Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasi - British South Africa Company - Wikipedia

Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasi

Kompaniya emblemasi
Bayroq
Avvalgi turi	Jamiyat kompaniyasi
Sanoat	Konchilik, mustamlakachilik korxonalari
Taqdir	Sotib olindi
O'tmishdosh	Markaziy qidiruv birlashmasi va Exploring Company Ltd
Voris	Charter Consolidated Ltd
Tashkil etilgan	London, Birlashgan Qirollik (1889 (1889))
Ta'sischi	Sesil Rods
Ishdan bo'shatilgan	1965 (1965)
Bosh ofis	London , Birlashgan Qirollik
Xizmat ko'rsatiladigan maydon	Janubiy Afrika Janubiy Afrika Botsvana Rodeziya Zambiya va ularning oldingi sub'ektlari

The Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasi (BSAC yoki BSACo) edi ijaraga olingan ning birlashuvidan keyin 1889 yilda Sesil Rods 'Markaziy qidiruv birlashmasi va London - dastlab foydali qazilmalarning kutilgan boyliklaridan foydalanish uchun raqobatdosh bo'lgan "Exploring Company Ltd" ga asoslangan Mashonaland lekin umumiy iqtisodiy manfaatlar tufayli birlashgan va ta'minlash uchun Inglizlar hukumat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishi. Kompaniya a Qirollik xartiyasi inglizlarga taqlid qilgan East India kompaniyasi. Uning birinchi direktorlari kiritilgan Aberkornning ikkinchi gersogi, Rodsning o'zi va Janubiy Afrikalik moliyachi Alfred Beyt. Rods, BSAC Afrikaning janubiy-markaziy qismida kolonizatsiya va iqtisodiy ekspluatatsiyani targ'ib qiladi deb umid qildi ".Afrika uchun kurash ". Ammo, uning asosiy yo'nalishi janubga qaratilgan edi Zambezi, Mashonaland va uning sharqidagi qirg'oq mintaqalarida, u portugallarni pul yoki kuch bilan olib tashlashga ishongan va Transvaal, u Britaniya nazoratiga qaytishini umid qilgan.^[1]

Ta'kidlanishicha, Rodsning maqsadi Britaniyaning tijorat va siyosiy ta'sir doirasini yaratishdir.Keypdan Qohiraga ", ammo bu har qanday tijorat kompaniyasining imkoniyatlaridan tashqarida edi va investorlarga ular kutgan moliyaviy daromadlarni keltirmas edi. BSAC Mashonalandning oltin konlari boshqa sohalarni rivojlantirish uchun mablag 'beradi degan umidda yaratilgan. Markaziy Afrika, shu jumladan mineral boyliklari Katanga. Mashonalandning kutilgan boyligi amalga oshmaganida va Katanga tomonidan sotib olingan Kongo ozod shtati, ayniqsa, Zambezidan shimolda joylashgan temir yo'llarni qurgandan so'ng, kompaniya sezilarli rivojlanish uchun ozgina mablag 'qoldirdi. BSAC Zambezi shimolidagi erlarini zudlik bilan ekspluatatsiya qilish o'rniga, kelajak uchun iloji boricha arzonroq hudud sifatida qaradi.^[2]

Boshqaruvning bir qismi sifatida Janubiy Rodeziya 1923 yilgacha va Shimoliy Rodeziya 1924 yilgacha BSAC dastlab harbiylashtirilgan kuchlarni tashkil qildi, ammo keyinchalik ular odatdagi politsiya funktsiyalarini o'z ichiga oldi. Janubiy va Shimoliy Rodeziya ma'muriyatidan tashqari, BSAC ikkala Rodeziyada ham yer egaligi va foydali qazilmalarga bo'lgan huquqlarni talab qildi va Janubiy Rodeziyadagi erga bo'lgan da'volari 1918 yilda bekor qilingan bo'lsa-da, Shimoliy Rodeziyadagi er huquqlari va Janubiy Rodeziyada mineral huquqlar. mos ravishda 1924 va 1933 yillarda sotib olinishi kerak edi va Shimoliy Rodeziyada uning qazilma huquqlari 1964 yilgacha davom etdi. BSAC Rodeziya temir yo'l tizimini ham yaratdi va 1947 yilgacha u erda temir yo'llarga egalik qildi.

Korxona tarixi

Qirollik xartiyasi

Buyuk Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasi (BSAC) Qirollik Xartiyasi 1889 yil 20-dekabrda kuchga kirdi. Dastlab bu 25 yilga, keyinchalik yana 10 yilga uzaytirildi va 1924 yilda o'z kuchini yo'qotdi.^[3]

Kompaniya 1888 yil oktyabrda tuzilgan edi va Rodos 1889 yil martda Londonga kelganidan keyin (va uning Nizomi qabul qilinishidan oldin) uning shartlari bo'yicha munozaralar olib borildi. Ushbu munozaralarda Rods BSAC muzokarachilariga rahbarlik qildi. Angliya hukumati ushbu sxemani keng qo'llab-quvvatlaganiga qaramay, u va Janubiy Afrikaning oliy komissari u tayinlangan BSAC egallashi mumkin bo'lgan har qanday hudud uchun va barcha BSAC harakatlarini tasdiqlash yoki rad etish uchun yakuniy javobgarlikka ega bo'lishi kerak. Garchi Xartiyaning 3-bandida BSACga Buyuk Britaniya hukumati nomidan Markaziy Afrikaning keng (agar belgilanmagan) hududini boshqarish huquqi berilgan bo'lsa-da, bu ushbu vakolatlarni bu orqali olishiga bog'liq edi. shartnomalar mahalliy hukmdorlar bilan. 4 va 9-bandlarga ko'ra, Britaniya hukumati ham ushbu shartnomalarni qabul qilishi va BSACga ushbu vakolatlarni o'z nomidan amalga oshirishga ruxsat berishdan oldin hukmdorlar tomonidan berilgan har qanday vakolatlarni qabul qilishga rozi bo'lishi kerak edi.^[4]

Kengash bo'limlari

Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasi birinchi direktorlar kengashi, 1889 yil. Top qator: Horace Farquhar; Albert Grey; Alfred Beyt. O'rta qator: Fayf gersogi; C. J. Rods (Janubiy Afrikada asoschi va boshqaruvchi direktor); Aberkorn gersogi. Pastki qator: Lord Gifford, V.C.; Herbert konservasi (Kotib); Jorj Kavston.

BSAC Londonda joylashgan guruhning birlashishi edi Lord Gifford va Jorj Kavston va moliyaviy tomondan qo'llab-quvvatlandi Baron Natan de Rotshild, va Rodos va uning Janubiy Afrikadagi sheriklari, shu jumladan Alfred Beyt manbalari bilan De Beers Syndicate va Janubiy Afrikaning oltin konlari. Ushbu ikki guruh dastlab raqobatdosh bo'lgan, ammo umumiy iqtisodiy manfaatlar tufayli birlashgan. Gifford va Kavston manfaatlarini Bechuanaland Exploration Company va uning tarmog'i Exploring Company himoya qildi. Rods va uning sheriklari xavfsizlikni ta'minladilar Rud kontsessiyasi Ndebele qirolidan, Lobengula u Markaziy qidiruv birlashmasiga (keyinchalik Birlashgan Konsessiya Kompaniyasi deb o'zgartirildi) topshirildi va Exploring Companyga uning aksiyalarining taxminan to'rtdan biri berildi. Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrikadagi kompaniyasi Markaziy qidiruv assotsiatsiyasidan foydali qazilmalarni qazib olish huquqini ijaraga oldi va unga foydali qazilmalarni qazib olishdan tushgan sof foydasining yarmini to'ladi.^[2][5]

Boshidanoq Gifford Rodosni yoqtirmasdi, chunki u BSACda juda katta kuchga ega bo'ldi va uni chetga surib qo'ydi deb o'ylardi. Kawston Rodosni faqat tijorat faoliyatida emas, balki foyda keltiradigan tijorat faoliyatida qo'llab-quvvatladi. Boshqa to'rtta direktor boshqa aksiyadorlarning vakili sifatida tayinlandi. Aberkorn va Fayf kompaniyaning obro'sini ko'tarish uchun tegishli ravishda rais va uning o'rinbosari tayinlandi, ammo ular kompaniyani boshqarishda kam ishtirok etishdi. Afrikaga ilgari ham qiziqish bo'lmagan va Fayfning ish tajribasi yo'q edi. Albert Grey, keyinchalik Graf Grey Janubiy Afrikadagi Rodos va Londondagi hukumat amaldorlari o'rtasida aloqa sifatida faol rol o'ynagan. U va Horace Farquhar Londonning taniqli bankiri birinchi kengashni yakunladi.^[6]

Jeymson reydi va undan keyin

Ser Genri Loch Yoxannesburgda Britaniya sub'ektlari tomonidan ko'tarilgan taqdirda, Janubiy Afrika bo'yicha Oliy Komissar Transvaal hukumatini ag'darishni rejalashtirgan edi, 1893 yildayoq fuqarolik va siyosiy huquqlardan mahrum bo'lgan va mustamlaka kotibi, Lord Ripon, buni oldini olish uchun hech narsa qilmadi. Lochning 1895 yildan buyon Oliy Komissar sifatida vorisi, Ser Herkul Robinson ushbu rejalarni meros qilib oldi, ammo Loch, Robinson va Riponlardan hech biri bunday ko'tarilishni rag'batlantirish uchun hech qanday choralar ko'rmadi^{[iqtibos kerak ]}. Jozef Chemberlen 1895 yilda Ripon o'rnini egallagan Rhodes ko'tarilishni rejalashtirayotganidan deyarli xabardor edi, ammo tafsilotlar emas.^[7] Rodos va Jeymson Yoxannesburgga ko'tarilishga yordam berish va ehtimol targ'ib qilish uchun rejalar tuzdi. Earl Grey Londonda istiqomat qiladigan rejalar haqida bilgan yagona rejissyor edi Jeymson Reyd va u, Rodos va Beyt singari, bu bilimlarni boshqa BSAC direktorlari bilan bo'lishmagan. Grey rejaning hech bo'lmaganda bir qismini Jozef Chemberlenga etkazdi, u uni maxsus ma'qullashdan qochdi.^[8]

Reyd haqidagi yangiliklar BSAC direktorlarini hayratda qoldirdi, ular Beyt va Greydan tashqari rejadan hech narsa bilishmagan. Avvaliga Rods Jeymsonning xatti-harakatlari uchun javobgarlikni rad etdi, ammo keyingi fosh etilishi bilan u ular uchun to'liq javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi. BSAC kengashi kompaniyaga hujum qilinishini tan oldi va Rodosdan Londonga kelib, ular bilan uchrashishni so'radi. 1896 yil 5-fevralda bo'lib o'tgan Hay'at yig'ilishida Rods Jeymsonga qo'zg'olonni boshlash uchun emas, balki unga yordam berish uchun ruxsat berganligini va Britaniya hukumati uni qo'llab-quvvatlaganiga ishonganini da'vo qildi. U boshqaruvchi direktor lavozimidan ketishni taklif qildi, ammo Kawston va Giffordning uni qabul qilish talablariga qaramay, bu borada qaror qoldirildi. Biroq, Jeymson bosqinchilarining sudidan keyin Rodosni yanada ko'proq ayblashdi va Chemberlenning bosimidan so'ng, Rodos va Beyt 1896 yil iyun oyida direktor lavozimidan chetlashtirildi.^[9]

Ishdan bo'shatilgandan so'ng, Rods BSACning asosiy aktsiyadori bo'lib qoldi va u norasmiy ravishda uning ishlarida ishtirok etishda davom etdi. 1898 yilda Fayf gersogi va Lord Farquhar ikkalasi ham Kengash tarkibidan iste'foga chiqdilar; Rods va Beyt ularning o'rnini egalladi va Rodosning yana bir tarafdori ham Kengashga a'zo bo'ldi. Rods kompaniya ustidan to'liq nazoratni qayta qo'lga kiritgach, Kavston iste'foga chiqishga qaror qildi. Lord Gifford, ammo Rodos o'limigacha hukmronlik qilgan Kengashda qoldi.^[10]

Rodosdan keyin

Rods 1902 yilda vafotigacha BSAC ustidan samarali nazoratni saqlab qoldi, ammo Jeymson Reyddan keyin kompaniyaning Rodeziya ustidan mustamlaka idorasi bilan munosabatlari qiyinlashdi, chunki mustamlaka idorasi kompaniyani tan olishni istamaganligi sababli uning tijorat manfaatlariga emas ma'muriyat. Rodsning vafotidan so'ng, BSAC direktorlari kompaniyani tijorat jihatdan daromadli qilishga harakat qildilar, ammo 1924 yilgacha u juda foydasiz edi, chunki uning ma'muriy xarajatlari tijorat daromadlaridan ustun edi va bu davrda hech qachon dividend to'lamadi. 1908 yildagi Britaniyadagi moliyaviy inqirozdan so'ng, uning aktsiyalari qiymati keskin pasayib ketdi: 1908-1912 yillarda uning ustav kapitali 6 million funtdan 12 million funtga ko'tarilishi kerak edi va biznesda qolish uchun katta kreditlar zarur edi.^[11] Yig'ilgan defitsit o'sishi bilan aktsiyalarning qiymati 1920 yillarga qadar pasayishda davom etdi.^[12]

Taxminan 1920 yildan boshlab kompaniya Janubiy va Shimoliy Rodeziyaning birlashishini ma'qulladi, so'ngra ularni Janubiy Afrika Ittifoqiga qo'shdilar va bu haqda Janubiy Afrika rahbarlari bilan bahslashdi. Janubiy Afrika BSAC manfaatlarini sotib olish uchun qulay shartlarni taklif qildi va kompaniya kelgusidagi ma'muriy xarajatlardan ozod qilinadi. Janubiy Rodeziya mas'uliyatli hukumatni qo'lga kiritganida, BSAC Shimoliy Rodeziya ma'muriyati uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmasida qoldirishni istamadi, lekin u yerdagi tijorat manfaatlarini, xususan kon qazish va erga bo'lgan huquqlarini saqlab qolishni xohladi. Buning uchun Britaniya hukumati bilan Rodeziyaning ikkala qismi uchun kelishuv bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishi kerak edi. Ikki tomon 1922 yil oxirida o'zaro shubha muhitida muzokaralarni boshladilar, ammo baribir 1923 yil 29 sentyabrda Janubiy va Shimoliy Rodeziya bo'yicha barcha hal qilinmagan savollarni hal qilish to'g'risida kelishuvga erishdilar.^[13]

1925 yildan vafotigacha 1937 yilda ser Genri Bircheno, kompaniyaning sobiq direktori, prezident bo'lib ishlagan.

1924 yildan keyin BSACning huquqlari unga 1920-yillarning oxiridan boshlab Zambiya mustaqilligi arafasida 1964 yilda tugatilgunga qadar, ayniqsa Shimoliy Rodeziya Mis ko'prigi rivojlanishidan katta miqdordagi gonorarlarni yig'ib olishga imkon berdi. 1930-yillarda BSAC bunga erishdi. qazib olingan barcha mislarga royalti yig'ish va asosiy konchilik kompaniyalarining yirik aktsiyadori bo'lgan. Shuning uchun dekolonizatsiyaga qadar kompaniya juda foydali sarmoyaviy imkoniyatga aylandi va investorlarga juda katta daromad keltirdi.^[14]

Hududiy sotib olish

Rodeziya

Hududni egallashning birinchi bosqichi mahalliy hukmdorlar bilan shartnomalar tuzish edi. Ndebele qiroli Lobengula, Angliyaning oldindan roziligisiz boshqa biron bir kuch bilan shartnoma tuzmaslikka rozi bo'lgan va BSACga kon qazish bo'yicha imtiyozlar bergan (shu jumladan, kompaniyaning ularni himoya qilish huquqi), u har qanday narsani boshqalarga topshirishdan bosh tortgan. Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasiga hukumatning umumiy vakolatlari. Biroq, BSAC mustamlaka idorasini protektorat e'lon qilishi kerakligiga ishontirdi, chunki bir guruh fuqarolar Transvaal respublikasi Lui Adendorff boshchiligida kesib o'tishni rejalashtirgan Limpopo daryosi joylashish va e'lon qilish a respublika Mashonalandda. Dastlab Mashonalendni qamrab olgan va keyinroq 1891 yil 9 maydagi Kengash buyrug'i bilan protektorat e'lon qilindi. Matabeleland. Adendorff partiyasi 1891 yil iyun oyida Limpopodan o'tishga urindi, ammo BSAC politsiyasining kuchi orqaga qaytdi.^[15][16]

The Lozi ning Barotseland shohligini tashkil qilgan, Levanika 1876 ​​yilda o'z hukmronligini boshlagan, ammo 1884 yilda hokimiyatdan haydalgan. 1885 yilda qaytib kelganidan so'ng, ichki hokimiyat uchun kurashlar va Ndebele bosqini xavfi haqidagi xavotiri uni Evropadan himoya izlashga undagan. U so'radi Fransua Koillard ning Parij evangelist missionerlik jamiyati unga Lozilarga Britaniya protektoratini izlash uchun ariza yozishda yordam berish uchun missiya tuzgan. Bu 1889 yil avgustda mustamlaka idorasiga etib bordi, ammo uni qabul qilish uchun darhol choralar ko'rilmadi. Bundan oldin ham Sesil Rods BSAC uchun Qirollik Xartiyasini olishga urinayotganda, Barotselandni kompaniya faoliyati uchun qulay maydon va Katanga mis konlariga kirish eshigi deb hisoblagan.^[17] Rods Frenk Lochnerni Barotselandga imtiyoz olish uchun yubordi va Britaniya hukumatiga Barotseland protektorati xarajatlarini to'lash to'g'risida taklif qildi. Lochner BSAC Britaniya hukumati vakili degan noto'g'ri tushunchaga homiylik qildi va 1890 yil 27-iyun kuni Levanika eksklyuziv mineral kontsessiyaga rozilik berdi. Bu (Lochner imtiyozi) kompaniyaga yillik subsidiya va inglizlarni himoya qilish va'dasi evaziga Levanika eng buyuk hukmdor bo'lgan butun hududda kon qazish huquqini berdi, bu Lochner berish huquqiga ega emas edi. Biroq, BSAC Tashqi ishlar vazirligiga Lozi Britaniyaning himoyasini qabul qilgan deb maslahat berdi.^[18]

Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrikadagi kompaniyasining shtampida foydalanish uchun favqulodda emissiya valyutasini tasdiqlash uchun foydalanilgan Bulawayo tomonidan tasdiqlangan Xyu Marshal Xol.

Tashqi ishlar idorasida taxmin qilingan protektoratning tabiati va darajasi to'g'risida eslatmalar mavjud edi va u hech qachon Lochner kontsessiyasini sanksiya qilmadi, chunki u BSACga ma'muriy huquqlar bermadi va BSAC Nizomida taqiqlangan monopoliyalarni jalb qildi.^[19] Biroq, Portugaliya hukumati bilan muzokaralarda Barotseland Britaniyaning ta'sir doirasiga kirganligi va 1891 yildagi Angliya-Portugaliya shartnomasi Barotse qirolligi hududini Angliya sohasiga ajratdi, garchi Angola bilan chegara 1905 yilgacha o'rnatilmagan bo'lsa.^[20] Levanika shartnoma shartlari unga noto'g'rilanganiga norozilik bildirdi. 1895 yilgacha Barotselandga hech qanday BSAC ma'muri yuborilmadi va 1897 yilgacha qolgan birinchi ma'mur Forbes ma'muriyatni barpo etish uchun juda oz harakat qildi. Tashqi ishlar vazirligi Lochner konsessiyasining Barotseland ustidan Britaniya protektoratini tuzganiga yoki BSACga hududni boshqarish uchun har qanday huquqlarni berganiga amin bo'lmaganligi sababli, yangi konsessiya zarur deb hisobladi. 1896 yilda BSAC rasmiysi ushbu imtiyozni ta'minlash uchun doimiy komissar etib tayinlanishiga kelishib olindi. Birinchi tayinlangan kishi o'z lavozimini egallashdan oldin vafot etdi, ammo 1897 yil oktyabrda, Robert Koryndon Barotselandga doimiy komissar sifatida etib bordi. Korindon, Sesil Rodsning sobiq kotibi va a'zosi Kashshoflar ustuni, BSAC tomonidan taklif qilingan va uning tayinlanishi Buyuk Britaniya hukumati vakili sifatida Janubiy Afrika Respublikasi Oliy Komissari tomonidan tasdiqlangan. Rezident sifatida Cornndon Barotselandni avvalgi anomal pozitsiyasini hal qilib, Britaniya protektorati deb e'lon qildi. Koryndon shuningdek, 1890 yilgi mineral kontsessiya BSACga er grantlarini berish huquqini bermaganligini tasdiqladi.^[21] 1897 yilda Levanika yangi konsessiyani imzoladi (Korindon kontsessiyasi), bu BSACga er grantlarini berish huquqini va qirol sudlariga parallel ravishda yurisdiktsiyani o'rnatish huquqini berdi. Keyingi, 1900 yilda, Levanika (Barotse imtiyozi) qo'shimcha shartnomasini imzoladi, bu kelishuv avvalgi imtiyozlardan so'ng yuzaga kelgan va 1899 yildagi Kengashdagi Barotseland-Shimoliy G'arbiy Rodeziya buyrug'iga mos ravishda tuzilgan.^[22][23]

1899 yilgacha Barotselanddan tashqarida Shimoliy Rodeziya 1891 yil 9 maydagi Kengash buyrug'iga binoan boshqarilgan bo'lib, unda tegishli hududga aniq chegaralar o'rnatilmagan. 1911 yilgacha Shimoliy Rodeziya ikkita alohida hudud sifatida boshqarilgan, Shimoliy-G'arbiy Rodeziya va Shimoliy-Sharqiy Rodeziya. Birinchisi 1899 yilgi Barotseland va Shimoliy-G'arbiy Rodeziya, keyinroq 1900 yildagi Shimoliy-Sharqiy Rodeziya buyrug'i bilan Buyuk Britaniyaning hududi sifatida tan olingan. BSAC ma'murlari, ulardan birinchisi Shimoliy-Sharqiy Rodeziya uchun 1895 yilda tayinlangan. Shimoliy-G'arbiy Rodeziyada birinchi ma'mur 1897 yilda Barotselandga tayinlanib, 1900 yilda barcha Shimoliy-G'arbiy Rodeziya uchun ma'mur bo'ldi.^[24][25]

Boshqa sohalar

1890 yilda, Alfred Sharpe Katanga sotib olish maqsadida ekspeditsiya o'tkazdi. U faqat Shimoliy-Sharqiy Rodeziyadagi mahalliy hukmdorlar bilan shartnoma tuzishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, keyinchalik ularning bir nechtasi shartnoma hujjatlari mazmuni ularga noto'g'ri berilgan deb da'vo qildilar. Katanga tarkibiga kirdi Kongo ozod shtati. Kongo Erkin Shtati va Buyuk Britaniya hududi o'rtasidagi chegara 1894 yilda tuzilgan shartnoma bilan belgilandi. Faqatgina ushbu shartnoma va 1895 yilda Shimoliy-Sharqiy Rodeziya uchun alohida ma'mur tayinlangandan so'ng bu hudud samarali BSAC nazorati ostiga olindi.^[26]

Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrikadagi kompaniyasi ham manfaatlarni sotib olishni ko'rib chiqdi Bechuanaland protektorati va Nyasaland, dastlab "deb nomlangan Britaniya Markaziy Afrika protektorati. 1889 yildagi nizomi bo'yicha muzokaralar paytida kompaniya allaqachon Britaniya protektorati bo'lgan Bechuanalend ma'muriyatini o'z zimmasiga olish va u bilan ishlash va ehtimol ular bilan birlashish imkoniyatlarini muhokama qildi. Afrika ko'llari Nyasalendda faoliyat yuritgan kompaniya. 1889 yil 29 oktyabrda Qirollik Xartiyasi Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasi politsiyasini tuzishga ruxsat berdi.^[27] Ushbu tadbirda BSAC Bechuanaland ma'muriyatini o'z zimmasiga olmadi, ammo 1892 yildan Bechuanaland chegara politsiyasining xarajatlarini o'z zimmasiga oldi, u 1896 yildan Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika politsiyasi bilan birlashtirildi.^[28][29] 1896 yil 1-aprelda Bechuanaland chegara politsiyasi Bechuanaland politsiyasi (BMP) deb o'zgartirildi.^[27]

Afrika ko'llari kompaniyasi o'zi bo'lishga harakat qilar edi Chartered Company 1880-yillarning oxirlarida va Rodos 1889 yilda BSAC bilan birlashishini muhokama qilishdi. Biroq, Tashqi ishlar vazirligi Afrika ko'llar kompaniyasini biron bir hududni boshqarish uchun yaroqsiz deb topdi va 1890 yilga kelib BSAC ushbu kompaniyani birlashtirish o'rniga uni boshqarishni xohladi. . Lakes Company direktorlari qarshilik ko'rsatdilar, ammo 1893 yilga kelib ular quvib chiqarildi. 1891 yilda Britaniya Markaziy Afrika protektorati BSAC uning ma'muriyati xarajatlariga hissa qo'shishini tushungan holda e'lon qilindi. Biroq, uning komissari Garri Jonson BSAC tayinlovchisi sifatida ishlashdan bosh tortdi, xususan Rodosning protektoratdagi barcha toj yerlari BSAC boshqaruviga o'tkazilishi va Jonson Afrika erlarini unga o'tkazilishini osonlashtirishi kerakligi to'g'risida.^[30]

Portugaliya bilan tortishuv

19-asrning boshlarida Mozambikdagi samarali Portugaliya hukumati faqat portlar bilan cheklangan edi Mozambik oroli, Ibo, Kelimane, Sofala, Inhambane va Lourenço Markes va postlar Sena va Tete Zambezi vodiysida. Portugaliya da'vo qilgan bo'lsa-da suverenitet ustida Angoche va musulmonlarning bir qancha kichik qirg'oq shaharlari deyarli mustaqil edi.^[31][32] Zambezi vodiysida Portugaliya ham tashabbus ko'rsatgan edi Prazo nominal portugal hukmronligi ostida ijaraga olingan yirik mulklar tizimi. 18-asrning oxiriga kelib, Zambezi vodiysidagi bu maydon va undan pastroq Shire daryosi o'zlarini portugal sub'ektlari deb da'vo qilgan, ammo deyarli mustaqil bo'lgan bir nechta oilalar tomonidan nazorat qilingan.^[33] Bugungi Mozambikning janubiy va markaziy qismlarining ichki qismida, portugallar nazorati ostiga ham qo'yilmagan. Portugaliyaliklarning boyligi 1830 va 40-yillarda, Lourenso Markes 1833 yilda ishdan bo'shatilganida va Sofala 1835 yilda; Zumbo 1836 yilda tashlab ketilgan; Afro-portugaliyalik ko'chmanchilar yaqinida Vila de Sena ga o'lpon to'lashga majbur bo'ldilar G'azo imperiyasi va Angoche 1847 yilda qullar savdosiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun portugaliyaliklarning urinishlariga qarshi kurash olib bordi. Ammo 1840 yillarga kelib Portugaliya hukumati prazolarni va musulmonlarning qirg'oqdagi shaharlarini o'zlarining samarali nazorati ostiga olish uchun bir qator harbiy harakatlarni boshladi.^[34][35]

Bosh qonuni Berlin konferentsiyasi Samarali bosib olish printsipini joriy etgan 1885 yil 26-fevraldagi Mozambikdagi portugaliyaliklarning da'volariga zarar etkazishi mumkin edi. 34-modda, Afrikaning qirg'oqlarida avvalgi mulklaridan tashqarida er sotib oluvchi kuchdan Qonunni imzolagan boshqa davlatlarga xabar berishlarini talab qildi, shuning uchun ular bunday da'volarga qarshi chiqishlari mumkin edi. Qonunning 35-moddasida huquqlar ilgari kolonizatsiya qilinmagan erlarga nisbatan faqat agar ularni talab qilayotgan kuch mavjud huquqlarni va savdo erkinligini himoya qilish uchun etarli vakolat o'rnatgan bo'lsa olinishi mumkinligi nazarda tutilgan. Bu odatda mahalliy hukmdorlar bilan shartnomalar tuzish, ma'muriyat tuzish va politsiya vakolatlarini amalga oshirishni nazarda tutgan. Dastlab Portugaliya Berlin shartnomasi tatbiq etilmagan deb da'vo qildi va xabarnomalar berish yoki samarali ishg'olni o'rnatish talab qilinmadi, chunki Portugaliyaning Mozambik sohiliga bo'lgan da'vosi asrlar davomida mavjud bo'lib, hech qachon hal qilinmagan.^[36][37]

Biroq, Buyuk Britaniya rasmiylari ushbu talqinni qabul qilmadilar, chunki 1884 yil yanvar oyida Mozambik orolida joylashgan Britaniyaning konsuli Genri O'Nil shunday dedi:

"Janubiy Afrikada uning (Angliya) uchun ochiq maydon mavjud bo'lib, uni to'sib qo'yishga ozgina siyosiy to'siq xalaqit beradi. Biz, albatta, Portugaliya hukmronligi sohasiga murojaat qilamiz. Bu haqiqat, hozircha Portugaliya faqat nomidan mustamlaka kuchi bo'lgan. Sharqiy Afrikadagi portugal mustamlakalari haqida gapirish shunchaki fantastika haqida gapirish demakdir - bu dengiz bo'yidagi bir nechta tarqoq aholi punktlari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan fantastika, ularning tor sohil bo'yi va mahalliy chegaralari mustamlaka chegaralaridan tashqarida. va hukumat mavjud emas. "^[38]

Mozambik va O'Nil ichki makonning ichki qismidagi inglizlarning loyihalarini portugal egallamagan deb da'vo qilish uchun Joakim Karlos Paiva de Andrada 1884 yilda samarali ishg'olni o'rnatish uchun topshirilgan va u to'rt sohada faol bo'lgan. Birinchidan, 1884 yilda u shaharchasini tashkil etdi Beyra va aksariyati Portugaliyaning ishg'oli Sofala viloyati. Ikkinchidan, 1884 yilda u yana ishg'ol qilingan va Afro-Portugaliya oilalari 1860-yillardan buyon savdo-sotiq qilib, o'rnashib olgan Zumbo shahrining 180 kilometr radiusidagi maydonni imtiyozga ega qildi. Andrada zudlik bilan biron bir ma'muriyat o'rnatmagan bo'lsa ham, 1889 yilda Zambezi tutashgan joydan tashqarida forpost tashkil etildi va Kafue daryosi va Zumbo ma'muriy okrugi tashkil etildi.^[39][40][41] Uchinchidan, 1889 yilda Andrada Manikaga yana bir imtiyoz berildi, bu ikkala hududni qamrab oldi Manika viloyati Mozambik va Manikaland viloyati Zimbabve. Andrada ushbu hududning ko'p qismida shartnomalar tuzishga va ibtidoiy ma'muriyatni o'rnatishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, ammo u 1890 yil noyabrda Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasi qo'shinlari tomonidan hibsga olingan va haydab chiqarilgan. Va nihoyat, shuningdek, 1889 yilda Andrada shimoliy Mashonalendni kesib o'tdi Mashonaland Markaziy viloyati ning Zimbabve, shartnomalarni olish. U Portugaliya hukumatini ushbu shartnomalar to'g'risida xabardor qila olmadi, shuning uchun bu da'volar boshqa kuchlarga rasmiy ravishda berilmagan, chunki Berlin shartnomasi talab qilgan. Britaniya hukumati har qanday bahsli da'volarni hakamlik sudiga yuborishdan bosh tortdi va 1890 yil 11-yanvarda, Lord Solsberi yubordi 1890 yilgi Britaniya Ultimatum Portugaliya hukumatiga Portugaliyaning qo'shinlarini Afrikadagi Portugaliya va Angliya manfaatlari to'qnashgan joylardan olib chiqilishini talab qildi.^[42]

Chegaralarni aniqlash

Hududni egallashning so'nggi bosqichi boshqa Evropa kuchlari bilan ikki tomonlama shartnomalar tuzish edi. 1891 yildagi Angliya-Portugaliya shartnomasi imzolangan bitim edi Lissabon 1891 yil 11-iyunda Buyuk Britaniya va Portugaliya. Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasi tomonidan boshqariladigan hududlar orasidagi chegaralarni o'rnatdi Mashonaland va Matabeleland, endi Zimbabve qismlari va Shimoliy-Sharqiy Rodeziya (endi qismi Zambiya ) va Portugaliyaning Mozambik. U g'arbiy qismini Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasiga berib, Manikani ajratdi. Shuningdek, BSAC tomonidan boshqariladigan hudud o'rtasidagi chegaralarni o'rnatdi Shimoliy-G'arbiy Rodeziya (hozir Zambiyada) va Portugal Angolasi.^[43][44] Angliya hududlarining shimoliy chegarasi 1890 yilda Angliya-Germaniya konvensiyasi doirasida kelishib olingan. Britaniyaning Markaziy Afrika protektorati va hozirgi Janubiy Afrikaning Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasi hududi o'rtasidagi chegara hozirgi Zambiyada 1891 yilda drenaj bo'linishi Malavi ko'li va Luangva daryosi.^[45]

Dastlabki boshqaruv

Zambezidan shimolda yoki janubda turli protektoratlar tuzilgan shartnomalarning shartlari ularni imzolagan hukmdorlarga o'z xalqlari ustidan muhim vakolatlarni saqlab qolishlarini nazarda tutgan. Shunga qaramay, Buyuk Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrikadagi kompaniyasi yoki urush yo'li bilan an'anaviy hukmdorlarning vakolatlarini tugatdi yoki o'zlarining rasmiylarini ularning ko'p qismini egallab olishga undash orqali ularni yo'q qildi. 20-asrning birinchi o'n yilligining oxiriga kelib qolgan an'anaviy hukmdorlar faqat tantanali rollar bilan cheklandilar.^[46]

BSAC Mashonaland ma'murini tayinladi, u mustamlakachi gubernatorga o'xshash vazifani bajarishni maqsad qilgan va keyinchalik tumanlarga mas'ul yordamchilarni tayinlagan. Birinchi ma'mur, A. R. Colquhoun, 1890 yil oktyabrda, ko'p o'tmay tayinlangan Kashshoflar ustuni etib kelgan edi Solsberi. Birinchidan, Britaniya hukumati Colquhounni tan olishdan bosh tortdi va gubernatorni tayinladi Bechuanaland yangi protektoratni zudlik bilan boshqaradi va Janubiy Afrikadagi Oliy Komissar nazorat qiladi. Gubernator 1891 yil iyulda Bosh sudyani tayinlash orqali ma'murni qonuniylashtirdi va Britaniya hukumati ma'muriyat xarajatlarini istamagani uchun BSAC nazoratiga o'tdi. Ma'mur Bosh Magistrat sifatida Mashonalandning turli joylarida tartibni saqlash uchun mas'ul yordamchilar tayinladi va shulardan tuman ma'muriyati rivojlandi. Biroq, Colquhoun va uning o'rnini bosuvchi 1891 yil avgustda Leander Starr Jeymson, 20 dan kam ma'muriy xodimlar bor edi, asosan tajribasizlar, shuning uchun hukumat minimal edi.^[47][48] Oliy komissar odatda Keyptaunda istiqomat qilganligi sababli, Rodeziyada uning vakili sifatida doimiy komissar tayinlangan. Dastlabki BSAC ma'murlari ikki tomonlama rolga ega edilar, ular kompaniya tomonidan ma'murlar va Crown tomonidan bosh magistratura tomonidan tayinlangan. Ularning mavqei 1894 yilda, Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasini o'sha paytda Shimoliy va Janubiy qismlarga bo'linmagan Rodeziya deb nomlana boshlagan narsani boshqarish uchun tayinlaganida, muntazam ravishda amalga oshirildi. 1898 yilda Janubiy Rodeziyada BSAC ma'muriga va Janubiy Afrika Respublikasi Oliy komissariga huquqiy masalalarda maslahat berish uchun Qonunchilik Kengashi tashkil etilgan.^[49][50]

Zambezi shimolidagi ma'muriyat 1901 yilgacha ibtidoiy edi. Shimoliy-Sharqiy Rodeziyada, Abercorn va Fayf forpostlar bilan mustahkamlangan va Shimoliy-Sharqiy Rodeziya ma'muri bu erda istiqomat qilgan Blantir gacha Britaniya Markaziy Afrika Protektoratida Fort Jeymson bosh qarorgohi sifatida 1899 yilda tashkil etilgan. Barotziland-Shimoliy-G'arbiy Rodeziyada 1901 yilgacha Kotibiyat yo'q edi.^[51]

Yer siyosati

Janubiy Rodeziya

Kashshoflar kolonnasi Janubiy Rodeziyaga kirgandan so'ng, evropalik ko'chmanchilarga er berish Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasi tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan birinchi masalalardan biri bo'ldi. Matabele hokimiyati to'xtatildi, ozodlik erga egalik huquqi joriy etildi va evropaliklarga begonalashtirish uchun BSAC tomonidan katta traktlar sotib olindi.^[52] 1891 yilda Mashonaland ma'muriga aylangan Jeymson Rodosning tayinlovchisi bo'lgan va u Rodosning rejalari deb o'ylagan narsani Rodos tomonidan ozgina nazorati ostida va Londondagi BSAC kengashi tomonidan amalga oshirilgan. Jeymson 1891-1893 yillarda rejissyorlarning shikoyatlari uni to'xtatmaguncha ozgina foyda olish uchun juda katta miqdordagi er grantlarini berdi (garchi Rodos 1896 yilgacha yana bir nechta yirik grantlarni ma'qullagan bo'lsa ham). Ushbu siyosat keyinchalik ko'chib kelganlarning ruhini tushirib yubordi, ular faqat yuqori sifatli erlarni ushbu grant oluvchilardan sotib olishlari mumkin edi.^[53]

Ingliz qonunchiligi Janubiy Rodeziyada ham, Shimoliy Rodeziyada ham qo'llanilganligi sababli, begonalashtirilmagan barcha erlar printsipial jihatdan Crown land. Biroq, har ikkala hududda BSAC boshqa xususiy mulkda bo'lmagan erga egalik huquqini da'vo qildi, chunki u Crown emas, uni egallab olgan yoki u olgan turli xil imtiyozlar ostida. Shuningdek, u ushbu erni egasi sifatida begonalashtirish huquqini talab qildi. 1890 va 1891 yillarda mustamlaka idorasi va Oliy Komissar BSACning Mashonalanddagi erga egalik huquqini olganligini qabul qildi.^[54] Matebele urushlaridan so'ng, kompaniya 1894 yilda Ndebele qiroli, Lobengula egalik qilgan, ammo uni yo'qotgan. Mustamlaka idorasi bunga qarshi chiqdi, ammo BSACdan Afrika aholisi uchun etarli erlarni zaxiralashni talab qiladigan darajada.^[55]

1894 yilda afrikaliklarni quruqlikka joylashtirish bilan shug'ullanadigan Yer komissiyasi tayinlandi. Komissiya mahalliy ishg'ol uchun ikkita katta hududni ajratishni tavsiya qildi Shangani va Matabelelanddagi Gvai qo'riqxonalari, taxminan 2 486 000 akr. Evropaliklar kelguniga qadar afrikaliklar Janubiy Rodeziya bo'lgan joyda deyarli 100,000,000 akrni egallab olishgan. Yer komissiyasining rejasi shu qadar noto'g'ri qarorni ko'rsatdi va ajratish asoslari shunchalik o'ylanmagan ediki, mahalliy aholini ushbu ikki hudud ichida cheklashga urinish hech qachon haqiqatan ham amalga oshirilmadi. Afrikadagi erlar uchun munosib sharoitlarni yaratmaslik 1896 yildagi Matabele va Mashona qo'zg'olonlarining asosiy sabablaridan biri bo'lishi mumkin edi. Ushbu qo'zg'olonlardan so'ng BSAC Janubiy Rodeziya afrikaliklariga qishloq xo'jaligi va chorvachilik talablari, shu jumladan kirish huquqi uchun etarli er ajratishi kerak edi. etarli suv. 1902 yilga kelib mahalliy aholi soni 530 ming kishini tashkil etgan ushbu ko'rsatma asosida mahalliy zaxiralar tashkil etildi. Keyinchalik o'zgartirishlar kiritilgan bo'lsa-da, er ajratishning asosiy namunasi mustaqillikka qadar saqlanib qoldi. Qo'riqxonalarni aniqlash uchun mas'ul bo'lgan Evropa okrugi zobitlariga har bir oila uchun 9 dan 15 gektargacha ekin maydonlari va etarli yaylovga ruxsat berilishi tavsiya qilingan, ammo ular mamlakat haqida geografik ma'lumotlarga ega emas va xaritalar yo'q edi. 1910 yilda mahalliy ishlar bo'yicha tergov qo'mitasi tashkil etildi, u juda ozgina o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirdi. Qo'mitaning erlarni taqsimlash qismi evropaliklar uchun 19 million akrni va Afrikada 700 mingga yaqin aholisi bo'lgan mahalliy qo'riqxonalar uchun 21,4 million akrni tashkil etdi. 51,6 million gektar maydon tayinlanmagan, ammo kelajakda evropaliklar uchun begonalashtirilishi mumkin edi.^[56]

1918 yilda u Maxfiy Kengashning Sud qo'mitasi Janubiy Rodeziya ishi bo'yicha Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrikadagi kompaniyasi Mashonaland va Matabelelandni bosib olgan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa ham, u Britaniya tojining agenti sifatida ishlagan, shuning uchun er tojlarga aylangan deb qaror qildi. . Sud Janubiy Rodeziyaga aylangan mahalliy aholi ilgari erga egalik qilgan, ammo BSACni bosib olish natijasida uni yo'qotgan deb tan oldi.^[57] Biroq, Xususiy Kengash qaroridan keyin ham Britaniya hukumati BSACga Janubiy Rodeziyadagi o'zlashtirilmagan erlarni boshqarishni davom ettirishga ruxsat berdi va ularning Xartiyasi tugagandan so'ng, hududni boshqarishda ko'rgan zararini kelgusidagi sotuvlar evaziga qoplashga qaror qildi. ushbu erlardan yoki Britaniya hukumatidan. 1923 yilda Xartiyani tugatish bo'yicha muzokaralarda Angliya hukumati ushbu defitsitning bir qismini moliyalashtirishga rozi bo'ldi, ammo qolgan qismini to'lash majburiyatini Janubiy Rodeziyaning o'ziga yukladi.^[58]

1920 yilda ba'zi bir kichik zaxiralar qayta tashkil qilindi va deyarli 900 ming afrikalikni eksklyuziv foydalanish va egallash uchun mo'ljallangan 21,6 million akrlik 83 ta tabiiy zaxiralar tan olindi. Buning umumiy sonidan qariyb 3 million gektar har qanday qishloq xo'jaligida foydalanish uchun yaroqsiz edi. 1925 yilda BSAC ma'muriyati tugagandan so'ng qayta ko'rib chiqilganda, Evropa va Afrika erlarini qattiq ajratish talab qilindi, shu bilan birga Afrikadan foydalanish uchun biroz ko'proq er ajratildi.^[59]

Shimoliy Rodeziya

In Northern Rhodesia, the BSAC claimed ownership of all the unalienated land in the territory, and the right to alienate it. Europeans occupied land along the line of the railway and near the towns, but generally there was no land shortage, as the population density was lower than in Southern Rhodesia, and the European population was much lower. In 1913, BSAC drew up plans for Native Reserves along Southern Rhodesian lines, outside which Africans would have no right to own or occupy land, but these plans were not implemented until 1928, after company administration ended.^[60]

The Privy Council decision on Southern Rhodesia raised questions about the BSAC claim to the unalienated lands north of the Zambezi. However, the company's claim in Northern Rhodesia was based on concessions granted rather than conquest and, although a parliamentary Committee in 1921 recommended that these claims also should be referred to the Privy Council, the British government preferred to negotiate an overall settlement for the end of BSAC administration in Northern Rhodesia. This effectively acknowledged the company's claim.^[58] Under an Agreement of 29 September 1923, the Northern Rhodesian government took over the entire control of lands previously controlled by BSAC from 1 April 1924, paying the company half the net rents and the proceeds of certain land sales.^[61]

Temir yo'llar

Railway policies

The British South Africa Company was responsible for building the Rhodesian railway system in the period of primary construction which ended in 1911, when the main line through Northern Rhodesia reached the Congo border and the Katanga copper mines. Rhodes' original intention was for a railway extending across the Zambesi to Lake Tanganyika, popularly considered as part of a great "Cape to Cairo" railway linking all the British colonies of Africa. Rhodes was as much a capitalist in his motivation as a visionary, and when little gold was found in Mashonaland, he accepted that even the scheme to reach Lake Tanganyika had no economic justification. Railways built by private companies without government subsidies need enough of the type of traffic that can pay high freight rates to recover their construction costs. The agricultural products that fuelled much of Rhodesia's early economic growth could not provide this traffic; large quantities of minerals could. Most early railways in Africa were built by the British government rather than Chartered Companies. The need to raise capital and produce dividends prevented most Chartered Companies from undertaking such infrastructure investments. However, in the early period of railway construction, the BSAC obtained finance from South African companies including Consolidated Gold Fields and De Beers in which Rhodes was a dominant force. BSAC also benefitted from the large, but not unlimited personal fortunes of Rhodes and Beit before their deaths.^[62][63]

Development of routes

Lord Gifford and his Bechuanaland Exploring Company had won the right to construct a private railway north from the terminus of the Cape Government Railways da Kimberli into Bechuanaland in 1888. Rhodes was initially against this extension, in part because Gifford was a competitor but also for reasons of Cape politics. However, when Rhodes and Gifford joined forces, BSAC had to take on this railway obligation to gain its Charter. Rhodes promised that BSAC would spend £500,000 on building a railway through Bechuanaland, half of BSAC's total initial share capital. Temir yo'l yetdi Vryburg in 1890, stopping there until 1893 because of the poor financial state of BSAC and disappointing reports about gold in Mashonaland and Matabeleland. BSAC remained cautious about railway building until 1896, when African uprisings threatening its investment made railway links to Southern Rhodesia imperative.^[64]

The line from Kimberley reached Bulawayo in 1897, and a connection to Solsberi was completed in 1902. By then Southern Rhodesia already had a rail outlet to the Mozambican port of Beira. This was completed by the Beira Railway Company, a subsidiary company of the BSAC, as a narrow gauge railway qanchalik Umtali in 1898. In the next year, a line from Salisbury to Umtali was completed which, like the Kimberley to Bulawayo line, was at the Cape gauge of 3 feet 6 inches. The Umtali to Beira section was widened to Cape gauge in 1899 and 1900. These lines were proposed before the economic potential of the Rhodesias was fully known, and in the hope that the expected gold discoveries would promote economic development. Rhodesia's gold deposits proved disappointing, and it was the coal of Wankie that first provided the traffic and revenue to fund railway construction to the north. After the discovery of its huge coal reserves, a branch to Wankie from the main line from Bulawayo (which had been extended to cross the Victoria Falls in 1902) was completed in 1903.^[63][65]

The next section was to Broken Hill, which the railway reached in 1906. BSAC was assured that there would be much traffic from its lead and zinc mines, but this did not materialise because technical mining problems. The railway could not meet the costs of the construction loans, and the company faced major financial problems, which were already serious because of the cost of widening the Beira railway. The only area likely to generate sufficient mineral traffic to relieve these debts was Katanga. Initially, the Congo Free State had concluded that Katanga's copper deposits were not rich enough to justify the capital cost of building a railway to the coast, but expeditions between 1899 and 1901 proved their value. Copper deposits found in Northern Rhodesia before the First World War proved uneconomic to develop.^[66]

In 1906 Union Minière du Haut Katanga was formed to exploit the Katanga mines. King Leopold favoured a railway route entirely in Congolese territory, linked to the Congo River. An Angolan railway from Lobito Bay to Katanga was also proposed, but in 1908, the BSAC agreed with Leopold to continuing the Rhodesian railway to Elizabethville and the mines. Between 1912, when full-scale copper production began, until 1928 when a Congolese line was completed, almost all of Katanga's copper was shipped over the Rhodesian network to Beira. Even after the Congo route was opened, up to a third of Katanga's copper went to Beira, and the mine's the supply of coal and coke mostly came from Wankie, the cheapest available source. This railway's revenue from Katanga enabled it to carry agricultural produce at low rates. Large-scale development of the Copperbelt only began in the late 1920s, with an increasing world market for copper. Transport was no problem as only short branches had to be built to connect the Copperbelt to the main line. The Beira route was well established and the BSAC wanted to prevent the Copperbelt companies taking advantage of other routes it did not control. The Benguela Railway to Angola, completed in 1931, provided the shortest, most direct route for copper from both Katanga and Northern Rhodesia, but it was never used to full capacity because both the Congo and the Rhodesias restricted its traffic in favour of their own lines.^[67]

When the BSAC administration of the Rhodesias was terminated, an agreement between the Colonial Secretary and the company of 29 September 1923 recognised that BSAC was entitled to protection because of the size of its railway investment in Northern and Southern Rhodesia. The agreement required the governors of each territory to refer any Bill authorising the construction of new railways or altering the rates that the existing railways charged to the Colonial Secretary. This prevented the legislatures of Northern or Southern Rhodesia from introducing competition or exerting pressure on the BSAC-controlled railways to reduce rates without British government sanction.^[68]

Railways and the settlers

European settlers had two main criticisms of British South Africa Company railway policy. Firstly, that its financial arrangements unfairly benefited the company and its shareholders, and secondly, that the settlers paid for these benefits through exorbitant railway rates. Although the allegations were probably ill-founded, they caused tensions between the settlers and the BSAC. On the shorter east coast route from Beira, running expenses were high because of construction debts and because the Mozambique Company, which was granted the original concession to build the railway in 1891, imposed a transit duty of up to 3% on goods destined for Rhodesia in return for the sub-concession to the Beira Railway Company. From 1914, the European settlers had a majority in the Advisory Council, and called for the replacement of BSAC control of the railways through nationalisation. In 1923 responsible government was achieved, but rather outright nationalisation, the settler government opted for a form of public control under the Railway Act of 1926. This left BSAC as owner of the railways, which were called Beira and Mashonaland and Rhodesia Railways until 1927, and Rodeziya temir yo'llari Limited after. This remained the situation until 1947, when the Government of Janubiy Rodeziya acquired the assets of Rhodesia Railways Limited.^[69]

Tijorat faoliyati

Early trading

The company was empowered to trade with African rulers such as King Lobengula; to form banks; to own, manage and grant or distribute land, and to raise a police force (the Britaniya Janubiy Afrika politsiyasi ). In return, the company agreed to develop the territory it controlled, to respect existing African laws, to allow free trade within its territory and to respect all religions. Rhodes and the white settlers attracted to the company's territory set their sights for ever more mineral rights and more territorial concessions from the African peoples, establishing their own governments, and introducing laws with little concern or respect for African laws. The BSAC was not able to generate enough profit to pay its shareholders dividends until after it lost direct administrative control over Rhodesia in 1923.

Africa from Cairo to the Cape (according to Cecil Rhodes)

Konchilik

BSAC claims

Initially, the British South Africa Company claimed mineral rights in both Northern and Southern Rhodesia. During the period of its Charter, the BSAC was not involved in mining directly, but received mineral royalties and held shares in mining companies. Often the main source of income of these companies was not in mining itself but in speculation markets.^[70] In Moshanaland, complaints arose at the delay of development of mines in order to fuel speculation profits further.^[71]

In 1923, the British government agreed that it would take over the administration of both Southern and Northern Rhodesia from BSAC. The Agreement for Southern Rhodesia provided that the company's mineral rights there should be granted protection, and any Bill under which the Southern Rhodesian legislature proposed to alter arrangements for collecting mining revenues or imposing any new tax or duty on minerals would require British government. The same condition applied to any Northern Rhodesian legislation.^[72] In 1933, the company sold its mineral exploration rights south of the Zambezi to the Southern Rhodesian government, but retained its rights in Northern Rhodesian mineral rights, as well as its interests in mining, railways, real estate and agriculture across southern Africa.^[73]

BSAC claimed to own mineral rights over the whole of Northern Rhodesia under one series of concessions granted between 1890 and 1910 by Lewanika covering a poorly defined area of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia, and under a second series negotiated by Joseph Thomson and Alfred Sharpe in 1890 and 1891 with local chiefs covering a disputed area of North-Eastern Rhodesia. This claim was accepted by the British Government.^[74] After the Charter ended, BSAC joined a group of nine South African and British companies which financed the development of Nchanga konlari, to prevent them falling under US control. However, its main concern was to receive royalties.^[75]

Ancient surface copper workings were known at Kansanshi (near Solwezi ), Bvana Mkubva va Luanshya, all on what later became known as the Copperbelt, and BSAC exploration in the 1890s indicated there were significant deposits in the area. However, they could not be commercially exploited until a railway had been built. A railway bridge across the Zambezi was constructed in 1903 and the line was continued northward, reaching Buzilgan tepalik in 1906, where the lead and zinc vanadium mine was opened, and reaching the Belgian Congo border in 1909. At that time, mining had started in Katanga, where rich copper oxide ores occurred near the surface. In Northern Rhodesia, the surface ores were of poorer quality, and copper was only worked intermittently at Bwana Mkubwa, until in 1924 rich copper sulphide ores were discovered about 100 feet below the surface.^[76]

In 1922, the Southern Rhodesian voters rejected the option of inclusion in the Union of South Africa and opted for responsible government: the Northern Rhodesian settlers were not consulted. The BSAC wanted to give up responsibility for administering Northern Rhodesia, but to preserve its mining and land rights by negotiating a settlement with the British government for both parts of Rhodesia. For Northern Rhodesia, the most important provision of that agreement was that the Crown would recognise that BSAC was the owner of the mineral rights acquired under the concessions obtained from Lewanika in North Western Rhodesia Certificates of Claim issued by Harry Johnston in North Eastern Rhodesia.^[77]

Under the Northern Rhodesian settlement, the company dropped its claim for reimbursement of a £l.6 million administrative deficit: in return the British Government agreed to give the BSAC half the net revenue from certain rents and land sales and recognised (or appeared to recognise) the company as the owner of Northern Rhodesia's mineral rights in perpetuity. The British Government could have bought out these rights by paying BSAC £l.6 million to meet its reimbursement claim, but declined to make the money available. This agreement was criticised then and later time by both African and European inhabitants of the territory. The elected unofficial members of the Legislative Council pressed for the royalties issue to be referred to the Privy Council, as the BSAC's title to unalienated land in Southern Rhodesia had been. Instead, for forty years up to Zambian independence, successive British Governments recognised the BSAC as owner of all underground minerals in Northern Rhodesia, and compelled anyone mining them to pay royalties to the company.^[78]

In 1923, the Northern Rhodesian copper industry was little developed, and the British government did not anticipate the future value of these mineral rights. It regarded them as a not very important part of the overall deal with the company. The lack of any challenge to the BSAC's claims and the decision not to refer them to the Privy Council led to suspicion that the company received favoured treatment. There were family links between a junior Colonial Office minister and the BSAC director leading its negotiations, but no evidence to suggest this led to any bias. The most probable explanation is that the importance of the minerals was overlooked in the haste to achieve a settlement. Because of lack of time, the agreement was not approved by the Attorney-General.^[79]

The 1923 Agreement stated that the Crown recognised British South Africa Company mineral rights acquired under the concessions either from Lewanika in Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia or under Da'vo sertifikatlari in North-Eastern Rhodesia. These concessions did not cover all of Northern Rhodesia. In particular, they could not have conveyed mineral rights in the area of the Copperbelt from which most of the BSAC's royalties came, as the Copperbelt was outside these areas. However, the British Government had legal advice that the Colonial Office's recognition of the BSAC's rights in practice over a long period, and specific recognition of those rights in Rhodesia mining legislation, prevented it from challenging the rights.^[80]

Claims disputed

The first attempts to challenge BSAC royalty claims were made by the Governor of Northern Rhodesia between 1935 and 1937. The Governor, Sir Hubert Young, attempted to convince the Colonial Office that BSAC only owned mineral rights in the areas of the concessions from Lewanika and the Certificates of Claim from Johnston. This excluded most of the Copperbelt, as the area east of the Kafue daryosi had never been ruled by Lewanika. The Colonial Office response was that BSAC ownership of mineral rights throughout Northern Rhodesia had been accepted in practice, and the references to the Lewanika concessions and Certificates of Claim should not be interpreted in a narrow sense.^[81]

Northern Rhodesian settler politicians were not convinced by the Colonial Office arguments, in particular the suggestion that, since the British government had previously recognised the BSAC claims, it could not challenge them now on the basis of a reinterpretation of terms of the 1923 agreement. Settler representatives proposed either that the BSAC mineral rights should be bought out or that punitive levels of tax should be imposed on BSAC royalties. After years of BSAC obstruction, the company was forced to agree in 1950 that it would surrender their mineral rights in 1986 without compensation, and meanwhile give 20% of its royalties to the Northern Rhodesian government.^[82]

The 1950 agreement continued through the period of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, but at the end of Federation in 1963 the African leaders of what became Zambiya sought its revision, proposing to buy out the British South Africa Company's mineral rights for a lump sum. The BSAC refused, and the Northern Rhodesian government of Kennet Kaunda commissioned a full legal enquiry into the validity of the company's claims. The results were published as a White Paper which considered the validity of commercial rights held and exercised under the colonial legislative and administrative system.^[83]

The Northern Rhodesian government argued that many of the treaties on which BSAC relied were of doubtful validity and probably could not have effectively transferred mineral rights. Even if the treaties were valid, none if them covered the Copperbelt, and any subsequent agreements merely confirmed the company's rights if they were originally valid: they did not give the treaties retrospective validity. It further argued that, as the British government had wrongly allowed the BSAC to claim royalties it was not entitled to, the British government should pay any compensation it thought the company was due, and not place this burden on an independent Zambia. Shortly before the planned date for independence of 24 October 1964, Kaunda threatened to expropriate the BSAC immediately afterwards if no agreement were reached. On 23 October, BSAC agreed to give up any mineral rights it might have in return for compensation of £4 million, the British and Zambian governments paying half each.^[84]

Financial returns

Traders of B.S.A.C stock profited handsomely from the speculative trading of the stock which was trading for multiple times higher that its nominal book value on the LSE and the Rhodesian Stock Exchange which was initiated in the Masonic Assembly Room on 20 June 1894.^[85]A History of the Zimbabwean Stock Exchange An investor who invested in the original one million shares at £1 each and participated in each rights issue up to 1904, would have paid an average of £1.66 for each share. No dividends were received before 1924, but from then the average annual dividend for the next 26 years was 7.5 pence, a poor rate of return. However, from 1950, dividend rates increased sharply, reaching 75 pence a share in 1960, largely from Northern Rhodesian copper royalties. Each share was split two-for-one in 1955 and each of the new shares was exchanged for three Xartiya birlashtirilgan shares at the beginning of 1965.^[86]

Xavfsizlik

Clause 3 of the BSAC Charter allowed the company to obtain powers necessary for the preservation of public order in, or for the protection of, the territories comprised in its concessions, and Clause 10 allowed the company to establish and maintain a police force.^[3] This did not permit the formation of an army but BSAC created a paramilitary force of mounted infantrymen in 1889 which was virtually its army and which allowed it to defeat and replace the Matabele kingdom and then overcome resistance of the Shona shimoliy Limpopo river ichida Birinchi Matabele urushi va Ikkinchi Matabele urushi. It was the first British use of the Maksim qurol in combat (causing five thousand Ndebele casualties). The company carved out and administered a territory which it named Zambeziyava keyinroq, Rodeziya, which now covers the area occupied by the republics of Zambiya va Zimbabve.

Janubiy Rodeziya

At first, the BSAC force was named the British South Africa Company's Police, but from 1896 it was called the Britaniya Janubiy Afrika politsiyasi. The Colonial Office initially authorised a force of 100 men, but Rhodes increased this to 480 before the Pioneer Column entered Mashonaland.^[87] Its numbers had risen to 650 men by the end of 1890, an unsustainable burden on the BSAC resources. Rhodes ordered a reduction in its manpower to 100 at the end of 1891, and later to only 40 men. This was supplemented by the Mashonaland Horse, an unpaid volunteer force of up to 500 men. The police force was greatly increased in size at the time of the First Matabele War, although much if this increase was in the form of volunteer police reservists.^[88]

Although the police force had been created by the BSAC and was at first under the command of a company official, after the Jeymson Reyd it was renamed the British South Africa Police and ceased to be a company force. From then, it reported to the British High Commissioner for South Africa, not the BSAC, and was commanded by a British-appointed officer. This British South Africa Police had four divisions: two policed the countryside (but not the towns) of Matabeleland and of Mashonaland, another covered "North Zambesia" until the creation of the Barotse Native Police in 1899 and the fourth dealt with Bechuanaland until its own police force was formed in 1903. Also in 1903, the previously separate urban police forces were combined as the Southern Rhodesia Constabulary and handed over to BSAC control. In 1909, the Matabeleland and Mashonaland divisions were handed back to BSAC control and the separate urban police force was amalgamated with the British South Africa Police. Only in 1909 did the British South Africa Police constitute a police force for the whole of Southern Rhodesia and for Southern Rhodesia only. The British South Africa Police was initially formed as a wholly European force, but in 1903 an African unit was organised as the British South African Native Police. In 1909, this was merged into the British South Africa Police, which thereafter had an increasing number of African police officers. The volunteer forces raised for the Matabele wars and Mashona rebellion were disbanded soon after, but the Southern Rhodesia Volunteers, raised for service in the Boer urushi, remained in being and in 1914 formed the basis of the 1st and 2nd Rhodesia Regiments. Although these were severely reduced in size after the Birinchi jahon urushi, they formed the basis of the Rhodesian Territorial Force, set up in 1926 after the end of BSAC administration.^[29]

Shimoliy Rodeziya

The BSAC considered that its territory north of the Zambezi was more suitable for a largely African police force than a European one. However, at first the British South Africa Police patrolled the north of the Zambezi in North Western Rhodesia, although its European troops were expensive and prone to diseases. This force and its replacements were paramilitaries, although there was a small force of European civil police in the towns. The British South Africa Police were replaced by the Barotse Native Police force, which was formed in 1902 (other sources date this as 1899 or 1901). This had a high proportion of European NCOs as well as all European officers and was merged into the Northern Rhodesia Police in 1911. Initially, Harry Johnson in the British Central Africa Protectorate had responsibility for North Eastern Rhodesia and Central Africa forces, including Sikh and African troops, were used there until 1899. Until 1903, local magistrates recruited their own local police, but in that year a North Eastern Rhodesia Constabulary was formed, which had only a few white officers, all its NCOs and troopers being African. This was also merged into the Northern Rhodesia Police in 1912, which then numbered only 18 European and 775 African in six companies, divided between the headquarters of the various districts. The Northern Rhodesia Police remained after the end of BSAC administration.^[89][90]

Medal

1896 yilda, Qirolicha Viktoriya sanctioned the issue by the British South Africa Company of a medal to troops who had been engaged in the Birinchi Matabele urushi. In 1897, the Queen sanctioned another medal for those engaged in the two campaigns of the Second Matabele War: Rhodesia (1896) and Mashonaland (1897). The government of Janubiy Rodeziya re-issued the medal to commemorate the earlier 1890 Pioneer Column, in 1927.

The arms of the British South Africa Company

Siyosat

Legislature and administration

A legislative council for Southern Rhodesia was created in 1898 to advise the BSAC Administrator and the High Commissioner for South Africa on legal matters. Initially, this had a minority of elected seats, and the electorate was formed almost exclusively of those better-off white settlers who held BSAC shares. Over time as more settlers arrived, disputes between settlers and BSAC grew, and the company attempted to keep these in check by extending the franchise to some non-shareholders. However, in 1914, the Royal Charter was renewed on condition that settlers in Southern Rhodesia were given increased political rights, and from 1914, there was an elected majority on the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council.^[91][92]

In Northern Rhodesia, there was neither an Ijroiya kengashi nor a legislative council, but only an Advisory Council, which until 1917 consisted entirely of officials. After 1917 and a few nominees were added to represent the small European minority: Northern Rhodesia had no elected representation while under BSAC rule.^[93] Provision for elected unofficial members was only made after BSAC rule there came to an end in 1924. In both parts of Rhodesia, the BSAC Administrators were required to submit all draft Proclamations affecting Europeans to the High Commissioner for South Africa for approval before they were issued. The High Commissioner could in theory, and subject to certain restrictions, also make, alter or repeal Proclamations for the administration of justice, the raising of revenue, and for the peace, order and good government of either territory, without reference to their Administrators, although this power was never used.^[94][95]

The British South Africa Company was planning to centralise the administration of the two Rhodesias at the time of the Jameson Raid in 1896. Following the raid, the British government increased its oversight of BSAC affairs in Southern Rhodesia, and insisted on a separate administration in Northern Rhodesia. In both 1915 and 1921, BSAC again failed to set up a single administration for both Rhodesias. In part, this was because the Southern Rhodesian settlers feared that it more would be difficult for a united Rhodesian state to achieve responsible government.^[96]

O'z-o'zini boshqarish

In 1917, the Responsible Government Association was formed as a political party to press for responsible government, and fought the 1920 Legislative Council election in opposition to those advocating union with the Janubiy Afrika Ittifoqi. When the British courts decided that the ultimate ownership of all land which had not already been alienated into private ownership lay with the Crown, not with BSAC, the campaign a self-government gained strength.^[97]

In 1921, General Smuts and his government wished for the early admission of Southern Rhodesia into the Janubiy Afrika Ittifoqi. When the Union was established, Natal and the Free State were given representation in the Union Parliament considerably in excess of the number of their electors, and Smuts promised that this would apply in the case of Rhodesia, which would receive 12 to 15 seats in the Union Parliament, which then had 134 members. Smuts also promised that South Africa would make the financial provision necessary to buy out the commercial rights of the BSAC. If those rights continued under responsible government, they would create a serious financial problem for that government. In 1922, the company entered negotiations with the Union government for the incorporation of Southern Rhodesia. However, as the BSAC charter was due to expire in 1924, a referendum was held in 1922 in which the electorate was given a choice between responsible government and entry into the Union of South Africa. Those in favour of responsible government won a significant, but not overwhelming, majority. In 1923, the British government chose not to renew the company's charter, and instead accorded self-governing colony status to Southern Rhodesia and protektorat status to Northern Rhodesia.^[98]

The end of BSAC administration

An agreement of 29 September 1923 between the British South Africa Company and the Colonial Secretary settled the outstanding issues relating to Southern and Northern Rhodesia. It terminated the company's administration of Northern Rhodesia by the British South Africa Company as from 1 April 1924: Northern Rhodesia continued to be a protectorate, but now governed by a Governor. All laws were to continue in force, and all rights reserved to indigenous peoples under treaties they had made with BSAC also continued in force. From 1 April 1924, control of all lands that the company claimed in Northern Rhodesia, were taken over by the Northern Rhodesian administration, to administer in the interests of their African populations, but BSAC were to receive half the net rents from these lands.^[99]

Birlashish

In 1964, the company handed over its mineral rights to the government of Zambia, and the following year, the business of the British South Africa Company was merged with the Central Mining & Investment Corporation Ltd and The Consolidated Mines Selection Company Ltd into the mining and industrial business of Xartiya birlashtirilgan Ltd, of which slightly over one-third of the shares were owned by the British/South African mining company Anglo American plc. In the 1980s the company disposed of its overseas mining concerns to concentrate on its British engineering interests.

In 1993 Charter Consolidated Ltd changed its name to Charter plc, and in 2008 to Charter Limited, which is incorporated in England and Wales, Company Number 02794949. The British South Africa Company still exists, and is registered as a non-trading business incorporated in England and Wales, Company Number ZC000011.

Gazettes published by the company

• British South Africa Company Government Gazette
• North-Eastern Rhodesia Gazette
• Northern Rhodesia Government Gazette

Shuningdek qarang

• Ellis Robins, 1st Baron Robins

Adabiyotlar

Manbalar

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Tashqi havolalar

• "Moviy va qadimgi oltin - Buyuk Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrika politsiyasining tarixi 1889–1890"
• Britaniyaning Janubiy Afrikadagi kompaniyasi haqidagi hujjatlar va qirqimlar ichida 20-asr matbuot arxivi ning ZBW