government would "sanction any equitable arrangement you may make to induce those natives who reside within the limits referred to in the accompanying schedule, to yield up possession of their habitations" as long as no force was used.[92][93] FitzRoy pressured Te Aro Māori to accept £300 for valuable land in the middle of Wellington for which they had never been paid, by explaining that their land was almost valueless.[79]

William Spain's land inquiry

Asosiy maqola: Yangi Zelandiya yer komissiyasi

In May 1842 Hampshire attorney William Spain, who had been appointed by Russell in January 1841 as an independent Land Commissioner, opened his official inquiry into New Zealand Company land claims and any non-Company counter-claims to the same lands. Spain quickly discovered that the New Zealand Company purchases in the Port Nicholson, Wanganui, and New Plymouth districts were hotly contested by Māori. In Wellington several important chiefs, notably those of Te Aro, Pipitea and Kumutoto pā took little or no part in the proceedings. Those in favour of "selling" the land gave two main reasons for their stance: European arms and settlement would give them protection against their enemies, notably the Ngāti Raukawa of Ōtaki who were expected to attack at any time; and they were aware of the wealth that a European settlement—"their Pakeha"—would bring them through trade and employment. Some sales were also motivated by complex power struggles among Māori iwi, with assent to purchases deemed as proof of status.[94] Company officials and the Colonial Office in London each argued that if the Māori were to be compensated for land they had not sold, the other should pay it; the Colonial Office claimed that its agreement of November 1840 was made on the assumption that the company's claim was valid,[95] while the company objected to being asked to prove that Māori in all transactions had both understood the contracts and had the right to sell.[79] Company representatives in London attempted to challenge the legality of Spain's inquiry and instructed William Wakefield that he should not answer to it.[96]

Spain, who was given a price scale that determined arbitrarily what each purchase should have been worth,[97] concluded each of his investigations into the validity of the New Zealand Company purchases by announcing how much land they would be rewarded. The company was awarded 151,000 acres (61,155ha)at Nelson after a payment of £800 but the claim on the Wairau valley was rejected. At Wellington the company was ordered to pay £1500 to complete the Port Nicholson agreement and it was then awarded 71,900 acres (29,100ha). Spain refused a Crown grant of any land at Porirua and promised just 100 acres (40.5ha) at Manawatu. He awarded 40,000 acres (16,200ha) at Wanganui and 60,000 acres (24,300ha) at Taranaki.[98] In London, the Colonial Office had already decided that land claimed by settlers but not awarded to them by the Land Claims Commission should revert not to the Māori owners, but to the Crown.[79]

The Taranaki ruling led to Spain's downfall. Spain had made the decision based on information from William Wakefield that much of the Taranaki region had been sparsely populated by Māori at the time of the purchase. The cause of the depopulation was that most of the local Te ti Awa population had either migrated to Akitaki or the Cook Strait region after defeat by raiding Waikato war parties in the 1820s, or been enslaved by the Waikato, but many were now returning. Spain ruled that regardless of the reason for their departure, Te Āti Awa had forfeited the land and that the company purchase from the few remaining residents was valid. With tensions between settlers and Māori in Taranaki at an all-time high, and alerted by Protector of Aborigines Jorj Klark of problems with Spain's Taranaki ruling, FitzRoy sailed in August 1844 for New Plymouth, where he was briefed by Bishop Jorj Selvin and then announced he would reverse Spain's decision. Instead of the 60,000 acres in Taranaki, the company would be awarded just 3800 acres, where settlers were already located. The decision outraged settlers, who were aware of friction with returning Māori, but had been hoping the Governor would station a body of troops at New Plymouth or sanction the formation of a militia to protect their land. FitzRoy later wrote: "It appeared so clear ... that the view taken by the land commissioner could not be adopted by the government without causing bloodshed, and the probable ruin of the settlement; because the injustice of awarding land to the New Zealand Company, which was well known not to have been purchased by them, was apparent to every native." FitzRoy's decision infuriated Spain, whose resignation was then demanded by the Governor.[99][100]

Spain's award in Wanganui also failed to be delivered in full: some chiefs refused to sell regardless of the amount of compensation offered. Spain offered to return to Māori four sections of land along with £1000, which Wakefield attempted to distribute with the money in gold and silver, but when they continued to refuse Spain informed them their refusal would not prevent the land going to the settlers.[101]

Further settlements

The New Zealand Company also established a settlement at Wanganui in 1840, chiefly as a spillover settlement, the site of the rural land promised to Wellington purchasers. A traveller in the colony at the time described Wanganui as "one of the unwholesome, mushroom settlements engendered by the New Zealand Company for the purpose of removing to a distance a portion of the clamorous script-holders who, on arriving from England, looked, and looked in vain, for their land."[102] The Wanganui settlement was beset with problems when settlers arrived to find Māori on the land, denying it had been sold.[103] The company also sent surveyors down the east coast of the Janubiy orol to consider further sites, where they made contact at Akaroa with the fledgling French colony established there under the auspices of Jean-François Langlois's Nanto-Bordelaise Company.

The company also became indirectly involved in the settlement of Yangi Plimut in 1841, through its links with the Plymouth Company, to which it sold a total of 60,000 acres, of indeterminate location, in mid-1840. The Plymouth Company sent a survey party to choose where the settlement would be located and in January 1841 that company's surveyor, Frederick Carrington, selected Taranaki. The Plymouth Company encountered financial difficulties that led to a merger of the two companies on 10 May 1841.[104]

In July 1843 the New Zealand Company issued a prospectus for the sale of 120,550 acres (48,000 hectares), divided between town, suburban and rural lots at a new settlement called New Edinburgh. The location of the settlement still remained undetermined.[105] An office was established in Edinburg to attract Scottish emigrants. A 400,000 acre (160,000 hectare) block was selected around the harbour at Otago in January 1844. The company worked with the Lay Association of the Shotlandiyaning bepul cherkovi on the sale of, and ballot for, land and the first body of settlers sailed for what became the settlement of Dunedin in late November 1847.

A month later Gibbon Wakefield began actively promoting a plan he had proposed in 1843: a Angliya cherkovi turar-joy. New Zealand Company directors initially hoped to site the settlement in the Wairarapa region in the lower North Island. When local Māori refused to sell, however, its surveyor inspected Port Cooper (Lyttelton Makoni ) on the east coast of the South Island and chose this as the location. Land was bought from 40 members of the Ngai Tahu iwi in June 1848. The colonising efforts were taken up by the Canterbury assotsiatsiyasi, Gibbon Wakefield's new project, and the New Zealand Company became a silent partner in the settlement process, providing little more than the initial purchase funds.[106] The first of the body of 1512 Canterbury settlers sailed on 8 September 1850 for their new home.

Financial difficulties and dissolution

The New Zealand Company began falling into financial difficulties from mid-1843 for two reasons. It had planned to buy land cheaply and sell it dearly and anticipated that a colony based on a higher land price would attract affluent colonists. The profits from the sale of land were to be used to pay for free passage of the working-class colonists and for public works, churches and schools for instance. For this scheme to work it was important to get the right proportion of labouring to propertied immigrants. In part the failure of the company's plans were because this proportion was never achieved – there were always more labourers, whose emigration was heavily subsidised by the company, than landed gentry.

The second major flaw arose because a large proportion of the land in the new colony was bought for speculative reasons by people who had no intention of migrating to New Zealand and developing the land they had bought. This meant that the new colonies had a serious shortage of employers and consequently a shortage of work for the labouring classes. From the outset the New Zealand Company was forced to be the major employer in the new colonies and this proved a serious financial drain on the company. Repeated approaches were made to the British government seeking financial assistance and in late 1846 the company accepted an offer for a £236,000 advance with strict conditions on, and oversight of, future company operations.

In June 1850 the company admitted land sales in Wellington, Nelson and New Plymouth had remained poor and its land sales for the year ended April 1849 amounted to only £6,266. With little prospect of trading its way to profitability, the company surrendered its charter. A select committee report concluded the company's losses were "mainly attributable to their own proceedings, characterised as they were in many respects by rashness and maladministration."[107]

Gibbon Wakefield, who had resigned from the company in disgust after its 1846 financial arrangement with the British government, remained defiant to the end, declaring in 1852 that had the company been left alone it would have paid a dividend, recouped its capital "and there would now be 200,000 settlers in New Zealand".[107]

The Yangi Zelandiya konstitutsiyaviy qonuni 1852 yil provided for a quarter of the proceeds of land sales of land previously purchased by the New Zealand Company would go to pay off the debt, until it was paid off.[108]

The company, in its final report in May 1858, conceded it had erred, but said the communities they had planted had now assumed "gratifying proportions" and they could look forward to the day when "New Zealand shall take her place as the offspring and counterpart of her Parent-Isle ... the Britain of the Southern Hemisphere."

Shuningdek qarang

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